identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
4B3887BE0478BB6E46DEFE8A200B55C6.text	4B3887BE0478BB6E46DEFE8A200B55C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Beania serrata Souto, Nascimento, Reverter-Gil & Vieira 2019	<div><p>Beania serrata Souto, Nascimento, Reverter-Gil &amp; Vieira, 2019 Cryptogenic</p><p>(Fig. 2; Table 2)</p><p>Beania serrata Souto et al. 2019: 1509, fig. 2B, 4, 5.</p><p>Figured material. Taliarte (26/06/23) (3 colonies on buoy) (MNCN 25.03/4450) Colonies will be indicated from now on as “C”.</p><p>Other material examined. Morro Jable (27/06/23) (1C on buoy).</p><p>Description. Colonies forming a network pattern, growing apart from the substrate (Fig. 2A). Autozooids oval and boat-shaped, linked by six tubular connections (Fig. 2B). Frontal wall membranous. Four spines around the orifice, two lateral and two distal; distal ones reduced. Monomorphic paired pedunculate avicularia, in the shape of a bird head, attached close to the distolateral connection through a short tube (Fig. 2C). Avicularia rostrum downcurved with a serrated border (Fig. 2D). Ooecium not observed.</p><p>Remarks. This species has the rostrum of the avicularia with a denticulate border, which differs from other species that were included in Beania magellanica species complex (Souto et al. 2019). Arístegui (1984a, b) did not record Beania magellanica (Busk, 1852) in the Canary Islands, but other species included in this genus ( Beania hirtissima (Heller, 1867) and Beania mirabilis Johnston, 1840). Our material can be clearly distinguished from B. hirtissima based on the length and number of spines. According to Hayward &amp; McKinney (2002), B. hirtissima has seven long oral spines, 10 erect lateral spines (five on each margin), and 3–8 basal spines, whereas B. serrata has four short oral spines with no lateral or additional spines (Souto et al. 2019). Additionally, while avicularia in B. hirtissima have been described as infrequent (Hayward &amp; McKinney 2002) or absent (Arístegui 1984b), most zooids in our material have avicularia. On the other hand, our material differs from B. mirabilis in several ways: (1) B. mirabilis colonies consist of uniserial chains, whereas B. serrata colonies form a network pattern; (2) while B. mirabilis zooids have ten pairs of short marginal spines, B. serrata has none; (3) in B. mirabilis, zooids are spaced by stolons measuring more than the length of a zooid, whereas in B. serrata, these connections are significantly shorter (ranging between 0.101 and 0.244 μm in material from Souto et al. 2019); and (4) while avicularia are absent in B. mirabilis, they are commonly present in B. serrata .</p><p>Distribution and status. Beania serrata was described based on specimens from north-western coasts of Spain (Souto et al. 2019). These authors considered it a cryptogenic species due to the extensive knowledge of bryozoan diversity from the study area (Ría de Ferrol and Point Etxandarri, Spain), and its high maritime traffic (Souto et al. 2019). In fact, later analysis of specimens of Beania magellanica species complex showed that B. serrata is widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific (Nascimento 2019). Considering that it is not possible to determine the native range of the species with the current data, we consider it cryptogenic in Macaronesia. Regarding the situation of the species in the Canary Islands, it must be noted that Martin et al. (unpublished data) found specimens identified as B. magellanica in Marina Santa Cruz (Tenerife) that should be further analysed to confirm the earliest record of this species. To date, the present study is the first formal record of this species for Macaronesia archipelagos, specifically for Canary Islands.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE0478BB6E46DEFE8A200B55C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE0478BB6E46DEFF3A236D5213.text	4B3887BE0478BB6E46DEFF3A236D5213.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Beaniidae Canu & Bassler 1927	<div><p>Family Beaniidae Canu &amp; Bassler, 1927</p><p>Genus Beania Johnston, 1840</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE0478BB6E46DEFF3A236D5213	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE047FBB6946DEFA2220BB557B.text	4B3887BE047FBB6946DEFA2220BB557B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bugulidae Gray 1848	<div><p>Family Bugulidae Gray, 1848</p><p>Genus Bugula Oken, 1815</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE047FBB6946DEFA2220BB557B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE047FBB6B46DEF9B22094529F.text	4B3887BE047FBB6B46DEF9B22094529F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bugula neritina (Linnaeus 1758) Introduced.	<div><p>Bugula neritina (Linnaeus, 1758) Introduced</p><p>(Fig. 3; Table 3)</p><p>Sertularia neritina Linnaeus, 1758: 815 .</p><p>Bugula neritina: Lichtschein de Bastida &amp; Bastida 1980: 380, fig. 6; Gordon &amp; Mawatari 1992: 21, pls 2G, 5F; Hayward &amp; Ryland 1998: 220, fig. 68; Ramalho et al. 2005: 232, fig. 2; Ramalhosa et al. 2017: 5, fig. 2; Giachetti et al. 2020: Table S1; López-Gappa et al. 2022: 384, fig. 15.</p><p>Figured material. Garachico (20/06/23) (1C on rope) (MNCN 25.03/4451).</p><p>Other material examined. Las Galletas (19/06/23) (1C on rope), Taliarte (26/06/23) (1C on floating pontoon), Morro Jable (27/06/23) (1C on floating pontoon), Puerto Calero (29/06/23) (1C on floating pontoon), Playa Blanca (29/06/23) (1C on buoy), Marina Lanzarote (29/06/23) (1C on rope).</p><p>Description. Colonies reddish-brown, erect and branching. Branches biserial with large, elongated autozooids with almost the entire frontal wall membranous (Fig. 3A, Table 3). Autozooids show sharply pointed distal corners with a well-marked margin but no distal spines.Avicularia also absent (Fig. 3B, C). Ooecia large and globular linked by a peduncle to the maternal zooid (Fig. 3D).</p><p>Remarks. Bugula neritina represents a species complex which includes three cryptic species known as types (type S, type N, and type D) (Fehlauer-Ale et al. 2014). There are no clear morphological differences between each type, although the endosymbiotic composition seems to differ between species (McGovern &amp; Hellberg 2003; Lim-Fong et al. 2008; Fehlauer-Ale et al. 2014).</p><p>Distribution and status. Bugula neritina is a very widespread species complex. Particularly, type S (known as “Shallow”) is the most widely distributed cryptic species from the complex, occurring in temperate, subtropical and tropical waters globally, in association with anthropogenic introductions (Mackie et al. 2006; Fehlauer-Ale et al. 2014). Although the native origin of B. neritina type S remains unclear, it seems native to the North-Eastern Pacific (California) or the South-Western Atlantic (Brazil) (Fehlauer-Ale et al. 2014). Bugula neritina was first recorded in Macaronesia in Madeira Island by Norman (1909), and was later observed in the Azores (Tempera et al. 2001; Ryland et al. 2011; Micael et al. 2019), the Canary Islands (Arístegui 1984b; Moro et al. 2018) and more recently in Cape Verde (Castro et al. 2023), mostly associated with ports and marinas. The status of B. neritina in Macaronesia is conflicted. While NEMESIS (2024) considers this species as NIS in Azores and Madeira, it is regarded as cryptogenic in the Canary Islands in the same database, the status being also supported by Png-Gonzalez et al. (2023). Nevertheless, despite the specific type has not been addressed in the present study, we consider it introduced in the Canary Islands based on the relatively recent report of the species in this region, its affinity to port environments, and the confirmed occurrence of the widespread type S in other Spanish locations (i.e. Galicia, Fehlauer-Ale et al. 2014), which is frequently interconnected through maritime traffic with the Canarian Archipelago (Conradi et al. 1997; Guerra-García et al. 2011; Revanales et al. 2023; Souto &amp; Reverter-Gil 2024).</p><p>Genus Bugulina Gray, 1848</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE047FBB6B46DEF9B22094529F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE047DBB6B46DEFE1120C055E0.text	4B3887BE047DBB6B46DEFE1120C055E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bugulina flabellata	<div><p>Bugulina flabellata (Thompson in Gray, 1848) Cryptogenic</p><p>(Fig. 4; Table 4)</p><p>Avicularia flabellata Thompson in Gray, 1848: 106. Bugula flabellata: Ryland 1960: 82, pl. 2-A, D, figs 2A, B, 9A–C; Lichtschein de Bastida &amp; Bastida 1980: 381, fig. 7; Gordon</p><p>&amp; Mawatari 1992: 21, pl. 5E; Hayward &amp; Ryland 1998: 216, fig. 66; De Blauwe 2009: 220, figs 218–220; López-Gappa et al. 2022: 384, fig. 17. Bugulina flabellata: Ramalhosa et al. 2017: 5, fig. 3.</p><p>Figured material. Big Canary Sports Dock (27/06/23) (1C on rope).</p><p>Other material examined. Garachico (20/06/23) (2C on buoy) (MNCN 25.03/4452), Taliarte (26/06/23) (1C on buoy), Marina Lanzarote (29/06/23) (1C on buoy).</p><p>Description. Colonies erect and densely branching. Branches in series of 3–8 autozooids in width (Fig. 4A, B). Autozooids elongate and rectangular, with the frontal membrane constituting almost the whole frontal area. Outer distal corner of the autozooids with three spines, and two spines in the inner distal corner (Fig. 4C). Pedunculate avicularia located generally below the spines of the outer distal margin. Avicularia bigger on the outer zooids in comparison to the inner zooids. Avicularia beak hooked precipitously (Fig. 4A, C). Ooecia globular (Fig. 4D).</p><p>Remarks. Bugulina flabellata is characterized by a rectangularly hooked beak of the avicularia, distinguishing this species from other similar Bugulina species found in Macaronesia, such as Bugulina calathus minor (Ryland, 1962), Bugulina fulva (Ryland, 1960), and Bugulina simplex (Hincks, 1886), that have a downcurved beak. In addition to the shape of the avicularia, our material differs from B. fulva in the arrangement of the autozooids: they are biserial in B. fulva, while B. flabellata forms series of 3–8 autozooids (Hayward &amp; Ryland 1998). Compared to B. simplex, our specimens differ in the spine patterns, B. simplex typically has a 1:1 spine formula, whereas B. flabellata has a 3:2 spine formula in the marginal autozooids, and 2:2 spine in inner autozooids. Additionally, avicularia placement differs, B. simplex has avicularia only in outer autozooids, while B. flabellata presents them in both inner and outer zooids. Finally, the ooecium shape is hemispherical in B. simplex but globular in B. flabellata .</p><p>Distribution and status. Bugulina flabellata is considered native to western European waters, including the Mediterranean Sea, being commonly observed in this area (Ryland 1960; Koçak et al. 2019). It has been widely introduced around the world, reaching the Caribbean Sea, the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of America (Vieira et al. 2012; López-Gappa et al. 2022), also India (Menon &amp; Nair 1972), Australia (Keough &amp; Ross 1999) and New Zealand (Inglis et al. 2006). It seems that this species was recorded for the first time in Madeira in 2013 (Ramalhosa et al. 2017), with previous misidentifications (Alves &amp; Cocito 2002). In the Canary Islands it has been reported since 2018, occurring in port environments (Moro et al. 2018). Considering its relatively recent report and its affinity to port environments in the Canarian archipelago, we agree with Png-Gonzalez et al. (2023) and consider it cryptogenic in this area.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE047DBB6B46DEFE1120C055E0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE047CBB7546DEFC762299514B.text	4B3887BE047CBB7546DEFC762299514B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bugulina fulva (Ryland 1960) Cryptogenic.	<div><p>Bugulina cf. fulva (Ryland, 1960) Cryptogenic</p><p>(Fig. 5; Table 5)</p><p>Bugula fulva Ryland, 1960: 86, pls 1D, 2B, figs 1D, 2H, 10A, B; Prenant &amp; Bobin 1966: 511, figs 158, 160, 171, 172; Ryland &amp; Hayward 1977: 160, fig. 77; Hayward &amp; Ryland 1998: 218, fig. 67; Vieira et al. 2012: 5, fig. 3E–F.</p><p>Bugulina fulva: Fehlauer-Ale et al. 2015: 8; Ramalhosa et al. 2017: 8, fig. 4.</p><p>Figured material. Big Canary Sports Dock (27/06/23) (1C on rope) (MNCN 25.03/4453).</p><p>Description. Colony erect and branching. Branches biserial, turning quadriserial near dichotomies (Fig. 5A). Autozooids rectangular or slightly narrow proximally, with the frontal membrane occupying almost the entire frontal surface (Fig. 5B). Distal outer margin with three spines, inner margin with two (Fig. 5C). Avicularia pedunculate, attached distally below the spines or laterally at autozooid mid-length, beak downcurved, nearly as wide as the autozooid, being smaller in the inner zooids near the dichotomies (Fig. 5D). Ooecia not observed.</p><p>Remarks. Arístegui (1984b) highlighted a notable variability of this species in the material sampled from the Canary Islands. This author mentioned that the material retrieved from Gran Canaria identified as Bugula sp. 1 in Cook (1968) might be B. fulva . However, Cook’s material shows a 4:3 formula in the spines, and she describes her samples as having “smaller dimensions and shorter, wider ovicells” in comparison to B. fulva . It should also be mentioned that the avicularia in our material are longer than this species material from Ramalhosa et al. (2017) (0.102 –0.168 mm in their specimens), being slightly longer than the autozooid length in our case (0.15–0.19 mm, see Table 5). This characteristic is very similar to Bugulina avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758), where the avicularia length exceeds the width of an autozooid (Hayward &amp; Ryland 1998). Although our material for this species is too scarce to discern the presence of a spiralling pattern or not, spine pattern does not match (2: 1 in B. avicularia) (Ryland &amp; Hayward 1991). Unfortunately, some avicularia were broken in our samples and intact ones seem not as rectangular as those in Ramalhosa et al. (2017) and De Blauwe (2009), showing some resemblance to those in Bugulina foliolata Vieira, Winston &amp; Fehlauer-Ale, 2012 (Vieira et al. 2012), that have an almost subtriangular profile and long rostrum. However, B. foliolata material in Vieira et al. (2012) is described as showing wider branches (2–9 autozooids in width), and having longer (0.598 –0.736 mm) and narrower autozooids (0.138 –0.166 mm) in comparison to B. fulva .</p><p>Distribution and status. Bugulina fulva was described from European waters, where it shows a patchy distribution mainly restricted to highly anthropized habitats from the North-Eastern Atlantic (Ryland 1960; Ryland et al. 2011) and the Mediterranean Sea (Spagnolo et al. 2019; Carmona-Rodríguez et al. 2023). In contrast, the consistent distribution of this species in the North-Western Atlantic (Ryland &amp; Hayward 1991; Trott 2004) suggests this species is native to that area (Hayward &amp; McKinney 2002). It has also been observed in the Pacific coast of the United States, in addition to the South-Western Atlantic (Barros-Pestana et al. 2017). In Macaronesia, it has been observed in the Azores (Morton et al. 2000), in Madeira (Ramalhosa et al. 2017), and the Canary Islands (Arístegui 1984b, 1987; Castro et al. 2023).</p><p>The status of this species is conflicted in Macaronesia. While several studies have considered this species as cryptogenic in this area (Micael et al. 2019; Castro et al. 2023; Png-Gonzalez et al. 2023; AquaNIS 2024), it is regarded as NIS in NEMESIS (2024). Although this species has been commonly recorded in port environments in European waters (Ryland et al. 2011), it seems not to be restricted to that habitat in the Canary Islands, where it occurs on shells (mainly Pinna sp.) and stones in the infralittoral (Arístegui 1987). Nevertheless, considering the uncertainties related to its native origin area and its ecology in the Canarian archipelago, we consider it cryptogenic to the study area, as in other regions of Macaronesia (e.g. Micael et al. 2019).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE047CBB7546DEFC762299514B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE0463BB7446DEF8DB258D5757.text	4B3887BE0463BB7446DEF8DB258D5757.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bugulina simplex (Hincks 1886) Introduced.	<div><p>Bugulina simplex (Hincks, 1886) Introduced</p><p>(Fig. 6; Table 6)</p><p>Bugula simplex Hincks, 1886: 254; Prenant &amp; Bobin 1966: 505, figs 158 VI, 160 II, 161 VII, 168; Ryland &amp; Hayward 1977: 168, fig. 81; Hayward &amp; Ryland 1998: 226, fig. 71.</p><p>Bugulina simplex: Fehlauer-Ale et al. 2015: 6; Ramalhosa et al. 2017: 8, fig. 4.</p><p>Figured material. Morro Jable (27/06/23) (1C on buoy) (MNCN 25.03/4454).</p><p>Other material examined. Taliarte (26/06/23) (1C on buoy).</p><p>Description. Colonies erect, branching and funnel shaped. Branches in series of 2–6 autozooids in width (Fig. 6A, B). Rectangular autozooids with almost the whole frontal surface membranous. Distolateral margin generally with one spine, sometimes appearing as a prominence. Pedunculate and elongate monomorphic avicularia, beak downcurved, located below outer margin spines (Fig. 6C). Ooecia hemispherical with a calcified endocist and ectocist mainly membranous (calcified frontal and lateral area) (Fig. 6D).</p><p>Remarks. Ryland et al. (2011) mentioned that material from New Zealand (i.e. Gordon &amp; Mawatari 1992) shows a notable reduction of the distal spine, appearing as a prominence. In our case, the distal spines are generally not that reduced but may seem like a prominence on inner zooids. This species resemble B. flabellata, but can be distinguished according to the: (1) number of spines on each distolateral margin (three outer, two inner in B. flabellata, and generally one on each in B. simplex), (2) avicularia shape (more rectangular in B. flabellata), and (3) ooecia morphology (globular in B. flabellata, hemispherical in B. simplex) (Hayward &amp; Ryland 1998; Ramalhosa et al. 2017).</p><p>Distribution and status. Bugulina simplex was described from the Adriatic Sea and probably originate in the Mediterranean Sea (Ryland et al. 2011), where it is considered cryptogenic nowadays (NEMESIS 2024). It has been introduced to North (Karlson &amp; Osman 2012) and South America (Figuerola et al. 2014), Australia (Brock 1985), New Zealand (Gordon &amp; Mawatari 1992), the Atlantic coasts of Europe (Ryland et al. 2011; Collin et al. 2015), and Macaronesia. Within Macaronesia, it has been recorded in Azores (Morton et al. 1998; Micael et al. 2019), Madeira (Ramalhosa et al. 2017), and in the Canary Islands (Arístegui 1984b, 1987 (as Bugula simplex); Moro et al. 2018; Castro et al. 2023). The status of this species shows some disparities, being considered generally as NIS in Macaronesia (Micael et al. 2019; Castro et al. 2023; AquaNIS 2024; NEMESIS 2024) but also cryptogenic (Png-Gonzalez et al. 2023). Following the main trend in previous literature and considering its association to port environments, we also consider this species as introduced in the Canary Islands. In addition, despite the establishment success of this species has been considered questionable (Png-Gonzalez et al. 2023) in the Canary Islands, the previously mentioned records in this archipelago suggest that B. simplex is established in this area.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE0463BB7446DEF8DB258D5757	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE0461BB7646DEFDF925EE57D6.text	4B3887BE0461BB7646DEFDF925EE57D6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bugulina stolonifera (Ryland 1960) Introduced.	<div><p>Bugulina stolonifera (Ryland, 1960) Introduced</p><p>(Fig. 7; Table 7)</p><p>Bugula stolonifera Ryland, 1960: 78; Prenant &amp; Bobin 1966: 541, figs 158 XII, 159 II, 187; Ryland &amp; Hayward 1977: 170, fig. 82; Hayward &amp; Ryland 1998: 228, fig. 72; Ramalho et al. 2005: 235, fig. 3.</p><p>Bugulina stolonifera: Fehlauer-Ale et al. 2015: 6; Ramalhosa et al. 2017: 8, fig. 4.</p><p>Figured material. Corralejo (28/06/23) (2C on buoy) (MNCN 25.03/4455).</p><p>Other material examined. Las Galletas (19/06/23) (1C on buoy), Taliarte (26/06/23) (2C on buoy), Pasito Blanco (26/06/23) (1C on buoy).</p><p>Description. Colonies whitish, erect and branching, without a spiral pattern (Fig. 7A). Branches biserial, without increasing the number of zooids in bifurcations (Fig. 7B). Autozooids elongated and slender, being slightly longer in the bifurcations. Frontal membrane with the proximal margin U-shaped, occupying around three-quarters of the frontal area. Outer distal margin of the zooids with two spines, one on the inner distal margin (Fig. 7C). Avicularia pedunculate and monomorphic, attached below the outer spines, with a downcurved rostrum (Fig. 7D). Avicularia length nearly equal to autozooid width (Table 7). Ooecia globular, wider than long.</p><p>Remarks. Until B. stolonifera was described, this species had often been misidentified as similar ones, such as B. avicularia, which also shows biserial branches and a similar spine pattern (2:1). These two species differ in: (1) ancestrula spine pattern (with a single spine on each distal angle in B. avicularia and with a basal spine and usually three spines on each distal angle in B. stolonifera) (Ryland 1960; Hayward &amp; Ryland 1998), (2) colony form (spiralling in B. avicularia) and (3) size of the avicularia (larger than the width of the zooid in B. avicularia and smaller or equal to the width in B. stolonifera, never reaching 0.20 mm according to Arístegui (1984b)).</p><p>Distribution and status. Bugulina stolonifera is native to the North-Western Atlantic (McCann et al. 2019) and has been widely introduced globally. Its introduced area includes South America, Pacific American coasts, the Galapagos, Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan, India, Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic coasts of Europe (see Ramalho et al. 2005; Ryland et al. 2011; McCann et al. 2019), and Macaronesia. It has been introduced to Azores (Morton et al. 1998; Micael et al. 2019), Madeira (Ramalhosa et al. 2017), and the Canary Islands (Arístegui 1984b; Arístegui 1987 (as Bugula stolonifera); Moro et al. 2018). While Png-Gonzalez et al. (2023) considered this species as “Debatable” (alluding to an uncertain taxonomic status due to contrasting opinions from taxonomic experts), other authors have considered this species as NIS in Macaronesia (Micael et al. 2019; NEMESIS 2024). Considering the likelihood of the native area of this species, we also consider it introduced in the Canary Islands.</p><p>Genus Virididentula Fehlauer-Ale, Winston, Tilbrook, Nascimento &amp; Vieira, 2015</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE0461BB7646DEFDF925EE57D6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE0460BB7046DEFB54250E50FF.text	4B3887BE0460BB7046DEFB54250E50FF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Virididentula dentata (Lamouroux 1816) Unassigned.	<div><p>Virididentula dentata (Lamouroux, 1816) Unassigned</p><p>(Fig. 8; Table 8)</p><p>Acamarchis dentata Lamouroux, 1816: 135, pl. 3, fig. 3A, B.</p><p>Bugula dentata: Busk 1852: 46, pl. 35, figs 1–5; Norman 1909: 285, pl. 36, fig. 3; Ramalho et al. 2005: 239, fig. 6; Florence et al. 2007: 17, figs 5E–F, 20B, 21L.</p><p>Virididentula dentata: Fehlauer et al. 2015: 9, fig. S4; Ramalhosa et al. 2017: 8, fig. 4.</p><p>Figured material. Morro Jable (27/06/23) (2C on rope) (MNCN 25.03/4456).</p><p>Other material examined. Las Galletas (19/06/23) (2C on floating pontoon), Gran Tarajal (28/06/23) (1C on floating pontoon).</p><p>Description. Colonies greenish, erect and branching, forming small tuffs (Fig. 8A). Branches with biserial pattern. Zooids elongate and rectangular, slightly narrower in the proximal portion (Fig. 8B). Frontal membrane with proximal U-shaped edge, occupying around two-thirds of the frontal area of the zooid. Outer distal margin with three spines (the middle one the longest), and inner distal margin with one spine (Fig. 8C). Avicularia pedunculate and aquiline shaped, located near the proximal third of the outer margin (Fig. 8C). Beak of the rostrum hooked rectangularly and distally pointed (Fig. 8D). Ooecia globular, directed slightly towards the inside (Fig. 8E).</p><p>Remarks. Virididentula dentata shows divergent lineages according to COI sequences and a high intraspecific morphological variation (Mackie et al. 2002). Therefore, nowadays it is considered a species complex (Micael et al. 2016). This morphological variation is observed in: (1) the position of the avicularium, which is medially located in specimens from Heron Island (Ryland 1974) but closer to the base of the autozooid in material from Victoria (Australia), New Zealand (Mackie et al. 2002), Brazil (Ramalho et al. 2005), and Macaronesia (Ramalhosa et al. 2017; present study); (2) in the presence of giant avicularia, reported in specimens from Hawaii (Mackie et al. 2002); and (3) in the orientation of the ooecia, which are directed inwards in material from Hawaii (Mackie et al. 2002), the Celebes Sea (Harmer 1926), and Macaronesia (Ramalhosa et al. 2017; present study), but horizontally oriented in material from southern Australia and New Zealand (Mackie et al. 2002). Our V. dentata specimens closely resemble material from Ramalhosa et al. (2017) from Madeira, with avicularia located closer to the base of the zooidal frontal membrane, absence of giant avicularia and the ooecia directed inwards.</p><p>Distribution and status. Virididentula dentata shows a pan temperate-tropical distribution (Mackie et al. 2002), with reports from the Indo-Pacific (Australia-New Guinea continent, Japan, Hawaii, the Celebes Sea), which has been suggested as its potential area of origin (Norman 1909; Canning-Clode et al. 2013a) and from the Atlantic Ocean in Brazil, South Africa, Cape Verde, the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands (Ramalho et al. 2005; Ramalho 2006; Florence et al. 2007; Mead et al. 2011; Micael et al. 2016; Ramalho et al. 2021). Although this species complex has been reported in Madeira and Cape Verde since the beginning of the 20 th centhury (Norman 1909), its presence is relatively new to other Macaronesian archipelagos. For example, its first detection in the Azores was in 1997 (Cardigos et al. 2006). In the case of the Canary Islands, it likely established several decades ago (detected in 1993), in both artificial and natural habitats (Moro et al. 2018). Virididentula dentata has been considered cryptogenic in Macaronesia (Cardigos et al. 2006; Micael et al. 2019; AquaNIS 2024) due to its wide distribution and, therefore, the uncertainty of its native geographical distribution. Nevertheless, it must be noted that Norman (1909) mentioned that this species was only previously known to the Indo-Pacific and South Africa, where its early introduction has been suggested (Mead et al. 2011). Despite these suggestions, in view of the taxonomic uncertainty of this species complex, we consider it as unassigned in the Canary Islands.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE0460BB7046DEFB54250E50FF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE0466BB7046DEFC1D22B05701.text	4B3887BE0466BB7046DEFC1D22B05701.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Candidae d'Orbigny 1851	<div><p>Family Candidae d’Orbigny, 1851</p><p>Genus Cradoscrupocellaria Vieira, Spencer Jones &amp; Winston, 2013</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE0466BB7046DEFC1D22B05701	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE0466BB7246DEFB9F23435005.text	4B3887BE0466BB7246DEFB9F23435005.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cradoscrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin 1826) Cryptogenic.	<div><p>Cradoscrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin, 1826) Cryptogenic</p><p>(Fig. 9; Table 9)</p><p>Acamarchis bertholletii Audouin, 1826: 241; Savigny 1817: pl. 11, fig. 3.1–3.5.</p><p>Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin): Ramalho 2006: 127, fig. 28.</p><p>Cradoscrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin): Vieira et al. 2013: 9, 10, figs 2, 3.</p><p>(A more extensive and detailed list of synonymies can be found in Vieira et al. 2013)</p><p>Figured material. Taliarte (26/06/23) (3C on buoy) (MNCN 25.03/4457).</p><p>Other material examined. Marina Tenerife (19/06/23) (3C on buoy), Las Galletas (19/06/23) (1C on buoy), Playa Blanca (29/06/23) (1C on rope), Puerto Calero (29/06/23) (2C on buoy).</p><p>Description. Colonies erect and branching, with a bifurcated pattern and biserial branches (Fig. 9A).Autozooids elongate, with an oval opesia occupying approximately three-fifths of zooidal length (Fig. 9B). Presence of scutum rare, but when present forked and located at the midline of the inner opesial edge (Fig. 9C). Single distolateral avicularium on each zooid, including a triangular rostrum with a serrated edge and a curved tip (Fig. 9D). Frontal avicularia dimorphic (small avicularium with a tubular base or large with aquiline shape) (Fig. 9E). Vibracular chamber almost rounded, located on the abfrontal surface of the zooids, with a single straight seta longer than autozooid (Fig. 9F). Ovicells globular with perforated ectooecium (Fig. 9B, D).</p><p>Remarks. Cradoscrupocellaria bertholletii has been recently redescribed by Vieira et al. (2013). Our material matches this new description, although the presence of the scutum (mentioned as sometimes present) was rare in our samples. Other recently described congeneric species that occur in Macaronesia, like Cradoscrupocellaria insularis Vieira, Spencer-Jones &amp; Winston, 2013 (Souto et al. 2023), can be distinguished from C. bertholletii in (1) the morphology and frequency of occurrence of the scutum (with forked morphology and rarely present in C. bertholetii, but branched twice and generally present in C. insularis), and (2) the number of spines on the distal margin of the zooid (one or two spines in C. bertholetii, but seven in C. insularis), among other characters (see Vieira et al. 2013).</p><p>Distribution and status. The native area of Cradoscrupocellaria bertholletii remains uncertain because of its wide distribution, although the Gulf of Mexico has been suggested as its potential area of origin (Canning-Clode et al. 2013a). This species is known from the Mediterranean Sea, Adriatic Sea, Suez Canal, Persian Gulf, New Zealand, Caribbean Sea, Brazil (Ramalho 2006; Vieira et al. 2013; Baradari et al. 2019) and Macaronesia (Norman 1909; Arístegui 1984a, b; Canning-Clode et al. 2013a; Souto et al. 2023). In Madeira, it was first detected by Norman (1909) and also observed recently (Canning-Clode et al. 2013a; Ramalhosa et al. 2019; Souto et al. 2023). This species has been previously reported from different islands in the Canarian archipelago by Arístegui (1984b). Although it has been considered previously as NIS (Canning-Clode et al. 2013a; Ramalhosa et al. 2019; AquaNIS 2024), in view of its uncertain native origin and following recent studies (Castro et al. 2023; Souto et al. 2023), we consider it as cryptogenic.</p><p>Genus Tricellaria Fleming, 1828</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE0466BB7246DEFB9F23435005	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE0464BB7246DEFC60220A54A3.text	4B3887BE0464BB7246DEFC60220A54A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tricellaria inopinata d'Hondt and Occhipinti Ambrogi 1985	<div><p>Tricellaria inopinata d’Hondt and Occhipinti Ambrogi, 1985 Introduced</p><p>(Fig. 10; Table 10)</p><p>Tricellaria inopinata d’Hondt &amp; Occhipinti Ambrogi, 1985: 35–46, figs 2, 3; Fernández-Pulpeiro et al. 2001: 209–210, figs 2,3; Souto et al. 2023: 13, fig. 10A, B.</p><p>Figured material. Marina Lanzarote (29/06/23) (1C on buoy).</p><p>Other material examined. Marina Tenerife (19/06/23) (1C on rope), Las Galletas (19/06/23) (2C on buoy), Garachico (20/06/23) (1C on buoy), Taliarte (26/06/23) (1C on buoy), Morro Jable (27/06/23) (3C on buoy) (MNCN 25.03/4458), Gran Tarajal (28/06/23) (1C on buoy), Corralejo (28/06/23) (1C on buoy), Playa Blanca (29/06/23) (1C on buoy).</p><p>Description. Colony whitish, erect, articulated with dichotomous branching (Fig. 10A). Zooids disposed on a biserial pattern, separated by articular joints (Fig. 10B). Five to eleven zooids within internodes (Fig. 10B, C). Autozooids elongate, wider in their distal end, with membrane occupying slightly more than half of frontal surface (Fig. 10D). Outer distal margin with three spines, and inner distal margin with two (Fig. 10E). Morphology of the scutum very variable (bifid, cerviform, kidney-shaped or palmate), located medio-proximally in the inner margin (Fig. 10C). Distolateral avicularia constant, with a triangular mandible (Fig. 10E). Ovicell hyperstomial, porous and globular.</p><p>Remarks. Tricellaria inopinata is clearly distinguished from similar species (like Tricellaria occidentalis (Trask, 1857) and Tricellaria porteri (MacGillivray, 1889)) primarily by the variability in the scutum morphology and in the number of zooids within internodes (Dyrynda et al. 2000; Fernández-Pulpeiro et al. 2001). While T. inopinata has a very variable scutum morphology within a colony, T. occidentalis shows the scutum slender or slightly spatulate, and T. porteri large and reniform. The number of zooids per internode is variable in T. inopinata (3–19 zooids) and in T. porteri (3–13 zooids), but more consistent in T. occidentalis (usually three zooids, but sometimes five) (Dyrynda et al. 2000).</p><p>Distribution and status. Although T. inopinata was originally described from the lagoon of Venice (d’Hondt &amp; Ambrogi 1985), this species probably originated in the North-Eastern Pacific (De Blauwe &amp; Faasse 2001). From there, it has been widely introduced, being recorded in Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Mediterranean Sea (Dyrynda et al. 2000; Ramalho &amp; Caballero 2022), and the North-Eastern Atlantic (Bishop et al. 2015; Porter et al. 2015; Reverter-Gil et al. 2019), including Madeira (Ramalhosa et al. 2019; Souto et al. 2023) and the Azores (Micael et al. 2016). To our knowledge, the present study constitutes the first record of the introduction of T. inopinata in the Canary Islands, occurring in all the sampled islands in this study.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE0464BB7246DEFC60220A54A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE046BBB7D46DEF9C9230E55DC.text	4B3887BE046BBB7D46DEF9C9230E55DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Celleporidae Johnston 1838	<div><p>Family Celleporidae Johnston, 1838</p><p>Genus Celleporaria Lamouroux, 1821</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE046BBB7D46DEF9C9230E55DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE0469BB7F46DEFF72207256B6.text	4B3887BE0469BB7F46DEFF72207256B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Celleporaria brunnea (Hincks 1884) Introduced.	<div><p>Celleporaria brunnea (Hincks, 1884) Introduced</p><p>(Fig. 12; Table 12)</p><p>Cellepora brunnea Hincks, 1884: 56; O’Donoghue &amp; O’Donoghue 1926: 21.</p><p>Holoporella brunnea: Hastings 1929: 731, pl. 16, figs 7, 108–110; Osburn 1952: 496, pl. 62, figs 10–12; Soule 1961: 33; Soule &amp; Soule 1965: 38, figs 13, 14.</p><p>Celleporaria brunnea: Winston 1986: 12, figs 19–22; Soule et al. 1995: 267, fig. 101; Koçak 2007: 192, fig. 2A–D; Seo &amp; Min 2009: 29, fig. 7; Canning-Clode et al. 2013b, fig. 2; Lodola et al. 2015; 265, figs 3–5; Lezzi et al. 2015: 1, figs 2–3; McCuller &amp; Carlton 2018: 153, fig. S18B; Ramalho &amp; Caballero 2022: 197, fig. 1C, D; Souto et al. 2023: 14, figs 11, 12.</p><p>Celleporaria sp. aff. brunnea: Harmelin 2014: 316, fig. 6.</p><p>Figured material. Big Canary Sports Dock (27/06/23) (1C on buoy) (MNCN 25.03/4460).</p><p>Other material examined. Marina Lanzarote (29/06/23) (1C on buoy), Puerto Calero (29/06/23) (1C on buoy).</p><p>Description. Colony encrusting and irregular, unilaminar in first stages and multilaminar in more developed stages. Zooids light brown or greyish, operculum and mandible of avicularia dark brown to black (Fig. 12A). Unilaminar colonies with radiating, linearly disposed zooids, and multilaminar colonies with irregular arrangement and morphology of zooids (Fig. 12B). Zooids rectangular, with marginal pores and a granular frontal shield surface, more notable when secondary calcification is present. Some zooids with two visible oral spines placed distal to the primary orifice. Primary orifice slightly wider than long, distal margin rounded and proximal margin with a rounded pseudosinus in the centre limited by two denticulate projections (Fig. 12C), and a high intra and intercolonial variability in its morphology and size. Orifice surrounded by a peristome more elevated proximally including an umbo with an oval suboral avicularium near the top, oriented perpendicular to the frontal plane and with a denticulate distal rim (Fig. 12D). Vicarious avicularia large with a spatulate mandible (Fig. 12E). Ovicell with granular surface and wide open (Fig. 12F).</p><p>Remarks. This species shows high intracolonial variability in certain characters, such as sinus size and the orientation and location of the denticulated projections in the sinus corners. Arístegui (1984b) detected Celleporaria aperta (Hincks, 1882) in port environments of the Canary Islands. The description he provides of this species shows a slight resemblance to C. brunnea, except for (1) the constant oral spines in the material of Arístegui, and (2) the morphology of the avicularia (distally wider and elevated in the material of Arístegui).</p><p>Distribution and status. Celleporaria brunnea is very widespread on the Pacific coast of North America, occurring from British Columbia to the Galapagos Islands (Hastings 1929; Soule 1961), indicating its probable origin in this area. It has been introduced to western Pacific coasts (Seo &amp; Min 2009), Hawaii (McCuller &amp; Carlton 2018) and the Mediterranean Sea, being recorded for the first time in the area in 2004 (Koçak 2007). Since then, it has been frequently detected in Mediterranean coasts (Harmelin et al. 2014; Lezzi et al. 2015; Lodola et al. 2015; Ulman et al. 2017; Ferrario et al. 2018; Ramalho &amp; Caballero 2022). Its first detection on eastern Atlantic coasts was in 2012 in Portugal (Canning-Clode et al. 2013b), and it has also been found in 2018 in Madeira (Souto et al. 2023). This study constitutes the first record of C. brunnea from the Canary Islands, where we consider this species introduced.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE0469BB7F46DEFF72207256B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE0468BB7946DEFC322066516F.text	4B3887BE0468BB7946DEFC322066516F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Celleporaria inaudita Tilbrook, Hayward & Gordon 2001	<div><p>Celleporaria cf. inaudita Tilbrook, Hayward &amp; Gordon, 2001 Introduced</p><p>(Fig. 13; Table 13)</p><p>Celleporaria inaudita Tilbrook, Hayward &amp; Gordon, 2001: 72, fig. 13D–F; Souto et al. 2016: 979, fig. 2; McCann et al. 2019: 102, figs 6D, 7, 8A–D.</p><p>Figured material. Corralejo (28/06/23) (2C on buoy) (MNCN 25.03/4461).</p><p>Description. Colony encrusting, multilaminar. Autozooids with irregular morphology and disposition (Fig. 13A, B). Frontal wall nodular with pores surrounding the margin of the autozooid. Primary orifice slightly broader than long, distal border semicircular, proximal border slightly concave and very variable, usually with one shallow and wide sinus, and more rarely, two (Fig. 13C, D). No condyles, peristome nor oral spines. Suboral avicularia raised on an umbo, denticulated distally (Fig. 13C). Vicarious avicularia large, including occasionally a pointed protuberance at the tip, spatulate, rostrum raised and rounded, sometimes appearing serrated, crossbar complete (Fig. 13E). Ooecium cap-shaped and widely open (Fig. 13F).</p><p>Remarks. Our material closely resembles C. inaudita, except for the proximal margin of the orifice. Although the presence of two cusps in the proximal area of the orifice is typical in C. inaudita colonies (Souto et al. 2016), in our case they were infrequent in most autozooids, with the appearance of just one shallow sinus, and rarely, two sinuses. Generally, species from genus Celleporaria often show high intra- and intercolonial morphological variability in some characters, such as the proximal border of the primary orifice of C. brunnea and C. inaudita, especially in young or frontally budded zooids (Tilbrook et al. 2001; Souto et al. 2023). For this reason, orifice morphology can be confusing as a diagnostic character in some Celleporaria species (Souto et al. 2023). Tilbrook et al. (2001) mention that the distal part of the primary orifice can vary between the early ontogeny of the colony (gently convex) and later stages (thickening and forming cusps). The figured material represents a frontally budded colony, which may influence the observation of well-defined sinuses. Regarding the single shallow sinus in our specimens, this character is reminiscent of Celleporaria sherryae Winston, 2005, that has one off-center shallow sinus, sometimes with an adjacent shallow indentation (Winston 2005; Winston &amp; Jackson 2021). However, the sinus in C. sherryae is shorter in width in comparison to those in our specimens. Celleporaria sherryae also shows a thicker vicarious avicularium. The width of the vicarious avicularia ranges between 0.216 and 0.468 mm in Winston &amp; Jackson’s (2021) material but has a maximum of 0.18 mm in ours (Table 13). The width of the vicarious avicularia in our material is close to that recorded by Souto et al. (2016) in C. inaudita collected from Madeira, having a maximum width of 0.204 mm. Our specimens also resemble Celleporaria aperta (Hincks, 1882) material recorded by Arístegui (1984b) in Tenerife, which included two proximal denticles that limited a wide sinus. Nevertheless, while the material from Arístegui (1984b) showed mostly four oral spines, our specimens showed none. Additionally, our specimens also lack the lanceolate rostrum in vicarious avicularia, similarly as C. inaudita (compared in Tilbrook et al. 2001 and Souto et al. 2016).</p><p>Distribution and status. Celleporaria inaudita was described from Vanuatu (Southern Pacific) (Tilbrook et al. 2001) and has been later recorded in the Red Sea (Ostrovsky et al. 2011a, b), the Galapagos (McCann et al. 2019), and Macaronesia, where it has been observed in Madeira (Canning-Clode et al. 2013a; Souto et al. 2016; Ferrario et al. 2020; Castro et al. 2023), Cape Verde and the Canary Islands (Castro et al. 2023). Although we consider this species as introduced, the taxonomical uncertainties of our samples hinder its confirmed establishment in Fuerteventura. Therefore, the occurrence of this species can only be confirmed in Tenerife (Castro et al. 2023) as casual.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE0468BB7946DEFC322066516F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE046EBB7B46DEFE15223753AB.text	4B3887BE046EBB7B46DEFE15223753AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Colatooeciidae Winston 2005	<div><p>Family Colatooeciidae Winston, 2005</p><p>? Trematooecia persica Baradari, Nasrolahi &amp; Taylor, 2019 Introduced (Fig. 14; Table 14)</p><p>Trematooecia persica Baradari, Nasrolahi &amp; Taylor, 2019: 479–481, figs 74–85.</p><p>Celleporaria vermiformis (Waters, 1909): Ostrovsky et al. 2011a; Ulman et al. 2017, S2, fig. 2G–I.</p><p>Figured material. Corralejo (28/06/23) (1C on buoy) (MNCN 25.03/4462).</p><p>Other material examined. Marina Tenerife (19/06/23) (1C on buoy).</p><p>Description. Colony encrusting, multilaminar, whiteish in colour (Fig. 14A). Zooids irregularly polygonal, generally longer than wide. Frontal wall slightly convex, area around orifice and suboral avicularium raised, without pores but with granular calcification. Large circular pores in zooidal margin, with a smaller round pore just below (at the base) of avicularian umbo, which shows a short spine (Fig. 14B). Primary orifice wider than long, varying from D-shaped to almost subcircular, with small condyles located at the hinge (Fig. 14C). Peristome granular, surrounding primary orifice and rising proximally into a pointed umbo allocating the suboral avicularium. Suboral avicularium with dentate rostrum and complete crossbar (Fig. 14D). Vicarious avicularia large, slightly less longer than autozooids, with spatulate rounded untoothed rostrum edge and deep palette (Fig. 14E). Ovicells cap-shaped, open, with granular surface (Fig. 14F).</p><p>Remarks. Our material is morphologically very similar to the material assigned to Celleporaria vermiformis (Waters, 1909) from Safaga Bay (Ostrovsky et al. 2011a) and from the Mediterranean Sea (Ulman et al. 2017). However, the original description of C. vermiformis (as Holoporella vermiformis) mentions a darkly pigmented zoarium (it is whiteish in our material) and does not indicate the conspicuous condyles found in T. persica (see Harmelin 2014). In fact, the C. vermiformis material from Safaga Bay probably correspond to T. persica (see Baradari et al. 2019) as the material from the Mediterranean depicted in the supplementary material by Ulman et al. (2017). Baradari et al. (2019) compared T. persica to Trematooecia mikeli Sokolover, Taylor &amp; Ilan, 2016, which was proposed to be reassigned to the genus Celleporaria by Rosso &amp; Di Martino (2023). Indeed, T. persica also shares features characteristic of Celleporaria and lacks some relevant ones typical of Trematooecia . The revised diagnosis of the genus Trematooecia mentions a “frontal wall with frontal pseudopores and marginal areolar pores” (Almeida et al. 2014). In our material, and that of Baradari et al. (2019), the frontal wall shows mostly marginal pores, except for one located at the base of the raised peristome where the suboral avicularium is placed. More importantly, the revised description mentions (1) a secondary orifice with tubercules and processes not seen in T. persica and (2) ectooecium with a single membranous frontal area (Almeida et al. 2014) rather than cap-shaped ooecia as in T. persica . This recently described species also seems similar morphologically to Celleporaria pilaefera (Canu &amp; Bassler, 1929) depicted by McCann et al. (2007) and Dick &amp; Grischenko (2017), among others. Nevertheless, it must be noted that the original description of the species (as Holoporella pilaefera) mentions a greenish zoarium, pillars on the frontal shield and a globular ovicell. A comparison of the material identified as T. persica and C. pilaefera would be necessary to provide further insights.</p><p>Distribution and status. Trematooecia persica was described from the northern Persian Gulf using material collected from panels (Baradari et al. 2019). This species could have been recorded in Oman (https:// bryozoancollection.univie.ac.at/Sammlung/Bryozoa/ Oman / Oman.html) and the Bay of Safaga in the Red Sea (https://bryozoancollection.univie.ac.at/Sammlung/Bryozoa/Safaga_Bay/Safaga_Bay.html) (Ostrovsky et al. 2011a) as C. vermiformis according to Baradari et al. (2019). This species might have been also recorded as C. vermiformis in the Mediterranean Sea (Ulman et al. 2017). This study constitutes the first record of this species for the eastern Atlantic, where it is considered introduced due to its wide distribution in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean and its absence until now in records from Macaronesia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE046EBB7B46DEFE15223753AB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE046DBB7B46DEFA6F23ED56BE.text	4B3887BE046DBB7B46DEFA6F23ED56BE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptosulidae Vigneaux 1949	<div><p>Family Cryptosulidae Vigneaux, 1949</p><p>Genus Cryptosula Canu &amp; Bassler, 1925</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE046DBB7B46DEFA6F23ED56BE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE046DBB4546DEF9FF22385191.text	4B3887BE046DBB4546DEF9FF22385191.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptosula pallasiana (Moll 1803) Unassigned.	<div><p>Cryptosula pallasiana (Moll, 1803) Unassigned</p><p>(Fig. 15; Table 15)</p><p>Eschara pallasiana Moll, 1803: 64, pl. 3, fig. 13.</p><p>Cryptosula pallasiana: Ryland 1965: 72, fig. 34b; Lichtschein de Bastida &amp; Bastida 1980: 384, figs 18–23; Gordon &amp; Mawatari 1992: 29, pl. 1A–C, pl. 3C, pl. 8C; Hayward &amp; Ryland 1999: 194, figs 74C, 76; López-Gappa &amp; Liuzzi 2018: 1164; Castro et al. 2020: 70; López-Gappa et al. 2022: 387, fig. 29.</p><p>Figured material. Garachico (20/06/23) (2C on buoy).</p><p>Other material examined. Big Canary Sports Dock (27/06/23) (2C on buoy), Corralejo (28/06/23) (2C on buoy) (MNCN 25.03/4463).</p><p>Description. Colony encrusting, whitish pink. Autozooids oval or hexagonal in shape, separated by marked grooves (Fig. 15A, B). Primary orifice bell-shaped, occupying one-third to half of the zooidal frontal surface, longer than wide, with concave proximal margin and downcurved condyles surrounded by a peristome (Fig. 15C). Frontal shield filled with evenly distributed pores, with the borders becoming wider and more rugose in later ontogeny. Ovicell and avicularia not observed.</p><p>Remarks. Cryptosula pallasiana is considered a species complex including different regional endemic species (Mead et al. 2011), hindering the determination of its status.Indeed, some morphological characters, such as the width of the peristome and the presence and characters of the avicularia, are very variable among specimens associated with this species. Our colonies showed small peristomes without suboral avicularia and ovicells. Arístegui (1984b) recorded a similar species in the Canary Islands, Saevitella peristomata (Waters, 1899) as Cosciniopsis peristomata (Waters, 1899) but did not observe C. pallasiana . Both species show polygonal and well-defined zooids resembling a bell and well-developed peristome and evenly distributed pores in the frontal wall (Berning 2012). However, these species are easily distinguished. Indeed, S. peristomata has a flared peristome that is much more developed in comparison to that of C. pallasiana and shows prominent ovicells, observed in material from Arístegui (1984b).</p><p>Distribution and status. Cryptosula pallasiana was first described from European waters. It is a very widespread species, with many spatially distant records from the last decades. This wide distribution can be indicative of a potential species complex (Mead et al. 2011). Indeed, it seems to occur in the Indo-Pacific (Gordon &amp; Mawatari 1992; Tian et al. 2014), the Mediterranean Sea (Subías-Baratau et al. 2022; Ramalho &amp; Caballero 2022), and both sides of the Atlantic Ocean (Ramalho 2006; Rico &amp; López-Gappa 2006; Marchini et al. 2007; Porter et al. 2015; Souto &amp; Reverter-Gil 2024). It has been observed within Macaronesia in the Azores, Cape Verde and the Canary Islands, where it is considered cryptogenic (Castro et al. 2023).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE046DBB4546DEF9FF22385191	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE0453BB4446DEFC4022A152A7.text	4B3887BE0453BB4446DEFC4022A152A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippopodina similis Souto & Reverter Gil 2024	<div><p>Hippopodina similis Souto &amp; Reverter Gil, 2024 Cryptogenic</p><p>(Fig. 16; Table 16)</p><p>Hippopodina similis Souto &amp; Reverter-Gil, 2024: 10, fig. 7.</p><p>Hippopodina sp. A: Ulman et al. 2017, figs SM 2B, C.</p><p>Figured material. Pasito Blanco (26/06/23) (2C on buoy) (MNCN 25.03/4464).</p><p>Other material examined. Taliarte (26/06/23) (5C on buoy).</p><p>Description. Colony encrusting, pale orange, multiserial and unilaminar. Autozooids rectangular, with the slightly convex frontal wall filled with evenly distributed small circular pores (Fig. 16A), except in the area surrounding the primary orifice (Fig 16B). Primary orifice bell-shaped, poster and anter with the same width, including a pronounced lateral indentation near the proximal edge bearing a conical condyle, proximal edge slightly concave. Single adventitious avicularium, with an elongated triangle shape, directed medially (Figs. 16C, D). Ovicells not observed.</p><p>Remarks. This species has often been confused with Hippopodina feegeensis (Busk, 1884) due to its general morphology (rectangular autozooids, frontal wall filled with small pores, bell-shaped orifice, triangular avicularia). To compound the confusion, it seems that previous records of H. feegeensis include three additional species (Tilbrook 1999). Tilbrook (1999) described three different species from material that had been previously assigned to H. feegensis: Hippopodina pulcherrima (Canu &amp; Bassler, 1928), that differs from our material in the proximo-medial orientation of the avicularia; Hippopodina iririkiensis Tilbrook, 1999, with the orifice very rounded distally; and he also described Hippopodina viriosa Tilbrook, 1999, now a synonym of Hippopodina tahitiensis (Leca &amp; d’Hondt, 1993) (Tilbrook &amp; Cook 2004) characterized by the shorter and distally oriented avicularia, among other characters. Hippopodina similis can be distinguished from H. feegensis and other similar species by (1) the lack of pores in the frontal wall surrounding the primary orifice, (2) primary orifice with poster and anter of the same width, (3) distolateral avicularia generally single or absent, directed medially (Ulman et al. 2017; Souto &amp; Reverter-Gil 2024). It must be noted that zooid length in our material was shorter in comparison to that of Souto &amp; Reverter-Gil (2024) (Table 16). Arístegui (1984b, 1987) recorded H. feegeensis in the Canary Islands, material that shows characters that match the description of H. similis .</p><p>Distribution and status. The geographical distribution of this species is probably underestimated due to its misidentification as H. feegeensis . For now, H. similis has been detected in Greece (Corsini-Foka et al. 2015) and Turkey (Ulman et al. 2017), the Mediterranean Sea, and in the Bay of Cádiz (Spain) (Sempere-Valverde et al. 2024; Souto &amp; Reverter-Gil 2024) and the Canary Islands (present study) in the Atlantic Ocean. Although records of this species in the Canary Islands might go back to the 80’s (Arístegui 1984b, 1987), considering that we were not able to examine this material identified as H. feegeensis, it is still an uncertain record. Therefore, the present study constitutes the first formal record of H. similis in the Canary Islands. Souto &amp; Reverter-Gil (2024) suggested that this species was probably introduced in its known native range based on the affinity of Recent Hippopodina species with tropical and warm waters, and the morphological similarity with material identified as H. feegeensis by Levinsen (1909), which shows an imperforate area surrounding the primary orifice. Additional support for its potential introduction in Macaronesia is the fact that in the Canary Islands our specimens and the material from Arístegui (1984b, 1987) have only been recorded in port environments. Considering the uncertainty regarding its native range, we consider this species cryptogenic in the Canary Islands.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE0453BB4446DEFC4022A152A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE0453BB4546DEFCF0232B5025.text	4B3887BE0453BB4546DEFCF0232B5025.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippopodinidae Levinsen 1909	<div><p>Family Hippopodinidae Levinsen, 1909</p><p>Genus Hippopodina Levinsen, 1909</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE0453BB4546DEFCF0232B5025	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE0451BB4746DEFF72235053A0.text	4B3887BE0451BB4746DEFF72235053A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microporellidae Hincks 1879	<div><p>Family Microporellidae Hincks, 1879</p><p>Genus Microporella Hincks, 1877</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE0451BB4746DEFF72235053A0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE0451BB4646DEFEFC256D547C.text	4B3887BE0451BB4646DEFEFC256D547C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microporella browni Harmelin, Ostrovsky, Caceres-Chamizo & Sanner 2011	<div><p>Microporella browni Harmelin, Ostrovsky, Cáceres-Chamizo &amp; Sanner, 2011 Introduced</p><p>(Fig. 17; Table 17)</p><p>Microporella browni Harmelin, Ostrovsky, Cáceres-Chamizo &amp; Sanner 2011: 5, figs 1, 2; Baradari et al. 2019: 477, figs 64–67; Rosso et al. 2025: 79, fig. 6.</p><p>Figured material. Marina Lanzarote (29/06/23) (2C on buoy) (MNCN 25.03/4465).</p><p>Description. Colony encrusting and unilaminar. Autozooids oval, nearly hexagonal, longer than wide (Fig. 17A). Frontal shield slightly convex, filled with small nodes and pseudopores (Fig. 17B). Primary orifice wider than long, denticulated distally (12–15 denticles) and corrugated proximally, with one shoulder-shaped low condyle on each side of the edge. Oral spines (3–5 but usually four) surrounding the distal edge of the primary orifice (Fig. 17C). Ascopore separated from the orifice at a distance shorter than orifice length, C-shaped with spinous processes, surrounded by a rim (Fig. 17D). Avicularium generally single (rarely paired), located near the corner of the marginal border of the orifice, either in the left or right, rostrum distolaterally oriented, mandible thin, moderately long and setiform (Fig. 17E). Ovicell personate (with prominent arched and granular collar surrounding the primary orifice, not including the ascopore), without visible oral spines (Fig. 17F).</p><p>Remarks. Our M. browni material clearly resembles eastern Mediterranean material (Harmelin et al. 2011; Rosso et al. 2025), with similar dimensions (Table 17), corrugation in the proximal edge of the orifice not very defined, low and wide condyles and, above all, a similar range of distal denticles within the primary orifice (12– 16 denticles in Harmelin et al. (2011), and 12–15 in our case). Although Harmelin et al. (2011) described the avicularian mandible as pointed, our material shows a slightly bent tip appearing vaguely similar to the hooked tip in Microporella orientalis Harmer, 1957 . Nevertheless, it should be noted the presence of shoulder-shaped condyles and length of the avicularian mandible that matches the original material from Harmelin et al. (2011). Specifically, the avicularian mandible length ranged from 150 to 277 µm in material from Lebanon, Tadjoura, Oman and the Maldives in Harmelin et al. (2011), while our measurements ranged from 160 to 180 µm (see Table 17 for dimensions in mm). Arístegui (1984b) recorded some Microporella species with personate ovicells in the Canary Islands that were later assigned to other species and are probably introduced. For example, Microporella harmeri Hayward, 1988, which was identified as M. orientalis . Microporella harmeri has been recorded throughout the Indo-Pacific (Baradari et al. 2019), Red Sea, Eastern Mediterranean and Eastern Atlantic Ocean (Harmelin et al. 2011), suggesting that it is another introduced Microporella species in the Canary Islands. This is also the case for Microporella genisii (Audouin, 1826), described in Arístegui (1984b) as a new species ( Microporella intermedia). Microporella genisii has been recorded in the northern Red Sea, eastern Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic Ocean (Harmelin et al. 2011). Nevertheless, all the Microporella species recorded in Arístegui (1984b) differ from our material in (1) the lack of denticulation on the distal border and condyles on the proximal one, (2) the absence of oral spines in ovicellate zooids (particularly M. genisii (Di Martino &amp; Rosso 2021)) and (3) the mandible morphology in the avicularia (Harmelin et al. 2011) .</p><p>Distribution and status. Microporella browni was described from the Indian Ocean and eastern Mediterranean Sea, particularly Lebanon (Harmelin et al. 2011). This species has extended its geographical distribution towards the western Mediterranean (Rosso et al. 2025), and it has been also recorded in the Persian Gulf (Baradari et al. 2019; Shabani et al. 2019). This observation constitutes the most western record of M. browni, being recorded for the first time in the Atlantic Ocean, where we consider this species introduced.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE0451BB4646DEFEFC256D547C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE0450BB4646DEF89A235954B3.text	4B3887BE0450BB4646DEF89A235954B3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Smittinidae Levinsen 1909	<div><p>Family Smittinidae Levinsen, 1909</p><p>Genus Parasmittina Osburn, 1952</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE0450BB4646DEF89A235954B3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE0457BB4146DEFF7221BA541A.text	4B3887BE0457BB4146DEFF7221BA541A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parasmittina alba Ramalho, Muricy & Taylor 2011	<div><p>Parasmittina alba Ramalho, Muricy &amp; Taylor, 2011 Introduced</p><p>(Fig. 18; Table 18)</p><p>Parasmittina alba Ramalho, Muricy &amp; Taylor, 2011: 769, fig. 2; Souto et al. 2016: 980, fig. 3.</p><p>Figured material. Morro Jable (27/06/23) (4C on buoy) (MNCN 25.03/4466),</p><p>Other material examined. Las Galletas (19/06/23) (1C on buoy), Taliarte (26/06/23) (1C on buoy), Gran Tarajal (28/06/23) (1C on buoy), Corralejo (28/06/23) (3C on buoy).</p><p>Description. Colonies whitish and encrusting, unilaminar or multilaminar (Fig. 18A). Rectangular autozooids (Fig. 18B, C), with a linear pattern in young colonies.Primary orifice wider than long with a proximolateral peristome, disrupted in the proximal area forming a V-shaped pseudosinus, with one or usually two oral spines distally (Fig. 18D). Round distal edge with two curved condyles, pointing to a wide lyrula (Fig. 18D). Usually one adventitious avicularium per zooid, positioned latero-proximally to the orifice and showing two different morphologies: (1) small triangular avicularia with serrated margins (Fig. 18E); (2) small oval avicularia, longer than wide (Fig. 18F). Ovicellate zooids show two symmetrical notches in the distal margin of the orifice (Fig. 18G). Ovicell hyperstomial, with a globular ooecium, which shows multiple and variable pores in the ectooecium (Fig. 18G).</p><p>Remarks. Souto et al. (2016) mentioned some differences between P. alba specimens from Madeira and the original material from Brazil. The specimens from the Canary Islands are more similar to those of Madeira than to the Brazilian ones. The specimens from Madeira showed smaller pores in the ectooecium in comparison to the Brazilian samples.Also, large adventitious spatulate avicularia were absent in Canary specimens and rare in Madeira ones. Indeed, avicularia were not very frequent in the collected colonies, and only two avicularium types (oval and triangular) were observed. In this sense, our material resembles Parasmittina protecta (Thornely 1905) usually with two oral spines, orifice broader than long, pointed condyles and similar avicularia morphology (Harmelin et al. 2009). In fact, Farias et al. (2024) questions if the P. protecta of Harmelin et al. (2009) could be referring to P. alba . Parasmittina protecta has been recorded in Madeira (Canning-Clode et al. 2013a) and the Canary Islands (Arístegui 1984b). The morphological characteristics observed by Arístegui (1984b) in the material depicted as P. protecta is similar to the description of P. alba, except for the secondary calcification of the ovicell with the shape of a “visor” and the absence of the symmetrical notches in the proximal border of the ovicell. The material of P. protecta from Harmelin et al. (2009) also seems to lack those characteristic symmetrical notches on the ovicell, which are observed in our material, in Ramalho et al. (2011) and Souto et al. (2016). Furthermore, the pattern of pores seems to differ, and the length of the orifice seems shorter in our material.</p><p>Nevertheless, it seems that intracolonial and astogenetic variability may be hindering the identity of P. alba and other congeneric species. Souto et al. (2016) suggested a further examination of intracolonial variability of specimens assigned to P. alba and Parasmittina betamorphaea Winston, 2005, due to the possibility of these species being synonyms. Furthermore, Farias e t al. (2024) mentioned that these two species could be assigned to astogenetic variations of Parasmittina lavela Soule &amp; Soule, 2002, namely that P. betamorphaeae could correspond to younger colonies without ovicells and scarce avicularia, and P. alba to well-developed colonies including ovicells and all types of avicularia. All three species occur in the Western Atlantic (WoRMS 2024). In addition, the previously discussed P. protecta (species that has already been recorded in the Canary Islands and other Macaronesian archipelagos, and that is widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific) could also be included in this synonymy (Farias et al. 2024). These potential synonymies should be further clarified to properly assign this species identity.</p><p>Distribution and status. Parasmittina alba was originally described from Brazilian coasts (Ramalho et al. 2011). Individuals attributed to this species were later detected in the North Atlantic Ocean, arriving in Madeira (Souto et al. 2016), where it has only been recorded in marinas or the area surrounding them (Souto et al. 2016; Ferrario et al. 2020; Png-Gonzalez et al. 2021). Despite the need for clarification of these potential synonymies, all the species occur in the Western Atlantic ( P. alba, P. betamorphaea and P. lavela) or the Mediterranean and Indo-Pacific region ( P. protecta). The present study constitutes the first record of P. alba for the Canary Islands and for Spain.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE0457BB4146DEFF7221BA541A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE0455BB4346DEFDF92359512D.text	4B3887BE0455BB4346DEFDF92359512D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Savignyellidae Levinsen 1909	<div><p>Family Savignyellidae Levinsen, 1909</p><p>Genus Savignyella Levinsen, 1909</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE0455BB4346DEFDF92359512D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE0455BB4246DEFD492433501A.text	4B3887BE0455BB4246DEFD492433501A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Savignyella lafontii (Audouin 1826) Cryptogenic.	<div><p>Savignyella lafontii (Audouin, 1826) Cryptogenic</p><p>(Fig. 19; Table 19)</p><p>Eucratea lafontii Audouin, 1826: 242 .</p><p>Catenaria lafontii: Hastings 1930: 732.</p><p>Savignyella lafontii: Harmer 1957: 761–763, pl. 51, figs 11, 12; Tilbrook et al. 2001: 60, fig. 8B; Hayward &amp; McKinney 2002: 40, figs 17D–F.</p><p>(A more extensive and detailed list of synonymies can be found in Abdel-Salam 2016).</p><p>Figured material. Gran Tarajal (28/06/23) (2C on rope) (MNCN 25.03/4467).</p><p>Other material examined. Las Galletas (19/06/23) (1C on rope), Pasito Blanco (26/06/23) (2C on rope).</p><p>Description. Colonies brownish-red and erect, branched, with uniserial branches of claviform zooids (Fig. 19A). Zooids show a porous frontal shield and are composed by a proximal tube and a distal fusiform area where the frontal membrane is located (Fig. 19B). Primary orifice located terminally, D-shaped with four short spines around the margins (Fig. 19C). Rounded suboral avicularia. Ovicell globular (Fig. 19A).</p><p>Remarks. This characteristic species is the only one in the genus Savignyella .</p><p>Distribution and status. Savignyella lafontii is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas, being observed in the Indo-Pacific (Wyatt et al. 2005; McCann et al. 2019), the Red Sea (Abdel-Salam 2016), the Mediterranean (Lezzi et al. 2018; Ramalho et al. 2022), and the Atlantic Ocean (Ramalho 2006; Reverter-Gil et al. 2014; Xavier et al. 2023), including the Gulf of Mexico (Felder &amp; Camp 2009). In Macaronesia, it has been recorded in Madeira (Ramalhosa et al. 2019) and the Canary Islands (Castro et al. 2023). This wide distribution leads to uncertainty regarding its native origin. Therefore, it is considered cryptogenic in the Canary Islands.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE0455BB4246DEFD492433501A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE0454BB4246DEFC7F23AB50AE.text	4B3887BE0454BB4246DEFC7F23AB50AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schizoporellidae Jullien 1882	<div><p>Family Schizoporellidae Jullien, 1882</p><p>Genus Schizobrachiella Canu &amp; Bassler, 1920</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE0454BB4246DEFC7F23AB50AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE0454BB4D46DEFBCF235956D3.text	4B3887BE0454BB4D46DEFBCF235956D3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schizobrachiella sanguinea (Norman 1868) Cryptogenic.	<div><p>Schizobrachiella sanguinea (Norman, 1868) Cryptogenic</p><p>(Fig. 20; Table 20)</p><p>Hemeschara sanguinea Norman, 1868: 222 .</p><p>Schizobrachiella sanguinea: Hayward &amp; Ryland 1999: 222, figs 92, 94B; Hayward &amp; McKinney 2002: 65, fig. 29C–F; Berning &amp; Wisshak 2024: 72, fig. 23F–J.</p><p>(A detailed list of synonymies can be found in Hayward &amp; McKinney 2002).</p><p>Figured material. Marina Tenerife (19/06/23) (1C on floating pontoon) (MNCN 25.03/4468).</p><p>Other material examined. Garachico (20/06/23) (1C on buoy), Gran Tarajal (28/06/23) (1C on buoy).</p><p>Description. Colonies reddish-brown and encrusting, unilaminar or multilaminar (Fig. 20A). Poligonal zooids with well-defined separation, and a frontal shield filled with large pores (Fig. 20B). Primary orifice with two notable condyles and a small V-shaped sinus (Fig. 20C, D). Adventitious avicularia single or paired, located distolaterally from the orifice and with a distomedial orientation (Fig. 20C). Ovicell globular and perforated (Fig. 20E).</p><p>Remarks. Berning &amp; Wisshak (2024) recently designated the lectotype of S. sanguinea from Norman’s Collection. Our material shows a slightly wider sinus in comparison to the lectotype, but overall, the dimensions of diagnostic characters are very similar to those recorded by these authors (see Table 20).</p><p>Distribution and status. Schizobrachiella sanguinea is mainly distributed in the Mediterranean Sea (Pisano &amp; Boyer 1985; Cebrián et al. 2000; Fortič et al. 2021; Ramalho et al. 2022) and adjacent areas, reaching the western part of the English Channel (Hayward &amp; Ryland 1999) in its northern distribution and Macaronesia on its southern limit (Arístegui 1984b). Although the native area of this species has been considered Atlanto-Mediterranean, its status in Macaronesia remains uncertain. Indeed, this species could be an example of an ancient introduction. Therefore, following the lead of Micael et al. (2019) and Berning &amp; Wisshak (2024) in the Azores, we consider S. sanguinea cryptogenic in the Canary Islands.</p><p>Genus Schizoporella Hincks, 1877</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE0454BB4D46DEFBCF235956D3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE045BBB4F46DEFA4D25BC52A7.text	4B3887BE045BBB4F46DEFA4D25BC52A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schizoporella errata (Waters 1878) Introduced.	<div><p>Schizoporella errata (Waters, 1878) Introduced</p><p>(Fig. 21; Table 21)</p><p>Lepralia errata Waters, 1878: 11, pl. 1, fig. 9.</p><p>Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston): Waters 1909 (partim): 143, pl. 12, figs 12, 13.</p><p>Schizoporella errata (Waters): Calvet 1902: 23; Ryland 1965: 64, fig. 31A, B; Hastings 1967: 336; Hayward &amp; Ryland 1999: 212.</p><p>Schizoporella unicornis var. errata (Waters): Calvet 1927: 16.</p><p>(A more extensive and detailed list of synonymies can be found in Tompsett et al. 2009).</p><p>Figured material. Pasito Blanco (26/06/23) (1C on buoy) (MNCN 25.03/4469).</p><p>Other material examined. Marina Tenerife (19/06/23) (2C on buoy and floating pontoon), Garachico (20/06/23) (1C on buoy), Big Canary Sports Dock (27/06/23) (2C on buoy), Morro Jable (27/06/23) (1C on buoy), Gran Tarajal (28/06/23) (2C on buoy), Corralejo (28/06/23 on buoy) (1C), Puerto Calero (29/06/23) (1C on buoy), Playa Blanca (29/06/23) (2C on buoy), Marina Lanzarote (29/06/23) (1C on buoy).</p><p>Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar or multilaminar. Colour variable, generally dark purple in the centre of the colony and orange in the outer margins. Frontal shield convex, increasing in multilaminar colonies. Autozooids longer than wide (Table 21), less constant in shape in frontally budded zooids (Fig. 21A). Pseudopores present on the frontal shield except on the distal area surrounding the primary orifice, reduced in later ontogeny by secondary calcification. Primary orifice nearly as wide as broad, appearing circular, with U-shaped sinus, wider than long (Fig. 21B). Edge of primary orifice sloped distally from the sinus. Condyles small with prominent tips. Adventitious avicularia single, located proximolaterally from the primary orifice and proximolaterally oriented, longer than wide (Fig. 21C), occasionally being larger than usual. Rostrum with hooked tip. Opesia nearly circular with no columella. Ovicell globular and porous, with rugose surface (Fig. 21D).</p><p>Remarks. The genus Schizoporella includes remarkable taxonomic confusion. Schizoporella errata is a great example of it, being easily mistaken with similar congeneric and co-occurring species. Tompsett et al. (2009) stated that only seven out of 20 papers analysed included a correct identification of S. errata . In Macaronesia, S. errata can be mainly confused with Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston in Wood, 1844) and Schizoporella pungens Canu &amp; Bassler, 1928 . In comparison to S. errata, S. unicornis shows a generally wider primary orifice in comparison to its length, the edge of the orifice adjacent to condyles slopes downwards from the sinus (in contrast to S. errata in which the edge slopes upwards), scalloped ridges are present on the edges of the ovicells and there is no frontal budding. Schizoporella pungens is included in the Schizoporella errata species complex, as well as Schizoporella isabelleana d’Orbigny, 1842 . McCann et al. (2019) compared S. pungens from Galapagos with material assigned to S. errata from San Francisco (United States) bryoliths and with the S. errata topotype, as described by Italy from Tompsett et al. (2009). However, the S. errata material from San Francisco was misidentified, and corresponds to Schizoporella variabilis (Leidy, 1855) (L. McCann, personal communication). Although Winston (2005) mentioned slight differences in the shape of the orifice and position of spines in the ancestrula, and the dimensions of the orifice (shorter and wider in S. pungens), clear morphological differences among S. errata material from Italy and S. pungens from Galapagos are difficult to observe. Further extensive molecular studies, combined with detailed morphometrics analyses, will be needed to clarify the identity of S. pungens . Schizoporella pungens was described from the Gulf of Mexico, and has been introduced in Macaronesia, where it was recorded for the first time in Madeira in 2010 (Canning-Clode et al. 2013a).</p><p>Distribution and status. Schizoporella errata is widely spread across the globe, although some identifications have been considered questionable (Tompsett et al. 2009). This species was described from the Mediterranean Sea (Ryland 1965; Ferdeghini &amp; Cocito 1999; Sokolover et al. 2018; Ramalho &amp; Caballero 2022), and has been also detected in the western Pacific Ocean (Zabin et al. 2010), Australasia (Hayes et al. 2005), the Red Sea (El Komi 1992), the Western Atlantic (Gordon &amp; Taylor 2005; Ramalho et al. 2011) and the eastern Atlantic (Taylor et al. 2008; Souto &amp; Reverter Gil 2024). Regarding Macaronesia in particular, nowadays it is commonly found on artificial structures in all archipelagos (Micael et al. 2014; Castro et al. 2023), including the Canary Islands (Arístegui 1984b; Arístegui &amp; Cruz 1986). Considering the affinity of this species to anthropogenic structures and its absence in earlier records of the Canarian archipelago (e.g. Cook 1968 in La Luz Port from Gran Canaria, where S. errata is not likely to go unnoticed), we consider this species introduced in the Canary Islands.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE045BBB4F46DEFA4D25BC52A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE0459BB4F46DEFC79235750A5.text	4B3887BE0459BB4F46DEFC79235750A5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Watersiporidae Vigneaux 1949	<div><p>Family Watersiporidae Vigneaux, 1949</p><p>Genus Watersipora Neviani, 1896</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE0459BB4F46DEFC79235750A5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE0459BB4946DEFBFA20FD572F.text	4B3887BE0459BB4946DEFBFA20FD572F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Watersipora subtorquata (d'Orbigny 1852) Introduced.	<div><p>Watersipora subtorquata (d’Orbigny, 1852) Introduced</p><p>(Fig. 22; Table 22)</p><p>Cellepora subtorquata d’Orbigny, 1852: 399 . Watersipora subtorquata: Taylor &amp; Gordon 2002: 536, fig. 1; Abdel-Salam &amp; Ramadan 2008: 9, fig. 3; Vieira et al. 2014a: 155,</p><p>figs 1–5, 12–16, 18–24, 67, 70. Non Watersipora subtorquata: Gordon &amp; Mawatari 1992: 31, fig. 8E; Ryland et al. 2009:</p><p>55, figs 1, 3, 4A, B, E, F, 5. (A more extensive and detailed list of synonymies can be found in Vieira et al. 2014a).</p><p>Figured material. Garachico (20/06/23) (1C on buoy) (MNCN 25.03/4470).</p><p>Other material examined. Marina Tenerife (19/06/23) (1C on buoy), Las Galletas (19/06/23) (3C on buoy), Pasito Blanco (26/06/23) (1C on buoy), Taliarte (26/06/23) (1C on buoy), Big Canary Sports Dock (27/06/23) (2C on buoy), Morro Jable (27/06/23) (1C on buoy), Gran Tarajal (28/06/23) (1C on buoy), Corralejo (28/06/23) (1C on buoy), Puerto Calero (29/06/23) (1C on buoy), Playa Blanca (29/06/23) (1C on buoy), Marina Lanzarote (29/06/23) (1C on buoy).</p><p>Description. Encrusting orange and black colonies, unilamellar on flat substrata and multilamellar on irregular substrata (Fig. 22A), sometimes becoming erect. Zooids subrectangular or oval, twice as long as wide and separated by marked lateral walls (Fig. 22B, C). Frontal wall slightly convex or flat, showing round pseudopores (Fig. 22D). Orifice large, wider than long, with oval or subcircular, well-defined U-shaped proximal sinus, triangular condyles directed distomedially (Fig. 22E). Operculum with a parallel-sided dark band in the centre and two lucidae located proximally (Fig. 22C), adjacent to the condyles. Oral spines, avicularia and ovicells absent.</p><p>Remarks. Watersipora species are difficult to identify morphologically due to the lack of easily recognizable features, such as oral spines, avicularia and ovicells (Ryland et al. 2009), often leading to misidentifications. For instance, Watersipora subatra (Ortmann, 1890) has been often misidentified as W. subtorquata (Ryland et al. 2009; Mackie et al. 2012; Gauff et al. 2023). To avoid this widespread confusion regarding the Watersipora genus, we focused our identification on detailed descriptions provided by Vieira et al. (2014a). These authors mentioned that W. subtorquata is characterized by (1) a suborbicular orifice with triangular condyles, (2) an operculum with a parallel-sided dark band with two lucidae adjacently placed to the condyles, and (3) the absence of intrazooidal septum proximolateral to the orifice with some small pores. These features are clearly observed in our samples. Arístegui (1984b) recorded Watersipora subovoidea (d’Orbigny, 1852) (now Watersipora cucullata (Busk, 1854)) in the Canary Islands. Nevertheless, the description of the material that he provides resembles Watersipora souleorum Vieira, Spencer Jones &amp; Taylor, 2014, with similar measurements, an oval orifice including a U-shaped sinus, and lacking the notable triangular projections of W. cucullata .</p><p>Distribution and status. The native range of Watersipora subtorquata is confused due to several misidentifications with similar species. This species was originally described from Brazil. Tropical South-Western Atlantic (Vieira et al. 2014a), the Caribbean region (Soule &amp; Soule 1976; Mackie et al. 2006) and the Indo-West Pacific Ocean (Canning-Clode et al. 2013) have been proposed as possible native regions for this species. Watersipora subtorquata is widely distributed, appearing in the Indo-Pacific, the Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, and the Arabian Sea (Vieira et al. 2014a; McCann et al. 2019). Records of the introduction of these species in the Macaronesia region go back to the 19 th century, from the Azores and Cape Verde (Jullien &amp; Calvet 1903). Nevertheless, those reports may be doubtful (Castro et al. 2023). The voucher material collected by Jullien and Calvet (1903) from the Azores in 19 th century, was not W. subtorquata, but a new species, Watersipora souleorum Vieira, Spencer Jones &amp; Taylor, 2014 (Vieira et al. 2014a). Nonetheless, more recently Watersipora subtorquata has been reported from all Macaronesian archipelagos, in the Azores (Vaz-Pinto et al. 2014; Micael et al. 2019), Madeira (Canning-Clode et al. 2013a), the Canary Islands (Moro et al. 2018) and more recently in Cape Verde (Castro et al. 2023). Specifically in the Canary Islands, this species was not detected in thorough studies of bryozoans such as Arístegui (1984b) and Cook (1968), implying that W. subtorquata probably is a more recent introduction (Moro et al. 2018). Due to the prior absence of this species in the Canarian archipelago and its detection only in port environments, we consider this species introduced in this area.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE0459BB4946DEFBFA20FD572F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE045FBB4946DEFAF3235F562A.text	4B3887BE045FBB4946DEFAF3235F562A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vesiculariidae Johnston 1838	<div><p>Family Vesiculariidae Johnston, 1838</p><p>Genus Amathia Lamouroux, 1812</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE045FBB4946DEFAF3235F562A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE045FBB4846DEFA432089519F.text	4B3887BE045FBB4846DEFA432089519F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amathia verticillata (delle Chiaje 1822)	<div><p>Amathia verticillata (delle Chiaje, 1822) Introduced</p><p>(Fig. 23)</p><p>Hydra verticillata delle Chiaje, 1828: 203, pl. 47, figs 1, 2. Zoobotryon pellucidum: Marcus 1937: 139, pl. 28, fig. 75A, B. Zoobotryon verticillatum: Gordon &amp; Mawatari 1992: 14, fig. 2F; Winston 1995: 88, figs 1B, 2; Abdesalam &amp; Ramadan 2008:</p><p>37, fig. 3; Amat &amp; Tempera 2009: 761–764, fig. 1A, B; Farrapeira 2011: 13–16; Minchin 2012: 2146–2150, figs 1, 2; Galil</p><p>&amp; Gevili 2014: 1, figs 1, 2; Vieira et al. 2014b: 518, figs 98–101. Amathia verticillata: Waeschenbach et al. (2015): 678; Marchini et al. (2015): 355–362, fig. 2.</p><p>Figured material. Pasito Blanco (26/06/23) (1C on floating pontoon).</p><p>Other material examined. Garachico (20/06/23) (1C on floating pontoon) (MNCN 25.03/4471), Morro Jable (27/06/23) (1C on floating pontoon), Corralejo (28/06/23) (1C on buoy).</p><p>Description. Erect and uncalcified colonies formed by transparent stolons showing trifurcated branches (Fig. 23A, B). Zooids oval present in clusters in both sides of the stolon (Fig. 23C). Generally, one long cluster of zooids on both sides of each internode, with the clusters on the end of the branch with a pointy appearance (Fig. 23D). Embryos with internal brood.</p><p>Remarks. Amathia verticillata is the most common species of this genus in port environments in European waters. Other species included in the genus Amathia recorded in the Canary Islands are Amathia vidovici (Heller, 1867) and Amathia lendigera (Linnaeus, 1758) (Moro et al. 2017), which can easily be differentiated from A. verticillata by the (1) the branching pattern of the colony (trifurcated only in A. verticillata), (2) pattern of the zooids (spiral in A. vidovici), and 3) the disposition of the zooids on the stolon (disposed in two straight lines in A. lendigera) (Souto et al. 2010).</p><p>Distribution and status. Nascimento et al. (2021) suggested a worldwide introduction of Amathia verticillata, with records in Australasia, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, including Macaronesia (see Nascimento et al. (2021) Supplementary Material 2). It was detected for the first time in the Canary Islands around 2011 (Olenin &amp; Minchin 2011). The Caribbean has been proposed as the native area of this species due to its occurrence in natural areas and its specific association with the native nudibranch Bermudella zoobotryon (Smallwood, 1910) (Galil &amp; Gevili 2014) . Nevertheless, further molecular studies are necessary to confirm this potential origin (Nascimento et al. 2021). Particularly, in the Canary Islands we consider this species as introduced due to its recent first record in the Canarian archipelago (namely in 2011, by Olenin &amp; Minchin 2011), its association with vessels and other man-made structures (Minchin 2012), and the fact that it forms massive colonies that can hardly be overlooked.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE045FBB4846DEFA432089519F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE045DBB4B46DEFF3A23785213.text	4B3887BE045DBB4B46DEFF3A23785213.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crisiidae Johnston 1838	<div><p>Family Crisiidae Johnston, 1838</p><p>Genus Crisia Lamouroux, 1812</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE045DBB4B46DEFF3A23785213	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
4B3887BE045CBB4A46DEFD1320A354CC.text	4B3887BE045CBB4A46DEFD1320A354CC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crisia denticulata (Lamarck 1816) Cryptogenic	<div><p>Crisia denticulata (Lamarck, 1816) Cryptogenic</p><p>(Fig. 25; Table 24)</p><p>Cellaria denticulata Lamarck, 1816: 182 .</p><p>Crisia denticulata: Busk 1875: 4, pl. 4, figs 1–4; Hincks 1880: 422, pl. 56, fig. 7; Marcus 1940: 47, fig. 24; Kluge 1962: 156, fig. 77; Mawatari &amp; Mawatari 1973: 95, pl. 1, figs 1–4; Hayward &amp; Ryland 1985: 55, fig. 16; Zabala &amp; Maluquer 1988: 164, figs 480–482.</p><p>Figured material. Corralejo (28/06/23) (1C on buoy) (MNCN 25.02/181).</p><p>Other material examined. Garachico Marina (20/06/23) (1C on buoy), Big Canary Sports Dock (27/06/23) (1C on buoy), Morro Jable (27/06/23) (2C on buoy and rope), Gran Tarajal (28/06/23) (1C on buoy).</p><p>Description. Small erect white colonies, below three cm in height. Biserial branches with black joints and with one or two internodes that arise high within each internode (Fig. 25A). Each internode with eight to twelve tubular and slender zooids (Fig. 25B), with narrow (diameter less than 75 µm, see Table 24) and elongated peristomial apertures (Fig. 25C). Rounded gonozooid with higher density of slit-shaped pseudopores in comparison with the autozooids, with ooeciostome rounded to oval on a very short tube (Fig. 25D).</p><p>Remarks. Our material clearly resembles Crisia denticulata, which is a common fouling species in North-Eastern Atlantic waters (Gestoso et al. 2017; Micael et al. 2019). The long internodes, as well as the position and morphology of the gonozooid, are similar to those of Crisia klugei Ryland, 1967 . In both species, the gonozooid appears high within the internodes, is widest distally and has a very short tube difficult to observe from the front. However, while C. denticulata is characterized by distinct black joints and the new branches arise high within the internodes (usually between the 5 th to the 9 th position) (Hayward &amp; Ryland 1985). In contrast, C. klugei has pale yellow or colourless joints, and its new branches generally originate from odd-numbered positions within the internodes (commonly the 3 rd, the 5 th or the 7 th) (Ryland 1967). Additionally, the basis of the rami appears to be wedged-in in C. denticulata .</p><p>Distribution and status. Crisia denticulata is a very widespread species, occurring specially in the Mediterranean Sea (Gerovasileiou &amp; Rosso 2016) and northern European waters (De Blauwe 2009). Nevertheless, it has also been recorded in Angola (Barros-Pestana et al. 2017), the Gulf of Mexico (Felder &amp; Camp 2009), Canada (Osburn 1912), Japan (Mawatari &amp; Mawatari 1973), the Arctic Ocean (Gontar &amp; Denisenko 1989) and North-Eastern Atlantic archipelagos, such as Macaronesia (Waters 1918; Gestoso et al. 2017; Micael et al. 2019). Although there is no clear understanding of the geographical origin of this species, the Mediterranean Sea and the North-Eastern Atlantic have been proposed as its potential native area (Barros-Pestana et al. 2017). Nevertheless, due to this widespread distribution that hinders the determination of a native area for this species, we consider C. denticulata as cryptogenic.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B3887BE045CBB4A46DEFD1320A354CC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía;Ros, Macarena;Guerra-García, José M.;López-Fé, Carlos M.	Ruiz-Velasco, Sofía, Ros, Macarena, Guerra-García, José M., López-Fé, Carlos M. (2025): Fouling bryozoans in recreational marinas of the Canary Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic) with new records of non-indigenous and cryptogenic species. Zootaxa 5656 (1): 1-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5656.1.1
