identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
10566BA684A2594CA766F7A06D881691.text	10566BA684A2594CA766F7A06D881691.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kynotus darwinii (Keller 1887)	<div><p>Kynotus darwinii (Keller, 1887)</p><p>Figs 1, 2</p><p>Geophagus darwinii Keller, 1887: 248 .</p><p>Kynotus madagascariensis Michaelsen, 1891: 207 .</p><p>Kynotus darwini: Michaelsen 1897: 244; Michaelsen 1900: 456.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Madagascar – Diana District • EKCU -Olig-38, 2 aclitellate ex.; NIBRIV 0000934123 1 aclitellate ex.; JBNU 0010, 1 aclitellate ex. (GenBank accession no. PZ 269093); Ambohimena, • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.40861&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.615833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.40861/lat -13.615833)">Ambanja</a>; 13°36'57"S, 48°24'31"E; leg. M. Razafindrakoto; 15 Feb. 2025 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Aclitellate specimens, 360–375 mm long and 6–7 mm in diameter at segment 16, 3 mm at middle body, and 1.5–2 mm at tail; segment no. 715–730. Colour grey, with slight brownish pigmentation on dorsum at head. Segments 2–13 biannulate. Setae ab appear from segment 12, cd from 13, male pores large ventral slits on 16. Three rows of small, oval spermathecae in 13 / 14, 14 / 15, 15 / 16, numbered 13–14 pairs in a row (Fig. 1). A large muscular gizzard in 5, septa 5 / 6, 10 / 11 slightly thickened 6 / 7–9 / 10 strongly strengthened. A pair of large, oval copulatory chambers occupy ventral space of segments 16–18. Each copulatory chamber bears an irregular prostate-like gland (pseudoprostate) that projects dorsally and extends to segment 20. Genital setal glands three pairs in 13, 14, 15. The genital setae are more or less straight with conical apex, length ca 3 mm, diameter 0.05 mm, widened conical apex appears to bear a small depression and with its surface covered with dense, tiny bumps (Fig. 2).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Kynotus darwinii was described from northwestern Madagascar and later was also reported from Nosy Bé (Michaelsen 1897). Unfortunately, none of the specimens collected so far are adults, so the position of the clitellum for this species is still unknown. Our specimens from northwestern Madagascar match Michaelsen’s description of K. madagascariensis, but they are much smaller than Keller’s (1887) specimens of Geophagus darwinii (“ It reaches a length of 70–80 cm and is 2 cm thick. The colouration is pale bluish red, while the dorsal side of the anterior part of the body is always dark brownish red ” Keller 1887: 248). It is possible that Keller (1887) used several species in his description and reported only the size of the largest specimens, because Michaelsen (1897) examined the type specimens and found them identical to his own species, K. madagascariensis, which was 230 mm long, but the tail missing.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/10566BA684A2594CA766F7A06D881691	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Csuzdi, Csaba;Razafindrakoto, Malalatiana;Hong, Yong	Csuzdi, Csaba, Razafindrakoto, Malalatiana, Hong, Yong (2026): A new and interesting earthworm species from Madagascar (Crassiclitellata, Kynotidae) with an updated key to the Kynotus Michelsen, 1891 species. ZooKeys 1286: 251-263, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1286.196760
A06D85F46DC257BB893D59EE45716BF3.text	A06D85F46DC257BB893D59EE45716BF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kynotus insularis Csuzdi & Hong 2026	<div><p>Kynotus insularis Csuzdi &amp; Hong sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 3, 4, 5, 6</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype: EKCU -Olig-39 (clitellate specimen); Madagascar – Diana District • Ambanja, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.30302&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.339711" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.30302/lat -13.339711)">Nosy Be Island</a>; 13°20'22.96"S, 48°18'10.88"E; 47 m a. s. l.; leg. Y. Hong, M. Razafindrakoto &amp; Solondraza; 13 February 2025 . Paratypes: Madagascar – Diana District • EKCU -Olig-40, 1 clitellate adult and 1 praeadult ex.; EKCU -Olig-41, 2 praeadult ex. NIBRIV 0000934124 1 praeadult ex., JBNU 0009 1 praeadult ex. (GenBank accession no. PZ 270348); data the same as holotype • Ambanja, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.288292&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.401035" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.288292/lat -13.401035)">Nosy Be Island</a>; 13°24'03.73"S, 48°17'17.85"E; 17 m a. s. l.; leg. Yong Hong &amp; Malalatiana Razafindrakoto, 14 February 2025 .</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet insularis (adj., 3 rd declension) refers to the island habitat (Nosy Be Island) where the species was found.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Length alive approximately 800 mm, preserved 400–450 mm, diameter 15.5–17.5 mm. Colour dark red on dorsum down to cd setal line, pale on ventrum. Segments 1–3 simple, 4–14 biannulate. Setae ab and cd appear from segments 17 and 15, respectively. Male pores large, ventral on 16. Clitellum circular on segments 21–51. Setae closely paired; ab ventrolateral, cd lateral. Spermathecal pores from ab to M, 10–13 on each side in 13 / 14, 14 / 15, 15 / 16. Septa 6 / 7–10 / 11 strongly thickened. Spermathecae elongated, sac-shaped, with a larger ampoule and a small duct. Genital setal glands in three pairs in 13, 14, 15. Genital setae lanceolate, 3.5–3.7 mm in length, with a diameter just under the lanceolate tip of 0.04 mm, just above the nodus of 0.06 mm; ornamentation dense, with small transverse serrations.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Holotype 450 mm in length (preserved); diameter behind clitellum 17 mm; number of segments 873 (tail regenerated). Paratypes 450–550 mm in length, 13–15 mm in diameter; number of segments 1010–1035. Colour dark red on dorsum, pale on ventrum (Fig. 3). Head prolobous; segments 1–3 simple, 4–13 clearly biannulate. Dorsal pores lacking. Setae small; ab and bc became observable from segment 17 and 15, respectively. Setae ab ventrolateral, cd dorsolateral; setal ratio aa: ab. bc: cd: dd = 47.8: 1.1: 7.3: 1: 42.5 (Fig. 4). Nephridial pores begin on segment 2, between setal line ab&gt; cd. Clitellum complete ring on segments 21–51. Male pores ventral, large oval slits on 16. Female pores not seen. Spermathecal pores in intersegmental furrows 13 / 14, 14 / 15, 15 / 16, 10–13 on each side, between ab and M. Genital setal pores in three pairs, segmental on 13, 14, 15.</p><p>Internal characters.</p><p>Large muscular gizzard in 5. Septa 5 / 6, 11 / 12 thickened while 6 / 7–10 / 11 strongly strengthened. Calciferous glands, lamellae, and typhlosolis lacking. Dorsal blood vessel simple throughout; last pair of hearts in 11. Excretory system holoic, vesiculate, nephridial bladders biramous, with almost equal ental and ectal limbs. Two pairs of testes and sperm funnels in 10, 11 enclosed in free sperm masses. Vesiculae seminales lacking. Ovarium in 13, small longitudinal zigzag fold on the ventral part of the septum 12 / 13. A pair of large, oval copulatory chambers occupies ventral place of segments 16–22. Each copulatory chamber bears an irregular, prostate-like gland (pseudoprostate) that bulges up to the 30 th segment. Spermathecae somewhat elongated, sac-shaped, with small barely discernible duct, 10–13 in each side in segment 14–16 situated from ab to the middorsal line (fig. 5). Three pairs of genital setal organs present in segments 13–15, consisting of a small gland similar in shape to pseudoprostates and a genital setal sac containing two mature setae. Genital setae lanceolate, 3.5–3.7 mm in length, with a diameter just under lanceolate tip of 0.04 mm, just above the nodus of 0.06 mm, and ornamented with dense, small, transverse serrations (Fig. 6).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The new species is most similar to K. proboscideus Razafindrakoto, Csuzdi &amp; Blanchart, 2011 in terms of size, pigmentation, and the segmental position of the spermathecae, but it differs in having a longer clitellum (segments 21–51 vs 22–48), as well as in the shape, number, and position of the spermathecae. Whereas K. proboscideus possesses 6–9 elongated, sac-shaped spermathecae, with long stalks opening laterally, the new species is characterised by 10–13 sessile, nearly spherical spermathecae which cover the entire dorsal surface starting from ab on both sides. The new species is also somewhat similar to K. darwinii, but it differs from it in its much darker pigmentation, size, and the location of the first visible setae, ab and cd. Kynotus insularis sp. nov. clearly differs from both species by its COI barcode as well.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A06D85F46DC257BB893D59EE45716BF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Csuzdi, Csaba;Razafindrakoto, Malalatiana;Hong, Yong	Csuzdi, Csaba, Razafindrakoto, Malalatiana, Hong, Yong (2026): A new and interesting earthworm species from Madagascar (Crassiclitellata, Kynotidae) with an updated key to the Kynotus Michelsen, 1891 species. ZooKeys 1286: 251-263, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1286.196760
