identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
8C2F1FE810AB5B9DA49722A9841C837C.text	8C2F1FE810AB5B9DA49722A9841C837C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.	<div><p>6. Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav., Icon. 3: 22 (1795).</p><p>Fig. 8</p><p>Type.</p><p>Cultivated in Madrid from “ America calidiore ” [“ del viaje de los españoles alrededor del mundo, Cult. en el R. J. Bot. 1793 ”], Anonymous s. n.. (lectotype, designated by Knapp (2007: 198): MA- 476348-2; isolectotype: MA- 476348-1).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Rhizomatous subshrub up to 50 cm tall, ± prickly, especially in lower parts of the stem, covered with lepidote (peltate) and stellate hairs; leaves grey from both sides, oblong or elliptic, entire, crenate, or sinuate; each cyme of 4–6 flowers; corolla actinomorphic, usually violet or purple, rarely white, 25–35 mm in diameter; all anthers ± equal, 6–10 mm long; fruit 7–12 mm in diameter, exserted, leathery, orange with sticky pulp, dull, sclereidal concretions absent.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>This species is native to South America and alien in many warm temperate and subtropical regions of the world.</p><p>The earliest European records date back to the late 18 th century in Spain and the mid- 19 th century in France, but its spread to the Mediterranean area probably began in the mid- 20 th century (Uludag et al. 2016; see also the discussion in Knapp et al. 2017). To date, S. elaeagnifolium is considered an invasive species inhabiting disturbed places across the Mediterranean area (e. g., Sforza and Jones 2007; Brunel 2011; Krigas et al. 2023). Recent documented records of the species close to Russia have been reported from Turkey (İlçim and Behçet 2007) and Azerbaijan (Zernov and Mirzayeva 2016). In Azerbaijan, S. elaeagnifolium has invaded semi-deserts with dominant native species such as Caroxylon dendroides (Pall.) Tzvelev, Alhagi pseudalhagi (M. Bieb.) Desv., and Artemisia fragrans Willd. (V. Karimov in herb. LE). The invasion of S. elaeagnifolium in Azerbaijan, as well as a recent observation in Georgia (iNaturalist: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/179191722), makes further expansion into the plains of the Republic of Dagestan (Russia) predictable. To date, S. elaeagnifolium has been recorded in the North Caucasus (Chechen Republic; Shkhagapsoev et al. 2022), but we have not seen the relevant herbarium specimens.</p><p>Its only records in European Russia (Fig. 7 B) are known from the Udmurt Republic, where the species was found in 1985 and 1989 in the territory of grain-processing facilities (Tuganaev and Puzyryov 1988; Baranova and Puzyryov 2012). These records are linked with the large-scale late Soviet import of North American grain, which was responsible for the casual introduction of several exotic alien plants and, apparently, the mass invasion of the noxious weed Bidens frondosa L. (Sennikov and Lazkov 2022).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>Waste ground, roadsides, railroad beds, grain-processing facilities.</p><p>Residence status.</p><p>Casual alien in Central Russia. In the Udmurt Republic, S. elaeagnifolium is not able to survive in the temperate climate with cold winters.</p><p>Pathways of introduction.</p><p>Transport – Contaminant: seed contaminant.</p><p>The species is a typical grain immigrant in Russia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C2F1FE810AB5B9DA49722A9841C837C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Sukhorukov, Alexander P.;Knapp, Sandra;Glazkova, Elena A.;Shilnikov, Dmitry S.;Kushunina, Maria;Sennikov, Alexander N.	Sukhorukov, Alexander P., Knapp, Sandra, Glazkova, Elena A., Shilnikov, Dmitry S., Kushunina, Maria, Sennikov, Alexander N. (2026): Taxonomic revision of the neophyte nightshades (Solanum, Solanaceae) in European Russia and the North Caucasus. PhytoKeys 270: 235-271, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.270.169902
5CDFDD0258C758429E759627A914F2FC.text	5CDFDD0258C758429E759627A914F2FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Solanum emulans Raf.	<div><p>1. Solanum emulans Raf., Autik. Bot.: 107 (1840).</p><p>Fig. 1</p><p>= Solanum nigrum var. virginicum L., Sp. Pl. 186 (1753) ≡ Solanum virginicum (L.) Hayne, Getreue Darstell. Gew. 2: ad tab. 40 (1809), non Solanum virginianum L. (1753) ≡ Solanum dillenianum Polg., Acta Horti Gothob. 13: 281 (1939). Type. [icon] “ Solanum nigrum vulgari simile, caulibus exasperates, ” cultivated in England, at James Sherard’s garden in Eltham (lectotype, designated by Edmonds in Jarvis (2007: 861): Dillenius, Hortus Elthamensis 2: 368, tab. 275, f. 356 (1732)).</p><p>Type.</p><p>USA. “ Amer. bor. ”, C. S. Rafinesque s. n. (neotype, designated by Knapp et al. (2019: 60): W 0009388) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Upright non-sticky annuals up to 1 m tall; trichomes simple, scattered; leaves green, base broadly cuneate, margin entire or shallowly sinuate; each cyme with 3–6 flowers; corolla actinomorphic, white, 8.0–10.0 mm in diameter, anthers 1.0– 1.5 mm long, equal; calyx not accrescent, much shorter than fruit, appressed to spreading; fruit 6–8 mm in diameter, black, rather opaque; mature fruits dropping with the pedicel, with 6–10 sclerotic granules.</p><p>Taxonomic note.</p><p>Solanum emulans can be distinguished from S. nigrum by the presence of sclerotic granules in berries and by very short anthers, 1.5 mm long or less (vs. over 2 mm long) (Knapp et al. 2019).</p><p>Solanum americanum differs from S. emulans in mature berries dropping without the pedicel, sclerotic granules absent or at most 2 (4–6) (vs. dropping with the pedicel, sclerotic granules more than four, usually eight per berry), and calyx lobes strongly reflexed in fruit (vs. calyx lobes appressed to spreading in fruit) (Knapp et al. 2019). The leaves of S. americanum are rather attenuated toward the apex, usually with indistinct dentation, whereas those of S. emulans have a rather broadly triangular apex and prominent dentation.</p><p>Knapp et al. (2019) added S. adventitium Polg. to the synonymy of S. emulans . Polgár (1926) noted that S. adventitium is characterized by nearly entire to sinuate-dentate leaves and constantly six sclerotic granules in the fruit. On the basis of these characters, Edmonds (1972) referred this taxon to S. americanum, which also has subentire leaves and sometimes sclerotic granules in the fruit. Polgár (1926) inferred the origin (source of introduction) of S. adventitium as South America (Argentina), which is at odds with the distribution of S. emulans .</p><p>Nomenclatural note.</p><p>The earliest binomial for this species appears to be Solanum virginicum (L.) Hayne, which cannot be used because of the confusing similarity with its earlier near-homonym, S. virginianum L. This confusion can be seen in a number of old references, including Linnaeus (1771) and Rafinesque (1840).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>A species native to North America (Knapp et al. 2019) and recently introduced in Europe, with very few scattered records known (Karlsson 1998; Verloove 2006; Puzyryov 2021 b).</p><p>In European Russia (Fig. 2 A), this species is known only from Izhevsk Town, Udmurt Republic, where it was introduced with imported grain, presumably from North America, as suggested by its appearance during the Soviet grain crisis (Puzyryov 2021 b). The specimens were collected in the early 1990 s but identified only recently, when a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the Morelloid clade became available (Särkinen et al. 2018). Puzyryov (2021 b) identified his herbarium specimens on the basis of identification keys provided by Särkinen et al. (2018) and Knapp et al. (2019), owing to the presence of numerous sclerotic granules in the berries and prominently dentate leaves.</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>Ruderal places around grain storage and processing facilities and cargo railway stations.</p><p>Residence status.</p><p>Casual alien. The species can be evaluated as an ephemerophyte in the temperate climate.</p><p>Pathways of introduction.</p><p>Transport – Contaminant: seed contaminant.</p><p>Due to the records at grain processing facilities (Puzyryov 2021 b), the species is a typical grain immigrant.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5CDFDD0258C758429E759627A914F2FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Sukhorukov, Alexander P.;Knapp, Sandra;Glazkova, Elena A.;Shilnikov, Dmitry S.;Kushunina, Maria;Sennikov, Alexander N.	Sukhorukov, Alexander P., Knapp, Sandra, Glazkova, Elena A., Shilnikov, Dmitry S., Kushunina, Maria, Sennikov, Alexander N. (2026): Taxonomic revision of the neophyte nightshades (Solanum, Solanaceae) in European Russia and the North Caucasus. PhytoKeys 270: 235-271, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.270.169902
26A530340EC25DB1B770B02C50B8BF1B.text	26A530340EC25DB1B770B02C50B8BF1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Solanum heterodoxum Dunal	<div><p>7. Solanum heterodoxum Dunal, Hist. Nat. Solanum: 235 (1813).</p><p>Fig. 9</p><p>Type.</p><p>[icon] Solanum heterodoxum (lectotype, designated by Whalen (1979: 413): Hist. Nat. Solanum, tab. 25 (1813).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Prickly and sticky annual up to 70 cm tall; prickles basally slightly thickened; indumentum of glandular hairs mixed with stellate and simple hairs; leaves green, concolorous, pinnatisect or bipinnatisect, leaf lobes acutish; each cyme of 5–9 flowers; corolla violet, 10–17 mm in diameter, somewhat zygomorphic; one of five anthers longer, 3.5–5.0 mm long (all other anthers 2.5–4.0 mm long); fruit 10–13 mm in diameter, enclosed in a prickly calyx, dry, irregularly splitting at maturity, sclereidal concretions absent.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>The native distribution area of the species is North America (Mexico and the southern states of the USA). It seems to be a rare alien in southern Europe (e. g., Poyarkova 1981; Galasso et al. 2018 a, 2024; Stoyanov et al. 2021). A putative first collection of this species in Europe was made in Italy in 1860 (G. Galasso, pers. comm.) and subsequently in Crimea (Feodosiya town, seacoast, 17 July 1893, O. A. Fedchenko &amp; B. A. Fedchenko, LE). In the early period, the species was also cultivated in Kiev Oblast from seeds collected in Podolia (Ukraine) in 1928, on a field with Sorghum sp. (LE).</p><p>In the North Caucasus (Fig. 7 C), only a single record is known. In 1957, the species was found in Krasnodar Krai (Galushko 1980) but was originally misidentified as S. sisymbriifolium .</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>Waste ground, roadsides.</p><p>Residence status.</p><p>Casual alien.</p><p>Pathways of introduction.</p><p>The annual species of S. sect. Androceras, including S. heterodoxum, produce abundant seed and have weedy potential (Stern et al. 2010). The old specimen from Russia, which is the only available record so far, lacks sufficient documentation of its locality. For this reason, the pathway of introduction cannot be determined for this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/26A530340EC25DB1B770B02C50B8BF1B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Sukhorukov, Alexander P.;Knapp, Sandra;Glazkova, Elena A.;Shilnikov, Dmitry S.;Kushunina, Maria;Sennikov, Alexander N.	Sukhorukov, Alexander P., Knapp, Sandra, Glazkova, Elena A., Shilnikov, Dmitry S., Kushunina, Maria, Sennikov, Alexander N. (2026): Taxonomic revision of the neophyte nightshades (Solanum, Solanaceae) in European Russia and the North Caucasus. PhytoKeys 270: 235-271, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.270.169902
3E66F9AE27E152A49D68214FAE92AB5A.text	3E66F9AE27E152A49D68214FAE92AB5A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Solanum nitidibaccatum Bitter 2026	<div><p>2. Solanum nitidibaccatum Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 208 (1912) nom. cons.</p><p>Fig. 3</p><p>≡ Solanum physalifolium var. nitidibaccatum (Bitter) Edmonds, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 92: 27 (1986).</p><p>Type.</p><p>Chile. [Without exact locality], 1829, E. F. Poeppig s. n. (lectotype, designated by Edmonds (1986: 27): W 0004151; isolectotype: F [V 0073346 F, acc. # 875221]) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Upright, ascending or prostrate ± sticky annuals with stems up to 30 cm long; trichomes up to 2 mm long, spreading, simple and glandular especially abundant in upper stem parts and inflorescence; leaves light or bright green, concolorous, base broadly cuneate or truncate, margin entire or shallowly sinuate, pubescent; each cyme of 3–6 (8) flowers; corolla actinomorphic, white, 5–9 mm in diameter, anthers 1.2–1.8 mm long, equal; calyx accrescent and not fully enveloping the fruit (up to 2 / 3 of fruit length), appressed but spreading in ripe fruits; fruit 5–8 mm in diameter, dark green or olivaceous, rather shiny when mature, sclereidal concretions present, 1–3.</p><p>Taxonomic note.</p><p>This South American species has been reported under the erroneous name S. physalifolium (e. g., Melnikov 2011; Sobrino Vesperinas and Sanz Elorza 2012; Galasso et al. 2018 a; Mayorov 2018; Mayorov et al. 2019, 2020; Ebel et al. 2022) or accepted at a varietal rank as S. physalifolium var. nitidibaccatum (Karlsson 1998; Mito and Uesugo 2004; Verloove 2006).</p><p>According to current knowledge, both species are clearly distinct: S. physalifolium has anthers ca. 2 mm long (vs. less than 2 mm long in S. nitidibaccatum), and fruiting calyx lobes spreading, with very marked venation (vs. not markedly spreading lobes with indistinct venation) (Knapp et al. 2020). Solanum physalifolium is considered endemic to the Central and Southern Andes and is not found outside its native range (Särkinen et al. 2018; Galasso et al. 2018 b, 2024).</p><p>Another South American species, S. sarrachoides Sendn., is morphologically very close to S. nitidibaccatum but differs from the latter by the calyx fully enveloping the fruit. Edmonds (1986) provided an extensive morphological analysis of both S. nitidibaccatum (as S. physalifolium var. nitidibaccatum) and S. sarrachoides and concluded that they cannot be merged into one variable species. Originating from South America, the latter species is a neophyte in some regions of the world, found in Europe in the early 20 th century (Särkinen et al. 2018), with further records in the late 20 th century, e. g., in southern Europe (Laorga 1983; Giráldez 1986) and Australia (Lepschi 1996). For a long time, this species was treated in a broad sense, including S. nitidibaccatum (e. g., Edmonds 1972; see also the discussion in Särkinen et al. 2018). For this reason, some records of this species outside South America may belong to S. nitidibaccatum . Interestingly, S. nitidibaccatum and S. sarrachoides were first discovered in Europe approximately at the same time (according to the specimens cited in Särkinen et al. 2018), in the late 19 th ( S. nitidibaccatum) and early 20 th centuries ( S. sarrachoides). Specimens with an accrescent calyx fully enveloping or even exceeding the fruits were seen by us, e. g., from Sweden (Blom 1936, K 001150943) and the United Kingdom (Melville 1927, K 001150934, K 001150935; Hubbard et al. 1929, K 001150930; Sandwith and Milne-Redhead 1945, K 001150936 – K 001150938; Lousley 1954, K 001150933; Dony 1955, K 001150940). So far, no records of S. sarrachoides are available from Eastern Europe.</p><p>Solanum nitidibaccatum is characterized by vigorous growth and an unusual branching pattern, which readily distinguishes it from the similar and common black-fruited weed S. nigrum (Bosek 1989) . When distinguished on the basis of vegetative characters, S. nitidibaccatum was sometimes misidentified as S. villosum in floristic explorations, e. g., Sapronova and Safonov (2000), Poluyanov (2005), and Kravchenko (2024).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Native to temperate South America; naturalized alien in Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand.</p><p>Solanum nitidibaccatum was unintentionally introduced to Germany at the end of the 19 th century (Militzer 1964). In the early 20 th century, it was also collected in several European countries, including Sweden, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom (Hegi 1927; Särkinen et al. 2018). The majority of its collections in Europe date from the 1990 s (Särkinen et al. 2018).</p><p>Outside Europe, S. nitidibaccatum is widely distributed as an alien species in many parts of North America, temperate and subtropical Asia, and Australia (Mito and Uesugo 2004, as S. physalifolium var. nitidibaccatum; Särkinen and Knapp 2022; Amin et al. 2025). It has also recently been discovered in North Africa (Morocco: Khamar et al. 2024).</p><p>In Eastern Europe, the species was reported from Belarus (Dubovik et al. 2014) and Moldova (Puzyryov 2021 a and references therein). In European Russia (Fig. 2 B), S. nitidibaccatum has been found in Bryansk Oblast (Bosek 1989), Chelyabinsk Oblast (Ebel et al. 2022, as S. physalifolium), Kirov Oblast (new record), Republic of Karelia (Kravchenko 2024, as S. villosum), Kursk Oblast (Sapronova and Safonov 2000, as S. villosum; Mayorov 2018, as S. physalifolium), Republic of Mordovia (Silaeva et al. 2016, as S. physalifolium), Moscow Oblast (Mayorov et al. 2012, 2019, 2020, as S. physalifolium), Leningrad Oblast (new record), Ryazan Oblast (Mayorov 2018, as S. physalifolium), Saratov Oblast (Puzyryov 2021 a), Sverdlovsk Oblast (new record), Republic of Tatarstan (new record), and Udmurt Republic (Ilminskikh et al. 1998; Puzyryov 2006, 2009, 2021 a, 2025; Baranova and Puzyryov 2012). In the North Caucasus (Fig. 2 B), S. nitidibaccatum was first recorded from the Karachay-Cherkess Republic (Puzyryov 2021 a) and later from the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic and the Republic of North Ossetia – Alania (new records).</p><p>In Russia, Solanum nitidibaccatum was first discovered in Bryansk Oblast in 1987 (Bosek 1989) and shortly thereafter in many other administrative units. It is largely found in forest-steppe and steppe zones of European Russia but also occasionally occurs farther north, up to Karelia. In the North Caucasus, the species is found in foothills and uplands with adequate precipitation.</p><p>Perhaps the most abundant observations of S. nitidibaccatum originate from the Udmurt Republic, where the species has been repeatedly found, often in large quantities, on cultivated and waste lands, in ruderal places, and along roadsides (reviewed by Puzyryov 2021 a).</p><p>In Leningrad Oblast, this species was first found only in 2014–2015 on Gogland Island in the eastern Gulf of Finland (new record). Its previous report from this administrative territory (Saarisalo-Taubert 1967) is erroneous. That record was based on a specimen (Viipuri [now Vyborg town], 1907, L. Oesch s. n. TUR – image!) corresponding to S. nigrum, more densely covered with trichomes and with clearly longer anthers (at least 2 mm long).</p><p>A putative first observation of S. nitidibaccatum near Moscow (Lytkarino township) was made by M. Nuraliev, and a photograph documenting this record was reproduced by Mayorov et al. (2020, as S. physalifolium). The voucher for another record [Moscow City, Verkhnyaya Khokhlovka St., lawn, one individual, 18 August 2015, V. Bochkin, MHA] cited by Mayorov et al. (2019) has not been found in the herbarium. Our record is therefore the first specimen-documented record of S. nitidibaccatum for Moscow City and Moscow Oblast as a whole.</p><p>Puzyryov (2021 a) speculated that S. nitidibaccatum may already have occurred in territories adjacent to the Udmurt Republic, e. g., the Republic of Tatarstan, Kirov Oblast, and Sverdlovsk Oblast. We confirm the occurrence of the species in these territories on the basis of documented observations available on iNaturalist.</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>Waste and disturbed ground, cultivated land (fields, commercial and kitchen gardens, flower gardens), roadsides, lawns, and spreading to disturbed natural grasslands.</p><p>Residence status.</p><p>The residence status of this species is variable throughout Europe. In Germany, it seems to have naturalized by the mid- 20 th century (Militzer 1964). The same status has been recently reported from Belgium (Verloove 2006, as S. physalifolium) and Italy (Galasso et al. 2018 a, as S. physalifolium; Galasso et al. 2024), but the species appears to be a rare casual alien in Albania (Barina et al. 2014, as S. physalifolium).</p><p>Collections from numerous regions may confirm the species’ naturalization in European Russia and the North Caucasus, especially in the Udmurt Republic, where extensive weedy populations have been found (Melnikov 2011, as S. physalifolium; Puzyryov 2021 a). Similar observations were obtained from the South Ural and South Siberia, where the species spreads actively (Ebel et al. 2022, with references therein; Chepinoga et al. 2024). On the other hand, the species is recorded as clearly casual (present as single individuals along roadsides and on waste ground) in other regions, e. g., the Republic of Karelia, the Moscow Region, and the Republic of Tatarstan.</p><p>Pathways of introduction.</p><p>Transport – Contaminant: seed contaminant.</p><p>Puzyryov (2021 a) inferred from the species’ occurrence in cornfields that it likely originated as a grain contaminant of North American origin in the Udmurt Republic (in the 1990 s, Russia actively imported grain from North America). This appears to be its major introduction pathway in Russia. Nevertheless, many recent records from various areas were made in ruderal habitats, e. g., roadsides, lawns, and disturbed grassy landscapes, but its presence in cultivated areas, especially in potato fields (Vershinin and Kuzmin in Nobis et al. 2020), is also notable.</p><p>Further local dispersal of the species is observed with agricultural transport and along roadsides (Puzyryov 2025).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3E66F9AE27E152A49D68214FAE92AB5A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Sukhorukov, Alexander P.;Knapp, Sandra;Glazkova, Elena A.;Shilnikov, Dmitry S.;Kushunina, Maria;Sennikov, Alexander N.	Sukhorukov, Alexander P., Knapp, Sandra, Glazkova, Elena A., Shilnikov, Dmitry S., Kushunina, Maria, Sennikov, Alexander N. (2026): Taxonomic revision of the neophyte nightshades (Solanum, Solanaceae) in European Russia and the North Caucasus. PhytoKeys 270: 235-271, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.270.169902
B50C31C60A9A5EACBC16AD33C31D08DA.text	B50C31C60A9A5EACBC16AD33C31D08DA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Solanum rostratum Dunal	<div><p>8. Solanum rostratum Dunal, Hist. Nat. Solanum: 234 (1813).</p><p>Fig. 10</p><p>Type.</p><p>France. “ In horto Monspeliesi cultum, ” without date, Dunal s. n.. (holotype: MPU).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Prickly annual with prostrate or ascending stems up to 150 cm long; prickles basally thickened; indumentum of stellate hairs; leaves green or greyish, pinnatifid with rounded lobes; each cyme of 7–12 flowers; corolla yellow, 25–35 mm in diameter, actinomorphic; one of five anthers longer, 10–14 mm long (all other anthers 6–8 mm long); fruit 9–11 mm in diameter, enclosed in a prickly calyx, dry, irregularly splitting at maturity, sclereidal concretions absent.</p><p>Taxonomic note.</p><p>This species has been previously reported as Solanum cornutum auct. non Lam. (Galushko 1980; Poyarkova 1981; Ivanov 2005, 2019; Murtazaliev 2009).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>This species is native to Mexico and the southern states of the USA. It is alien in other parts of North America, Europe, the Caucasus, southern temperate Asia, northern and southern Africa, and Australia (POWO 2025).</p><p>This drought-tolerant North American species was introduced to Europe (France) in the 1920 s and has since expanded its range to many regions of the world (Ozuzu et al. 2024, with references therein). In Eastern Europe, the species was first collected in Ukraine in 1928.</p><p>In some regions with arid and semi-arid climates, S. rostratum is an invasive plant, e. g., in deserts and semi-deserts of China (Jian-Xiao and Yimingniyazi 2023; Huang et al. 2024) and many parts of Australia (Purdie et al. 1982). In contrast, it is considered a rare casual alien, e. g., in Uzbekistan (Sennikov et al. 2018; Khassanov et al. 2020). In the forest zone of Europe and North America, S. rostratum is an occasional weed that cannot naturalize in a cold temperate climate (Bassett and Munro 1986; Dzhus 2013).</p><p>In Russia, the first collection originated from the Republic of Adygea (North Caucasus) in 1924, although Ulianova (1998) specified the first occurrence in 1918, without citing any specimens or references.</p><p>In European Russia (Fig. 7 D), S. rostratum was mostly found in the southern regions, including the Lower Volga and the plains of the North Caucasus (Poyarkova 1981; Ivanov 2019). The majority of collections date from the 1970 s onward.</p><p>At the northern limit of its distribution, the species is known from scattered occurrences in Ivanovo Oblast (Borisova 1993, as S. cornutum), Saint Petersburg City (Tzvelev 2000), the Mordovian Republic (Silaeva 2010), and the Udmurt Republic (Baranova and Puzyryov 2012).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>Waste ground, roadsides, and degraded meadows.</p><p>Residence status.</p><p>To date, the species is clearly naturalized in semi-desert plains of European Russia (Kalmyk Republic and probably also in the Volga River delta) and adjacent regions of the North Caucasus (Ubushaev et al. 2011). In other areas of Russia, it is a casual alien.</p><p>Pathways of introduction.</p><p>Transport – Contaminant: seed contaminant.</p><p>The species is a grain immigrant in Russia. It was found in waste places at grain-processing factories, at railway stations, and along railways, clearly suggesting its arrival as a grain impurity.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B50C31C60A9A5EACBC16AD33C31D08DA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Sukhorukov, Alexander P.;Knapp, Sandra;Glazkova, Elena A.;Shilnikov, Dmitry S.;Kushunina, Maria;Sennikov, Alexander N.	Sukhorukov, Alexander P., Knapp, Sandra, Glazkova, Elena A., Shilnikov, Dmitry S., Kushunina, Maria, Sennikov, Alexander N. (2026): Taxonomic revision of the neophyte nightshades (Solanum, Solanaceae) in European Russia and the North Caucasus. PhytoKeys 270: 235-271, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.270.169902
9A69A7F33B315DAFB4BDC44BF4695FB9.text	9A69A7F33B315DAFB4BDC44BF4695FB9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Solanum scabrum Mill.	<div><p>3. Solanum scabrum Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8: Solanum no. 6 (1768).</p><p>Fig. 4</p><p>= Solanum melanocerasum All., Auct. Syn. Meth. Stirp. Hort. Regii Taur.: 664 (1774). Type. “ Solanum guineense, fructo magno, instar cerasi nigerrimo, umbellato ” cultivated in England in John Sherard’s garden in Eltham, Herb. Dillenius 336 (neotype, designated by Edmonds (2012: 129) as “ lectotype ”: OXF [Dill. HE- 274-234]).</p><p>Type.</p><p>Cultivated at Chelsea Physic Garden, Herb. Miller (lectotype, designated by Henderson (1974: 61) as “ type ”: BM 000847083).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Upright and robust, non-sticky annuals or (in warmer regions) short-lived perennials up to 150 cm tall; trichomes simple; leaves green or somewhat purple, ± concolorous, base truncate, margin entire or rarely shallowly sinuate, glabrous or with short trichomes located mainly along the veins; each cyme of 8–12 or even more flowers (in cultivated varieties); corolla actinomorphic, white or occasionally lilac, 7–12 mm in diameter, anthers 2–3 mm long, equal; calyx not accrescent, not enveloping ripe fruits (calyx segments spreading or slightly reflexed); fruit 10–20 mm in diameter, purple-black, ± glossy when mature, sclereidal concretions absent.</p><p>Taxonomic note.</p><p>Solanum scabrum has been known and reported under a number of synonyms, such as S. melanocerasum (Baranova and Puzyryov 2012) . Puzyryov (2021 b) noted that it was confused with S. retroflexum in cultivation, but the latter can be readily distinguished by its shorter anthers (1.3–1.8 (– 2.0) mm long vs. 2–3 mm long in S. scabrum) (Särkinen et al. 2018).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>This species is native to tropical Africa (Särkinen et al. 2018), where it is widely cultivated for its edible leaves as well as for other purposes (Manoko et al. 2008, with references therein). It is also cultivated in other regions, e. g., Australia (Symon 1981) and Great Britain (Stace 2010), but has not yet naturalized there. It is sometimes cultivated in Russia as an ornamental or edible plant under the name “ Sun Berry ” or “ Canadian Blueberry ” (Puzyryov 2021 b; Tremasova 2023).</p><p>Native to Tropical Africa; alien in Europe, North America, and Australia.</p><p>In European Russia, the species was first reported from the Udmurt Republic (Baranova and Puzyryov 2012, as S. melanocerasum). Currently, it is also known from Astrakhan Oblast (Sagalaev and Sukhorukov 2025), Tver Oblast (Notov 2009; Mayorov 2018, both as S. americanum), the Udmurt Republic (Puzyryov 2021 b), Volgograd Oblast (Sagalaev and Sukhorukov 2025), and Yaroslavl Oblast (Tremasova 2023).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>Landfills, cultivated land. Because of its cultivation, species occurrences are largely confined to landfills, where they originate from garden waste (Puzyryov 2021 b; Tremasova 2023).</p><p>Residence status.</p><p>Casual alien. Based on its tropical origin, the species cannot survive in the temperate climate for a long time (Sagalaev and Sukhorukov 2025).</p><p>Pathways of introduction.</p><p>Escape from confinement: ornamental purpose other than horticulture; agriculture.</p><p>This species is an ergasiophyte, rarely found near cultivated areas in European Russia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A69A7F33B315DAFB4BDC44BF4695FB9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Sukhorukov, Alexander P.;Knapp, Sandra;Glazkova, Elena A.;Shilnikov, Dmitry S.;Kushunina, Maria;Sennikov, Alexander N.	Sukhorukov, Alexander P., Knapp, Sandra, Glazkova, Elena A., Shilnikov, Dmitry S., Kushunina, Maria, Sennikov, Alexander N. (2026): Taxonomic revision of the neophyte nightshades (Solanum, Solanaceae) in European Russia and the North Caucasus. PhytoKeys 270: 235-271, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.270.169902
97FB6457E01A5508910C2E0342143B9A.text	97FB6457E01A5508910C2E0342143B9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam.	<div><p>9. Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 2: 25 (1794).</p><p>Fig. 11</p><p>Type.</p><p>Argentina. Buenos Aires, P. Commerson s. n. (lectotype, designated by Vorontsova and Knapp (2016: 307): P-LA [P 00357630, lower plant fragment, Morton neg. 8391]; isolectotypes: (P 00371604, P 00371605, P 00371606) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Prickly and sticky annual; prickles basally slightly thickened; indumentum of glandular hairs mixed with stellate and simple hairs; leaves pinnatisect or bipinnatisect, leaf lobes acute; corolla white or violet, 20.0–30.0 mm in diameter, actinomorphic; stamens equal, 10.0–15.0 mm long; fruit 10–20 mm in diameter, red, exserted.</p><p>Taxonomic note.</p><p>The species reports from Krasnodar Krai, North Caucasus (Galushko 1980), are misidentifications corresponding to S. heterodoxum .</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>This South American species was introduced very early into European botanical gardens (ergasiophyte) and, in addition, was planted in fallow potato fields as a trap crop for plant-parasitic nematodes (Aubriot and Knapp 2022). Outside its native range, it is considered an aggressive weed in tropical and subtropical parts of Asia (Zhang et al. 1994; Saha and Datta 2013), Africa, and Australia (Jaeger 1985), as well as in Italy (https://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&amp;tipo=all&amp;id=4719).</p><p>It can also thrive in a subtropical climate in the Black Sea Region, e. g., in the Republic of Abkhazia, where it was first collected in 1952 (Kolakovsky 1986), with many subsequent records dating back to the 1960 s (LE!, MW!). Solanum sisymbriifolium appears to be naturalized in Abkhazia, where it is found mainly in coastal sands and ruderal places. Based on these findings, new records from neighboring Krasnodar Krai (North Caucasus), especially in coastal areas, are highly likely.</p><p>In European Russia, the species was found only twice in the steppe and forest-steppe zones (Fig. 12). Its oldest record (a specimen at MW, collected without precise locality information by I. F. Kramsakov in the 1880 s) originated from Taganrog or Novocherkassk in Rostov Oblast. The second specimen was collected from a railway in Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic (Tuganaev and Puzyryov 1988; Baranova and Puzyryov 2012).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>Railways, waste places.</p><p>Residence status.</p><p>Casual alien.</p><p>Pathways of introduction.</p><p>Transport – Contaminant: seed contaminant.</p><p>As the species was collected from railways, we assume its arrival with contaminated grain.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97FB6457E01A5508910C2E0342143B9A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Sukhorukov, Alexander P.;Knapp, Sandra;Glazkova, Elena A.;Shilnikov, Dmitry S.;Kushunina, Maria;Sennikov, Alexander N.	Sukhorukov, Alexander P., Knapp, Sandra, Glazkova, Elena A., Shilnikov, Dmitry S., Kushunina, Maria, Sennikov, Alexander N. (2026): Taxonomic revision of the neophyte nightshades (Solanum, Solanaceae) in European Russia and the North Caucasus. PhytoKeys 270: 235-271, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.270.169902
C194BDF32DD65EB2AE140F9BD88C12E8.text	C194BDF32DD65EB2AE140F9BD88C12E8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Solanum triflorum Nutt. 2026	<div><p>4. Solanum triflorum Nutt., Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1: 128 (1818).</p><p>Fig. 5</p><p>Type.</p><p>USA. North Dakota, near Fort Mandan, [Lewis &amp; Clark s. n.] (lectotype, designated by Hunziker (1989: 189); superfluously redesignated by Barboza et al. (2013: 260): PH 00030496) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Prostrate or ascending, non-sticky annuals up to 50 cm long; trichomes mostly simple, occasionally glandular; leaves green, concolourous, pinnatifid, base attenuate, lobes acutish, pubescent; each cyme of 1–3 flowers; corolla actinomorphic, white, 10–15 mm in diameter, anthers ± 3.0 mm long, equal; calyx slightly accrescent, not enveloping the fruit completely, spreading or reflexed in fruiting; fruit 9–14 mm in diameter, dark green, dull, sclereidal concretions abundant, 10–35.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Temperate and subtropical parts of the Americas; alien in Europe, South Siberia, Australia, and Africa.</p><p>This species has a disjunct native distribution in temperate and subtropical parts of North and South America and is often found in anthropogenically disturbed landscapes (Knapp et al. 2023). In Europe, S. triflorum was first introduced to Belgium in 1893 with goods and raw materials from the Americas, and the species has been evaluated as a naturalized alien in that country (Verloove 2006). To date, S. triflorum has been predominantly recorded in Western and Central Europe (Särkinen et al. 2018).</p><p>The first collections from Russia are known from 1943, from Omsk Oblast, South Siberia (seen in herb. TK!), where S. triflorum was introduced with crop seeds. In the 1960 s, it was also collected close to South Siberia, in North-East Kazakhstan (Pavlodar Oblast, Bayanaul district, near Karazhar vill., in kitchen gardens, 28 August 1966, Shkuratenko, MWG, as S. decipiens), but not included in the Kazakhstan flora checklist (Abdulina 1998); this historical specimen represents a new country record for Kazakhstan. Solanum triflorum started to spread widely in South Siberia in the late 20 th century and became a naturalized alien species in the Altai Republic, the Republic of Buryatia, and Irkutsk Oblast (Teryokhina 2016; Plikina and Efremov 2017; Kolesova et al. 2024).</p><p>In European Russia (Fig. 2 D), the species was first collected in Moscow Oblast (Mayorov et al. 2012) and Leningrad Oblast (Tzvelev 2000), but recent findings (after 1999) are known only from the southern part of Russia (the Republic of Kalmykia and Astrakhan Oblast: Ivanov 2001; Sagalaev et al. 2012), whereas only scattered records have been reported from the North Caucasus: Chechen Republic (Shkhagapsoev et al. 2022), Republic of Dagestan (new record), and Stavropol Krai (new record).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>Sands, sandy steppes, waste ground, grain-processing facilities, and roadsides. Records in Moscow and Leningrad Oblasts were made near railway tracks, whereas records in the steppe and desert zones of southern Russia are confined to other habitats (roadsides, semi-natural landscapes, especially sands).</p><p>Residence status.</p><p>Casual alien in the forest zone of European Russia; more frequent, naturalized, and currently expanding in the Lower Volga Region and semi-deserts of the North Caucasus. We consider S. triflorum a casual xenophyte in the north but established in natural habitats and spreading in the Lower Volga Region and the North Caucasus.</p><p>Pathways of introduction.</p><p>Transport – Contaminant: seed contaminant.</p><p>Considering its occurrences near grain stations, railway stations, and along roads, the species can be considered a grain immigrant in the territory.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C194BDF32DD65EB2AE140F9BD88C12E8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Sukhorukov, Alexander P.;Knapp, Sandra;Glazkova, Elena A.;Shilnikov, Dmitry S.;Kushunina, Maria;Sennikov, Alexander N.	Sukhorukov, Alexander P., Knapp, Sandra, Glazkova, Elena A., Shilnikov, Dmitry S., Kushunina, Maria, Sennikov, Alexander N. (2026): Taxonomic revision of the neophyte nightshades (Solanum, Solanaceae) in European Russia and the North Caucasus. PhytoKeys 270: 235-271, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.270.169902
776F399D52F8514ABB0B7FC73240CAC7.text	776F399D52F8514ABB0B7FC73240CAC7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Solanum villosum (L.) Mill.	<div><p>5. Solanum villosum (L.) Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8: Solanum no. 2 (1768).</p><p>Fig. 6</p><p>≡ Solanum nigrum var. villosum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 186 (1753).</p><p>= Solanum luteum Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8: Solanum no. 3 (1768). Type. “ Solanum officinarum; acinis luteis. C. B. 166, ” numbered 691 and dated 1735, from the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries (lectotype, designated by Edmonds (1979: 214): BM 000942567).</p><p>= Solanum alatum Moench, Methodus: 474 (1794), nom. cons. Type. Pakistan. Balochistan, Quetta, 30 km E Gumbaz, 1050 m, 30 ° 02 ' N, 69 ° 00 ' E, 17 May 1965, K. H. Rechinger 29684 (conserved type: W acc. # 1972-0017910).</p><p>= Solanum humile Bernh. ex Willd., Enum. Pl.: 236 (1809), non Lam. (1794), nom. illeg. Type. Cultivated in Berlin Botanic Garden, from “ Europa australi ” [southern Europe], Anonymous s. n.. (lectotype, designated by Edmonds (2012: 132): B [B-W 04367 sheet 2]; isolectotype: B [B-W 04367 sheet 1]).</p><p>= Solanum transcaucasicum Pojark., Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk SSSR 17: 332 (1955). Type. Azerbaijan. “ Talysh bei Tatuni [Tatoni, 38.65 N, 48.4 E] ”, R. F. Hohenacker s. n. (holotype: LE).</p><p>= Solanum zelenetzkii Pojark., Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk SSSR 17: 336 (1955). Type. Crimea, Yalta, Oreanda, 21 August 1906, K. Golde s. n. (holotype: LE).</p><p>= Solanum woronowii Pojark., Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk SSSR 17: 337 (1955). Type. Transcaucasus, Abkhasia, opp. Gagry, in declivibus ad marginem viae, 30 October 1954, A. Pojarkova 6 (holotype: LE).</p><p>Type.</p><p>[icon] “ Solanum annuum hirsutus, baccis luteis, ” cultivated in England, at James Sherard’s garden in Eltham (lectotype, designated by Henderson (1974: 56): Dillenius, Hortus Elthamensis 2: 366, tab. 274, fig. 353 (1732)).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Upright annuals up to 50 cm tall; trichomes mostly simple, short or long, occasionally glandular; leaves dull green, concoloured, sinuate-dentate or entire, ovate, base attenuate; each cyme of 2–5 (6) flowers; corolla actinomorphic, white or light purple, 10–15 mm in diameter, anthers 1.8–2.2 mm long, equal; calyx not accrescent, small and not enveloping the fruit completely, spreading or reflexed in fruiting; fruit 6–8 mm across, broadly ovoid or roundish, orange or red, dull, sclereidal concretions usually absent.</p><p>Taxonomic note.</p><p>In its vegetative characteristics, S. villosum is very similar to S. nigrum, and the color and shape of ripe berries are the main differences between these species. Sometimes these species are mistaken for each other; remarkably, the only record of S. villosum from Leningrad Oblast (Viipuri [Vyborg] town, 1934, V. Erkamo s. n. (H 766135)), which was published by Saarisalo-Taubert (1967), is rejected here because it appears to belong to a more hirsute variety of S. nigrum .</p><p>Nomenclatural note.</p><p>Särkinen et al. (2018) cautiously treated S. villosum Mill. and S. nigrum var. villosum L. as heterotypic synonyms because Miller’s protologue included no direct or indirect reference to, or mention of, the Linnaean variety. However, Miller (1768) noted that he adopted the Linnaean nomenclature, and his acceptance of the Linnaean taxon with the same final epithet may be treated as an indication of Miller’s potential intent to publish a new combination rather than a new species name in its own right (Art. 41.4 of the International Code of Nomenclature, ICN: Turland et al. 2025).</p><p>The lectotype of S. luteum is specimen no. 691, presented to the Royal Society in London by the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries in 1735 (Rand 1737), collected from a plant cultivated in England at the Chelsea Physic Garden, of American origin (Miller 1768), and identified according to Bauhin (1623: 166). The specimen was originally kept at the Society but transferred to the British Museum in 1781 (Stungo 1993).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>This species is native to the Mediterranean Region, the Caucasus, and the Irano-Turanian Region, whereas it is probably alien in the North Caucasus, Central Asia, Africa, and India. Its alien occurrences are scattered in European Russia but are more common in the North Caucasus.</p><p>Records of this species in the Russian North Caucasus date back to the early 20 th century, but in Transcaucasia (Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan) it was already noted by Bieberstein (1819, as S. nigrum var. villosum). The first collections available at LE date back to the middle of the 19 th century. Grossheim (1926) supposed that S. villosum (as S. flavum Kit.) is an eastern Mediterranean floristic element. Because of its absence from natural habitats, this species was evaluated as an alien species in Central Asia (Sennikov and Lazkov 2022, 2024) and in Belgium (Verloove 2006). In contrast, Särkinen et al. (2018) outlined the native range of S. villosum across West and Central Europe, Africa, Central Asia, and Hindustan.</p><p>In European Russia (Fig. 7 A), very scattered records of the species are known from Ivanovo Oblast (Borisova 2004, as S. luteum), Kursk Oblast (Zolotukhin 2013, as S. humile), Moscow Oblast (Mayorov et al. 2012, as S. villosum), Rostov Oblast (Poyarkova 1981, as S. luteum), Tambov Oblast (Sukhorukov 2010, as S. judaicum and S. luteum), Vladimir Oblast (Borisova and Senyushkina 2008, as S. luteum), and Volgograd Oblast (Poyarkova 1981, as S. luteum).</p><p>Kravchenko (2024) erroneously reported a casual occurrence of S. villosum from Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia. This specimen belongs to S. nitidibaccatum .</p><p>In Krasnodar Krai, the species is currently common in some areas, e. g., between Anapa town and Dzhubga village (D. Shilnikov, pers. obs.). In European Russia (Fig. 7 A), it is clearly a neophyte, whose active spread started in the late 20 th century. Remarkably, by that time it was not known in the Lower Don area in the southern part of European Russia (Zozulin and Fedyaeva 1985).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>Waste ground, roadsides, kitchen gardens.</p><p>Residence status.</p><p>The residence status of S. villosum in the southern parts of European Russia can be defined as that of a naturalized alien. It is clearly a neophyte in European Russia, where it has been found mostly since the early 2000 s.</p><p>The species is probably an archeophyte in the North Caucasus.</p><p>Pathways of introduction.</p><p>Transport – Contaminant: seed contaminant.</p><p>The species was usually found on waste lands, landfills, and roadsides. This indicates its possible arrival as a seed contaminant, being a garden weed in the southern regions.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/776F399D52F8514ABB0B7FC73240CAC7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Sukhorukov, Alexander P.;Knapp, Sandra;Glazkova, Elena A.;Shilnikov, Dmitry S.;Kushunina, Maria;Sennikov, Alexander N.	Sukhorukov, Alexander P., Knapp, Sandra, Glazkova, Elena A., Shilnikov, Dmitry S., Kushunina, Maria, Sennikov, Alexander N. (2026): Taxonomic revision of the neophyte nightshades (Solanum, Solanaceae) in European Russia and the North Caucasus. PhytoKeys 270: 235-271, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.270.169902
