identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
4E303164FFD7FFA79744FF16EBD3525A.text	4E303164FFD7FFA79744FF16EBD3525A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hetaerina duplex Selys 1853	<div><p>Hetaerina duplex Selys, 1853 (Figure 2)</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Colombia, 1♀, 9 x 2012, Quindío Department, Filandia Municipality, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.654724&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.696944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.654724/lat 4.696944)">Barbas Bremen Nature Reserve</a>, 4.69694444°N, - 75.65472222°W, 1650 m.a.s.l., Leg: J. Montes, L. Perez ; 1♀, 13 v 2022, Risaralda Department, Pueblo Rico Municipality, Monte Bello Township, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.08712&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.2357125" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.08712/lat 5.2357125)">Tatamá National Park</a>, 5.2357126°N, - 76.0871193°W, M. Stand leg.</p><p>Description of final instar larva</p><p>Coloration of head and thorax mainly brownish with dark brownish dots, legs yellowish with dark brown dots.</p><p>Head. Brownish with dark brown pattern (Figure 2a), with prominent and rounded posterolateral angles; antenna without setae. Labium: prementum-postmentum articulation reaching the anterior margin of mesocoxae; prementum with two setae on internal side of each lobe of ligula, external margins of ligular lobes serrate; labial palp ending in three well-developed and incurved hooks forming an 120° angle with it, median hook longest, inner one smallest; movable hook shorter than palp; inner margin of palp with small spines; four short apical palpal setae nearouter margin as in Figure 2b. Mandibles formula: L 12345 0 a(m 1234567)b/ R 12345 y ab (Figure 2c–d).</p><p>Thorax. Anterior margin of pronotum widely concave, with one prominent midlateral projection on each side pointing forward, posterior margin convex at middle; wing sheaths extending to posterior margin of S3; Legs: pale with three dark bands on femur, three protibial dark and faded bands; no setae or spines on femur and tibia. Abdomen: Lateral margins of S2–10 carinate, with well-developed posterolateral spine; posterolateral spine of S10 with five small spinules (Figure 2a); posterior margin of S10 with one mid-dorsal spine, and a group of four small spines each side of postero-ventral border (Figure 2e–f). Female ovipositor not reaching distal margin of S10 (Figure 2g) and, in ventral view, with three ventral rows of spines (Figure 2f); cercus conical and straight, 0.5 the length of S10. Caudal gills: lateral gills triquetral and lanceolate, with spines along lateral margins; central gill foliaceous, rounded at tip, with spines along dorsal and ventral margins about 0.7 the length of lateral gills.</p><p>Measurements (mm)</p><p>Total body length (without caudal gills): 23.1. Head: maximum length: 2.8, maximum width: 4; prementum maximum length: 4.2, prementum maximum width: 2.9; clef length: 1.7; movable hook: 1.3. Thorax and legs: inner wing pads length: 6, outer wing pads length: 5.9; femur I: 4.5; femur II: 5.8; femur III: 6.8; tibia I: 4; tibia II: 5.1; tibia III: 5.9. Abdomen: total length: 13.7; S1 length: 1.7; S2 length: 1.7; S3 length: 1.4; S4 length: 1.7; S5 length: 1.6; S6 length: 1.2; S7 length: 1.4; S8 length: 1.2; S9 length: 1; S10 length: 0.8; cerci length: 0.4; female ovipositor length: 1.8; lateral caudal gills length: 6.7, median caudal gill length: 4.9.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Hetaerina duplex occurs in Colombia in the Quindío and Risaralda departments (Figure 3) and larvae for the present description were collected in fast-flowing streams, where they were found partially submerged among grassy vegetation. In Tatamá National Park, where one specimen was collected, H. duplex is sympatric with H. capitalis and shares the following characters: lateral pronotal protuberance rounded, posterior border of S8–9 without row of spines on the dorsal surface, and two premental setae on each side of clef, but differs from H. capitalis in: lateral well-developed spine on each side of the lateral carina of S2–10 (one row of small spines in the lateral carina of S 8–9 in H. capitalis) and S10 with one well-developed mid-dorsal spine on the posterior border (S10 with three small spines in H. capitalis).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Like other Hetaerina species inhabit lotic evironments, with or without abundant riparian vegetation (Guillermo-Ferreira &amp; Bispo, 2012), Hetaerina duplex is recorded in streams and small rivers with abundant vegetation, it has been found in sympatry with H. capitalis and H. cruentata (Bota-Sierra et al., 2024), interestingly, recent studies show that the surrounding vegetation determines the presence of the wing rubyspot (Stranding et al., 2022), the females have been seen ovipositing in dead wood inside river ponds (Bota-Sierra et al., 2019). Its distribution is limited to Colombia and Ecuador, and its conservation status, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), is classified as Least Concern (Bota-Sierra &amp; Palacino, 2016; Bota-Sierra &amp; Rache, 2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4E303164FFD7FFA79744FF16EBD3525A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Montes-Fontalvo, Jenilee;Stand-Pérez, Miguel	Montes-Fontalvo, Jenilee, Stand-Pérez, Miguel (2025): The larva of Hetaerina duplex Selys, 1853 (Odonata: Calopterygidae) with a key to known Colombian larvae species. International Journal of Odonatology 28: 16-22, DOI: 10.48156/1388.2025.1917310, URL: https://doi.org/10.48156/1388.2025.1917310
4E303164FFD1FFA79744F89DEFE856DE.text	4E303164FFD1FFA79744F89DEFE856DE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hetaerina Hagen in Selys 1853	<div><p>Key to the Hetaerina larva known of Colombia</p><p>This key follows Zloty et al. (1993), but was modified to include only Colombian species (Figures 3–4):</p><p>1. Two pairs of premental setae ................................. 2</p><p>1’. One pair of premental setae .................................. 5</p><p>2. Posterior borders of S8–9 with a row of spines ...... 3</p><p>2’. Posterior borders of S8–9 without rows of spines. 4</p><p>3. Lateral pronotal protuberances finger-like. H. miniata</p><p>3’. Lateral pronotal protuberances lacking. H. sempronia</p><p>4. Lateral margins of S2–10 with a posterolateral, well-developed spine; S10 with one mid-dorsal spine on the posterior border .................. H. duplex</p><p>4’. Lateral margins of S2–7 without posterolateral spine; S10 with three small mid-dorsal spines on the posterior border ............................... H. capitalis</p><p>5. Middorsal abdominal spines on S1–9 or S2–9 ....... 6</p><p>5’. Middorsal abdominal spines lacking ...................... 7</p><p>6. Postero-lateral spines on abdominal segments 8–10; length of first antennal segment about equal to head´ s width ...................... H. fuscoguttata</p><p>6’. Postero-lateral spines on abdominal segments 9–10; length of first antennal segment about 70% of head´ s width ............................. H. cruentata</p><p>7. Anterior border of the first femora with a few, short, thorn-like spines .................................. H. caja</p><p>7’. Anterior border of the first femora without conspicuous spines .................................... H. occisa</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4E303164FFD1FFA79744F89DEFE856DE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Montes-Fontalvo, Jenilee;Stand-Pérez, Miguel	Montes-Fontalvo, Jenilee, Stand-Pérez, Miguel (2025): The larva of Hetaerina duplex Selys, 1853 (Odonata: Calopterygidae) with a key to known Colombian larvae species. International Journal of Odonatology 28: 16-22, DOI: 10.48156/1388.2025.1917310, URL: https://doi.org/10.48156/1388.2025.1917310
