taxonID	type	description	language	source
522587A2356D920100F29B23FDB79FA0.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Pardosa crassipalpis Purcell, 1903	en	Kronestedt, Torbjörn (2025): Spiniculosa, a new wolf spider genus (Araneae, Lycosidae) from Africa, with description of a new species from the coast of Kenya. Zootaxa 5666 (2): 211-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4
522587A2356D920100F29B23FDB79FA0.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The generic name is a combination of Latin spinicula, small spine, referring to the short spine-like setae on coxa and trochanter of leg I in the males, and - osa, a common ending of genus names in Lycosidae. The gender is feminine.	en	Kronestedt, Torbjörn (2025): Spiniculosa, a new wolf spider genus (Araneae, Lycosidae) from Africa, with description of a new species from the coast of Kenya. Zootaxa 5666 (2): 211-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4
522587A2356D920100F29B23FDB79FA0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males of Spiniculosa gen. nov. are distinguished by a row of short, stout spine-like setae proventrally on first coxae and trochanters, respectively (Fig. 7). The terminal part of the bulbus differs from that in other lycosid genera by an extrapaleal sclerite (‘ on the outside of the palea’) situated retrolaterally in the resting position (Fig. 6: eps). Females of Spiniculosa gen. nov. have long, winding copulatory ducts (Fig. 9 C – D).	en	Kronestedt, Torbjörn (2025): Spiniculosa, a new wolf spider genus (Araneae, Lycosidae) from Africa, with description of a new species from the coast of Kenya. Zootaxa 5666 (2): 211-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4
522587A2356D920100F29B23FDB79FA0.taxon	description	Description. Lycosid spiders of small size (carapace lengths approx. 1.80 – 2.45). Carapace variable in coloration and pattern: light yellowish without distinct pattern or brownish with wide yellow lateral bands and more or less distinct light brownish (males) or yellowish median band; marginal bands may be present as a row of brownish spots; edge of carapace with narrow black lines present above each coxa. Eye row I shorter than eye row II. Eye row I slightly procurved, AME slightly larger than ALE. Chelicerae with rows of three (occasionally four) retromarginal and three promarginal teeth (median one largest). Labium slightly wider than long. Leg lengths IV> I> III> II. Ti I with three pairs of ventral spines (of which three placed in an oblique line prolaterally, as in Fig. 7 A). Legs annulated in females. Male palp with tegular apophysis of variable form, distally hook-shaped. Palea with furrow, sclerotized retrolaterad apophysis (‘ conductor’) curved dorsad, and adjacent ‘ extrapaleal sclerite’ connected to palea. Close to ‘ conductor’ a process here called ‘ terminal apophysis’ protrudes. Conductor and terminal apophysis arise from different parts of palea but seem to be very close to each other in resting position (Figs 5 A, 6 D). In females, septum of epigyne, wide, covering posterior cavities, and copulatory ducts thick and comparatively long.	en	Kronestedt, Torbjörn (2025): Spiniculosa, a new wolf spider genus (Araneae, Lycosidae) from Africa, with description of a new species from the coast of Kenya. Zootaxa 5666 (2): 211-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4
522587A2356D920100F29B23FDB79FA0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Afrotropical region.	en	Kronestedt, Torbjörn (2025): Spiniculosa, a new wolf spider genus (Araneae, Lycosidae) from Africa, with description of a new species from the coast of Kenya. Zootaxa 5666 (2): 211-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4
522587A2356E920600F29FD7FC729EE8.taxon	description	(Figs 1 A – F, 3 A – B, 4 A – C, 5 A, 6 A – C, 7 A, C – D, 8 A – B, 9 A, C)	en	Kronestedt, Torbjörn (2025): Spiniculosa, a new wolf spider genus (Araneae, Lycosidae) from Africa, with description of a new species from the coast of Kenya. Zootaxa 5666 (2): 211-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4
522587A2356E920600F29FD7FC729EE8.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Lectotype ♀ and paralectotype ♂ of Pardosa crassipalpis from SOUTH AFRICA, Western Cape, Hot Baths near Montagu, 33.78 ° S, 20.12 ° E, Nov. 1902, W. F. Purcell (SAM-ENW-X 012652), examined and here designated. Holotype ♀ and paratype ♀ of Passiena upembensis from DR CONGO, Haut-Katanga, Upemba National Park, Masombwe, ca 9.08 ° S, 27.20 ° E, 1120 m, 19 Oct. 1948 (Mission De Witte, RMCA 139894, 139895), examined. Other material examined. BOTSWANA. Ngamiland (Okavango Delta): Khurunxaragha, moist shore meadow, 21 Aug. – 4 Sep. 1973, R. Hakanen, 3 ♂ 2 ♀ (ZMUT); Maxwee, floodplain grassland, Sep. 1976, A. Russell-Smith, 4 ♂ (CARS); Maun, Island Safari Lodge, riverine forest, 21 Sep. 1975, A. Russell-Smith, 1 ♂ 3 ♀ (CARS); Maun, Thamalakane R., heavily grazed Digitaria, 27 Mar. 1976, A. Russell-Smith, 2 ♀ (BMNH); Moremi Game Reserve, Mboma Island, Sporobolus grassland, 18 Oct. 1977, A. Russell-Smith, 2 ♂ 3 ♀ (CARS). — ETHIOPIA. Oromia Region: Edge of Lake Langano, under stones in short Cynodon grassland, 8 April 1987, A. Russell-Smith (CARS), 4 ♂ 3 ♀. Awash National Park, leaf litter in riverine forest, 13 Mar. 1983, A. Russell-Smith, 5 ♂ 5 ♀ (CARS). — KENYA. Coast: Kwale region, Tiwi Beach, Twiga Lodge, 4.24 ° S 39.60 ° E, 4 Jan. 1972 (T. Kronestedt, NHRS), 2 ♂ 1 ♀. Mombasa: Bamburi Beach, Aug. 1948, Å. Holm, 1 ♂ (UUZM). Rift Valley: Lake Nakuru, shore, 0.32 ° S, 36.08 ° E, 24 Jan. 1975 (T. Kronestedt, NHRS), 2 ♂ 1 ♀. — TANZANIA. Arusha: Lake Manyara, camp site, 3.37 ° S, 35.86 ° E, 2 Jan. 1972 (T. Kronestedt, NHRS), 1 ♀. — SOUTH AFRICA. Gauteng: 2 km S of Springs, 17 Nov. 2006 (S. Snäll, NHRS), 1 ♀. Limpopo: Kameelfontein, Groblersdal, 25 Mar. 1978, A. Russell-Smith, 1 ♂ 6 ♀ (CARS). Rust de Winter, 27 Jan. 1981 (M. Stiller, NHRS), 4 ♂ 4 ♀. North West: Buffelsfontein, Rustenburg, 21 Mar. 1980, A. Russell-Smith, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (CARS). Western Cape: same as lectotype, 2 ♂ 8 ♀ (SAM-ENW-X 012652), 1 ♂ 2 ♀ (SAM-ENW-X 012613).	en	Kronestedt, Torbjörn (2025): Spiniculosa, a new wolf spider genus (Araneae, Lycosidae) from Africa, with description of a new species from the coast of Kenya. Zootaxa 5666 (2): 211-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4
522587A2356E920600F29FD7FC729EE8.taxon	discussion	Remarks (1) Roewer (1959) transferred two African species previously assigned to Pardosa to the genus Passiena Thorell, 1890 (type species: Passiena spinicrus Thorell, 1890, described from Malaysia), adding three newly described species, including P. upembensis Roewer. His argument for this was mainly the presence of at least four pairs of ventral spines on tibia I. Roewer (1959) was not able to examine the type specimen of P. spinicrus (which, according to Roewer, could no longer be found; however, the holotype is present in Museo civico di Storia naturale, Genova, not in Swedish Museum of Natural History as indicated in Lehtinen 2005). The type specimens of Passiena upembensis Roewer have the number and arrangement of first tibial spines similar to the condition in i. a. Pardosa. (2) In the material at hand, a certain variation in colour pattern was noted. Whether this indicates a presence of distinct cryptic taxa cannot be revealed without other methods. Here reliance was primarily on the conformation of the copulatory organs. Supplementary studies by comparing nucleotide sequences in specimens collected from separate apart populations may throw more light on this. For instance, the two males from Tiwi Beach on the coast of Kenya (one in Fig. 1 E), are similar in colour pattern to the female from the same locality (Fig. 1 F), while the two males from Lake Nakuru in Kenya (one in Fig. 1 C) differ in colour and pattern from the female from the same locality (Fig. 1 D).	en	Kronestedt, Torbjörn (2025): Spiniculosa, a new wolf spider genus (Araneae, Lycosidae) from Africa, with description of a new species from the coast of Kenya. Zootaxa 5666 (2): 211-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4
522587A2356E920600F29FD7FC729EE8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Male differs from Spiniculosa albida sp. nov. by the coloration of the body and the shape of the tegular apophysis, the palea and its furrow (Figs 3 A, 6 A) as well as the retrolateral extrapaleal sclerite (Figs 4 B, 6 C). Females differ by the configuration of the epigyne, septum widest in rear half (Figs 3 B, 8 A – B) and the course of the copulatory ducts in the receptacular complex (Fig. 9 C).	en	Kronestedt, Torbjörn (2025): Spiniculosa, a new wolf spider genus (Araneae, Lycosidae) from Africa, with description of a new species from the coast of Kenya. Zootaxa 5666 (2): 211-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4
522587A2356E920600F29FD7FC729EE8.taxon	description	Description. Male (South Africa: Rust de Winter). Total length 3.9. Carapace length 2.10, width 1.55. Prosoma (Fig. 1 A, C, E). Carapace brownish with yellow median band and wide yellow lateral bands extending to carapace margin and continuing to clypeus. Median band may vary in colour and be darker, greyish yellow. Thoracic portion with narrow blackish streaks along margin, usually present above each leg coxa only, sometimes absent above coxae I and II, and sometimes with more or less distinct submarginal brownish spots in lateral bands. Brownish sides of thoracic portion with recumbent dark and appressed greyish setae, median band with both dark (in front of fovea) and whitish setae, lateral bands with whitish pubescence and fewer dark setae. Clypeus yellowish, with sooty area nearest to each chelicera. Chelicerae yellowish brown with darker longitudinal streaks. Sternum yellowish, sometimes more or less tinged by grey towards margin. Eyes. Width of row I 35, row II 51 row III 63, row II – III 53. Diameter of AME 9, ALE 7, PME 19, PLE 17. Distance between AMEs 5, between AME and ALE 1.5. Legs (Table 1). Yellow, sometimes with greyish brown markings. Leg I with rows of about four spine-like setae distally and proventrally on coxa and trochanter respectively (Fig. 7 A, C – D). Opisthosoma (Fig. 1 A, C, E). Dorsally with median part more or less yellowish (may vary in colour to yellowish grey) and lateral parts brownish grey speckled with yellowish dots; lanceolate stripe greyish yellow (may vary in colour to greyish brown), bordered by dark dots. Venter light yellowish with white, adpressed pubescence. Palp (Figs 3 A, 4 A – C, 5 A, 6 A – C) comparatively large. Pt 0.45, Ti 0.50, Cy 1.00. Cymbium dark, rest of segments dark except being more or less dark greyish yellow dorsally. All segments with dark setae, femur dorsally in addition with light setae. Long and dense dark pubescence laterally, notably prolaterally on tibia, and prolaterally on basal portion of cymbium. Tegular apophysis basally wide, distally narrow and ending in a hook-like bend. Terminal part with characteristically shaped rounded palea having long curved furrow at its anterior rim (Fig. 6 A: pf), and retrolaterally with a characteristically shaped extrapaleal sclerite (Fig. 6 C). The latter with a characteristic flat protrusion, the margin of which may have minute denticles (Fig. 4 B arrow). Embolus very long and narrow (Fig. 6 A). Female (South Africa: Groblersdal). Total length 4.3. Carapace 2.05 long, 1.60 wide. Prosoma (Fig. 1 B, D, F). Carapace brownish with wide yellow median band, most dilated behind PLEs, and wide yellow lateral bands extending to margin of carapace and continuing to clypeus. Margin of thoracic portion with narrow blackish streaks along margin, present above each leg coxa only, and more or less distinct submarginal brownish spots in lateral bands. Eyes. Width of row I 34, row II 50, row III 63, row II – III 52. Diameter of AME 8, ALE 6, PME 18, PLE 16. Distance between AMEs 4, between AME and ALE 1.5. Legs (Table 1). Yellowish, with greyish brown markings. Femora with dark pseudoannulation. Tibiae often yellowish grey with indistinct darker annulation, metatarsi with annuli, distal annulus on Mt IV usually notably dark. Opisthosoma (Fig. 1 B, D, F). Dorsally with median part yellowish and lateral parts brownish grey speckled with yellowish dots; lanceolate stripe greyish yellow, bordered by dark dots. Sides and venter light yellowish, sides also with fewer dark spots. Epigyne (Figs 3 B, 8 A – B, 9 A, C) with single transverse anterior pocket (” hood ”). Posterior part of epigyne covered by septum widening backwards and narrowing before the end. For copulatory ducts and spermathecae, see Fig. 9 C. Size variation. Carapace lengths of material measured: males 1.80 – 2.20 (N = 18), females 1.95 – 2.45 (N = 16).	en	Kronestedt, Torbjörn (2025): Spiniculosa, a new wolf spider genus (Araneae, Lycosidae) from Africa, with description of a new species from the coast of Kenya. Zootaxa 5666 (2): 211-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4
522587A2356E920600F29FD7FC729EE8.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. The life cycle, courtship and seasonality of Spiniculosa crassipalpis were investigated by Dippenaar-Schoeman (1977: sub Pardosa) near Pretoria, South Africa. The species is common in South Africa, tolerates a wide range of habitats and is regarded as an agrobiont, found in various crops and might be important as a natural control agent of pests (Dippenaar-Schoeman et al. 2013, Dippenaar-Schoeman & Webb 2023).	en	Kronestedt, Torbjörn (2025): Spiniculosa, a new wolf spider genus (Araneae, Lycosidae) from Africa, with description of a new species from the coast of Kenya. Zootaxa 5666 (2): 211-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4
522587A2356E920600F29FD7FC729EE8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Botswana, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Namibia (Dippenaar-Schoeman et al. 2021), South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe (Dippenaar-Schoeman & Webb 2023).	en	Kronestedt, Torbjörn (2025): Spiniculosa, a new wolf spider genus (Araneae, Lycosidae) from Africa, with description of a new species from the coast of Kenya. Zootaxa 5666 (2): 211-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4
522587A2356A920A00F2986EFE479950.taxon	description	(Figs 1 G – I, 2, 3 C – D, 4 D – F, 5 B, 6 D – F, 7 B, 8 C, 9 B, D)	en	Kronestedt, Torbjörn (2025): Spiniculosa, a new wolf spider genus (Araneae, Lycosidae) from Africa, with description of a new species from the coast of Kenya. Zootaxa 5666 (2): 211-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4
522587A2356A920A00F2986EFE479950.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype ♂ from KENYA. Kwale: Tiwi Beach, Twiga Lodge (c. 20 kms south of Mombasa), 4.24 ° S 39.60 ° E, 4 Jan. 1972, T. Kronestedt (NHRS). Other material examined (paratypes). KENYA. Kwale: data as holotype, 10 ♂ 9 ♀ (NHRS incl. allotype, RMCA).	en	Kronestedt, Torbjörn (2025): Spiniculosa, a new wolf spider genus (Araneae, Lycosidae) from Africa, with description of a new species from the coast of Kenya. Zootaxa 5666 (2): 211-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4
522587A2356A920A00F2986EFE479950.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet albida (Latin for whitish) refers to the body coloration of the species.	en	Kronestedt, Torbjörn (2025): Spiniculosa, a new wolf spider genus (Araneae, Lycosidae) from Africa, with description of a new species from the coast of Kenya. Zootaxa 5666 (2): 211-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4
522587A2356A920A00F2986EFE479950.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. In living specimens, the entire body appear whitish except for the blackish cephalic part of the carapace and palps in the male (Fig. 2 A). Both sexes have a whitish opisthosoma with or without some blackish spots. In the male, the yellowish carapace (in ethanol) is more or less patterned in blackish in the cephalic part (Fig. 1 G – H). Apart from the coloration of the body, the male is distinguished from that in S. crassipalpis by the tegular apophysis being rounded anteriorly (Figs 3 C, 5 B) and extrapaleal sclerite being more extensive, partly fused with the palea anteriorly (Fig. 6 F). The female is characterized by the epigyne having the rims of the wide part of the septum more or less parallel (Figs 3 D, 8 C) and the course of the copulatory ducts in the receptacular complex (Fig. 9 D).	en	Kronestedt, Torbjörn (2025): Spiniculosa, a new wolf spider genus (Araneae, Lycosidae) from Africa, with description of a new species from the coast of Kenya. Zootaxa 5666 (2): 211-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4
522587A2356A920A00F2986EFE479950.taxon	description	Description. Male (holotype). Total length 4.15. Carapace 2.20 long, 1.75 wide. Prosoma (Fig. 1 G – H). Carapace light yellowish, without median or lateral bands. Cephalic portion blackish between eyes; lateral slopes in front and cephalic area behind PLEs, more or less sooty. Margin of thoracic portion with narrow blackish streaks, usually present above each coxa, sometimes absent above coxae I and II. Blackish and sooty areas of cephalic part with dark recumbent setae (apart from scattered erect ones). Thoracic part with pubescence of whitish recumbent setae, dark setae in posterior sooty spots. Clypeus dark, yellowish below ALEs only. Chelicerae sooty yellowish, with darker longitudinal streaks, furnished with dark setae of varying length. Sternum yellowish-white with numerous light and scattered dark setae. Eyes. Width of row I 34, row II 54, row III 68, row II – III 53. Diameter of AME 9, ALE 6, PME 18, PLE 15. Distance between AMEs 6, between AME and ALE 2. Legs (Table 1). Light yellowish, traces of yellowish annulation may be present in femora. Pilosity of leg I as in the rest of legs. Leg I with rows of about four spine-like setae distally and proventrally on coxa and trochanter respectively (Fig. 7 B). Opisthosoma (Fig. 1 G – H). Whitish (guanocytes), dorsally with yellowish lanceolate stripe which anteriorly is flanked by two dark spots and at beginning of rear half flanked by two more or less dark spots or dots. Posterior half of dorsum laterally with two darker dots on each side. Whitish pubescence, dorsally in addition with scattered dark setae. Venter whitish (guanocytes). Sooty spot medially in front of epigastric fold. Small sooty dot at anus. Palp (Figs 3 C, 4 D – F, 5 B, 6 D – F). Pt 0.45, Ti 0.50, cymbium 0.95. Fe, Pt and Ti yellowish, more or less sooty; cymbium sooty brownish, tip yellowish. All segments furnished with dark setae; Ti and cymbium with notably longer dark setae prolaterally. Tegular apophysis somewhat oval in shape, ending in a sclerotized hook (Fig. 3 C). Terminal part with palea having a transverse furrow (Fig. 6 D: pf) and retrolaterally with a characteristically shaped extrapaleal sclerite (Fig. 6 F: eps). Embolus thread-like (Fig. 6 D). Female (allotype): Total length 5.0. Carapace length 2.30, width 1.85. In general similar to male in colour and setation. Carapace black around eyes only (area between PLEs light yellowish). Eyes. Width of row I 38, row II 57, row III 72, row II – III. Diameter of AME 10, ALE 6, PME 20, PLE 18. Distance between AMEs 6, between AME and ALE 2. Legs (Table 1). Light yellowish, more or less darkly annulated, usually with a distinct dark ring distally on MtIV. Epigyne (Figs 3 D, 8 C, 9 B, D) with single transversal anterior pocket (‘ hood’). Posterior part of epigyne covered by a septum with more or less parallel rims. Copulatory ducts thick, part of them visible through the septum (Fig. 8 C). For copulatory ducts and receptacula, see Fig. 9 D. Size variatio n. Carapace lengths of material measured: males 2.00 – 2.25 (N = 8), females 2.20 – 2.30 (N = 5). Habitat. All specimens were found on a seashore with white sand. Specimens of Spiniculosa crassipalpis were found on the ground immediately adjacent to the same shore.	en	Kronestedt, Torbjörn (2025): Spiniculosa, a new wolf spider genus (Araneae, Lycosidae) from Africa, with description of a new species from the coast of Kenya. Zootaxa 5666 (2): 211-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4
522587A2356A920A00F2986EFE479950.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Kenya.	en	Kronestedt, Torbjörn (2025): Spiniculosa, a new wolf spider genus (Araneae, Lycosidae) from Africa, with description of a new species from the coast of Kenya. Zootaxa 5666 (2): 211-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5666.2.4
