identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
486DB03FFF83FFE7FE9EFAC3FAD50107.text	486DB03FFF83FFE7FE9EFAC3FAD50107.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mya japonica IS A VALID	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> MYA JAPONICA IS A VALID SPECIES </p>
            <p> Although the morphological differences between the clams identified as  M. arenaria and M. japonica in the present study were minor, the ABGD delimitation, reciprocal monophyly, genetic divergence and spermatozoan ultramorphology of soft-shell clams from the western Pacific strongly support the recognition of  M. japonica as a valid species. Within  Mya , we found two clades, one comprising  M. arenaria and M. japonica and the other containing both other  Mya species examined. While  M. arenaria and M. japonica were most related to each other, there was deep divergence between  M. arenaria from the Northeast Pacific, Atlantic, Mediterranean and Barents Sea (Arctic) and  M. japonica from the Pacific, which was further supported by ABGD. Furthermore, we found significant differences in spermatozoan ultramorphology between </p>
            <p> SHELL MORPHOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS AND INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION OF  M. JAPONICA</p>
            <p> Although individuals identified as  M. arenaria and M. japonica were similar in appearance, there were recognizable differences in general shell shape, shell texture and appearance of the pallial line. Although the shape, size and orientation of the left valve chondrophore are often important diagnostic characters among  Mya and related bivalves (Bernard, 1979), we found considerable variation in the characteristics of the chondrophore among all the material examined and it was not useful in discriminating between species. Given the comparative nature of the characteristics reported here (e.g. less/more impressed, elongated/ shorter etc.) and overall degree of intraspecific variation, it may be difficult to identify individual clams using the descriptions contained herein, particularly for those who have not had the benefit of studying many specimens. Thus, we strongly recommend molecular or other analyses to confidently separate  M. arenaria and M. japonica . </p>
            <p> Makiyama (1934, 1935) reported two forms of soft-shell clam in Japan, a northern form described as  M. japonica and the southern form described as  M. oonogai . The latter was referred to as  M. japonica oonogai by Habe (1955) and Fujie (1957, 1962) and  M. arenaria oonogai by Kwon et al. (2001), Kwon, Park &amp; Lee (1993) and Yoo (1967). Fujie (1957) not only agreed that northern forms were  M. japonica but also described a forma ‘α’, which was shorter and more ovate. Nagao &amp; Inoue (1941) described differences between northern and southern Japanese forms and noted many intermediate specimens. The northern group, which possessed a thick, relatively short and nearly equilateral shell that was somewhat well rounded or slightly truncated posteriorly, was considered  M. arenaria (due to synonymy with  M. japonica ). The southern group, which was characterized by its generally thin, long and somewhat inequilateral shell with a narrowly rounded or frequently acuminated posterior extremity, was considered an unnamed species. Nagao &amp; Inoue (1941) also reported that the chondrophore in the northern group was nearly perpendicular to the antero-posterior diameter of the shell, and was narrower and more deeply excavated, with its inner border less convex than in the southern group. The posterior ridge was also not well differentiated from the chondrophore. </p>
            <p> Similarly, Scarlato (1981) noted two morphological forms of  M. japonica in Russian Far Eastern seas. One form is distributed in low-boreal (temperate) waters (Aniva Bay in southern Sakhalin, southern Kurile Islands and Peter the Great Bay), where this species reaches its maximum size and possesses the typical shape with a smooth surface and fine, regular growth lines. The other form was found in the northern part of its distributional range (Bering and Chukotsk seas, eastern Kamchatka and northern Sea of Okhotsk), where  M. japonica never reaches its maximum length and often has an atypical shape, sometimes appearing misshapen or deformed. However, our examination of  M. japonica from Peter the Great Bay indicates that these variations also occur in the same geographical locality and are related to different environments (Fig. 2) along with intermediate specimens. The cooccurrence of different morphological forms and intermediate specimens in a single geographical region strongly suggests that these forms are ecophenotypes. It should be noted that the ‘typical’ thin and regular form reported here fully complies with ‘  M. japonica oonogai ’ collected from Hokkaido and Nagasaki, Japan, and our ‘thick-shelled’ form is very similar to  M. japonica forma ‘α’, as illustrated by Fujie (1957). In addition, the  M. japonica of Fujie (1957) is intermediate between the two forms we reported here. The results of our phylogenetic and morphological analyses indicate that  M. japonica is a single species, which displays a high degree of phenotypic plasticity in shell morphology, and many previously reported forms/species combinations probably reflect ecophenotypic variation or represent natural intraspecific variation. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/486DB03FFF83FFE7FE9EFAC3FAD50107	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Junlong;Yurchenko, Olga V;Lutaenko, Konstantin A;Kalachev, Alexander V;Nekhaev, Ivan O;Aguilar, Robert;Zhan, Zifeng;Ogburn, Matthew B	Zhang, Junlong, Yurchenko, Olga V, Lutaenko, Konstantin A, Kalachev, Alexander V, Nekhaev, Ivan O, Aguilar, Robert, Zhan, Zifeng, Ogburn, Matthew B (2018): A tale of two soft-shell clams: an integrative taxonomic analysis confirms Mya japonica as a valid species distinct from Mya arenaria (Bivalvia: Myidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184 (3): 605-622, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx107, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/184/3/605/4815691
486DB03FFF86FFE5FF22F918FB960721.text	486DB03FFF86FFE5FF22F918FB960721.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mya truncata	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> MYA TRUNCATA MAY REFLECT A SPECIES COMPLEX </p>
            <p> The ABGD analysis indicated that  M. truncata was a candidate species complex (Fig. 5C), which included two distinct groups (ABGD Groups 3 and 4; Table 3). The COI genetic distances between individuals of these groups ranged from 6.93 to 7.26% (Table 3). While these are intermediate values between the maximum intraspecific p -distance (1.70%) within  M. japonica +  M. arenaria and the minimum interspecific p -distance (10.68%) among the other  Mya species , this may reflect a true species-level difference, which is consistent with Petersen (1999) and Layton et al. (2014). At present, we are unable to fully resolve the taxonomic status of  M. truncata . All the  M. truncata COI sequences examined in this study were obtained from individuals collected in Nunavut, Canada (Layton et al., 2014). However, individuals in ABGD Group 3 were collected near Cornwallis Island, whereas individuals in ABGD Group 4 were collected around Igloolik Island, indicating possible spatial structure to the putative species complex. Specimens collected from the entire range of  M. truncata (eastern Pacific, Arctic and northern Atlantic) and additional data (e.g. spermatozoan ultramorphology) are needed to clarify the taxonomic status of  M. truncata . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/486DB03FFF86FFE5FF22F918FB960721	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Junlong;Yurchenko, Olga V;Lutaenko, Konstantin A;Kalachev, Alexander V;Nekhaev, Ivan O;Aguilar, Robert;Zhan, Zifeng;Ogburn, Matthew B	Zhang, Junlong, Yurchenko, Olga V, Lutaenko, Konstantin A, Kalachev, Alexander V, Nekhaev, Ivan O, Aguilar, Robert, Zhan, Zifeng, Ogburn, Matthew B (2018): A tale of two soft-shell clams: an integrative taxonomic analysis confirms Mya japonica as a valid species distinct from Mya arenaria (Bivalvia: Myidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184 (3): 605-622, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx107, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/184/3/605/4815691
