identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
586FDC48FFCDFFE0133844307BF2F86B.text	586FDC48FFCDFFE0133844307BF2F86B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Albanerpeton inexpectatum Estes & Hoffstetter 1976	<div><p>Albanerpeton cf. inexpectatum</p><p>(Fig. 2)</p><p>MATERIAL. — Turkey. Kavakdere:a premaxilla (EUNMH PV 14053) and a left dentary (EUNMH PV 14057).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Premaxilla</p><p>The premaxilla EUNMH PV 14053 is a robustly constructed, paired element (Fig. 2A, B); the left one is present in the available material (note that Gardner [1999a] reported that small sized premaxillae are paired, whereas larger are fused, suggesting its later fusion during ontogeny). The nasal process is broad, moderately high. The sculpture in the dorsal portion of the process (dorsal boss) exhibits a pustulate irregular ornamentation. Here, the process is slightly laterally constricted due to a presence of a lateral facet for the nasal. The ventrally located labial portion of the nasal process is rather smooth. This portion is pierced by external nutritive foramina (sensu Gardner 1999a) of various sizes (in overall, the foramina more or less decrease in size dorsally). The large wedge-shaped facet for maxilla is developed on the labial side of the short maxillary process. The supradental shelf (sensu Rage &amp; Augé 2010) is well-developed. The premaxilla bears seven tooth positions. However, only the first four teeth (counted from median plane) are in better condition. The internal portion of the nasal process base is pierced by a suprapalatal pit (sensu Gardner 2002). This pit is moderate in size, dorsolaterally bordered by internal strut. The suture with the right premaxilla is well visible in posterior aspect.</p><p>Dentary</p><p>The left dentary EUNMH PV 14057 is partially preserved (Fig. 2 C-E). The otherwise smooth labial surface of the preserved portion is pierced by two labial foramina. In lingual aspect, the high dental crest supports 17 tooth position (12 teeth are still attached plus two anterior ones have preserved their ventral portions). The Meckel’s groove is closed, only partly exposed in the posterior section of the dentary. The subdental shelf (sensu Rage &amp; Augé 2010) is straight, well medially expanded especially in the anterior section. However, the anterior end of the dentary is broken off and missing. The posterior portion is damaged, but the posterodorsal process (called “unnamed process” by Gardner 2002) is preserved directly behind the tooth row, being short, blunt and low (not distinctly dorsally elevated). The rest of the posterior region is broken off and missing.</p><p>Dentition</p><p>The tooth implantation is pleurodont. The teeth are conical, not pedicellate. The tooth crowns are smooth and do not contrast with tooth necks. The dentary teeth gradually increase in size anteriorly. The tooth crowns, when are preserved, show some degree of tricuspidity (angulus mesialis and distalis are present). The sizes of inter-dental gaps are roughly half those of the tooth bases. The tooth bases lack resorption pits.</p><p>COMMENTS</p><p>The morphology of both Kavakdere specimens fits well with albanerpetontids, a clade of middle Jurassic to early Pleistocene extinct lissamphibians, which were chameleon-like ballistic feeders (seeDaza et al. 2020). They have a mainly documented Laurasian distribution (Gardner 1999a, 1999b, 2002; Venczel &amp; Gardner 2005; Delfino &amp; Sala 2007; Matsumoto &amp; Evans 2018; Villa et al. 2018), although it is noted that they are also reported from Morocco as well (Gardner et al. 2003) and finds from the Cretaceous Myanmar amber might also point towards a Gondwanan distribution (see Daza et al. 2020). The new material described herein resembles more particularly the genus Albanerpeton, found in North America and Europe (however, see Discussion). The Kavakdere material represents the first evidence of this extinct clade in Turkey as well as its easternmost European occurrence.</p><p>More precisely, our material shares two diagnostic characters with the type species of the genus, Albanerpetoninexpectatum (see Gardner 1999a): 1) a presence of the pustulate ornamentation of the dorsal section of the premaxillary nasal process; and 2) the presence of a small, low posterodorsal process behind the tooth row.</p><p>The Pliocene Albanerpeton pannonicus Venczel &amp; Gardner, 2005 differs from the new Kavakdere material in, e.g.: 1) nasal process of premaxilla short; 2) short dorsal boss of premaxilla on labial surface occupying about upper one third or less of the nasal process; 3) absence of the posterodorsal process behind the tooth row; and4) having only weakly heterodont teeth in anterior half of the dentary regarding their size (see Venczel &amp; Gardner 2005; Delfino &amp; Sala 2007).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/586FDC48FFCDFFE0133844307BF2F86B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Georgalis, Georgios L.;Čerňanský, Andrej;Mayda, Serdar	Georgalis, Georgios L., Čerňanský, Andrej, Mayda, Serdar (2021): Late Paleogene herpetofaunas from the crossroads between two continents - new amphibian and reptile remains from the Oligocene of southern Balkans and Anatolia. Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (15): 253-275, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a15, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a15
586FDC48FFCFFFE0163145137C56F86C.text	586FDC48FFCFFFE0163145137C56F86C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anura Fischer von Waldheim 1813	<div><p>Anura indet.</p><p>MATERIAL. — Turkey. Kavakdere: a maxilla (EUNMH PV 14059) .</p><p>DESCRIPTION AND COMMENTS</p><p>The element is rather incomplete, missing its whole posterior portion. In labial view, large portion of its surface is covered by sculpturing pattern, which consists either of elongated ridges or either large pits that penetrate it. Remains of tooth bases are visible on its lingual view. The specimen is too fragmentary to afford any more precise identification and is here treated only as an indeterminate anuran.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/586FDC48FFCFFFE0163145137C56F86C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Georgalis, Georgios L.;Čerňanský, Andrej;Mayda, Serdar	Georgalis, Georgios L., Čerňanský, Andrej, Mayda, Serdar (2021): Late Paleogene herpetofaunas from the crossroads between two continents - new amphibian and reptile remains from the Oligocene of southern Balkans and Anatolia. Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (15): 253-275, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a15, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a15
586FDC48FFCFFFE0160441F77DC1F9AD.text	586FDC48FFCFFFE0160441F77DC1F9AD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eopelobates Fischer von Waldheim 1813	<div><p>? Eopelobates sp.</p><p>(Fig. 3)</p><p>MATERIAL. — Turkey. Kocayarma: a fragment of a left maxilla (EUNMH PV 14065) .</p><p>DESCRIPTION AND COMMENTS</p><p>The fragment of a left maxilla (EUNMH PV 14065) is small, with a maximum preserved length of 4.5 mm (Fig. 3). Its external surface is covered by an array of prominent, dense pits and ridges. This prominent sculpturing pattern of the isolated fragmentary maxilla EUNMH PV 14065,consisting of dense pit and ridges, that is integral part of the bone and not a secondary exostosis, is reminiscent of pelobatids (see figures in Roček et al. 2014; Blain et al. 2016). The pits are rather deep and anteroposteriorly elongated.</p><p>Among pelobatids, this sculpturing pattern with dense pits and ridges is more consistent with Eopelobates, a genus that has a broad distribution in the late Cretaceous and Paleogene of North America, the Paleogene and Neogene of Europe, and the Paleogene of Central Asia (Roček et al. 2014), while it has been recently described also from the earliest Miocene of Anatolia (Syromyatnikova et al. 2019a). Such sculpturing pattern is also present in Oligo-Miocene remains attributable to Pelobates Wagler, 1830 (Roček et al. 2014), however, on the other hand, more recent remains and extant forms of the latter genus are characterized by a rather pustular pattern with numerous isolated tubercles (Venczel 2004; Roček et al. 2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/586FDC48FFCFFFE0160441F77DC1F9AD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Georgalis, Georgios L.;Čerňanský, Andrej;Mayda, Serdar	Georgalis, Georgios L., Čerňanský, Andrej, Mayda, Serdar (2021): Late Paleogene herpetofaunas from the crossroads between two continents - new amphibian and reptile remains from the Oligocene of southern Balkans and Anatolia. Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (15): 253-275, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a15, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a15
586FDC48FFC0FFEF137045737A6CF86B.text	586FDC48FFC0FFEF137045737A6CF86B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Testudines Batsch 1788	<div><p>Testudines indet.</p><p>(Fig. 4)</p><p>MATERIAL. — Turkey. Kavakdere: several shell fragments and a limb fragment (EUNMH PV 14088) .</p><p>DESCRIPTION AND COMMENTS</p><p>The material is too fragmentary to permit any kind of a more precise identification with turtles. This is further complicated by the fact that several turtle groups have been identified from the Oligocene of the area, such as testudinoids, chelydrids, and trionychids(Schleich1994; Georgalis &amp;Joyce 2017). Nevertheless, affinities with the latter group can be readily discarded owing to the absence of the characteristic sculpturing pattern that is present in the shell of that chelonian lineage (Georgalis &amp; Joyce 2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/586FDC48FFC0FFEF137045737A6CF86B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Georgalis, Georgios L.;Čerňanský, Andrej;Mayda, Serdar	Georgalis, Georgios L., Čerňanský, Andrej, Mayda, Serdar (2021): Late Paleogene herpetofaunas from the crossroads between two continents - new amphibian and reptile remains from the Oligocene of southern Balkans and Anatolia. Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (15): 253-275, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a15, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a15
586FDC48FFC0FFEE161746927A63FD6F.text	586FDC48FFC0FFEE161746927A63FD6F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocodylia Gmelin 1789	<div><p>Crocodylia indet.</p><p>(Fig. 5)</p><p>MATERIAL. — Turkey. Kavakdere: an osteoderm (EUNMH PV 14073). Kocayarma: 14 isolated teeth (EUNMH PV 14074– EUNMH PV 14087). Kargi 2: two teeth (EUNMH PV 14068 and EUNMH PV 14069) .</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Osteoderm</p><p>The isolated osteoderm EUNMH PV 14073 is relatively large, with a maximum length of 12 mm (Fig. 5A, B). On its external surface, a prominent longitudinal ridge runs throughout large part of its midline. Large pits of irregular size punctuate its external surface, on both sides of the ridge. Small pits are also present on the internal surface of the specimen.</p><p>Teeth</p><p>All teeth are conical; some of them are relatively robust, while others are more slender (Fig. 5 C-J). Their crown varies in pointness, being either pointed or apically blunt. A prominent mesiodistal serration is present in some teeth. These mesiodistal serrations separate the lingual and slightly concave surface from the labial, slightly convex one. Distinct elongated wrinkles are present in most teeth.</p><p>COMMENTS</p><p>Crocodylian teeth cannot afford a more precise taxonomic assignment (Georgalis et al. 2016, 2019a). The same applies for the single isolated osteoderm. On the absence of any diagnostic cranial remains, we therefore have to consider all this material as indeterminate crocodylians. Note also that crocodylian teeth from Kargi 2 have recently been mentioned by Vasilyan et al. (2019), however, they have not been figured.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/586FDC48FFC0FFEE161746927A63FD6F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Georgalis, Georgios L.;Čerňanský, Andrej;Mayda, Serdar	Georgalis, Georgios L., Čerňanský, Andrej, Mayda, Serdar (2021): Late Paleogene herpetofaunas from the crossroads between two continents - new amphibian and reptile remains from the Oligocene of southern Balkans and Anatolia. Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (15): 253-275, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a15, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a15
586FDC48FFC1FFED130A40D47D5DF86B.text	586FDC48FFC1FFED130A40D47D5DF86B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae Oppel 1811	<div><p>Lacertidae indet. (morphotype 1)</p><p>(Figs 6; 7)</p><p>MATERIAL. — Turkey. Kavakdere: a right maxilla (EUNMH PV 14052). Kocayarma: three maxillae (EUNMH PV 14061, EUNMH PV 14064, and EUNMH PV 14066) and a dentary (EUNMH PV 14063) .</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Maxilla</p><p>The description is based on several specimens. Specimen EUNMH PV 14052 represents a fragment of a right maxilla (Fig. 6). It is robustly built. The labial surface of this portion is pierced by two supralabial foramina. The nasal process is broken off, only its base is present. The lingual side bears a broad and massive supradental shelf, which is slightly convex dorsally. Five tooth positions are preserved, where four teeth are still attached (Fig. 6C). The superior alveolar foramen is located at the level of the last posterior preserved tooth. The further posterior portion is damaged and missing in EUNMH PV 14052. This portion is, however, present in the Kocayarma specimen EUNMH PV 14064. In this specimen, the posteroventral process of the maxilla is not stepped, but gradually rises dorsally in anterior direction (Fig. 7 D-E). In labial view, a weak ornamentation is present in the dorsalmost region. This section possesses no foramina. The same specimen bears six tooth positions, where all teeth are still attached. The supradental shelf is partly damaged. The posterior lingual region bears an articulation facet for the jugal on its dorsal side.</p><p>Dentary</p><p>An anterior portion of the right dentary is preserved (EUNMH PV 14063). It is a ventrally arched bone, with a slight medial curvature at its anterior end (Fig. 7 G-I). The otherwise smooth labial surface is pierced by a single series of five labial foramina. Meckel’s groove is fully open in lingual view, but rather narrow. It continues to the small rectangular symphysis anteriorly. The subdental shelf is moderately robust in this section and appears to be slightly rounded in cross-section.The dental crest is high, supporting medially 13 tooth positions (four teeth are still attached). The further posterior portion is, however, broken off and missing.</p><p>Dentition</p><p>Tooth implantation is pleurodont. The teeth are large, robust and closely spaced. They have bicuspid tooth crowns. There is a triangular dominant cusp and a smaller mesial one (note that in EUNMH PV 14052, the posteriormost preserved tooth has a small inconspicuous distal bulge that can be interpreted as incipient additional cusp). The lingual side of the crowns is slightly flattened. The strong distinct striation here is present mainly in EUNMH PV 14052 (Fig. 6C). It possesses around 11 diverged distinct striae which incline mesially and distally in ventral direction. The labial surface is smooth. The tooth necks are slightly enlarged lingually. The tooth bases are covered by sediment, but some of them exhibit large circular resorption pits.</p><p>COMMENTS</p><p>This lacertid morphotype is characterized by massively built maxillae. The strongly developed striation of the lingual side of the tooth crowns, as present in the Kavakdere specimen EUNMH PV 14052, is not so distinct in other specimens from the nearby slightly younger locality of Kocayarma (although striation is obviously present in the latter material as well). We interpret this difference to be due to preservation reasons and/or possibly individual and ontogenetic variation or even chronostratigraphic variation (considering that the specimens from the two localities are not absolutely contemporary [allotemporal sensu Smith &amp; Gauthier 2013]). The tooth morphology resembles that in the extant members of the genus Timon Tschudi, 1836, in the following aspects (see Kosma 2004; Čerňanský &amp; Syromyatnikova 2019): 1) teeth are robust; 2) tooth crowns medially flattened; 3) the presence of a distinct striations on the lingual side (the maximum twelve striae is mentioned for Timon pater [Lataste, 1880] by Kosma (2004); 4) striae converge apically; 5) bicuspid teeth have been reported for T. pater by Kosma (2004), where in some specimens, a tendency to tricuspidity can be observed; and 6) large circular resorption pits at the tooth bases. Moreover, the posteroventral process of maxilla is not stepped, which is also a character present in Timon (see Čerňanský &amp; Syromyatnikova 2019).</p><p>However, caution is needed here, as the interpretation of such small jaw fragments is always tricky. The similarities in dentition can also be interpreted by convergence due to similar diet preferences. Indeed, robust bicuspid teeth together with the not stepped posteroventral process of maxilla, is also present in the European Paleogene taxon Plesiolacerta Hoffstetter, 1942 (Čerňanský &amp; Augé 2013; Čerňanský et al. 2016). This extinct taxon also shares many other characters with the extant Timon (see Čerňanský &amp; Syromyatnikova 2019). The dentary of Plesiolacerta is characterized by the subdental shelf being rounded in cross-section. This feature is difficult to evaluate in EUNMH PV 14063, because only its anterior portion is preserved. In any case, it appears to be rounded as well. The anterior dentary region in both Plesiolacerta and Timon is strongly arched, but this appears to be not so pronounced in EUNMH PV 14063. More complete material is therefore needed to resolve the taxonomy of this Oligocene Turkish lacertid. As such, for now, we decided to allocate this maxilla as Lacertidae indet. (morphotype 1), although some similarities to Plesiolacerta and Timon are obvious.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/586FDC48FFC1FFED130A40D47D5DF86B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Georgalis, Georgios L.;Čerňanský, Andrej;Mayda, Serdar	Georgalis, Georgios L., Čerňanský, Andrej, Mayda, Serdar (2021): Late Paleogene herpetofaunas from the crossroads between two continents - new amphibian and reptile remains from the Oligocene of southern Balkans and Anatolia. Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (15): 253-275, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a15, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a15
586FDC48FFC3FFEB130A47F57B48FA6D.text	586FDC48FFC3FFEB130A47F57B48FA6D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae Oppel 1811	<div><p>Lacertidae indet. (morphotype 2)</p><p>(Fig. 8)</p><p>MATERIAL. — Turkey. Kavakdere: a premaxilla (EUNMH PV 14055) and a right maxilla (EUNMH PV 14058) .</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Premaxilla</p><p>The premaxilla EUNMH PV 14055 is a small, triradiate element (Fig. 8A, B). Unfortunately, it is only partly preserved; the nasal process is broken off, only its ventral portion is preserved. On its labial side, the ethmoidal foramen is located close to the base of the nasal process. The maxillary process is preserved only on the right side. It is rather long and well developed relative to the size of the premaxilla. The incomplete tooth row bears six tooth positions (two teeth are still attached). But based on the better preserved right side and a position of the central tooth (being the 5 th one), the total number of the tooth positions can be estimated as nine. The supradental shelf forms a short incisive process at its mid-region.</p><p>Maxilla</p><p>Only a small fragment of the posteriormost portion of the right maxilla (EUNMH PV 14058) is preserved (Fig. 8 C-E). It bears three tooth position (the last posterior tooth is still attached). The lingual portion is largely damaged. The posteroventral process of maxilla appears to be not stepped, but gradually rise dorsally in anterior direction. The labial surface of this portion is smooth.</p><p>Dentition</p><p>The dentition in both specimens is pleurodont. In the premaxilla, the complete tooth is only the central one. It is monocuspid and conical. The crown is well-rounded and blunt. The posteriormost maxillary tooth is rather monocuspid as well, although it should be noted that the mesial portion of the crown is slightly bulged. The labial portion of the crown of this tooth is smooth, whereas its lingual side bears a striation. The tooth base is pierced by a large circular resorption pit.</p><p>COMMENTS</p><p>It is difficult to associate these lacertid fragmentary specimens from Kavakdere with the above described material of Lacertidae indet. (morphotype 1). The premaxilla EUNMH PV 14055 is small, but it might still represent a juvenile individual. The maxilla EUNMH PV 14058 represents only a small fragment, where the posteriormost tooth is preserved. In the extant species Timon lepidus (Daudin, 1802), the posteriormost tooth is smaller than anteriorly located tooth (see Čerňanský &amp; Syromyatnikova 2019: fig. 34). Its tooth crown appears to be monocuspid, although preceding anteriorly located teeth are bicuspid. The same is true for the extinct Plesiolacerta (see Čerňanský &amp; Augé 2013: fig. 7). Moreover, the posteroventral process of the Kavakdere maxilla EUNMH PV 14058 appears to be not stepped as well. In conclusion, these two specimens might represent the same taxon as the material described here as Lacertidae indet. (morphotype 1), however, there is no strong evidence for it due to a bad preservation and variation of these elements. In that case that it represents the same taxon, it shows another character sharing with extant Timon and extinct Plesiolacerta: (1) nine premaxillary teeth, although it should be highlighted that this feature is also present in many other lacertids (see Čerňanský &amp; Syromyatniková 2019). Nevertheless, we provisionally treat this material as pertaining to a different morphotype.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/586FDC48FFC3FFEB130A47F57B48FA6D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Georgalis, Georgios L.;Čerňanský, Andrej;Mayda, Serdar	Georgalis, Georgios L., Čerňanský, Andrej, Mayda, Serdar (2021): Late Paleogene herpetofaunas from the crossroads between two continents - new amphibian and reptile remains from the Oligocene of southern Balkans and Anatolia. Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (15): 253-275, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a15, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a15
586FDC48FFC4FFEB134045137C63F86B.text	586FDC48FFC4FFEB134045137C63F86B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scinciformata Oppel 1811	<div><p>Scinciformata indet.</p><p>(Fig. 9)</p><p>MATERIAL. — Turkey. Kavakdere: a right dentary (EUNMH PV 14051).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Only a fragment of the right dentary is preserved, representing the anterior region (note that the anterior symphyseal portion is broken off and missing). This specimen possesses five tooth positions, where four teeth are still attached (Fig. 9). Meckel’s groove is fully open, but markedly narrow. In contrast, the subdental shelf is dorsoventrally wide. The dental crest is high, so only the crowns of the teeth exceed it dorsally. The midsection of the labial surface is pierced by one anteroposteriorly elongate labial foramen.</p><p>Dentition</p><p>Tooth implantation is pleurodont. The tooth necks are slightly enlarged lingually. The tooth crowns have blunt triangular apices, with their peaks being slightly recurved posterolingually. In lingual view, they possess labial and lingual cusps. The lingual side is bordered by culmen lateralis posterior and anterior and possesses striation formed by apicobasal ridges which are more-or-less parallel to each other. The number of striae ranges from five to seven. The labial aspect of the tooth crowns appears smooth.</p><p>COMMENTS</p><p>Only a small dentary fragment is preserved, of which allocation is difficult. Transversally bicuspid teeth together with apicobasal striation of their crows indicate its affinity with members of the group Scinciformata. Among skinks, the fully open Meckel’s groove indicates its similarity with members of the clade Scincidae (sensu Hedges 2014; Scincinae sensu Estes et al. 1988; for this character state, see Čerňanský &amp; Syromyatnikova 2021 and literature therein). The dentition bears an overall resemblance with that of members of the genus Chalcides Laurenti, 1768 (see Čerňanský et al. 2020). However, due to its fragmentary nature, a more precise allocation of this material cannot be made.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/586FDC48FFC4FFEB134045137C63F86B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Georgalis, Georgios L.;Čerňanský, Andrej;Mayda, Serdar	Georgalis, Georgios L., Čerňanský, Andrej, Mayda, Serdar (2021): Late Paleogene herpetofaunas from the crossroads between two continents - new amphibian and reptile remains from the Oligocene of southern Balkans and Anatolia. Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (15): 253-275, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a15, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a15
586FDC48FFC5FFEA136044307C07FAEE.text	586FDC48FFC5FFEA136044307C07FAEE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophisaurus Gray 1825	<div><p>Ophisaurus sp .</p><p>(Fig. 10)</p><p>MATERIAL. — Turkey. Kavakdere: a presacral vertebra (EUNMH PV 14056) .</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>The vertebra EUNMH PV 14056 is incomplete, missing parts of the neural spine, right prezygapophysis and both postzygapophyses, while its synapophyses and condyle are eroded (Fig. 10). In anterior view (Fig. 10A), the prezygapophyses are dorsally inclined, with their dorsal edges reaching the dorsal floor of the neural canal. The neural canal is triangular and large, with a height larger than that of the cotyle. The cotyle is rather depressed and elongated. In posterior view (Fig. 10B), the neural arch is moderately vaulted. The condyle is rather eroded but it seems that it was originally relatively dorsoventrally depressed. In dorsal view (Fig. 10C), the base of the neural spine crosses most of the midline of the neural arch. The prezygapophyses are directed anterolaterally. The prezygapophyseal articular facets are massive and broad. The interzygapophyseal constriction is well developed. In ventral view (Fig.10D), the vertebra is longer than wide. The centrum is slightly anteriorly widened. Its ventral surface is almost flattened, though nevertheless, two rather large foramina pierce it at around its anterior level. The lateral margins (subcentral ridges) are slightly concave. There are no signs of precondylar constriction. In lateral view (Fig. 10E), the neural spine is broken and its full height cannot be evaluated; it seems though that it mostly augments in height towards the posterior half of the neural arch. The synapophyses seem to have been well developed but also they are eroded.</p><p>COMMENTS</p><p>The vertebra can be assigned to Ophisaurus on the basis of its concave lateral margins and the height of its neural canal being bigger than the respective one of the cotyle (Čerňanský et al. 2019). Osteoderm material from Kavakdere has been recently described as an indeterminate anguine (Čerňanský et al. 2017b). It seems probable that this too belongs to Ophisaurus, however, the diagnostic utility of osteoderms is far limited for any such generic referral with certainty and we cannot thus exclude the possibility that they pertain to another anguine taxon.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/586FDC48FFC5FFEA136044307C07FAEE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Georgalis, Georgios L.;Čerňanský, Andrej;Mayda, Serdar	Georgalis, Georgios L., Čerňanský, Andrej, Mayda, Serdar (2021): Late Paleogene herpetofaunas from the crossroads between two continents - new amphibian and reptile remains from the Oligocene of southern Balkans and Anatolia. Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (15): 253-275, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a15, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a15
586FDC48FFC5FFF6118245737D39F86B.text	586FDC48FFC5FFF6118245737D39F86B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tropidophiidae Cope 1894	<div><p>Family “ TROPIDOPHIIDAE ” Cope, 1894</p><p>COMMENT ON THE STATUS OF “ TROPIDOPHIIDAE ” Tropidophiids, commonly known as “dwarf boas”, have extant representatives distributed solely in the Neotropics (Wallach et al. 2014). Nevertheless, they have a fossil record in the Old World as well, as a number of extinct taxa has been established from the Paleogene and Neogene of Europe (e.g. Rage 1973, 1974, 1988a; Szyndlar &amp; Böhme 1996; Szyndlar &amp; Rage 2003; Szyndlar et al. 2008; Rage &amp; Augé 2010), while their remains have been also described from the Paleogene of northern Africa (Augé &amp; Rage 2006; McCartney &amp; Seiffert 2016). Extant tropidophiids have been traditionally lumped into “booids” (e.g. Rage 1984; seeGeorgalis &amp; Scheyer 2019 for the concept of the informal grouping “Booidea”) and divided into two “subfamilies”, i.e., tropidophiines and ungaliophiines (Szyndlar &amp; Rage 2003). However, in the past few decades they were suggested to represent a paraphyletic assemblage, on the basis of external and musculatoral morphology (Zaher 1994). This was later further supported by phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data, which recovered tropidophiids (in their traditional sense) as paraphyletic, with tropidophiines (comprising the genera Tropidophis Bibron in Ramón de la Sagra 1838 -1843, and Trachyboa Peters, 1860) nested instead more close to anilioids, while ungaliophiines (comprising the genera Ungaliophis Müller, 1880, and Exiliboa Bogert, 1968) nested within Booidea (Wilcox et al. 2002; Lawson et al. 2004; Vidal et al. 2007; Wiens et al. 2012; Reynolds et al. 2014; Streicher &amp; Wiens 2016; Burbrink et al. 2020). Such distinction is further corroborated by cranial (Bogert 1968a) and vertebral anatomy (Bogert 1968a, 1968b; Szyndlar &amp; Rage 2003; Smith 2013). Accordingly, such view has met a wide consensus among herpetologists who usually treat these groups as distinct families, tropidophiids and ungaliophiids (e.g. Wallach et al. 2014). Ungaliophiines have been subsequently placed as a subfamily of Charinaidae (i.e., Ungaliophiinae) (Pyron et al. 2014); Burbrink et al. (2020) elevated both charinaids and ungaliophiids to the family level, but still recovered them as sister groups in their phylogenetic analysis. All these being said, Tropidophiidae in its modern sense is nested close to anilioids and not booids.</p><p>On the other hand, in palaeontological literature, fossil Tropidophiidae are still mostly considered as pertaining to “booids” (e.g. Szyndlar &amp; Rage 2003; Szyndlar et al. 2008), i.e., the Constrictores sensu Georgalis &amp; Smith (2020). As such, we have to note that with their current family denomination they are automatically considered as close to anilioids and not to Constrictores, even though the latter case may be more likely. Therefore, for the sake of convenience, we use the term “ Tropidophiidae ” in quotation marks. For a detailed discussion on fossil “tropidophiids”, see Smith &amp; Georgalis (in press).</p><p>Among the limited vertebral material from Kargi 2, we here tentatively recognize two distinct “tropidophiid” forms (see below). Although both represented by non overlapping material (i.e., vertebrae not pertaining to the same portion of the column), we tend to treat them as different taxa on the basis of comparison with coeval, more complete material from western and central Europe. Nevertheless, such distinction should be considered as provisional, in anticipation of additional vertebral material from Anatolia that may eventually elucidate this taxonomic issue.</p><p>“ Tropidophiidae ” indet.</p><p>(Fig. 13)</p><p>MATERIAL. — Turkey. Kargi 2: A mid-caudal vertebra (EUNMH PV 14072).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>The vertebra EUNMH PV 14072 is rather incomplete, missing large part of both prezygapophyses, the left postzygapophysis, and the dorsalmost portion of the neural spine (Fig. 13). It is tiny, with a centrum length of 2.0 mm and a neural arch width of 1.6 mm. The neural spine is developed only at the posterior half of the neural arch. The neural arch is vaulted. The haemapophyses develop around the mid-portion of the centrum, they are almost parallel to each other in ventral view and extend rather ventrally in posterior view. The cotyle and condyle are small. The pleurapophyses are broad and extend ventrolaterally. The postzygapophyseal articular facets are massive.</p><p>COMMENTS</p><p>This vertebra could pertain to one of the two above described “tropidophiids”. Note that Platyspondylia was so far considered to have haemapophyses throughout the caudal region (Rage 1974; Szyndlar &amp; Rage 2003), however, it is now known that haemapophyses are absent in the anterior caudal vertebrae but present in mid- and posterior caudal ones of this taxon (Vianey-Liaud et al. 2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/586FDC48FFC5FFF6118245737D39F86B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Georgalis, Georgios L.;Čerňanský, Andrej;Mayda, Serdar	Georgalis, Georgios L., Čerňanský, Andrej, Mayda, Serdar (2021): Late Paleogene herpetofaunas from the crossroads between two continents - new amphibian and reptile remains from the Oligocene of southern Balkans and Anatolia. Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (15): 253-275, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a15, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a15
586FDC48FFDAFFF5137543B6789FFEC3.text	586FDC48FFDAFFF5137543B6789FFEC3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Squamata Oppel 1811	<div><p>Squamata indet.</p><p>MATERIAL. — Turkey. Kocayarma: two caudal vertebrae (EUNMH PV 14062 and EUNMH PV 14067) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/586FDC48FFDAFFF5137543B6789FFEC3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Georgalis, Georgios L.;Čerňanský, Andrej;Mayda, Serdar	Georgalis, Georgios L., Čerňanský, Andrej, Mayda, Serdar (2021): Late Paleogene herpetofaunas from the crossroads between two continents - new amphibian and reptile remains from the Oligocene of southern Balkans and Anatolia. Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (15): 253-275, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a15, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a15
