identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
454AE469FE30FFB7FF7EFB808B1AB99C.text	454AE469FE30FFB7FF7EFB808B1AB99C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phyllanthus monteazulensis Orlandini & Zavatin 2025	<div><p>Phyllanthus monteazulensis Orlandini &amp; Zavatin, sp. nov. (Figs. 1 and 2)</p><p>Type: — MINAS GERAIS. Monte Azul, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.792904&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.1432495" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.792904/lat -15.1432495)">Serra da Maromba, Área do areial</a>, 15°08’35.7”S, 42°47’34.46”W, 1188 m, 3 October 2023, D.A. Zavatin, J.C.B. dos Anjos, L. de Sousa &amp; R. Ramos 2021 (holotype: ESA [159267!]! ; isotypes to be distributed: MEXU! RB! SPF!) .</p><p>Diagnosis:— Phyllanthus monteazulensis can be recognized by its prominent orthotropic growth, narrow phylloclades (2–5 cm long) with up to 4 nodes per phylloclade, coriaceous stipules, leaves present and persistent, and pistillate flowers with free styles (vs. plagiotropic growth, phylloclades 6–35 cm long with up to 30 pairs of nodes per phylloclade, scale-like stipules, and pistillate flowers with free styles in P. angustissimus; and vs. plagiotropic growth, phylloclades 4–15 cm long with up to 14 pairs of nodes per phylloclade, membranaceous stipules, and pistillate flowers with partially fused styles in P. klotzschianus). Additionally, it presents an indumentum composed of a thick cuticle through which pectin expands, forming projections (vs. an epidermis lacking these projections in P. klotzschianus and in P. angustissimus as observed in a previous study by Santiago et al. (2008)).</p><p>Description:—Subshrubs up to 70 cm tall, with a papillose indumentum having a thick cuticle and a single layer of epidermal cells whose outer periclinal walls are thickened and form pectic microchannels, monopodial branching, with phylloclade-bearing branches emerging at the apex of secondary stem branches, concentrated at the apex; main axis elongated, cylindrical, with secondary branches from which the phylloclades emerge. Phylloclades flattened, predominantly orthotropic, arranged spirally, ascending, coriaceous, with a truncated to emarginate apex, and an straight base, 2–5 × 0.1–0.2 cm (sometimes less than 1 mm), exhibiting linear, prominent, parallel striations, which do not converge at the nodes; entire margin, up to four floriferous nodes per phylloclade, with leaf buds concentrated at the apex of the phylloclade; internodes 0.4–1.6 cm long. Cataphylls lanceolate to setaceous, slightly coriaceous, with a lacerated, laciniate, or entire margin, less than 1mm long. Stipules triangular or filiform, coriaceous, less than 1 mm long, with an entire margin, acute apex, and attenuated base. Leaves obovate, 1–5 × 1–3 mm, entire margin, emarginate apex, occasionally with an apiculum, and an attenuated base. Staminate inflorescences composed of up to three flowers, at different stages of development, covered by triangular bracts, less than 1 mm long, coriaceous, with a sericeous indumentum, laciniate margin, acute apex, and attenuated base. Pistillate inflorescences predominantly composed of solitary flowers, but may present up to two flowers per node, covered by triangular bracts, less than 1 mm long, coriaceous, with a sericeous indumentum, entire margin, acute apex, and attenuated base. Staminate flowers with five white to greenish sepals, free from each other, narrowly elliptic to elliptic, with a rounded apex and straight base, membranaceous, entire margin, less than 1 × 1 mm; pedicel present, less than 1 mm long; three stamens, filaments fused into a single tube, three anthers, dehiscing vertically, not united, extrorse; nectariferous disc segmented, segments oval. Pistillate flowers with five whitish to greenish sepals, free from each other, oval, with a rounded apex and straight base, coriaceous, with an entire to sinuate margin, ca. 1 × 1 mm; pedicel present, less than 1 mm long; ovary elliptic, sulcate, less than 1 mm long; three styles, free, with bifid stigmas; nectariferous disc entire, undulated. Fruit a capsule, oval, ca. 1 × 3 mm, smooth, with persistent sepals; fruits pedicelled, the pedicel 1 mm long. Seeds trigonous, with dark brown punctuations, lacking a caruncle. Carpophore present, sulcate.</p><p>Examined specimens (paratypes):— BRAZIL, MINAS GERAIS: Monte Azul, Serra de Montevidéu, Morro das Marombas, 15°08’33”S, 42°47’28”W, 1134 m a.s.l., 9 April 2022, M. Verdi, E. R. de Freitas, F. Saleme &amp; L. A. Aragão 9135 (HUEFS 266759! RB 842698!); Ibid, 15°08’29”S, 42°47’28”W, 1180 m a.s.l., 7 August 2021, G. Martinelli, R. Magri, J. Macedo &amp; A. Custódio 21730 (HUEFS 268767!; RB 816227!); Ibid, 15°08’36”S, 42°47’30”W, 1117 m a.s.l., 23 August 2016, I. Cordeiro &amp; F. Hurbath 3564 (SP 488249!); Ibid, 15°08’13”S, 42°47’29”W, 1150 m a.s.l., 22 October 2018, G. Martinelli, N. Pougy, E. Fernandez &amp; C. Baez 20404 (RB 777789!).</p><p>Phenology: —Specimens of Phyllanthus monteazulensis were collected with flowers and fruits in April, August, and October.</p><p>Etymology: —The specific epithet is attributed to the Municipality of Monte Azul in the state of Minas Gerais, where the type species was collected.</p><p>Habitat and Distribution: — Phyllanthus monteazulensis is endemic, at an average elevation of 1174± 46 m a.s.l., restricted to the region of Serra das Marombas and Serra de Montevidéu, in Monte Azul, Minas Gerais state (Figure 3A). This region comprises the Southern Espinhaço Range, which is locally known as Serra Geral. Quartzite rocks predominate, which form highly dystrophic, lithic, or deep quartzarenic neosols, and in these, there is spaced vegetation resembling exposed soils (McBride 1963, Benedetti et al. 2011) (Figure 4). It is in this sandy habitat where the occurrences of individuals found in the field predominate, in areas locally called sandbanks, but also in rocky outcrops in the surroundings, thus delimited in the mapping of native vegetation and land use (Figure 3B). These environments resemble xeric vegetation, where plants grow in nutrient-poor, extremely well-drained soils. This causes a water deficit that fluctuates with temperatures throughout the day and night in a transition region between Campo Rupestre, Cerrado, and Caatinga vegetations (Schaefer et al. 2023, Ferrari et al. 2016, Zappi et al. 2017). It is also worth noting that P. monteazulensis was exhaustively searched for in its area of occurrence, and not even 40 fertile individuals were found.</p><p>Conservation status: —The environments where Phyllanthus monteazulensis occurs are extremely restricted in the region, with a highly peculiar flora, which does not extrapolate its occurrences to low-lying areas, with an AOO of 8 km ² and EOO of 0.08 km ² (Figure 3B). Considering the projected impacts and the restrictive characteristics of the environment of occurrence and its small areas, P. monteazulensis is indicated as Critically Endangered (CR) by criteria B 1a,b(i, ii, iii, iv, v) B 2a,b(i, ii, iii, iv, v) C 2a D. One of the main threats in the region is quartzite mining, which has been progressing with the exploration request across the species’ entire range (Figure 3C). This activity causes soil stripping and vegetation removal, which changes the species’ habitat. In this area, fires are not a threat, even during isolated events, throughout the evaluated time series (Figure 3D), and there are no significant land use changes in the EOO (Figure 3E).</p><p>Anatomical description of the phylloclades: —Transverse sections of the phylloclade of Phyllanthus monteazulensis revealed anatomical structure with clearly distinct tissue layers (Figure 5 A-I). The epidermis is uniseriate and composed of cells characterized by thickened outer periclinal walls rich in lipidic substances that form pectic microchannels, some of which exhibit papillose projections (Figure 5 A-F). The presence of papillary epidermal cells in Phyllanthus monteazulensis, and their absence in both P. roseocalyx (not illustrated) and other species of the genus studied by Santiago et al. (2008), highlights this feature as a useful diagnostic character. Therefore, the anatomical data can contribute to distinguishing the new species.</p><p>The thick cuticle and thick outer epidermal cell walls are clearly highlighted by their intense orange coloration when stained with Sudan IV (Figure 5B, G), indicating a high lipid content. Further observations revealed that the pectic portion of the epidermal cell wall forms projections between the lipidic layers of the wall, extending towards the cuticle, a feature visible after staining with both ruthenium red and Sudan IV (Figure 5F–G), demonstrating the intimate relationship between the epidermal cell wall and the cuticular layer. A similar structure was described in the Leguminosae Cytisus filipes Webb &amp; Berthelot (1836: 480), a xerophytic species, as microchannels containing pectic substances that branch abundantly (Lyshede 1978). This structural configuration may support the formation of microchannels that facilitate localized water retention or absorption, possibly enhancing water uptake in environments with limited or intermittent moisture availability.</p><p>Beneath the epidermis lie hypodermal cells containing phenolic compounds, as evidenced by the green coloration produced by toluidine blue staining (Figure 5C–E). These compounds may contribute to defense against herbivory or protection against ultraviolet radiation. Immediately below this layer, the chlorenchyma, consists of two to three layers of chloroplast-rich cells, indicating a photosynthetic function in the modified stem. Druse-containing idioblasts were observed scattered among the chlorenchyma cells (Figure 5H–I). Crystal morphology appears to vary among species: in P. tenellus Roxburgh (1832: 668), rhombohedral crystals are present, whereas in P. amarus Schumacher &amp; Thonning (1827: 421), prismatic crystals are found within the mesophyll (Conceição &amp; Aoyama 2016). The druses in Phyllanthus have also been observed by Silva (2022) in the mesophyll of P. pterocaulis M.J. Silva (2022: 54) and by Torres &amp; Silva (2023) in P. megastylus Marques-Torres &amp; M. J. Silva (2023:186) .</p><p>Below the chlorenchyma, groups of non-lignified fibers with markedly thickened walls are distributed continuously along the phylloclade, forming a supportive layer, surrounding the vascular tissues (Figure 5A). These fibers stain intensely with ruthenium red (Figure 5A–B) indicating a high content of acidic pectic substances, and exhibit birefringence under polarized light, consistent with the presence of cellulose in their cell walls (Figure. 5H– I). The composition of these fiber walls, rich in both cellulose and pectin, suggests not only a structural support function but also a potential contribution to the flexibility of the organ. While cellulose provides tensile strength and mechanical resistance, the high pectin content may allow the walls to retain some elasticity. This combination may help the phylloclade endure mechanical stress such as bending or wind movement without fracturing, offering structural support with a degree of resilience, a feature that could be ecologically advantageous in dynamic environments. It is worth noting that a large portion of the phyllocladiferous species of the genus had their phylloclade anatomy studied by Santiago et al. (2008), which already revealed a high presence of fibers in their structure. Phyllanthus phylloclades show differences in vascular system organization among species (Santiago et al. 2008). The vascular system in P. monteazulensis forms a single row of vascular bundles isolated from one another, producing an open ring that follows the shape of the phylloclade (Figure 5A), whereas in P. roseocalyx (not illustrated) and P. angustissimus, the vascular cylinder is closed (Santiago et al. 2008). In P. klotzschianus, the vascular system may also form an open ring (Santiago et al. 2008), but it differs from that of P. monteazulensis in that the vascular bundles are arranged in two rows, separated by lignified parenchyma cells.</p><p>Similar species: — Phyllanthus monteazulensis is similar with P. angustissimus Müll. Arg. and P. klotzschianus Müll. Arg. However, P. monteazulensis can be separated from both species by a set of characters. It can be separated from P. angustissimus by the prominent orthotropic growth (vs. plagiotropic), phylloclade length 2–5 × 0.1–0.2 cm (vs. 6–35 × 0.2–0.6 cm), phylloclade nodes up to four (vs. 6–30), coriaceous stipules (vs. membranaceous), persistent leaves (vs. early deciduous leaves), pistillate pedicel less than 1 mm long (vs. 6–8 mm long), entire pistillate nectariferous disc (vs. segmented), fruit length 1 × 3 mm (vs. c. 4 × 4 mm), and seeds with dark brown punctuations (vs. without punctuations). Phyllanthus monteazulensis can be separated from P. klotzschianus by size up to 0.7 m tall (vs. up to 2 m tall), prominent orthotropic growth (less prominent), phylloclades length 2–5 × 0.1–0.2 cm (vs. 3.3–18.7 × 0.2–1.4), entire margin of the phylloclade (vs. slightly toothed, crenate or serrate), phylloclade nodes up to four (vs. 5–14), coriaceous stipules (v s. membranaceous), absence of eophylls (vs. present), persistent and presence of leaves in adult plants (vs. caducous leaves), staminate and pistillate pedicel up to 1 mm long (vs. absent), style free (vs. partially connate), anthers with a broader connective and slightly divergent thecae (vs. anthers with a narrower connective and non-divergent thecae), fruit length ca. 1 × 3 cm (vs. 3–4 × 3–, 4 cm), and seeds with dark brown punctuations (vs. without punctuation).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/454AE469FE30FFB7FF7EFB808B1AB99C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zavatin, Danilo Alvarenga;Ramos, Renato;Prado, Jefferson;Cordeiro, Inês;Soares, Marli Kasue Misaki;Appezzato-Da-Glória, Beatriz;Souza, Vinicius Castro;Orlandini, Priscila	Zavatin, Danilo Alvarenga, Ramos, Renato, Prado, Jefferson, Cordeiro, Inês, Soares, Marli Kasue Misaki, Appezzato-Da-Glória, Beatriz, Souza, Vinicius Castro, Orlandini, Priscila (2025): Two new species of Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae) from Northern Minas Gerais, one with a distinctive anatomical character. Phytotaxa 736 (2): 101-119, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.736.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.736.2.1
454AE469FE3BFFB0FF7EFACA8A8AB90C.text	454AE469FE3BFFB0FF7EFACA8A8AB90C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phyllanthus roseocalyx Orlandini & Zavatin 2025	<div><p>Phyllanthus roseocalyx Orlandini &amp; Zavatin, sp. nov. (Figs. 6–7)</p><p>Type: — BRAZIL, Minas Gerais: Monte Azul, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.79072&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.140139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.79072/lat -15.140139)">Serra dos Marombas</a>, 15°08’24.5”S, 42°47’26.6”W, 1160 m a.s.l., 25 April 2023, D.A. Zavatin, F.R. de Sousa &amp; J.C.B. dos Anjos 1629 (holotype: ESA [159268]! ; isotypes: BHCB! BHZB! MEXU! RB! SP! SPF!).</p><p>Diagnosis:— Both Phyllanthus roseocalyx, P. graminoides, and P. choretroides are species occurring in Minas Gerais characterized by having cylindrical phylloclades. However, they can be distinguished by a combination of morphological characters: the coriaceous, triangular stipules with entire margins in P. roseocalyx (vs. linear stipules with entire margins in P. graminoides and narrowly oval to elliptical stipules with lacerate margins in P. choretroides); pistillate flowers distinctly pedicellate, with pedicels 0.5–0.9 cm long (vs. pedicels up to 0.6 cm long in P. graminoides and up to 0.3 cm long in P. choretroides); pistillate sepals hyaline with a central pink stripe (vs. pistillate sepals white in P. graminoides and pink to reddish in P. choretroides); staminate flowers with obovate sepals (vs. oval or elliptic sepals in P. graminoides and P. choretroides).</p><p>Description:—Subshrubs up to 1 m tall, glabrous, monopodial branching with a reduced main axis, pinnatelike, originating at ground level; main branch cylindrical, with secondary branches transformed into phylloclades. Phylloclades cylindrical, predominantly orthotropic, with some plagiotropic, spiraled, ascending branches; coriaceous, light green to olive-colored, with a truncated apex and attenuated base, 11–66 × 0.1–0.2 cm, exhibiting linear striations, which are prominent to superficial, parallel, and non-convergent; entire margin, 6–15 nodes per phylloclade, internodes 2–6.5 cm long. Cataphylls triangular and coriaceous, with an entire margin, 0.2 × 0.1 cm. Stipules triangular, 0.1 × 0.1 cm, coriaceous, with an entire margin. Leaves not observed. Staminate inflorescence composed of three flowers at different stages of development, covered by several bracts ranging from triangular to narrowly triangular, with a lacerated margin. Pistillate inflorescence composed of solitary flowers. Staminate flowers pedicel less than 0.1 cm long or sessile, with five to six hyaline, yellowish sepals, obovate with a narrowed base, 0.1 × 0.1 mm; two stamens, united anthers with horizontal dehiscence, and a single filament. Pistillate flowers with five hyaline sepals displaying a central pink stripe, oval-shaped, slightly unguiculate in some, 0.1 × 0.1 cm; pedicel 0.5–0.9 cm long. Styles flattened, with three bifid stigmas curving outward. Nectariferous disc prominent, entire, undulated. Ovary elliptic, capitate, trilocular, with well-defined locules, less than 0.1 cm long. Fruit a capsule, oval to obovate, 0.3 × 0.3 cm, slightly flattened, with prominent mericarps and persistent styles; fruits pedicelled, the pedicel 0.9–1.2 cm long. Seeds six per fruit, ca. 0.2 × 0.1 cm, trigonous, smooth. Carpophore not observed.</p><p>Examined specimens (paratypes):— MINAS GERAIS. Monte Azul, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.791&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.141861" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.791/lat -15.141861)">Serra dos Marombas</a>, 15°08’30.7”S, 42°47’27.61”W, 1190 m a.s.l., 3 October 2023, D.A. Zavatin, J.C.B. dos Anjos, L. de Sousa &amp; R. Ramos 2041 (SPF!) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.803886&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.23" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.803886/lat -15.23)">Serra da Formosa, em frente ao Pico da Formosa</a>, 15°13’48”S, 42°48’14”W, 1341 m a.s.l., 27 October 2020, L.P. de Queiroz, A.S. Conceição, J.G. Carvalho-Sobrinho &amp; R. Machado 15002 (HUEFS165385!) . Ibid, 1191 m a.s.l., 27 October 2020, L.P. de Queiroz, A.S. Conceição, J.G. Carvalho-Sobrinho &amp; R. Machado 15033 (HUEFS165416!, SP441552!) .</p><p>Phenology: —Specimens of Phyllanthus roseocalyx were collected with flowers and fruits in April and October.</p><p>Etymology: —The specific epithet “ roseocalyx ” is a reference to the pink-colored calyx of this species, which is especially prominent during the plant’s fertile phase.</p><p>Habitat and Distribution: — Phyllanthus roseocalyx is endemic to the Formosa-Sucuruiu massif, occurring at an average elevation of 1253± 120 m a.s.l., in the municipalities of Monte Azul and Santo Antônio do Retiro (Figure 8). The occurrence varies in soil traits from the localities of P. monteazulensis, as lithic neosols dominate here, with a variable layer of organic material occurring, and dense herbaceous-shrubby vegetation (Figure 9). In the occurrences further north and south, the records found are in typical phytophysiognomies of the Campos Rupestres amidst the rocky outcrops of quartzite on the dry face of the mountain, facing west (Figure 8A).</p><p>Conservation status: — Phyllanthus roseocalyx occurrences can be expanded in environments with similar rocky outcrops, increasing the EOO, which appeared linear at 0.02 km ², while the AOO covers an area of 12 km ² (Figure 8B), considered an Endangered (EN) species, according to criteria B2a,b(ii,iii,iv). Just as there is no delimitation of protected areas for occurrences to the north, in Serra das Marombas, there is none for Pico da Formosa and its surroundings (Figure 8). Similar to P. monteazulensis, those areas face imminent threats from projected quartzite mining activities in the northern part of its range, while to the south, the site is still subject to mineral prospecting (Figure 8C). Regarding fire, three burn events recur throughout the time series in the southern portion, while the records to the north show no fires (Figure 8D). This part of the Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais seems to experience less burning compared to areas further south, likely due to local cultural practices and the surrounding semi-deciduous and deciduous seasonal forests. Although this area has less conversion of native vegetation to human uses, the presence of wind power projects, for which the environmental licensing process is simplified, is the most worrying aspect. However, this may have the potential to directly impact the ecosystems where P. roseocalyx occurs, mainly due to road construction, installation of turbine towers, and other temporary infrastructures that promote soil removal.</p><p>Similar species: — Phyllanthus roseocalyx is similar with P. choretroides Muller Argoviensis (1836:52) and P. graminoides Orlandini (2024: 294) by the cylindrical phylloclades. However, P. roseocalyx can be separated from P. choretroides by the absence of stipules and eophylls in seedlings (vs. stipules and eophylls present), by the presence of triangular stipules with entire margins in adult plants (vs. oval or elliptic stipules with lacerate margins), the calyx of both pistillate and staminate flowers hyaline with a central pink stripe (vs. cream-wine), the solitary pistillate flowers (vs. cymules glomeruliforms), the 5–9 mm long pistillate pedicel (vs. 4–5 mm long), the globose ovary (vs. depressedglobose). Phyllanthus roseocalyx can be separated by P. graminoides by the presence of trigonous and coriaceous stipules (vs. linear and membranaceous stipules in P. graminoides), plagiotropic growth of the phylloclades (vs. orthotropic), the absence of cataphylls (vs. present), deciduous and absent leaves in adult plants (vs. always present), the staminate flower pedicel sessile or with 1 mm long (vs 1–2 mm long), the staminate flower with calyx hyaline (vs. cream), the staminate flower length 1 mm long (vs. 2–4 mm long), 2 stamens (vs. 3), horizontal dehiscence of the anther (vs. vertical or obliquely), pistillate pedicel 5–9 mm long (vs. 6 mm long), pistillate flower with hyaline calyx with a central pink stripe (vs. entirely white), capitate ovary capitate (vs. globose), and absence of carpophore (vs. present).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/454AE469FE3BFFB0FF7EFACA8A8AB90C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zavatin, Danilo Alvarenga;Ramos, Renato;Prado, Jefferson;Cordeiro, Inês;Soares, Marli Kasue Misaki;Appezzato-Da-Glória, Beatriz;Souza, Vinicius Castro;Orlandini, Priscila	Zavatin, Danilo Alvarenga, Ramos, Renato, Prado, Jefferson, Cordeiro, Inês, Soares, Marli Kasue Misaki, Appezzato-Da-Glória, Beatriz, Souza, Vinicius Castro, Orlandini, Priscila (2025): Two new species of Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae) from Northern Minas Gerais, one with a distinctive anatomical character. Phytotaxa 736 (2): 101-119, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.736.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.736.2.1
