taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
5768066BAF2FFFCAFF1F3AF96D6EFDC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17868277/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17868277	FIGURE 1. Holotype of Gnathophis ajithi sp. nov., IO/OV/ANG/00054, 343 mm TL, off Kerala, Arabian Sea, India. Bar indicates dorsal-fin origin.	FIGURE 1. Holotype of Gnathophis ajithi sp. nov., IO/OV/ANG/00054, 343 mm TL, off Kerala, Arabian Sea, India. Bar indicates dorsal-fin origin.	2025-12-01	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.		Zenodo	biologists	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.			
5768066BAF2FFFCAFF1F3AF96D6EFDC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17868279/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17868279	FIGURE 2. Head of Gnathophis ajithi sp. nov., IO/OV/ANG/00054, holotype. A. Lateral view; B. Dorsal view; C. ventral view.	FIGURE 2. Head of Gnathophis ajithi sp. nov., IO/OV/ANG/00054, holotype. A. Lateral view; B. Dorsal view; C. ventral view.	2025-12-01	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.		Zenodo	biologists	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.			
5768066BAF2FFFCAFF1F3AF96D6EFDC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17868281/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17868281	FIGURE 3. Lateral view of head, showing sensory pores. A. Gnathophis ajithi; B. Gnathophis anilmohapatrai; Gnathophis arabicus. SO, supraorbital pores; IO, infraorbital pores; M, mandibular pores; PO, preoperculomandibular pores; ST, supratemporal pores.	FIGURE 3. Lateral view of head, showing sensory pores. A. Gnathophis ajithi; B. Gnathophis anilmohapatrai; Gnathophis arabicus. SO, supraorbital pores; IO, infraorbital pores; M, mandibular pores; PO, preoperculomandibular pores; ST, supratemporal pores.	2025-12-01	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.		Zenodo	biologists	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.			
5768066BAF2FFFCAFF1F3AF96D6EFDC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17868283/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17868283	FIGURE 4. Tooth pattern on upper jaw. A. Gnathophis ajithi; B. Gnathophis anilmohapatrai; C. Gnathophis arabicus.	FIGURE 4. Tooth pattern on upper jaw. A. Gnathophis ajithi; B. Gnathophis anilmohapatrai; C. Gnathophis arabicus.	2025-12-01	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.		Zenodo	biologists	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.			
5768066BAF29FFC4FF1F3D7D6AA8F965.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17868281/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17868281	FIGURE 3. Lateral view of head, showing sensory pores. A. Gnathophis ajithi; B. Gnathophis anilmohapatrai; Gnathophis arabicus. SO, supraorbital pores; IO, infraorbital pores; M, mandibular pores; PO, preoperculomandibular pores; ST, supratemporal pores.	FIGURE 3. Lateral view of head, showing sensory pores. A. Gnathophis ajithi; B. Gnathophis anilmohapatrai; Gnathophis arabicus. SO, supraorbital pores; IO, infraorbital pores; M, mandibular pores; PO, preoperculomandibular pores; ST, supratemporal pores.	2025-12-01	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.		Zenodo	biologists	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.			
5768066BAF29FFC4FF1F3D7D6AA8F965.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17868283/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17868283	FIGURE 4. Tooth pattern on upper jaw. A. Gnathophis ajithi; B. Gnathophis anilmohapatrai; C. Gnathophis arabicus.	FIGURE 4. Tooth pattern on upper jaw. A. Gnathophis ajithi; B. Gnathophis anilmohapatrai; C. Gnathophis arabicus.	2025-12-01	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.		Zenodo	biologists	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.			
5768066BAF29FFC4FF1F3D7D6AA8F965.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17868285/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17868285	FIGURE 5. Holotype of Gnathophis anilmohapatrai sp. nov., IO/OV/ANG/00055, 255 mm TL, off Kerala, Arabian Sea, India. Arrow indicates dorsal-fin origin.	FIGURE 5. Holotype of Gnathophis anilmohapatrai sp. nov., IO/OV/ANG/00055, 255 mm TL, off Kerala, Arabian Sea, India. Arrow indicates dorsal-fin origin.	2025-12-01	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.		Zenodo	biologists	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.			
5768066BAF29FFC4FF1F3D7D6AA8F965.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17868287/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17868287	FIGURE 6. Head of Gnathophis anilmohapatrai sp. nov., IO/OV/ANG/00055, holotype. A. Lateral view; B. Dorsal view; C. ventral view.	FIGURE 6. Head of Gnathophis anilmohapatrai sp. nov., IO/OV/ANG/00055, holotype. A. Lateral view; B. Dorsal view; C. ventral view.	2025-12-01	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.		Zenodo	biologists	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.			
5768066BAF27FFC0FF1F38146BFAF82C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17868281/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17868281	FIGURE 3. Lateral view of head, showing sensory pores. A. Gnathophis ajithi; B. Gnathophis anilmohapatrai; Gnathophis arabicus. SO, supraorbital pores; IO, infraorbital pores; M, mandibular pores; PO, preoperculomandibular pores; ST, supratemporal pores.	FIGURE 3. Lateral view of head, showing sensory pores. A. Gnathophis ajithi; B. Gnathophis anilmohapatrai; Gnathophis arabicus. SO, supraorbital pores; IO, infraorbital pores; M, mandibular pores; PO, preoperculomandibular pores; ST, supratemporal pores.	2025-12-01	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.		Zenodo	biologists	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.			
5768066BAF27FFC0FF1F38146BFAF82C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17868283/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17868283	FIGURE 4. Tooth pattern on upper jaw. A. Gnathophis ajithi; B. Gnathophis anilmohapatrai; C. Gnathophis arabicus.	FIGURE 4. Tooth pattern on upper jaw. A. Gnathophis ajithi; B. Gnathophis anilmohapatrai; C. Gnathophis arabicus.	2025-12-01	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.		Zenodo	biologists	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.			
5768066BAF27FFC0FF1F38146BFAF82C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17868289/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17868289	FIGURE 7. Holotype of Gnathophis arabicus sp. nov., IO/OV/ANG/00056, holotype, 255 mm TL, off Kerala, Arabian Sea, India.Arrow indicates dorsal-fin origin.	FIGURE 7. Holotype of Gnathophis arabicus sp. nov., IO/OV/ANG/00056, holotype, 255 mm TL, off Kerala, Arabian Sea, India.Arrow indicates dorsal-fin origin.	2025-12-01	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.		Zenodo	biologists	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.			
5768066BAF27FFC0FF1F38146BFAF82C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17868297/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17868297	FIGURE 8. Head of Gnathophis arabicus sp. nov., IO/OV/ANG/00056, holotype. A. Lateral view; B. Dorsal view; C. ventral view.	FIGURE 8. Head of Gnathophis arabicus sp. nov., IO/OV/ANG/00056, holotype. A. Lateral view; B. Dorsal view; C. ventral view.	2025-12-01	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.		Zenodo	biologists	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.			
5768066BAF27FFC0FF1F38146BFAF82C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17868308/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17868308	FIGURE 9. Median-joining haplotype network of Gnathophis species based on mitochondrial CO1 sequences. Each circle represents a unique haplotype, with circle size proportional to the number of individuals sharing that haplotype. Small black dots indicate missing or unsampled intermediate haplotypes. Lines between haplotypes represent mutational steps (each dash = one nucleotide substitution). Coloured ellipses highlight species-specific clusters. Most species (G. arabicus, G. ajithi, G. grahami, G. heterognathus, G. capensis, G. umbrellabius, G. longicauda, G. melanocoelus) form distinct haplogroups, whereas others (G. johnsoni, G. cinctus, G. bathytopos, G. mystax) show close connections, reflecting recent divergence or incomplete lineage sorting.	FIGURE 9. Median-joining haplotype network of Gnathophis species based on mitochondrial CO1 sequences. Each circle represents a unique haplotype, with circle size proportional to the number of individuals sharing that haplotype. Small black dots indicate missing or unsampled intermediate haplotypes. Lines between haplotypes represent mutational steps (each dash = one nucleotide substitution). Coloured ellipses highlight species-specific clusters. Most species (G. arabicus, G. ajithi, G. grahami, G. heterognathus, G. capensis, G. umbrellabius, G. longicauda, G. melanocoelus) form distinct haplogroups, whereas others (G. johnsoni, G. cinctus, G. bathytopos, G. mystax) show close connections, reflecting recent divergence or incomplete lineage sorting.	2025-12-01	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.		Zenodo	biologists	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.			
5768066BAF27FFC0FF1F38146BFAF82C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/17868310/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17868310	FIGURE 10. Maximum likelihood tree of Gnathophis from CO1 gene sequences with 20000 bootstrap replicates following TPM2u+F+G4 model generated by IQ-TREE 2.	FIGURE 10. Maximum likelihood tree of Gnathophis from CO1 gene sequences with 20000 bootstrap replicates following TPM2u+F+G4 model generated by IQ-TREE 2.	2025-12-01	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.		Zenodo	biologists	Kodeeswaran, Paramasivam;Karmovskaya, Emma S.			
