taxonID	type	description	language	source
466F87BB520A1228FF2A8D81148DB2C1.taxon	description	(Fig. 2)	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB520A1228FF2A8D81148DB2C1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NIWA 63 (H- 408), Stn Q 686, Stephen’s Hole, Cook Strait, 40.6767 ° S, 174.0550 ° E ‒ 40.6883 ° S, 174.0583 ° E, 205 m, 2 December 1981 (Cruise ID 1127). Paratype: NIWA 470 (P- 640), Stn C 871, off E end of Arapaoa Island, Marlborough Sounds, 41.2400 ° S, 174.1517 ° E, 66 m, 5 March 1962 (Cruise ID 502). Other material: NIWA 162544, Stn TAN 1108 / 217, shelf E of East Cape, 37.5823 ° S, 178.8970 ° E ‒ 37.5852 ° S, 178.8937 ° E, 42 ‒ 48 m, 31 May 2011 (Biogenic Habitats O 2020); NIWA 162548, Stn TAN 1108 / 5, shelf east of Cheviot, 42.8232 ° S, 173.5710 ° E ‒ 42.8195 ° S, 173.5693 ° E, 108 m, 12 May 2011 (Biogenic Habitats O 2020); NIWA 162556, Stn KAH 0705 / 35, off Banks Peninsula, 43.9733 ° S, 173.1155 ° E ‒ 43.9407 ° S, 173.1673 ° E, 75 m, 15 May, 2007; NIWA 173217, Stn C 870, Tory Channel, Queen Charlotte Sound, 41.2383 ° S, 174.2133 ° E, 53 m, 5 March 1962 (Cruise ID 502). Fossil: NIWA 161247, Upper Kai Iwi Shellbed, E of Kai Iwi Beach, Whanganui, Castlecliffian, Pleistocene, 39.8994 ° S, 174.9282 ° E, coll. D. P. Gordon, 22 February 2024.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB520A1228FF2A8D81148DB2C1.taxon	description	Redescription. Colony encrusting, multiserial; maximum colony size not known but, judging by specimens seen, certainly up to 10 mm or more; pale brown. Zooids variable in shape, moderately large, quincuncial, ranging from subquadrangular (diamond-shaped) to irregularly pentagonal, distal margin arcuate, raised, lateral margins typically diverging outwards proximally, mostly straight, proximal end truncate, concavely arcuate or V-shaped depending on position in colony; length: width ratio variable, longer than wide on average, but some zooids can be wider than long. Interzooidal boundaries marked by thin lines in moderately deep furrows. Cryptocystal frontal wall convex, rising to level of orificial rim, surface evenly granular, a narrow extension of cryptocyst around opesia distally, up to 4 granules in width between spine bases. ZL 502 ‒ 990 (714) μm, ZW 484 ‒ 852 (584) μm, n = 70. Mean ZL: ZW ratio 1.22. Opesia variable in length and width, mostly wider than long but in some zooids can be as long as wide, suboval to subcircular, the margin smooth and mostly narrow, a little wide in proximolateral corners. Frontal rims of occlusor laminae thin, curving gently toward distal oral rim without converging. Occlusor-muscle recesses longitudinally subcrescentic with pointed ends. OpL 234 ‒ 318 (271) μm, OpW 242 ‒ 361 (314) μm, n = 70. Mean OpL: ZL ratio 0.38. Oral spines in zone of astogenetic repetition 1 ‒ 10, mostly 4 or 6, odd numbers occurring when a spine on one side of the median line is suppressed; spine bases occurring in a single continuous series of 2 ‒ 4 or more often including an additional very thin distal pair of spines (sometimes one missing) with their bases offset and lower on the distal wall; it is the variable occurrence of this additional pair of tiny spines that determines a final spine number of 4 + 2 (38 % occurrence) or 6 + 2 (14 % occurrence); 4 is the modal number of spines in the primary arc. Spines varying in length, proximalmost spines longest (up to 580 μm), measured at colony margin. All spine bases abutting an extremely thin gymnocystal strip distal to opesia, an extension from this strip encircling each spine base. Spine arc curving round 3 ‒ 33 % (mean 19 %, n = 34) of opesia length. In profile, the stout proximal spines rising nearvertically or, like the others, curving slightly distad; if present, the offset mid-distal lower pair of shorter, thinner spines is directed subhorizontally distalwards. Ovicellate zooids with vestigial ooecium, each ooecium comprising a narrow crescentic structure, the distal margin mostly evenly rounded or slightly sinuous, with wedge-shaped mid-distal extension descending on zooid margin, bearing a tiny hole. A pair of tiny spine bases flanking ooecium with 1 ‒ 2 additional tiny spine bases distobasal to wedge. Ooecium subjacent to 4 ‒ 6 spine bases in primary arc. OoW 238 ‒ 311 (274) μm, n = 19. Mural septula recessed, occurring in lower half of distal and lateral walls; multiporous distally (7 ‒ 8 pores per septulum), reducing to oligoporous, biporous and uniporous successively proximad along lateral walls, which are interior-walled with a granular surface. Ancestrula elongate-oval, opesia occupying c. 41 % of visible ancestrular length, cryptocystal surface granular, extending as very narrow recessed strip around opesia. Spines 6, comprising a separated distal pair, a distolateral pair and proximolateral pair, each of the latter almost level with concave proximal margin of opesia. A closure plate with granular-tubercular surface can occupy central part of opesia, flanked by opercular-muscle recesses. Sole ancestrula encountered surrounded by 5 autozooids, comprising a mid-distal and midproximal daughter zooid, each with 4 oral spines, a left-lateral zooid with 4 spines and 2 right-lateral zooids each with 5 spines. AnL 554, AnW 436, n = 1; AnOpL 185, AnOpW 224, n = 1.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB520A1228FF2A8D81148DB2C1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Colonies encrust hard substrata such as rock, shell and other bryozoans. The species is moderately distinctive, especially when bleached, with its finely granular cryptocyst rising evenly to the elevated opesia. Spine number and length are disconcertingly variable, but the relative shortness of the spine arc is distinctive. The species somewhat resembles Chaperia raphaeli sp. nov. but is distinguished from it principally by spine number (Table 1). Whereas C. granulosa has predominantly 4 ‒ 8 spines, with six spines dominating (38 % of all spine occurrences), C. raphaeli has predominantly 6 ‒ 10 spines, with eight spines dominating (49 % of all spine occurrences). Furthermore, spines in C. raphaeli are always arranged in a continuous arc with none of the distomedial spines offset. Ancestrulae differ too. The ancestrula of C. granulosa has only six spines, whereas C. raphaeli has eight spines (nine seen in one aberrant example in which an extra spine has been asymmetrically interpolated on one side) and the proximalmost spine pair is more distant from the opesia than is the case in C. granulosa. Only one ancestrula of C. granulosa has been encountered so far. Because there is slight overlap of the ancestrular periphery by surrounding zooids, maximum ancestrular length and width (given above) were measured from the underside. This was made possible by the flaking-off of the bleached ancestrulate colony from its shell substratum. In frontal view the ancestrula appears only 441 μm long and 356 μm wide.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB520A1228FF2A8D81148DB2C1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. New Zealand endemic: eastern continental shelf from East Cape through Cook Strait to Banks Peninsula, 37 ‒ 43 °, 42 ‒ 205 m depth. Also early to middle Pleistocene, Whanganui Series.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB520F1228FF2A8820110DB559.taxon	description	(Fig. 3)	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB520F1228FF2A8820110DB559.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for my grandson Nico Gordon.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB520F1228FF2A8820110DB559.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NIWA 175024, Stn B 237, Foveaux Strait W of Bluff, 46.5833 ° S, 168.1833 ° E, 25 m, 23 May 1960 (Cruise ID 471), on Symplectoscyphus sp. (Leptothecata). Paratype: NIWA 175023, same data as holotype. Other material: NIWA 98734, same data as holotype.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB520F1228FF2A8820110DB559.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting Symplectoscyphus hydroids, unilaminar, multiserial; up to 5 mm maximum dimension. Zooids small, all <0.5 mm length, averaging longer than wide, irregularly subhexagonal, with arcuate distal margin and diverging straight to gently curving lateral margins, proximal end truncate or tapering; generally widest midlength, with distinct interzooidal furrows with very narrow gymnocystal rims. Cryptocyst evenly peppered with moderately distributed granules; cryptocyst extending as very narrow sinuous furrow around entire opesia when ooecium lacking, with a single band of protruding tubercle-like granules along opesial margins and sometimes distal margin. ZL 361 ‒ 466 (389), ZW 262 ‒ 488 (320), n = 20. Mean ZL: ZW ratio 1.22. Opesia roughly as wide as long with some variation, proximal margin very gently concave, almost straight in middle part, with narrow smooth margin. Frontal rims of occlusor laminae very thin in frontal view, slightly curving to almost straight, very widely separated distally, muscle recesses generally narrow, mostly pointed distad and rounded proximally. OpL 160 ‒ 187 (173), OpW 149 ‒ 219 (177), n = 20. Mean OpL: ZL ratio 0.44. Oral spines 6 – 8, with 7 spines (50 %) and 6 spines (44 %) dominating. Proximalmost spine bases not markedly larger than bases of mediolateral pair, only occasionally set at level of proximal opesia margin or slightly proximal to it. Spines vertical or almost so, generally straight or weakly curving, the proximalmost pair tending to incline toward each other; all spine bases set within marginal gymnocyst. Spine arc bordering 62 ‒ 104 % of opesia length (mean 81 %; n = 21). Spine length varying, the longest spines up to 312 μm long. Ooecium vestigial, crescentic, the interior-walled frontal surface appearing as a furrow, no distal wedge, ooecial pore mediodistal in furrow, transverse, sometimes slit-like; adjacent to 3 – 5 spine bases. OoW 140 ‒ 179 (155), n = 14. Ooecia can be produced by autozooids just three generations from the ancestrula. Lateral septula relatively large, shallow, transversely oval in centre of wall with up to 12 pores per septulum; a smaller mid-distal septulum present, flanked by a distolateral pair. Outer margin of septula with tiny spinules. Ancestrula elongate-oval, bordered by 7 spines, 4 around the opesia (the distolateral pair widely separated), a midlateral pair adjacent to the cryptocyst and a median proximal spine. All spines at edge of gymnocyst. Ancestrula first buds a daughter zooid mid-distally, then two others distolaterally, each of which produces a zooid that flanks the lateral wall of the ancestrula. Because of the limited nature of the linear substratum, the colony tends to be mostly unidirectional, but a lobe can extend onto a branch of the hydroid host. AnL 328 – 373 (347), AnW 233 – 261 (247), n = 5; AnOpL 103 – 132 (118), n = 3; AnOpW 115 – 155 (141), n = 5.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB520F1228FF2A8820110DB559.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Chaperia nicoi sp. nov. is one of only two New Zealand species with seven ancestrular spines, the other being C. sadieae sp. nov., but that species differs significantly in ancestrular shape and in the number and distribution of opesial spines (mostly six spines bordering 14 – 38 % of the opesia in C. sadieae sp. nov., compared to mostly seven spines bordering 62 – 100 % of the opesia in C. nicoi sp. nov.). In autozooidal characteristics, C. nicoi sp. nov. most resembles C. Juliani sp. nov., especially in autozooidal and opesial dimensions and the presence of a series of projecting small cryptocystal tubercles adjacent to the opesia; it differs, however, in having proportionally smaller proximolateral spine bases that are mostly distal to the proximal margin of the opesia.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB520F1228FF2A8820110DB559.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic, known so far only from the type locality at c. 45.5 ° S and 25 m depth on Symplectoscyphus hydroids.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52011226FF2A8991158CB585.taxon	description	(Fig. 4)	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52011226FF2A8991158CB585.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Honorific for ESNZIC Collection Manager Sadie Mills, in recognition of her outstanding leadership, diligence and helpfulness to all users of the Wellington Collection.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52011226FF2A8991158CB585.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NIWA 120118, Stn C 871, Tory Channel, Queen Charlotte Sound, South Island, 41.2400 ° S, 174.1517 ° E, 66 m, 5 March 1962 (Cruise ID 502). Paratype: NIWA 134603, Stn Z 9686, NNE of Cape Reinga / Te Rerenga Wairua, Northland, North Island, 34.3610 ° S, 172.6863 E, 48 m, 27 January 1999 (Cruise ID 3054). Other material: NIWA 158544, Stn Z 19192, Waimarama Beach, Hawkes Bay, 39.8216 ° S, 176.9968 ° E, 0 m (beach drift on hydroid), spring 2017, coll. D. P. Gordon; NIWA 158572, Stn TAN 1108 / 239, NE of East Cape, North Island, 37.5947 ° S, 178.8660 ° E, 56 ‒ 58 m, 1 June 2011 (Biogenic Habitats 2020).	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52011226FF2A8991158CB585.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, multiserial, c. 5 mm long, on thecate hydroids. Zooids as long as wide or a little longer, variably 4 - sided-diamond-shaped to polygonal, generally widest midlength or in proximal third; mostly arranged quincuncially; distal margin arcuate, raised, lateral margins typically straight, proximal margin arcuate, truncate or angled. Interzooidal boundaries marked by thin gymnocystal lines. Cryptocyst regularly granular, flattened, incompletely appearing around opesia, especially distally, as very narrow furrow between opesial rim and spine bases. ZL 319 ‒ 568 (436), ZW 304 ‒ 638 (425), n = 30. ZL: ZW ratio 1.03. Opesia mostly wider than long, subcircular to transversely suboval, with smooth distinct thin margin. Frontal rims of occlusor laminae widely separated, generally curving toward distal oral rim to form an arch; opesia moderately large relative to zooid length. Occlusor muscle recesses generally somewhat narrow and a little wider towards proximal end, but overall variable in frontal view. OpL 165 ‒ 293 (224), OpW 164 ‒ 323 (254), n = 30; mean OpL: ZL ratio 0.51. Oral spines in zone of astogenetic repetition 5 ‒ 8, principally 6 (79 %) or 7 (19 %), in single series from marginal gymnocystal strip, essentially all the same diameter, of moderate length and extending vertically at slight angle, straight or with slight curvature or sinuosity, fairly stout; longest spines up to 519 μm. Spine arc bordering 14 ‒ 38 % of opesia length (mean 25 %). Vestigial ooecium crescentic, tapering to rounded tips at each end, distal margin sightly sinuous or with ‘ shoulders’, frontal face smooth, slightly concave; a round flat extension at apex in which is a small median ooecial pore. OoW 205 ‒ 254 (230), n = 23. Septular pores more or less in a transverse series along upper half of lateral walls, pore-plates multiporous with 2 ‒ 9 pores in each sunken septulum; sometimes a single septulum offset below main band of septula; entire face of lateral wall with very small variably sized spinules and granules. Mid-distal face of zooid narrow, generally bounded on each side by a vertical ridge bearing a very thin line of gymnocyst; 3 ‒ 4 sunken multiporous septula in central part between the two bounding vertical ridges. Ancestrula polygonal, the distal margin truncate to weakly arched, the proximal end angled, with subcentral opesia that is almost transversely oval with proximal margin straight to slightly concave in middle part. Cryptocyst slightly sunken, smooth to sparsely granular, with 7 stout spine bases around periphery that may cause slight scalloping of ancestrular outline; spines sinuous, outwardly directed. Ancestrula buds a distal daughter zooid that may be slightly offset, influencing pattern of subsequent budding, hence eventually surrounded by 6 ‒ 8 autozooids, including 1 ‒ 2 distal daughter zooids flanked by a distolateral or lateral pair. Colony can grow peripherally all around ancestrula but, owing to linear substratum, can form bipolar or unipolar colony. AnL 283 ‒ 350 (306), AnW 268 ‒ 332 (304), n = 3; AnOpL 120 ‒ 152 (136), AnOpW 146 ‒ 180 (164), n = 3.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52011226FF2A8991158CB585.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Chaperia sadieae sp. nov. is highly distinctive, with a unique combination of characters that include sinuous opesial spines arrayed in a very shallow arc and a proportionally large opesia with a mean OpL: ZL ratio of 0.51, the latter value shared only with C. crassispina sp. nov.. Like C. nicoi sp. nov., it has a seven-spined ancestrula but the shape is quite distinctive (cf. Figs 4 G and 5 F).	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52011226FF2A8991158CB585.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic, ranging in New Zealand from 34.3 ‒ 41.2 ° S (Three Kings shelf to Cook Strait) at depths of 48 ‒ 66 m on stems of branching thecate hydroids (e. g. NIWA 134603 on Aglaophenia acanthocarpa Allman).	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52001222FF2A8F131205B60A.taxon	description	(Fig. 5)	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52001222FF2A8F131205B60A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for my grandson Raphael Gordon.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52001222FF2A8F131205B60A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NIWA 173219, Stn C 871, off E end of Arapaoa Island, Marlborough Sounds, 41.2400 ° S, 174.1517 ° E, 66 m, 5 March 1962 (Cruise ID 502). Paratype: NIWA 173222, same data as holotype. Other material: NIWA 89443, Stn TAN 1108 / 239, off East Cape, North Island, 37.5947 ° S, 178.8660 ° E ‒ 37.5947 ° S, 178.8642 ° E, 56 ‒ 58 m, 1 June 2011 (Biogenic Habitats O 2020; NIWA 132839, Stn Z 18628 Otago Shelf E of Cape Saunders, South Island, 45.8333 ° S, 170.8611 ° E, 80 m, 10 November 2018 (University of Otago Stn KA- 04); NIWA 134520, Stn Z 9686, N of Cape Reinga / Te Rerenga Wairua, Northland, North Island, 34.3600 ° S, 172.6857 ° E, 48 m, 27 January 1999 (Cruise ID 3054); NIWA 158514, Stn TRIP 5616 / 51, E shelf margin, Stewart-Snares Platform, 48.5 ° S, 167.9 ° E – 48.7 ° S, 167.6 ° E, 138 – 141 m, 21 April 2019; NIWA 158570, Stn TRIP 5259 / 20, SE Stewart-Snares Platform, 48.8 ° S, 167.0 ° E – 48.8 ° S, 166.9 ° E, 175 – 228 m, 11 February 2018; NIWA 158575, Stn TRIP 2568 / 6, S of The Snares islands, 48.5 ° S, 166.3 ° E – 48.8 ° S, 166.7 ° E, 177 – 178 m, 1 February 2008; NIWA 158576, Stn S 78, NE of Bounty Islands, 47.7100 ° S, 179.2100 ° E, 146 m, 23 November 1978 (Cruise ID 1085); NIWA 158658, Stn TRIP 3135 / 6, E shelf margin, Stewart-Snares Platform, 48.3 ° S, 168.1 ° E – 48.2 ° S, 168.3 ° E, n. d., 25 May 2010 (Cruise ID 9912); NIWA 162553, Stn TRIP 3649 / 4, S of The Snares islands, 48.6 ° S, 166.3 ° E – 48.7 ° S, 166.7 ° E, 190 m, 13 January 2013; NIWA 173221, Stn C 870, Tory Channel, Queen Charlotte Sound, 41.2383 ° S, 174.2133 ° E, 53 m, 5 March 1962 (Cruise ID 502); NIWA 175030, Stn B 593, S of The Snares islands, 48.7167 ° S, 167.5333 ° E, 161 – 168 m, 13 October 1962 (Cruise ID 505); NIWA 173236, NIWA 173239, Stn D 139, S of The Snares, 48.3417 ° S, 167.7750 ° E, 150 m, 13 January 1964 (Cruise ID 7008); NIWA 175031 – 175033, same data as paratype; NIWA 175032, Stn B 589, S of The Snares islands, 48.7333 ° S, 166.5000 ° E, 187 – 188 m, 13 October 1962 (Cruise ID 505).	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52001222FF2A8F131205B60A.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, up to 18.7 mm longest diameter, pale brown. Zooids somewhat variable in shape, moderately large, surrounded by 6 ‒ 7 other zooids, ranging from subquadrangular (diamond-shaped) to irregularly pentagonal, distal margin arcuate, raised, lateral margins typically diverging outwards proximally, mostly straight, proximal end truncate, concavely arcuate or V-shaped depending on position in colony; mean length and width more or less equal. Interzooidal boundaries marked by thin lines in moderately deep furrows. Cryptocystal frontal wall flat to weakly convex, to moderately transversely convex depending on position in colony, surface evenly granular, a narrow extension of cryptocyst around opesia distally, with scattered granules in furrow. ZL 384 ‒ 839 (621) μm, ZW 363 ‒ 893 (596) μm, n = 110. Mean ZL: ZW ratio 1.04. Opesia variable in length and width, mostly wider than long, suboval to subcircular, the margin smooth and mostly narrow, a little wider in proximolateral corners. Frontal rims of occlusor laminae thin, curving gently toward distal oral rim. Occlusor-muscle recesses generally longitudinally narrowly banana-shaped. OpL 217 ‒ 324 (277) μm, OpW 211 ‒ 381 (323) μm, n = 105. Mean OpL: ZL ratio 0.45. Oral spines in zone of astogenetic repetition 5 ‒ 11, mostly 8 (49 % occurrence) (Table 1), arranged symmetrically, odd numbers occurring when a spine on one side of the median line is suppressed; spine bases occurring in a single continuous series, the median 1 ‒ 3 spines with smaller bases than the others and slightly narrower; longest spines up to 543 μm. All spine bases abutting an extremely thin gymnocystal strip distal to the opesia, an extension from this strip encircling each spine base. Spine arc curving round 18 ‒ 77 % of opesia length in holotype (mean 41 %, n = 46), variable within and between colonies. Spines near-vertical, most tending to bend slightly distad, the stouter proximal spines tending to bend toward each other. Ovicellate zooids with vestigial ooecium, each comprising a narrow crescentic structure, the distal margin mostly evenly rounded but may have a slightly wedge-shaped or rounded tab-like mid-distal extension, descending a little on the zooid margin, bearing a tiny ooecial pore between the bases of an adjacent spine pair. Ooecium subjacent to generally 6 spine bases in primary arc. Holotype OoW 205 ‒ 275 (239) μm, n = 44 Mural septula multiporous, recessed, occurring in a series of 3 – 4 along the lower half of each lateral wall, each with c. 7 – 14 pores, and a pair of septula in the mid-distal wall that is flanked on either side by a very thin pair of vertical gymnocystal strips. Lateral and distal skeletal wall surfaces textured by granules and spinulation. Ancestrula longitudinally suboval or proximally tapering, surface granular-tubercular. Opesia transversely oval with smooth margin; a skeletal closure plate with small nodules may come to occupy interior of opesia between occlusor laminae or entire width of opesia. Opesia bordered by 3 pairs of spines; another pair flanking cryptocyst proximal to opesia, hence 8 spines in all. An excentric additional spine bordering opesia in one example (out of eight ancestrulae examined), giving a total of nine spines. Ancestrula flanked by bases of 5 ‒ 7 zooids, mostly six; most examples with mid-distal daughter zooid, sometimes skewed a little to one side; an additional pair budded distolaterally, one on each side of first daughter zooid. The latter bears 4 ‒ 6 spines, other periancestrular zooids with 4 ‒ 8 spines. AnL 406 ‒ 494 (449), AnW 321 ‒ 399 (369), n = 8; AnOpL 162 ‒ 191 (177), AnOpW 188 ‒ 236 (213), n = 8.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52001222FF2A8F131205B60A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Most colonies encrusted shells of dead bivalve molluscs or other calcareous substrata; NIWA 89443 and NIWA 134520 enveloped the stems of thecate hydroids. The shortest spines were encountered in the holotype, which grew on the convex upper surface of a shell from a narrow tidal channel, a setting in which there is fast current flow. Not reflected in the metrics given in the description (above) are measurements of an inferred morphological variant from the southern and southeastern margins of the Stewart-Snares Platform (Table 2). The most obvious differences in the variant are a more consistent occurrence of eight opesial spines that border a larger mean proportion of the opesial arc, as well as ooecia that consistently have very acute proximolateral tips (in contradistinction to the rounded ooecial tips in ‘ core’ C. raphaeli) and a distinct mid-distal wedge in which the ooecial pore occurs. In addition, the variant has only 1 – 2 multiporous septula in lateral walls compared to 3 – 4 in C. raphaeli sensu stricto. Significantly, the ancestrula in both morphologies is more or less identical; C. raphaeli sp. nov. is the only New Zealand species with eight ancestrular spines. Chaperia raphaeli sp. nov. somewhat resembles C. granulosa but is distinguished from it principally by spine number (Table 1). Whereas C. granulosa has predominantly 4 ‒ 8 opesial spines, with six spines dominating (38 % of all spine occurrences), C. raphaeli sp. nov. has predominantly 6 ‒ 10 spines, with eight spines dominating (49 % of all spine occurrences). Furthermore, spines in C. raphaeli sp. nov. are always arranged in a continuous arc with no distomedial smaller spines. Ancestrular spine number differs too — C. raphaeli sp. nov. and C. granulosa are the only New Zealand species with, respectively, eight and six ancestrular spines.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52001222FF2A8F131205B60A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. New Zealand endemic; distributed from the continental shelf off Cape Reinga and East Cape to northern South Island (Marlborough Sounds) and Otago Shelf, as well as the Bounty and Stewart-Snares Platforms, 34.3 ‒ 48.8 ° S at 56 ‒ 228 m depth.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52051220FF2A8DBE10D0B100.taxon	description	(Fig. 6)	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52051220FF2A8DBE10D0B100.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for my grandson Ari Gordon.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52051220FF2A8DBE10D0B100.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NIWA 134601, Stn Z 17983, Te Ti Beach, Waitangi, New Zealand, 35.2781 ° S, 174.0854 ° E, collected by D. P. Gordon, 1 November 2017, beach-cast on a small piece of a kallymeniacean red alga (Callophyllis sp.?).	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52051220FF2A8DBE10D0B100.taxon	description	Description. Colony algal-encrusting, unilaminar, multiserial; small, up to 6.5 mm long. Zooids longer than wide or as wide as long, small, more or less polygonal, with straight to slightly curved margins, widest midlength, interzooidal boundaries distinct, relatively weakly adherent and easily separated, each surrounded by thin gymnocystal rim. Cryptocyst transversely convex, comprising highest part of zooidal frontal surface, evenly but inconsistently pustulose, tending to smooth in places, especially proximally, extending as a thin sinuous furrow around entire opesia except when ooecium present, generally smooth, but often with isolated or short series of pustules within furrow. ZL 320 ‒ 469 (408), n = 15; ZW 265 ‒ 407 (314), n = 17. Mean ZL: ZW ratio 1.30. Opesia proportionately large, occupying half or more of zooid length, subcircular, generally a little longer than wide, its margin very narrow, smooth. Occlusor laminae so close to lateral margins of opesia as to be frontally concealed in some zooids and their edges seen only by tilting zooid; occlusor-muscle recesses extremely narrow with pointed ends, weakly curving, their distal ends separated by shallow transverse recess. OpL 173 ‒ 241 (203), n = 8; OpW 164 ‒ 217 (193), n = 14. Mean OpL: ZL ratio 0.50. Oral spines in zone of astogenetic repetition 4 ‒ 7, mostly 6 (64 %), in a single series around entire opesial arch, disposed symmetrically, relatively short with large bases, stumpy, distally tapering to terminal pore, erect; all spine bases set within marginal gymnocyst. Longest spines up to 212 μm. Spine arc curving around 53 – 100 % of opesia (mean 68 %, n = 10). Ooecium vestigial, crescentic, the frontal interior surface having a deep furrow; the proximal margin conspicuously raised, distal margin slightly sinuous on each side of midline; a conspicuous short transverse pore mid-distally. Distal margin of ooecium adjacent to 1.5 ‒ 2 spine bases on each side. OoW 144 ‒ 183 (158), n = 5. Mural septula distal and lateral; the latter variable in length, the opening large, elongate, rounded, with series of biporous septula along middle of lateral wall. Ancestrula longitudinally suboval, distal margin truncate, bordered by marginal gymnocyst that is scalloped along inner frontal margin bordering bases of 9 spines, 3 pairs flanking opesia, a pair flanking the cryptocyst and 1 spine midproximally. Opesia subcircular with near-straight distal margin. Cryptocyst pustulose, narrowly surrounding opesia as smooth sinuous furrow. Daughter zooid budded mid-distally. AnL 351 ‒ 366 (360), AnW 262 ‒ 320 (295), AnOpL 156 ‒ 176 (164), AnOpW 147 ‒ 170 (161), n = 3.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52051220FF2A8DBE10D0B100.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Chaperia arii sp. nov. is so far known only from the type locality. The holotype specimen is the largest of c. 15 colonies of varying size on the same small, dried branching alga, the smallest colony comprising an ancestrula and daughter zooid. In life, the species may be distinguished from other epialgal species by its short stumpy spines that allow much of the frontal zooidal surface to be easily seen. Skeletally, the species is notable for its proportionately large opesia, elevated transversely convex cryptocyst and the raised proximofrontal rim of the vestigial ooecium.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52051220FF2A8DBE10D0B100.taxon	distribution	Distribution. New Zealand endemic, at Bay of Islands, North Island, beach-cast, apparently epialgal in shallow water.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB5207123EFF2A8A6012A3B0E4.taxon	description	(Fig. 7)	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB5207123EFF2A8A6012A3B0E4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Honorific for Jill Bennett, a passionate conchologist whose volunteer help in the NIWA Invertebrate Collection yielded some very useful bryozoan specimens, including new taxa.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB5207123EFF2A8A6012A3B0E4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NIWA 120116, Stn Q 723, shelf edge W of Cape Foulwind, South Island, New Zealand, 41.9750 ° S, 170.4683 ° E, 503 m, 4 March 1982, from small bivalve shell (Cruise ID 1131). Paratype: NIWA 120117, Stn S 385, shelf edge W of Cape Foulwind, 41.9867 ° S, 170.4817 ° E, 496 m, 3 February 1983, from small bivalve shell (Cruise ID 9910). Other material: NIWA 120115, same data as holotype; this specimen was inadvertently destroyed when, after SEMing, the small ancestrulate colony flaked off its substratum when touched by the tip of a forceps and shattered.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB5207123EFF2A8A6012A3B0E4.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, multiserial, c. 4 mm maximum dimension; largest example comprising 34 fully formed and budding post-ancestrular zooids, 15 of them ovicellate. Zooids moderately large, some exceeding 1 mm in length, but also relatively thin-walled and delicate, mostly longer than wide, irregularly polygonal with arcuate distal margin and diverging or weakly curving lateral margins, proximal end truncate or tapering, generally widest midlength, with distinct interzooidal furrows and very thin lateral gymnocyst. Cryptocyst regularly and densely textured by fine granulation frontally, extending as very narrow smooth furrow around entire opesia in absence of ooecium. ZL 670 ‒ 1052 (797), ZW 440 ‒ 807 (592), n = 39. Mean ZL: ZW ratio 1.35. Opesia mostly transversely oval and wider than long, with smooth rounded proximal margin. Frontal rims of occlusor laminae gently curving obliquely in frontal view, widely separated distally, muscle recesses banana-shaped. OpL 201 ‒ 267 (241), n = 28; OpW 234 ‒ 304 (266), n = 36. Mean OpL: ZL ratio 0.30. Oral spines in zone of astogenetic repetition 8 ‒ 11, distributed in a primary series of 6 ‒ 9 spines, with 8 spines dominating (90 %), and always an additional pair of thinner spines offset at a lower level on the elevated part of the distal wall. Spines acicular, straight, directed obliquely outwards in a halo around opesia; longest spines up to 592 μm; all spine bases set within marginal gymnocyst. Spine arc bordering 66 ‒ 104 % of opesia length (mean 83 %, n = 23). Ooecium vestigial, crescentic, interior-walled frontal surface convex, lacking furrow, apical part with shortly descending extension bearing ooecial pore on elevated distal face of zooid between lowermost pair of smaller spine bases. OoW 204 ‒ 269 (237), n = 19. Mural septular pores distributed in linear row of up to 19 pores along each lateral wall, which is an interior wall; sparsely scattered small low tubercles and minute spinules present on outer side of wall. Narrow mid-distal septular wall with a single small multiporous septulum flanked by some individual septular pores, below which is a larger multiporous septulum; an additional multiporous septulum either side of mid-distal wall. Ancestrula suboval, squat, bordered by 9 spines, 8 around the opesia and 1 midproximal on edge of gymnocyst. Cryptocyst granular, larger than opesia. Gymnocyst extensive all around ancestrula, granular. In sole example seen, ancestrula is at proximal end of somewhat flabellate colony; it buds a single daughter zooid obliquely distally that in turn buds two zooids laterally from distal half of cystid and a median zooid directed obliquely distolaterally. These produce others that begin outward expansion of colony as well as other zooids that begin to trend proximally. AnL 454, AnW 384, n = 1; AnOpL 166, AnOpW 202, n = 1.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB5207123EFF2A8A6012A3B0E4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The species is notable for its relatively small colony size coupled with weak calcification. Additionally, it is so far known only as encrustations on small dead bivalve shells at the two localities where it has been found. The fine very dense granulation of the cryptocyst is distinctive, as is the linear series of septular pores along the lower half of each lateral wall. All spines are acicular with relatively small bases and there is always a pair of lesser spines on the distal wall below the principal spine arc. No other species has this combination of characters.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB5207123EFF2A8A6012A3B0E4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic, known so far only from two stations west of Cape Foulwind, South Island at c. 42 ° S latitude at 496 ‒ 503 m on small shelly substrata.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB5219123FFF2A8A441478B5D0.taxon	description	(Fig. 8)	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB5219123FFF2A8A441478B5D0.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Latin crassus, thick, and spina, spine, alluding to the form of the opesial spines.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB5219123FFF2A8A441478B5D0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NIWA 158562, Stn Z 19201, South Bay, Kaikoura Peninsula, South Island, New Zealand, 42.4512 ° S, 173.5774 ° E, 5 ‒ 20 m, 21 October 2010, on a red alga (Gelidiales). Paratype: NIWA 158563, same data as for holotype, specimens donated by Dr Catherine Reid, University of Canterbury.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB5219123FFF2A8A441478B5D0.taxon	description	Description. Colony algal-encrusting, unilaminar, multiserial; up to 6 mm maximum dimension. Zooids mostly longer than wide, more or less polygonal with curved margins, widest midlength, with distinct, interzooidal furrows; weakly adherent and easily separated, each surrounded by narrow lateral gymnocyst that widens proximally around frontal cryptocyst but is variably expressed and is sometimes lacking at extreme midproximal end. Cryptocystal frontal wall relatively small, sometimes even less than area of gymnocyst, nodular-tubercular, extending as narrow sinuous band around entire opesia except when ooecium present. ZL 395 ‒ 676 (561), n = 24; W 260 ‒ 442 (371), n = 24. Mean ZL: ZW ratio 1.51. Opesia proportionally very large, occupying more than half zooid length, subcircular to elongate-oval, completely lacking a distinct smooth rim. Occlusor laminae somewhat concealed under opesial margins; tilting shows relatively broad and shallow muscle recesses, obliquely inclined at c. 45 °, converging distally without meeting. OpL 219 ‒ 339 (287), n = 13; OpW 234 ‒ 268 (251), n = 13. Mean OpL: ZL ratio 0.51. Oral spines in zone of astogenetic repetition 10 ‒ 12, in almost equal numbers with 11 spines slightly more frequent, in a single series, large relative to zooid size, especially the proximalmost pair, with very large bases; many spines stumpy, distally tapering abruptly to terminal pore, erect; proximalmost spines proximal to opesia. All spine bases set within marginal gymnocyst, which thinly surrounds half of spine base on inner side. Spine arc bordering 105 ‒ 133 % of opesia length (mean 124). Spine length varying, the shorter spines relatively stumpier than the longest spines, which are up to 523 μm in length. Ooecium vestigial, more or less crescentic with corners abruptly curved proximally in some zooids, the frontal surface appearing as a shallow furrow, accentuated by slightly upturned proximal margin; a transverse slit-like pore mid-distally. OoW 201 ‒ 238 (224), n = 6. Large mural pore-chambers distal and distolateral, each with large multiporous septulum; a few tiny spinules on inner wall around septulum. Ancestrula oval to subpyriform, distal margin rounded, opesia bordered by 9 spines, 4 on each side and 1 midproximally, the distalmost ones shortest. Cryptocyst much-reduced, pustulose. Daughter zooid budded mid-distally, with another budded in a right- or left-distolateral position. AnL 443 ‒ 464 (453), n = 3; AnW 350 ‒ 385 (368), AnOpL 211 – 218 (215), AnOpW 193 – 197 (195), n = 2.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB5219123FFF2A8A441478B5D0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Chaperia crassispina sp. nov. shares with C. sadieae sp. nov. the largest OpL: ZL ratio (mean 0.51) of any of the species described herein, i. e. the opesia appears very large in proportion to zooid length and width. Spines in C. crassispina are also exceptional, especially the proximalmost ones with conspicuous bases that are larger than all the others and wholly emplaced proximal to the opesia. Since the spines are short relative to their diameter, they appear stumpy, unlike the longer spines in C. sadieae that, in comparison, occupy only a small mean percentage (25 %) of opesial length (cf. 124 % in C. crassispina).	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB5219123FFF2A8A441478B5D0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic, known so far only from the type locality at 42.4 ° S latitude.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB521B123DFF2A8991150EB5AD.taxon	description	(Figs 9, 10)	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB521B123DFF2A8991150EB5AD.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Honorific for Diana Macpherson, Assistant Collection Manager of the ESNZ Invertebrate Collection.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB521B123DFF2A8991150EB5AD.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NIWA 175051, Stn Z 9710, southeastern Three Kings shelf off Piwhane / Spirits Bay, 34.3525 ° S, 172.7653 ° E, 54 m, 29 January 1999 (Cruise ID 3064). Paratypes: NIWA 175654, Stn Z 8822, 34.3550 ° S, 172.7850 ° E, 58 m, 27 February 1997 (Cruise ID BG 9701); NIWA 175043, Stn Z 9687, 34.3780 ° S, 172.7110 ° E, 48 m, 27 January 1999 (Cruise ID 3064). Other material: NIWA 175038, 174040, 175041, Stn Z 9697, 34.3548 ° S, 172.7065 ° E, 57 m, 28 January 1999 (Cruise ID 3064); NIWA 175042, Stn Z 9684, 34.3925 ° S, 172.862 ° E, 40 m, 26 January 1999 (Cruise ID 3064); NIWA 175045, 175052, 175053, 175652, Stn Z 9710, 34.3525 ° S, 172.7653 ° E, 54 m, 29 January 1999 (Cruise ID 3064); NIWA 175046, Stn C 765, 34.4417 ° S, 172.8167 ° E, 21 m, 19 February 1962 (Cruise ID 502); NIWA 175047, Stn Z 8854, 34.9767 ° S, 173.7683 ° E, 26 m, 26 February 1997 (Cruise ID BG 9701); NIWA 175048, 175653, Stn Z 8853, 34.9717 ° S, 173.7750 ° E, 25 m (Cruise ID BG 9701); NIWA 175049, Stn Z 9672, 34.3330 ° S, 172.7632 ° E, 63 m, 25 January 1999 (Cruise ID 3054); NIWA 175050, Stn Z 9685, 34.3763 ° S, 172.8208 ° E, 49 m (Cruise ID 3054); NIWA 175052, Stn Z 9671, 34.3600 ° S, 172.7938 ° E, 55 m, 25 January 1999 (Cruise ID 30540); NIWA 175655, Stn Z 8834, 34.3867 ° S, 172.8683 ° E, 48 m, 27 February 1997 (Cruise ID BG 9701); NIWA 175655, Stn Z 9665, 34.4052 ° S, 172.8228 ° E, 33 m, 24 January 1999 (Cruise ID 3054).	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB521B123DFF2A8991150EB5AD.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, circular, multiserial, up to 30 mm diameter, overall colour pale chestnut brown owing to spines. Zooids more or less subpentagonal, rounded in distal half, more angular in proximal half, arranged in quincunx; lateral margins straight or gently curved. Mean length greater than mean width. Interzooidal boundaries marked by thin lines in shallow furrows. Cryptocystal frontal wall flat to slightly sunken, rising to proximal opesial margin, surface granular, a smooth narrow extension of cryptocyst around opesia distally, less apparent laterally. ZL 462 ‒ 693 (544) μm, n = 30, ZW 389 ‒ 578 (460) μm, n = 43. Mean ZL: ZW ratio 1.18. Opesia variable in length and width, mostly wider than long, suboval to subcircular, the margin evenly smooth and narrow. Frontal rims of occlusor laminae thin, straight to curving gently toward oral rims. Occlusor-muscle recesses generally moderately broad, mostly pointed at both ends. OpL 230 ‒ 290 (249) μm, OpW 246 ‒ 329 (282) μm, n = 48. Mean OpL: ZL ratio 0.48. Oral spines in zone of astogenetic repetition 8 ‒ 12, mostly 10 (55 % occurrence), arranged symmetrically, odd numbers occurring when an extra spine occurs in the mid-distal cluster of 2 – 4 small-based slenderer spines; longest spines up to 609 μm. All spine bases abutting an extremely thin gymnocystal strip distal to the opesia, an extension from this strip encircling each spine base. Spine arc curving round 32 ‒ 66 % of opesia length (mean 47 %, n = 30), variable within and between colonies. Spines near-vertical, some tending to bend slightly distad, the stouter proximal spines tending to bend toward each other. Ovicellate zooids with vestigial ooecium, each comprising a narrow subtriangular structure, crescentic proximally, with rounded mid-distal process in which is an ooecial pore of varied size. Median spines normally distal to this process, sometimes slightly offset with respect to spine arc. Ooecium subjacent to 7 – 9 spine bases. OoW 200 ‒ 253 (234) μm, n = 12. Mural septula multiporous, recessed, occurring in a series of 3 – 4 along the lower half of each lateral wall, each with c. 7 – 14 pores, and a pair of septula in the mid-distal wall that is flanked on either side by a very thin pair of vertical gymnocystal strips. Lateral and distal skeletal wall surfaces textured by spinulation. Ancestrula longitudinally suboval or proximally tapering with sloping interior-walled sides. Frontal surface bordered by narrow rim delimiting cryptocyst and opesia, cryptocyst granular-tubercular. Opesia transversely oval with smooth margin. Opesia bordered by 9 spines, 6 bordering opesia, another pair flanking cryptocyst and a midproximal spine. Ancestrula surrounded by 6 – 7 autozooids, including a mid-distal daughter zooid that is flanked by a distolateral pair, each of which buds a zooid directed proximally; 1 – 2 zooids occur mid-proximally. Daughter zooids around distal half of ancestrula with 6 – 8 spines; those proximal to ancestrula with 9 – 10 spines. AnL 444 (n = 1), AnW 255 ‒ 326 (303), n = 10; AnOpL 125 ‒ 159 (146), n = 10; AnOpW 148 ‒ 207 (185), n = 8.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB521B123DFF2A8991150EB5AD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Chaperia dianae sp. nov. superficially most resembles C. raphaeli sp. nov. when viewed through a stereoscopic microscope, but differs in two principal respects, viz the principal autozooidal spine number in C. dianae sp. nov. in the zone of astogenetic repetition is ten and the number of ancestrular spines is nine vs eight autozooidal and ancestrular spines in C. raphaeli sp. nov.; the ancestrula of the latter species lacks a midproximal spine.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB521B123DFF2A8991150EB5AD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Chaperia dianae sp. nov. is a moderately common locally endemic species in the outer Piwhane / Spirits Bay – Takapaukura / Tom Bowling Bay area of the Three Kings shelf, where it occurs at depths of 21 – 63 m on shelly substrata, mostly dead Pecten novaezelandiae (scallop) and Tucetona laticostata (dog cockle).	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB521D1238FF2A8A22133DB7F0.taxon	description	(Fig. 11)	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB521D1238FF2A8A22133DB7F0.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name alludes to the condition of having a notch or indentation, referring to the mediodistal V-shaped groove that causes displacement of the spine arc in that region.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB521D1238FF2A8A22133DB7F0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NIWA 98180, seamount mid-Chatham Rise, 42.7895 ° S, 179.9210 ° E ‒ 42.7888 ° S, 179.9220 ° E, 932 ‒ 1005 m, 4 April 2015 (Graveyard and Andes Seamount Voyage). Paratypes: NIWA 23461, 98197, same data as holotype; NIWA 158490, Stn Z 9595 (TRIP 1171 / 24), W slope of Challenger Plateau, 41.0167 ° S, 166.1000 ° E, 940 m, 27 November 1998 (Cruise ID 9910, SOP); NIWA 161261, Stn TAN 0306 / 5, Christable Seamount, 51.0535 ° S, 164.6072 ° E, 973 ‒ 990 m, 14 April 2003 (Seamounts), on broken piece of fossilised whalebone (tympanic bulla). Other material: NIWA 23461, Stn TRIP 1174 / 24, west of The Snares islands, New Zealand, 48.0167 ° S, 166.1000 ° E, 940 ‒ 1180 m, 27 November 1998 (SOP); NIWA 27767, Stn TAN 0604 / 110, seamount mid-Chatham Rise, 43.5308 ° S, 179.6292 ° E ‒ 43.5278 ° S, 179.6330 ° E, 378 ‒ 390 m, 7 June 2006 (Seamounts); NIWA 146059, 158564, 158565, Stn TRIP 3248 / 11, Wanganella Bank, W Norfolk Ridge, 32.5450 ° S, 167.4867 ° E ‒ 32.5467 ° S, 167.4733 ° E, 120 ‒ 361 m, 14 December 2010 (SOP); NIWA 158567, Stn TAN 0604 / 108, main knoll, central Chatham Rise, 43.5328 ° S, 179.6280 ° E – 43.5348 ° S, 179.6257 ° E, 375 – 381 m, 6 June 2006 (Seamounts); NIWA 161226, Stn TAN 0104 / 149, seamount, mid-Chatham Rise, 42.7170 ° S, 179.9600 ° W ‒ 42.7170 ° S, 179.9650 ° W, 903 ‒ 1162 m, 18 April 2001 (Seamounts Graveyard); NIWA 161240, CRP Stn DD 163, 43.4036 ° S, 179.3759 ° E, c. 400 m, 28 March 2012 (Chatham Rock Phosphate); NIWA 161252, NIWA 173411, NIWA 181738, Stn TAN 2402 / 15, SE of Otago Peninsula, 46.1503 ° S, 171.0580 ° E ‒ 46.1547 ° S, 171.0537 ° E, 740 ‒ 852 m, 11 February 2024 (Ocean Census); NIWA 161260, Stn TAN 0604 / 110, main knoll, central Chatham Rise, 43.5308 ° S, 179.6292 – 43.5278 ° S, 179.6330 ° E, 378 – 390 m, 7 June 2006 (Seamounts); NIWA 175657, Stn Z 9587 (TRIP 1171 / 22), W of The Snares, 48.0015 S, 166.0847 E, 943 – 1177 m, 27 November 1998 (Cruise ID 9910).	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB521D1238FF2A8A22133DB7F0.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, mostly biserial to pluriserial, sometimes multiserial in places, especially at bifurcations of pluriserial rows; typically forming ramifying chains of zooids and attaining 17 mm colony length. Zooids typically longer than wide, variably subhexagonal, arranged quincuncially in multiserial state, increasing in zooid height distally, with distal margin arcuate, raised above distal zooid; lateral margins straight or curved, proximal margin arcuate or truncate. Interzooidal boundaries marked by thin lines in moderately deep furrows. Cryptocystal frontal wall evenly pustulose, not very convex; a very thin smooth-walled extension of cryptocyst extends around opesia beneath slightly flared opesial rim, forming a variably emarginate area descending raised part of mid-distal wall. ZL 610 ‒ 1001 (743), n = 35; ZW 378 ‒ 791 (511), n = 33. Mean ZL: ZW ratio 1.45. Opesia moderately wider than long, transversely oval or higher-arched, with slightly flared margin, conspicuously smooth and discrete proximally; occlusor laminae curved, never straight, occlusor muscle recesses longitudinally banana-shaped in frontal view, often a little wider proximally. OpL 208 ‒ 263 (235), n = 34; OpW 222 ‒ 299 (262), n = 31; mean OpL: ZL ratio 0.32. Oral spines in zone of astogenetic repetition 7 ‒ 13 overall, but expressed bimodally, such that 10 and 12 spines dominate (each 35 % representation); 11 spines have frequency of 23 %, when spine asymmetry occurs. Typically 8 ‒ 10 spines occur in primary arc, with a thinner pair originating at a lower level of distobasal wall flanking emarginate groove. Sometimes the median pair of spines in the primary arc also with smaller bases and slightly offset, but this character is variable. All spine bases occur in narrow gymnocystal strip that is scalloped along inner margin. Spines long, mostly straight, angled slightly outwards around opesia; the lower midproximal spine pair, when present, directed more distally. Longest spines up to 843 μm. Spine arc bordering 56 ‒ 84 % of opesia length (mean 69 %, n = 50). Vestigial ooecium transversely crescentic, its frontal face a grooved interior wall, with a median extension descending down distal emargination in which is set an ooecial pore; ooecium typically subjacent to six oral spines. OoW 232 ‒ 274 (270), n = 6. Septula biporous, appearing as a linear series set in a recessed furrow along each lateral wall; mid-distal septula paired, biporous, each recessed in mid-distal interior-walled panel flanked by a pair of narrow gymnocystal strips. Ancestrula longitudinally oval, somewhat truncate distally, a little more tapered proximally. Lateral gymnocyst low, scarcely visible in frontal view; cryptocyst occupying about two-thirds ancestrula length, surface variably nodular-tubercular. Opesia like that of autozooids with smooth conspicuous margin proximally. Spines 9, 6 bordering opesia, the distal pair a little more apart than the others; 3 spines encroach onto cryptocyst, comprising a lateral pair and a mid-proximal spine, each connected by a sutured gymnocystal strip to the narrow lateroproximal gymnocystal wall. AnL 415 ‒ 567 (496), n = 8; AnW 335 ‒ 380 (362), n = 7; AnOpL 125 ‒ 178 (154), AnOpW 150 ‒ 222 (197), n = 6. Daughter zooid budded mid-distally; it in turn first buds a lateral pair, or one is suppressed; visible spines of daughter zooids 8 – 12, lower mid-distal pair not always seen.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB521D1238FF2A8A22133DB7F0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Chaperia emarginata sp. nov. is characterised most particularly by its emarginate distal zooidal rim, i. e. having a shallow notch below the mediodistal spine pair. For all that it is a distinctive character, it is also variable inasmuch as the notch can be flanked by the bases of two, three or four narrower spines, even in the same colony, regardless of whether the zooids have ooecia or not. The spine bases are most clearly seen when viewed from a distal perspective, although at least the uppermost pair of spines can also usually be seen in frontal view. The species also varies in other respects — for example, NIWA 158564 has predominantly 10 oral spines, and thus a shorter spine arc, which occupies only 38 ‒ 52 % of opesial length. Two characters that unite the variable morphologies are the emargination and the distinctive ancestrula. Chaperia tiara sp. nov. can also have a biserial to pluriserial colony form, but the distal autozooidal margin in that species is entire (not emarginate), there are more opesial spines in the zone of astogenetic repetition (16 – 21, compared to 7 – 13 in C. tiara sp. nov.) and the ancestrula has 11 spines (9 in C. emarginata sp. nov.).	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB521D1238FF2A8A22133DB7F0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to southern Zealandia from the southern part of the Norfolk Island EEZ at 32.5 ° S (Wanganella Bank) to 51 ° S at Christable Seamount off the western edge of Campbell Plateau at 120 ‒ 1180 m depth on hard substrata like whalebone and dead coral fragments.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB521F1237FF2A8F30145CB1C1.taxon	description	(Figs 12, 13)	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB521F1237FF2A8F30145CB1C1.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for my grandson Julian Gordon, who provided field assistance in 2024 and 2025.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB521F1237FF2A8F30145CB1C1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NIWA 173209, Stn Z 19326, Waitaha Cove, Lyall Bay, Wellington, 41.3412 ° S, 174.7912 ° E, 0 m on a beach-cast specimen of the red alga Heterosiphonia cf. squarrosa (Hook. f & Harv.) Falkenb. (Ceramiales, Dasyaceae), 4 June 2024. Paratypes: NIWA 173213 (bleached for measurements, spines detached), same data as holotype; NIWA 173214, tiny ancestrulate colony, same data as holotype. Other material: NIWA 92675, Stn Z 15748, 41.1023 ° S, 174.8330 ° E, 0 m, 14 February 2011, coll. D. P. Gordon; NIWA 98735, Stn Z 19327, off Cape Saunders, Otago, 170.8097 ° S, 45.8425 ° W, 55 m, 1988 (day / month not recorded); NIWA 144808, Stn Z 18623, Cape Turnagain, 40.4921 ° S, 176.6095 ° E, 29 December 2019, coll. D. P. Gordon; NIWA 144843, Stn Z 18331, Tioriori Beach, Chatham Island, 43.7278 ° S, 176.6340 ° W, beach drift (0 m), 22 February 1997, coll. D. P. Gordon; NIWA 161231, Stn Z 19238, Lee Bay, Rakiura / Stewart Island, 46.8629 ° S, 168.1213 ° E, beach drift (0 m), 1 February 2024, coll. D. P. Gordon; NIWA 161232, Stn Z 19239, Halfmoon Bay Oban, Rakiura / Stewart Island, 46.8977 ° S, 168.1287 ° E, beach drift (0 m), 1 February 2024, coll. D. P. Gordon;	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB521F1237FF2A8F30145CB1C1.taxon	description	Description. Colony algal-encrusting, unilaminar, multiserial; up to 5 mm maximum dimension. Zooids small, mostly longer than wide, irregularly subtetragonal, with arcuate distal margin and diverging or convexly curving lateral margins, proximal end truncate or tapering; generally widest midlength, with distinct interzooidal furrows; weakly adherent and easily separated, each surrounded by narrow lateral gymnocyst that may widen a little proximally but is variably expressed and sometimes lacking along proximal margin. Cryptocyst evenly peppered with variably sized nodule-like granules; cryptocyst extending as narrow sinuous furrow around entire opesia when ooecium lacking, with a single band of protruding tubercle-like granules along opesial margin. ZL 291 ‒ 589 (381), ZW 223 ‒ 387 (290), n = 56. Mean ZL: ZW ratio 1.31. Opesia variable in size, ranging from almost half to one third zooid length, generally as wide as long but sometimes high-arched, with very narrow smooth margin. Frontal rims of occlusor laminae very thin in frontal view, mostly straight or nearly so, often not very oblique, widely separated distally, muscle recesses narrow. OpL 113 ‒ 176 (143), OpW 113 ‒ 205 (134), n = 51. Mean OpL: ZL ratio 0.38. Oral spines 7 – 10, with 9 spines (42 %) and 8 spines (33 %) dominating in Wellington region in a single series around opesia; 8 spines (62 %) dominating at Stewart Island. At all localities the most proximal pair of spines have the largest bases, and these may occur proximally beyond opesial margin, sometimes asymmetrically so. Spines more or less vertical to somewhat angled distad, generally weakly curving or sinuous, the proximalmost pair inclined toward each other; all spine bases set within marginal gymnocyst. Spine arc bordering 83 ‒ 151 % of opesia length (mean 108 %; n = 53). Spine length varying, the longest spines up to 623 μm long. Ooecium vestigial, narrowly crescentic, the interior-walled frontal surface appearing as a deep furrow, transverse ooecial pore at apex of crescent; 4 to almost 6 spine bases adjacent to ooecium. OoW 114 ‒ 160 (131), n = 17. Mural septula proportionally large, shallow, multiporous, set in a relatively large transverse recess, or a smaller central pair of recesses each containing a small cluster of septular pores. A distal pair of mural pore-chambers, one either side of midline, each with a recessed multiporous septulum; or the distal wall with 3 such septula, one median and two distolateral. Inner face of all pore-chambers with tiny spinules that are sparsely distributed. Ancestrula elongate-oval, bordered by 9 spines, 6 around the opesia (the distolateral pair widely separated) and 3 around proximal half of cryptocyst, on edge of lateral gymnocyst. Cryptocyst larger than opesia, granular. Ancestrula buds 2 or 3 daughter zooids; if 3, then, one of them is mid-distal and the others distolateral; alternatively, the ancestrula may bud just 2 daughter zooids, with one suppressed. If 3 are budded, the median daughter zooid likewise buds 3 daughter zooids, and the young colony expands outwards unidirectionally; if 2 are budded, both of them bud a median daughter zooid between them. AnL 293 ‒ 343 (325), AnW 204 ‒ 262 (240), n = 3; AnOpL 101 ‒ 114 (109), AnOpW 122 ‒ 128 (125), n = 3.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB521F1237FF2A8F30145CB1C1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The significant distinguishing attributes of Chaperia Juliani sp. nov. across its distributional range are the combination of the noticeably larger proximalmost spine bases, set within a lateral gymnocystal margin and often proximal to the opesia (at least on one side), a distal opesial margin with a row of protruding cryptocystal tubercles, well-developed multiporous septula (generally one, sometimes two) in the middle of the lateral walls and nine (6 + 3 arrangement) ancestrular spines. Beyond these consistent features, the species exhibits some variation. For example, as noted above, nine oral spines are predominant in the Wellington region whereas eight spines are commoner in zooids in Stewart Island colonies (with overlap between the two regions. Similarly, whereas the spine arc borders 83 ‒ 151 % of opesia length across the Wellington region (mean 108 %; n = 53), it is proportionally greater (94 – 151 %) in colonies from the more exposed southern coast at Lyall Bay) (mean 118 %; n = 32) than in colonies from the moderately exposed west coast at Titahi Bay 83 – 108 % (mean 93 %; n = 21). In colonies from two sheltered bays (Halfmoon Bay, Lee Bay) of Paterson Inlet, Stewart Island, the spine arc borders 65 – 102 % of opesia length (mean 81 %; n = 27). Mean OpL: ZL ratios across the range of the species range from 0.35 to 0.45. Chaperia Juliani sp. nov. is one of five New Zealand species whose opesial spines may border more than 100 % of opesial length. In three of these species, all zooidal spine arcs exceed 100 %. These comprise two mainly bi- to pluriserial species, i. e. C. biserialis sp. nov. and C. tiara sp. nov.; the other is multiserial C. arii sp. nov. Chaperia stotteri sp. nov. is like C. Juliani in that not all spine arcs exceed 100 %; it differs from C. Juliani in being found on rocky substrata, has larger zooids and opesiae (metrics overlapping), larger ancestrulae (metrics non-overlapping) and avicularia (albeit rare).	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB521F1237FF2A8F30145CB1C1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic, known so far only from 40.5 ° – 46.9 ° S, SE North Island, Chatham Island and Foveaux Strait on foliose red and brown macroalgae, from the shallow subtidal to 55 m depth.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52101235FF2A8D201231B074.taxon	description	(Fig. 14)	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52101235FF2A8D201231B074.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Latin latus, broad, alluding to the distinctively broad opesia.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52101235FF2A8D201231B074.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NIWA 134521, Stn 9680, NNE of Te Rerenga Wairua / Cape Reinga, Northland, North Island, 34.3600 ° S, 172.6970 ° E, 46 m, 26 January 1999 (Cruise ID 3054) on a petrosiid sponge. Paratypes: NIWA 92676, Stn TAN 1105 / 42, Middlesex Bank, 33.9505 ° S, 171.7725 ° E ‒ 33.9538 ° S, 177.7725 ° E, 92 ‒ 96 m, 28 March 2011 (Ocean Survey 2020); NIWA 161238, Stn Z 19325, NE of Great Island (Manawatāwhi), Three Kings Islands, 34.1184 ° S, 172.2124 ° E ‒ 34.1202 ° S, 172.2074 ° E, 241 ‒ 250 m, 17 March 2019, encrusting branching stems of bryozoan Galeopsis polyporus; NIWA 173215, same substratum and data as holotype; NIWA 121209, Stn TAN 0906 / 25, NE of Matapouri, Northland, 35.5525 ° S, 174.5525 ° E ‒ 35.5483 ° S, 174.5528 ° E, 57 m, 5 July 2009 (Ocean Survey 2020, Site Z 8). Other material: NIWA 173216, small ancestrulate colony detached from stem of bryozoan Menipea vectifera, same data as holotype.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52101235FF2A8D201231B074.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, multiserial; up to 18 mm length, encrusting firm sponge and bryozoan substrata. Zooids subhexagonal, generally wider than long but proportions variable, margins straight or slightly curved, distal rim arcuate; widest about midlength, with distinct interzooidal boundaries in which very thin gymnocyst may be present. Cryptocystal frontal wall extensive, lightly and unevenly granular, proximally slightly depressed, sloping upwards to smooth, narrow, rounded, curving rim around proximal margin of opesia. ZL 373 ‒ 823 (550), ZW 397 ‒ 777 (622), n = 30. Mean ZL: ZW ratio 0.88. Opesia half or less of zooid length, always wider than long, the discrete smooth margin biconvex in the middle, hence arched distally and with a moderately deep sinus-like proximal margin. Frontal rims of occlusor laminae curving so as to converge distally as a continuous arch. Occlusor muscle recesses tapering and pointed distally, wider proximally. OpL 148 ‒ 264 (210), OpW 206 ‒ 329 (277), n = 30. Mean OpL: ZL ratio 0.38. Oral spines in zone of astogenetic repetition 4 ‒ 6 in single series around distal third, or less, of opesia, the mid-distal 1 ‒ 2 spine bases smallest; 6 spines predominant (55 %), with 5 spines having 43 % frequency. All spine bases set within narrow gymnocystal strip that continues interzooidally. Spines disposed more or less vertically, straight or slightly curving, the distomedial spines thinner and shorter than others; longest spines up to 730 μm. Spine arc bordering 1 ‒ 71 % of opesia length (mean 28 %, n = 26). Ooecium vestigial, strongly crescentic, widest medially where a short round extension slopes distally, containing a conspicuous pore; proximolateral tips of ooecium pointed. Ooecium subjacent to 5 ‒ 6 spine bases. OoW 214 ‒ 324 (269), n = 10. Mural septular pores distributed across much of lateral walls, which are interior walls; interior face showing pores distributed in a linear row high on wall and a similar row low on the wall, with additional pores less ordered between these rows. Outer face showing pores in upper half of wall set in small concavities; pores in lower half set in much larger concavities. Entire surface of outer face of each lateral wall with scattered spinules that are denser high on wall. A narrow panel of interior wall bounded by a pair of fine gymnocystal strips occurs mid-distally, with a vertical series of recessed pores (below ooecial pore when present). Ancestrula subrounded, a little longer than wide, bordered by 9 almost equally distributed spine bases, the frontal edge of the gymnocyst concave between each spine pair, conferring a scalloped appearance to the ancestrular frontal perimeter. Opesia proportionally large, being a little longer than the sparsely tubercular cryptocyst. AnL 385, AnW 348, AnOpL 153, AnOpW 197, n = 1. Ancestrula surrounded by 7 autozooids, comprising a mid-distal and 2 distolateral daughter zooids, 2 lateroproximal and 2 proximal zooids.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52101235FF2A8D201231B074.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Chaperia lata sp. nov. is unique among extant New Zealand Chaperia species for its biconvex eye-shaped opesiae and zooids that have a higher average width than congeners. The holotype occurred on dried sponge fragments, which, based on SEM examination, are most closely comparable to Petrosia australis Bergquist & Warne (Haplosclerida, Petrosiidae), first described from Three Kings area and well known around northern New Zealand and offshore banks. The oxeas are in the right size range and the skeleton is characteristic of petrosiids.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52101235FF2A8D201231B074.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic; a distinctively northern New Zealand species, ranging from 33.9 ‒ 35.5 ° S at depths of 46 ‒ 250 m on sponges and bryozoans.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52121230FF2A8BB41258B3B8.taxon	description	(Figs 15, 16)	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52121230FF2A8BB41258B3B8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NIWA 1164 (H- 275), Stn K 795, southern Kermadec Ridge, Rangitahua, New Zealand, 33.0433 ° S, 179.5767 ° W, 350 m, 18 July 1974 (Cruise ID 1022). Other material: NIWA 3765, Stn KAH 0204 / 32, Cavalli Seamounts, 34.1620 ° S, 173.9618 ° E, 780 ‒ 810 m, 17 April 2002 (Seamounts); NIWA 6038, NIWA 158577, both from Stn TAN 1105 / 35, W of Great Island (Manawatāwhi), Three Kings Islands, 34.1572 ° S, 172.1007 ° E ‒ 34.1588 ° S, 172.1035 ° E, 47 ‒ 55 m, 27 March 2011 (Biogenic Habitats O 2020); NIWA 158559, NIWA 158560, both from Stn K 799, near Chanter Islands, Kermadec Ridge, 29.2483 ° S, 177.8658 ° W 24 m, 22 July 1974 (Cruise ID 1022); NIWA 161225, Stn TRIP 3933 / 29, West Norfolk Ridge, 33.4100 ° S, 167.6050 ° E ‒ 33.4200 ° S, 167.6000 ° E, 277 ‒ 375 m, 12 November 2013; NIWA 162545, Stn K 867, Havre Rock, Kermadec Ridge, 31.3567 ° S, 178.8433 ° W, 190 m, 1 August 1974 (Cruise ID 1022); NIWA 175744, Stn K 820, Raoul Island, Kermadec Ridge. Also NMNZ BS 886, Stn O 632, Wanganella Bank, West Norfolk Ridge, 32.5883 ° S, 167.6967 ° E ‒ 32.5667 ° S, 167.6500 ° E, 422 ‒ 437 m, 29 January 1981.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52121230FF2A8BB41258B3B8.taxon	description	Redescription. Colony encrusting, multiserial, up to c. 12 mm longest diameter, pale brown. Zooids variable in shape and size, moderately large, quincuncial, ranging from subquadrangular (diamond-shaped) to irregularly pentagonal, distal margin arcuate, much raised, lateral margins of zooid typically diverging outwards proximally, straight, proximal end truncate, concavely arcuate or V-shaped depending on position in colony; length: width ratio variable, longer than wide (ZL: ZW 1.17) on average in more distal reproductive parts of colony, but tending to be wider than long (ZL: ZW 0.89) in proximal half of colony. Interzooidal boundaries marked by thin lines in moderately deep furrows. Cryptocystal frontal wall sloping downwards to proximal margin, rising to level of orificial rim, surface unevenly granular-tubercular, no narrow extension of cryptocyst around opesia distally. ZL 290 ‒ 807 (513) μm, ZW 347 ‒ 850 (463) μm, n = 50. Mean ZL: ZW ratio 1.10. Opesia variable in length and width, mostly wider than long but in some zooids can be as long as wide or longer, mostly transversely suboval, distal rim and lateral rim raised, proximolateral corners of opesia rim often elevated as small lappet-like crest or nodule, proximal margin narrow, smooth moderately to mostly gently concave. Frontal rims of occlusor laminae not very thin, mostly gently curving, sometimes straight, widely separated distally. Occlusor-muscle recesses variable in shape from moderately wide with rounded ends to narrower with pointed ends. OpL 179 ‒ 284 (220) μm, OpW 179 ‒ 291 (237) μm, n = 50. Mean OpL: ZL ratio 0.43. Oral spines in zone of astogenetic repetition 23 ‒ 36, in three series; the principal series of stoutest spines immediately around opesia 10 ‒ 13, with up to 9 thin spines below in a second series and up to 9 more further below in a third series, with the two lower series often not quite in straight rows; sometimes some similar spines in a lower (fourth) series. Longest spines up to 1068 μm. All spine bases originating from a broad gymnocystal strip that merges on each side to lateral walls where it is concealed. Arc of principal spines in first series curving round 27 ‒ 85 % of opesia length (mean 55 %, n = 26). Proximalmost stout spines in principal series curving across membranous frontal wall, the remaining spines erect, the distalmost ones angled a little distad. The thin, needle-like spines of the second series can be as long as those in the principal series but angled a little more distally; the lower series of thin spines are shorter and progressively directed at lower angles, with some directed horizontally. Vestigial ooecium narrowly crescentic with median interior-walled furrow; mid-distal part slightly expanded as distally protruding blunt nodule, with short narrow ooecial pore on its distal side between the median spine pair. Ooecium subjacent to 6 ‒ 8 spine bases. OoW 249 ‒ 272 (259) μm, n = 4. Mural septula relatively large, uniporous or in small clusters of 2 – 4 distributed along lower half of lateral wall and usually 2 – 4 in narrow mid-distal wall in a more-vertical configuration; exterior view of pores shows them recessed, initially in an elongate recess along the lateral wall but increasing more concealed, with the clusters of 1 – 4 pores separated from their neighbours by a series of narrow thickenings; outer-facing skeletal wall surface lightly textured to somewhat increasingly rugose and finely spinulose around septular recesses. Avicularia rare, moderately large, a little wider than long, budded adventitiously from either distal or lateral communication pores; only 3 seen in a single colony. Rostrum broad, rounded, almost shaped like a Gothic arch, delimited from smaller opesial area by stout angled pivots; proximal end of avicularium very short; if distally budded, then the surface bearing a few short spinules, merging into bases of lower spine series. NIWA 6063 AvL 126 ‒ 158 (146), AvW 153 ‒ 179 (166), n = 3. Ancestrula elongate-oval, opesia transversely oval, bordered by six oral spines, an additional spine on each side proximal to opesia and a single median spine near centre of cryptocyst, hence 9 spines in all. A daughter zooid is budded mid-distally; it in turn buds five zooids, more or less comprising one distal, two distolateral and two lateral; the lateral ones each bud a daughter laterally and these flank the ancestrula on each side, thus beginning a centrifugal budding pattern that results in a multiserial circular colony. AnL 398 ‒ 413 (406), AnW 298 ‒ 300 (299), n = 2; AnOpL 134 ‒ 139 (137), AnOpW 172 ‒ 178 (175), n = 2.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52121230FF2A8BB41258B3B8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Colonies encrust firm substrata such as rock, shell and other bryozoans, the crust appearing relatively thick owing to spine number and density, presenting a highly distinctive appearance with a superficial similarity to the very spinose species of Beania. Gordon (1984, p. 34, pl. 5, fig. B) illustrated a putative biserial form of this species, distinguished below as Chaperia biserialis sp. nov.; it differs from C. multispinosa not only in seriality but also in spine distribution and the form of the ancestrula. The holotype specimen, described in 1984, comprises mostly zooids from a non-reproductive colony in which average zooid size is less [ZL 290 ‒ 473 (384), ZW 348 ‒ 512 (433), n = 25] than in a larger, more-mature colony. Accordingly, measurements in the present description are given for more-representative material discovered since the original account. The availability of new material also led to the discovery of rare avicularia in this species. These are larger than those found in another new species described below (Chaperia stotteri sp. nov.).	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB52121230FF2A8BB41258B3B8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. New Zealand endemic, West Norfolk and Kermadec Ridges to Three Kings shelf and Cavalli Seamounts, 29 ‒ 34 ° S, 24 ‒ 810 m depth.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB5217120EFF2A88F811F5B724.taxon	description	(Fig. 17)	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB5217120EFF2A88F811F5B724.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Honorific for retired NIWA biodiversity technician Dean Stotter for sterling help in the NIWA Invertebrate Collection and for field assistance.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB5217120EFF2A88F811F5B724.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NIWA 122658, Stn Z 17968, Wonga Wonga Bay, Whatipu, North Manukau Head, North Island, New Zealand, 37.0444 ° S, 174.5106 ° E, 0 m, 27 October 2017, on rock, coll. D. P. Gordon. Paratypes: NIWA 122659, NIWA 161262, on rock fragments, same data as for holotype. Other material: NIWA 132793, Stn Z 18052, Greta Point, Wellington, 41.3040 ° S, 174.8040 ° E, 0.5 m, 17 January 2017, coll. D. P. Gordon; NIWA 134604, Stn Z 16048, Orui, north of Castlepoint, SE North Island, New Zealand, 41.0706 ° S, 176.0887 ° E, 0 m, coll. by D. P. Gordon, 20 May 2012, on rock; NIWA 158521, Stn Z 19191, W Palliser Bay, 41.4028 ° S, 174.9831 ° E, 0 m, 15 April 2022, coll. D. P. Gordon; NIWA 173225 – 173230, NIWA 175008 – 175009, Stn Z 16048, Orui, north of Castlepoint, SE North Island, New Zealand, 41.0706 ° S, 176.0887 ° E, 0 m, coll. by D. P. Gordon, 18 November 2024, on rock.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB5217120EFF2A88F811F5B724.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, multiserial, up to 16 mm diameter. Zooids generally arranged regularly in quincunx and subquadrangular to polygonal with rounded distal margin and straight or slightly curved lateral margins but can be variable; mostly longer than wide and widest mid-length, sometimes wider than long; interzooidal boundaries distinct, with no trace of lateral gymnocyst. Cryptocyst extensive, surface evenly granular-tubercular, subventricose, sloping to margins, often with slight ridge on each side adjacent to interzooidal boundary just proximal to opesia; cryptocyst vary narrowly continuous around opesia as mostly a single row of small tubercles. ZL 374 ‒ 770 (574), n = 73; ZW 269 ‒ 713 (394), n = 84. Mean ZL: ZW ratio 1.46. Opesia mostly about one third of zooid length and wider than long, roundly subtriangular with gently concave proximal margin, arcuate distally; opesial margin smooth, variably narrow. Frontal rims of occlusor laminae curved or straight, angled toward distal oral rim without converging, with slight shelf between them at lower level. Occlusor muscle recesses more or less banana-shaped. OpL 141 ‒ 207 (177), n = 90; OpW 170 ‒ 297 (211), n = 94. Mean OpL: ZL ratio 0.31. Oral spines in zone of astogenetic repetition 6 ‒ 11, mostly 8 ‒ 9, in a single series, relatively slender but not needle-like, the proximalmost pair of spine-bases sometimes a little larger than the others but this can be variable within the same colony, all spines set within extremely narrow gymnocystal strip that thinly surrounds each spine base. Spine arc bordering 46 – 158 % (mean 90 %) of opesial margin. Longest spines up to 424 μm, the proximalmost pair slightly inclined toward the frontal wall, the others angled slightly outwards, slightly curving or sinuous. Avicularia rare, borne adventitiously at mid-distal end of autozooids with or without ooecia; inconspicuous, elongate-oval, placed more or less mid-distally and directed distally or slightly obliquely; rostrum rounded, with large transversely oval foramen with no palate, separated by a relatively stout pair of narrowly triangular pivots from large opesia that is equal to rostral foramen in size. AvL 44 ‒ 117 (79) μm, AvW 50 ‒ 117 (74) μm, n = 24. Ooecium vestigial, crescentic with subrounded to pointed ends, frontal surface flattened, shallowly interior-walled, with narrowly rounded wedge-shaped portion mediodistally with tiny median subrounded to slightly transverse pore; ooecium subjacent to 4 ‒ 6 spine bases. OoW 129 ‒ 184 (156), n = 34. Mural septula proportionately large, shallow, transversely oval, multiporous, one in each lateral wall and 1 ‒ 2 mid-distally, skeletal surface minutely spinulose around septulum openings. Ancestrula elongate-oval, like autozooids but smaller; spines 9, the opesia bordered by 6 evenly distributed spine bases, with another opposing pair of spine bases about mid ancestrula length, plus a medioproximal spine, all inserted in marginal gymnocyst. AnL 303 ‒ 386 (347), AnW 204 ‒ 333 (258), AnOpL 103 ‒ 118 (110), AnOpW 128 ‒ 152 (142), n = 7).	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB5217120EFF2A88F811F5B724.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Avicularia are known in only two other Chaperia species. Chaperia atypica Boonzaaier-Davids, Ma & McQuaid, 2023 from South Africa is very similar in to C. stotteri sp. nov. in most respects but the former differs in having a smaller range of spines (6 – 8, with 7 dominating; cf. 7 – 11 spines, 8 – 9 dominating in C. stotteri) and the vestigial ooecium lacks the distomedial wedge-shaped extension found in C. stotteri zooids lacking avicularia. The newly discovered avicularia of C. multispinosa (illustrated in Fig. 16 C – E) are very much larger than in both C. atypica and C. stotterii sp. nov.. Avicularia are very rare in C. stotterii, more so than in C. atypica. Furthermore, the presence of spines renders the avicularia virtually undetectable, by concealment, in unbleached specimens. The holotype colony and two smaller colonies on the same cut rock (all bleached) were carefully examined for avicularia using SEM; out of a total of ~ 550 zooids for all three colonies, only four zooids were found to bear avicularia. NIWA 134604 from Orui on the SE coast of North Island had relatively more — eight avicularia, some of them in a cluster of zooids, in an SEM field of 103 autozooids, and mostly in the zone of astogenetic repetition. Altogether, only 24 avicularia were discovered in SEM images of zooids from eight colonies. Avicularia are rarely transversely orientated (one example seen in NIWA 134604) and rarely paired (one example seen in NIWA 173226, uniquely in a zooid lateral to an ancestrula). The species is somewhat variable in some other characters, notably the extent of the spine arc (46 – 158 %; mean 90 %) and the size and position of the proximalmost spine bases, which can appear relatively large in part of the population at Orui. In the absence of the rare avicularia, which are nevertheless consistently present throughout the geographic range of the species, other characters must be relied on for species discrimination. In combination, these include a moreor-less equal predominance of eight or nine opesial spines across its geographic range (but with local variations), a mean opesial width of 206 – 217 μm (across populations), a maximal spine length of c. 420 μm, an OpL: ZL ratio of 0.29 – 0.32 (across populations) and a nine-spined ancestrula of which one spine is midproximal. Chaperia stotteri sp. nov. is also one of only five New Zealand species whose opesial spines may border more than 100 % of opesial length. In three of those species, all zooidal spine arcs exceed 100 %. These comprise two mainly bi- to pluriserial species, i. e. C. biserialis sp. nov. and C. tiara sp. nov.; the other is multiserial C. arii sp. nov. Chaperia stotteri sp. nov. is like C. Juliani sp. nov. in that not all spine arcs exceed 100 %. It differs from C. Juliani sp. nov. in having larger zooids and opesiae (metrics overlapping), larger ancestrulae (metrics non-overlapping) and avicularia (albeit rare). Chaperia stotteri sp. nov. occurred on the underside of rocks at low tide at the type locality, at Orui and at Wellington; some other colonies occurred on beach-cast macroalgae on the Palliser Bay coast east of Wellington.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB5217120EFF2A88F811F5B724.taxon	distribution	Distribution. New Zealand endemic; North Island, from north Manukau Head, Auckland, eastern Wairarapa coast at Orui, Wellington and western Palliser Bay (c. 37 – 41 ° S), in the low-tidal zone (0 m) under rocks and on holdfasts of brown macroalgae.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB5229120CFF2A8CCC1590B148.taxon	description	(Fig. 18)	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB5229120CFF2A8CCC1590B148.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Alluding to the provenance of the species, from New Zealand’s subantarctic Campbell Island.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB5229120CFF2A8CCC1590B148.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NIWA 162599, Stn Z 18573, shore by weather station at Beeman Point, Perseverance Harbour, Campbell Island / Motu Ihupuku, 52.5500 ° S, 169.1520 ° E, 0.5 m, 16 March 2022, on Haliotis virginea huttoni shell, coll. Dr Hannah Mello. Paratype: NIWA 173210, additional smaller colonies and ancestrulae on same shell as holotype.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB5229120CFF2A8CCC1590B148.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, multiserial, up to 6 mm diameter. Zooids generally arranged regularly in quincunx and subquadrangular to polygonal with rounded distal margin and straight or slight curved lateral margins but can be variable; mostly longer than wide and widest mid-length, sometimes wider than long; interzooidal boundaries distinct, often with thin line of gymnocyst. Cryptocyst extensive, surface evenly granular-tubercular, flat to very weakly convex; cryptocyst very narrowly continuous around opesia as mostly a single row of granules. ZL 613 ‒ 787 (687), ZW 432 ‒ 769 (603), n = 20. Mean ZL: ZW ratio 1.14. Opesia at lowest part of zooid, averaging c. 44 % of zooid width, generally wider than long, with concave proximal margin, arcuate distally; opesial margin smooth, narrow. Frontal rims of occlusor laminae relatively thin-walled and blade-like, mostly quite straight, angled toward distal oral rim without converging, with recessed shelf between them at lower level. Occlusor muscle recesses almost banana-shaped with mostly rounded ends. OpL 249 ‒ 318 (274), OpW 287 ‒ 348 (306), n = 20. Mean OpL: ZL ratio 0.44. Oral spines in zone of astogenetic repetition 6 ‒ 9, mostly 6, in single series, straight, not needle-like, directed slightly outwards, not incurving, the proximalmost pair of spine-bases sometimes a little larger than the others but this is variable within the same colony, all spines set within extremely narrow gymnocystal strip that thinly surrounds each spine base. Spine arc bordering 22 ‒ 72 % of opesial margin (mean 39 %). Longest spines up to 465 μm. Ooecium vestigial, shortly crescentic with pointed ends, separated from distal opesial rim by distinct frontally facing furrow; ooecial frontal surface smooth, shallowly interior-walled; distal margin gently undulate, lacking median wedge-shaped extension but with slightly transverse small median pore; ooecium subjacent to 4 spine bases. OoW 193 ‒ 234 (218), n = 12. Mural septula proportionately large, shallow, transversely oval, multiporous, one in each lateral wall and 1 ‒ 2 mid-distally. Ancestrula elongate-oval; opesia more than one third ancestrular length, transversely oval, with very short flat shelf-like occlusor laminae that are partly concealed under smooth narrow opesial rim. Cryptocyst about same length as opesia, with conspicuous granules; gymnocyst well developed proximally but not as long as cryptocyst. Spines 11, of which 8 flank the opesia and 3 others border the proximal cryptocyst, 2 of them opposing and 1 midproximal, all inserted in marginal gymnocyst. AnL 443 ‒ 525 (486), AnW 322 ‒ 392 (350), n = 4; AnOpL 150 ‒ 169 (156), AnOpW 180 ‒ 215 (193), n = 5.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB5229120CFF2A8CCC1590B148.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Chaperia campbellensis sp. nov. encrusts shelly substrata (specifically Haliotis virginea huttoni at the type locality). The deep frontally facing furrow between the vestigial ooecium and opesial rim is distinctive and the species is one of only two multiserial New Zealand species that have 11 ancestrular spines, eight of them bordering the opesia and the other three bordering the proximal half of the cryptocyst. In this regard, it appears closest to C. sebastiani sp. nov. (below), which is also known only from Campbell Island but has a different occurrence of spine number (Table 3). Chaperia tiara sp. nov. also has 11 ancestrular spines but this species is mostly biserial and found only in deep water.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB5229120CFF2A8CCC1590B148.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic, so far known only from Campbell Island on the Campbell Plateau at 52.5 ° S and 0 ‒ 1 m depth.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB522B120AFF2A8AA814ECB672.taxon	description	(Fig. 19)	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB522B120AFF2A8AA814ECB672.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for my grandson Sebastian Gordon.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB522B120AFF2A8AA814ECB672.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NIWA 175010, Stn Z 19324, mouth of small cove east of Limestone Point, Northwest Bay, Campbell Island / Motu Ihupuku, on red alga from rock overhang, 52.5490 ° S, 169.0870 ° E, 6 ‒ 8 m depth, collector Dr James Lowry, by hand using SCUBA, 24 January 1980 (separated from AM U. 6063, Collection Event Code CA 207). Paratypes: NIWA 175011 and AM U. 6063 (Australian Museum, Sydney), same data as holotype.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB522B120AFF2A8AA814ECB672.taxon	description	Description. Holotype colony encrusting, unilaminar, multiserial, 7 mm longest dimension. Zooids generally arranged regularly in quincunx and subquadrangular to polygonal with rounded distal margin and straight or slight curved lateral margins but can be variable; mostly longer than wide, sometimes wider than long, widest mid-length or in proximal third; interzooidal boundaries distinct, often with thin line of gymnocyst. Cryptocyst extensive, surface evenly granular-tubercular, flat or even slightly concave, to very weakly convex; cryptocyst vary narrowly continuous around opesia as mostly a single row of granules or obliterated. ZL 428 ‒ 720 (505), ZW 296 ‒ 518 (399), n = 20. Mean ZL: ZW ratio 1.27. Opesia lowest part of zooid, generally c. 40 % of zooid length, averaging almost as wide as long, with concave proximal margin, arcuate distally; opesial margin smooth, narrow. Frontal rims of occlusor laminae relatively thin-walled, mostly gently curving, sometimes straight, angled toward distal oral rim without converging, generally with recessed shelf visible between them at lower level. Occlusor muscle recesses somewhat banana-shaped, sometimes narrow, with mostly rounded ends. OpL 168 ‒ 241 (203), OpW 163 ‒ 304 (218), n = 20. Mean OpL: ZL ratio 0.40. Oral spines in zone of astogenetic repetition 7 ‒ 11, mostly 8 ‒ 9, in single series, straight to weakly curved or sinuous, the proximalmost pair a little thicker than the others and leaning slightly across the opesia, the remainder thinner, the distalmost ones almost acicular, directed slightly outwards from the opesia and not incurving, all spines set within extremely narrow gymnocystal strip that thinly surrounds each spine base. Spine arc bordering 51 ‒ 100 % (mean 71 %) of opesial margin. Longest spines up to 577 μm. Ooecium vestigial, shortly crescentic with bluntly pointed ends; ooecial frontal surface smooth, shallowly interior-walled; distal margin gently undulate, lacking median wedge-shaped extension but with slightly transverse small median pore; ooecium subjacent to 3 spine bases plus the distal halves of two others by the tips of the ooecium. OoW 155 ‒ 219 (182), n = 3. Multiporous mural septula variable in size, generally large, mostly distributed singly in lateral, distolateral and mid-distal wall areas in lower half of wall; 7 – 31 pores per septulum depending on size. Outer wall surface sparsely spinulose except around edges of septula. Ancestrula elongate-oval; opesia almost one third ancestrular length, transversely oval, with very short flat shelf-like occlusor laminae that are partly concealed under smooth narrow opesial rim. Frontal cryptocystal wall about same length as opesia, with conspicuous granules; gymnocyst well developed proximally but not as long as cryptocyst as seen in direct frontal view. Spines 11, of which 8 flank the opesia and 3 others border the proximal cryptocyst, 2 of them opposing and 1 mid-proximal, all inserted in marginal gymnocyst. AnL 418 ‒ 454 (441), AnW 333 ‒ 354 (346), n = 3; AnOpL 127 ‒ 131 (129), AnOpW 160 ‒ 179 (170), n = 3.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB522B120AFF2A8AA814ECB672.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Chaperia sebastiani sp. nov. encrusts the planar branching fronds of a small rhodomelacean red alga. The species shares with C. campbellensis sp. nov., a multiserial species from the same general area that occurs on Haliotis shells, the same number and arrangement of ancestrular spines, i. e. 11 spines distributed in an 8 + 3 configuration. The dimensions of these two species also overlap, but the means of all zooidal, opesial, ooecial and ancestrular metrics for C. sebastiani sp. nov. are smaller than those for C. campbellensis sp. nov.. The most useful discriminating character between the two species is spine number — six oral spines dominate in autozooids of C. campbellensis sp. nov. and eight or nine spines in C. sebastiani sp. nov. (Table 3), with no zooids in the latter species having only six spines.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB522B120AFF2A8AA814ECB672.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic, so far known only from Campbell Island at 52.5 ° S and 0 ‒ 1 m depth.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB522D1208FF2A8DBE127CB432.taxon	description	(Fig. 20)	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB522D1208FF2A8DBE127CB432.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Latin tiara, literally a turban, but applying the modern meaning of a tiara as a kind of semicircular crown, alluding to the halo of spines around the opesia.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB522D1208FF2A8DBE127CB432.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NIWA 23441, Stn TAN 0306 / 6, Christable Seamount, New Zealand, 50.9428 ° S, 164.6093 ° E, 1105 ‒ 1140 m, 14 April 2003 (Seamounts). Paratype: NIWA 23293, Stn TAN 0413 / 171, Tumokemoke Knoll, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, 37.4525 ° S, 176.9040 ° E ‒ 37.4533 ° S, 176.9068 ° E, 310 ‒ 410 m, 16 November 2004 (Seamounts). Other material: NIWA 23282, Stn TAN 0413 / 14, Whakatane Seamount, 36.8080 ° S, 177.4573 ° E ‒ 36.8105 ° S, 177.4592 ° E, 929 ‒ 949 m, 8 November 2004 (Seamounts); NIWA 23464, Stn TAN 0306 / 7, Christable Seamount, 51.0723 ° S, 164.6062 ° E, 1030 ‒ 1065 m, 14 April 2003 (Seamounts); NIWA 23481, Stn TAN 0306 / 8, Christable Seamount, 51.0648 ° S, 164.5882 ° E, 968 ‒ 973 m, 14 April 2003 (Seamounts); NIWA 23484, Stn TAN 0306 / 5, Christable Seamount, 51.0537 ° S, 164.6072 ° E, 973 ‒ 990 m, 14 April 2003 (Seamounts); NIWA 107773, Stn TAN 0413 / 64, NE of White Island, Bay of Plenty, 37.4825 ° S, 177.2078 ° E ‒ 37.4825 ° S, 177.2078 ° E, 270 m, 11 November 2004 (Seamounts); NIWA 158484, Stn Z 9595 (TRIP 1174 / 24), west of The Snares islands, New Zealand, 48.0167 ° S, 166.1000 ° E, 940 ‒ 1180 m, 27 November 1998; NIWA 158574, Stn Z 9595 (TRIP 1174 / 24), west of The Snares islands, New Zealand, 48.0167 ° S, 166.1000 ° E, 940 ‒ 1180 m, 27 November 1998 (Cruise ID 9910); NIWA 169308, TAN 0413 / 175, NE of White Island, Bay of Plenty, 37.3242 ° S, 177.1211 ° E ‒ 37.3278 ° S, 177.1190 ° E, 424 ‒ 534 m, 16 November 2004 (Seamounts); NIWA 173212, Stn TAN 0306 / 5, Christable Seamount, 51.0537 ° S, 164.6073 ° E, 973 ‒ 990 m, 14 April 2003 (Seamounts); NIWA 173238, Stn E 822, Puysegur Bank, 46.8433 ° S, 165.6000 E, 682 – 781 m, 23 October 1967 (Cruise ID 570).	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB522D1208FF2A8DBE127CB432.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, biserial; NIWA 23441 colony V-shaped beyond ancestrular daughter zooids, each arm 17.5 mm long, distance between diverging ends of V 19 mm. Zooids generally twice as long as wide, but length variable depending on position of zooid in runner, many curving outwards from axis of runner; margins of outer lateral walls tending to be slightly concave in frontal view such that zooids are widest in distal and proximal thirds of zooid length. Distal margin arcuate. Interzooidal boundaries marked by thin raised lines within furrows. Cryptocystal frontal wall finely and irregularly granular, rising slightly at proximal opesial margin; extremely thin smooth cryptocystal groove around opesia between spine bases and opesial margin. Zooidal lateral wall that faces outwards is gymnocystal. ZL 647 ‒ 1114 (885), ZW 398 ‒ 573 (473), n = 14. Mean ZL: ZW ratio 1.87. Opesia averaging a little wider than long, occlusor laminae thin, curving toward the distal oral rim where they are widely separated. Occlusor muscle recesses banana-shaped, shorter than midline opesial length. OpL 218 ‒ 259 (238), n = 13; OpW 223 ‒ 277 (256). Mean OpL: ZL ratio 0.27. Oral spines in zone of astogenetic repetition well developed, 16 ‒ 22 (18 spines most frequent, 31 %), occurring in a single series, their bases closely distributed around entire curve of opesia to level of proximal opesial margin or a little beyond, sometimes unevenly so, hence spine arc bordering 114 ‒ 148 % of opesial length (mean 125 %, n = 15). Erect spines on distal margin angled somewhat obliquely outwards, whereas lateral spines curve towards each other from both sides and interdigitate. All spine bases set within a gymnocystal strip. Longest erect spines up to 697 μm. Vestigial ooecium strongly and narrowly crescentic, frontal area typically with very shallow non-smooth interior-walled surface; distal margin with triangular peak that descends as a short groove in which is an ooecial pore between the distalmost spine pair. OoW 225 ‒ 261 (247), n = 5. Ooecium subjacent to 8 ‒ 10 spine bases. Mural septula small; a distal pair recessed in mid-distal wall between vertical gymnocystal ribs; 5 ‒ 6 small biporous septula distributed along lower half of each lateral wall. Ancestrula elongate-oval, convex, rounded proximally, cryptocyst weakly textured. Opesia highest part of ancestrular zooid, with smooth margin that is broader proximally and bordered by bases of 8 spines in a single series, with 3 more such spine bases flanking the cryptocyst, comprising a midlateral pair and a median proximal spine; thus a total of 11 spines. AnL 415 ‒ 473 (447), AnW 316 ‒ 336 (325), n = 3; AnOpL 131 ‒ 162 (148), AnOpW 177 ‒ 179 (178), n = 3. Ancestrula buds a mid-distal daughter zooid that in turn generally buds five others, one mid-distal and two distolateral plus an additional pair of zooids budded on each side at right angles to the proximal end of the daughter zooid and distal end of the ancestrula and these lateral zooids in turn each bud a zooid, flanking the proximal half of the ancestrula and directed proximally. In this way a bipolar runner-shaped colony begins to be established.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB522D1208FF2A8DBE127CB432.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Chaperia tiara sp. nov. superficially resembles C. biserialis sp. nov. in colony form and in having abundant spines but is readily distinguished from the latter by having spines in a single arc only. Additionally, the ancestrula of C. tiara sp. nov. has only 11 spines. Chaperia emarginata sp. nov. can also have a biserial to pluriserial colony form, but the distal autozooidal margin is emarginate, there are fewer opesial spines in the zone of astogenetic repetition (7 – 13, compared to 16 – 21 in C. tiara sp. nov.) and the ancestrula has 9 spines (11 in C. tiara sp. nov.). The species occurs on a variety of hard substrata, including volcanic rock, erect bryozoans, large echinoid spines and dead stylasterid and scleractinian corals.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB522D1208FF2A8DBE127CB432.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to New Zealand from 36.8 ° S (Whakatane Seamount) to 51 ° S (Christable Seamount W of Auckland Island) at 270 ‒ 1180 m depth.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB522F1207FF2A8F7C126EB100.taxon	description	(Fig. 21)	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB522F1207FF2A8F7C126EB100.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Latin bi -, bis-, two, plus serialis, line, series, alluding to the mostly biserial colony form.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB522F1207FF2A8F7C126EB100.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NIWA 95689, Stn TAN 0413 / 14, Whakatane Seamount, 36.8080 ° S, 177.4573 ° E ‒ 36.8105 ° S, 177.4592 ° E, 929 ‒ 949 m, 8 November 2004 (Seamounts). Paratypes: NIWA 3766, Stn KAH 0204 / 47, E of Cavalli Seamounts, 34.0425 ° S, 174.8170 ° E, 792 ‒ 880 m, 19 April 2002 (Seamounts); NIWA 95689, same data as holotype; NIWA 158561, Stn K 795, southern Kermadec Ridge, New Zealand, 33.0433 ° S, 179.5767 ° W, 350 m, 18 July 1974 (Cruise ID 1022); NIWA 161258, same data as holotype. Other material: NIWA 23282, Stn TAN 0413 / 14, same data as holotype; NIWA 161228, Stn KAH 0204 / 03, Cavalli Seamounts, 34.9605 ° S, 175.1740 ° E ‒ 34.9615 ° S, 175.1775 ° E, 518 ‒ 540 m, 13 April 2002 (Seamounts); NIWA 161239, Stn Z 1108, West Norfolk Ridge, 33.9167 ° S, 167.9167 ° E, 920 m, 21 February 2002; NIWA 161259, Stn G 4, northern Norfolk Ridge NW of Norfolk Island, 28.4167 ° S, 167.2500 ° E, 831 m, 27 September 1966 (Cruise ID 555); NIWA 162546, Stn TAN 1503 / 56, Chatham Rise, 42.7900 ° S, 179.9870 ° W ‒ 42.7890 ° S, 179.9880 ° W, 918 ‒ 944 m, 3 April 2015 (Seamounts); NIWA 162549, Stn TAN 0616 / 10, SE of Hawke Bay, 40.0398 ° S, 178.1425 ° E, 40.0370 ° S, 178.1477 ° E, 700 ‒ 760 m, 4 November 2006 (Seeps); NIWA 173211, Stn E 852, South Maria Ridge, 33.6333 ° S, 170.9167 ° E, 1024 m 17 March 1968.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB522F1207FF2A8F7C126EB100.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, comprising biserial runners, triserial in places, occasionally bifurcating, longest linear dimension up to 20 mm. Zooids generally twice as long as wide, but length variable depending on position of zooids in runner, often parallel-sided for part of their length, many curving outwards from axis of runner; each generally widest about midlength, distal margin arcuate. Interzooidal boundaries marked by thin raised lines within furrows. Cryptocystal frontal wall weakly pustulose to smooth, rising slightly at proximal opesial margin; extremely thin smooth cryptocystal groove around opesia between spine bases and opesial margin. Zooidal lateral walls that face outwards on both sides of runners are interior-walled. ZL 606 ‒ 1269 (867), ZW 309 ‒ 516 (414), n = 35. Mean ZL: ZW ratio 2.09. Opesia averaging a little wider than long, occupying about one quarter zooidal frontal area; distal rim gently arcuate, proximal rim deeply curved, the smooth margin a little broader proximally. Frontal rims of occlusor laminae gently curved, widely separated distally; occlusor muscle recesses only about two-thirds length of main opesial opening. OpL 171 ‒ 292 (214), OpW 190 ‒ 295 (242), n = 35. Mean OpL: ZL ratio 0.25. Excessively spinose, with spines occurring in up to 4 series, with the lower 3 tiers of spines sometimes reduced on one side depending on position and elevation of zooid in runner. Primary series of 15 ‒ 24 erect spines in zone of astogenetic repetition (modal number 19, 22 % occurrence), closely distributed around distal margin, extending proximal to opesia on either side, sometimes unevenly so, with 2 ‒ 3 spines proximal to opesia on one side and 1 ‒ 2 spines on the other side. Arc of principal spines bordering 119 ‒ 205 % of opesial length (mean 158 %; n = 21). Up to 31 thinner acicular spines disposed more or less horizontally, occurring in 2 ‒ 3 tiered series below principal spines, becoming thinner in the lower tiers. Total number of spines seen in any one zooid 50. Erect spines on distal margin angled somewhat obliquely outwards, whereas lateral spines curve towards each other from both sides and interdigitate. Lower tiers of acicular spines splay outwards in a horizontal halo across frontal walls of adjacent zooids. All spine bases set within a gymnocystal strip. Longest erect spines up to 624 μm; longest horizontal spines up to 572 μm. Vestigial ooecium strongly crescentic and narrow in frontal view, widening mid-distally from where a narrow groove descends steeply on distal face of zooid, flanked by spine bases, to ooecial pore; in distofrontal view entire ooecium thus appearing triangular; ooecial frontal surface interior-walled, appearing as shallow groove. OoW 236 ‒ 253 (244), n = 5. Ooecium subjacent to 10 ‒ 11 spine bases. Mural septula are proportionately small and immersed in wall calcification, multiporous with a reduced number of pores, one in each lateral wall and 1 ‒ 3 distributed around distal end of zooid. Ancestrula having consistent form but variable spine number. Overall shape elongate-oval but narrowing proximally to midproximal spine base. Cryptocyst convex, surface weakly tubercular; lateral walls gymnocystal. Opesia with smooth broad proximal margin and bordered by bases of 7 or 8 principal spines, with five more such spine bases bordering cryptocyst, comprising two opposing pairs and a midproximal one; also a pair of smaller spine bases on each distolateral corner of ancestrula near margin; thus a total of 16 or 17 ancestrular spines in all. AnL 384 ‒ 424 (404), AnW 282 ‒ 307 (295), n = 2; AnOpL 127 ‒ 133 (131), AnOpW 159 ‒ 182 (170), n = 3. Ancestrula buds a mid-distal daughter zooid that in turn buds five others, one mid-distal and two distolateral plus an additional pair of zooids budded on each side at right angles to the proximal end of the daughter zooid and distal end of the ancestrula and these lateral zooids in turn each bud a zooid, flanking the proximal half of the ancestrula, that is directed proximally. In this way a bipolar runner-shaped colony begins to be established.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB522F1207FF2A8F7C126EB100.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Chaperia biserialis sp. nov. was illustrated by Gordon (1984) as a form of C. multispinosa and the two species may be related — both are unique in the fauna in having an excessive number of spines that occur in erect and horizontal series. The two species also overlap in distribution and depth, although C. biserialis sp. nov. ranges further south and into deeper water. Nevertheless, apart from colony form (multiserial vs bi ‒ triserial) there are many other significant morphological differences. Thus C. biserialis sp. nov. has longer and narrower zooids and the OpL: ZL ratio accordingly differs (0.39 in C. multispinosa, 0.25 in C. biserialis sp. nov.). The maximum number of spines is greater in C. biserialis sp. nov. (50 vs 36) and the spine arc extends proximal to the opesia, which is not the case in C. multispinosa. The total number of ancestrular spines is also greater in C. biserialis sp. nov. (16 ‒ 17 vs 9). Rare avicularia have been found in C. multispinosa but not in C. biserialis sp. nov.. Chaperia biserialis sp. nov. can be mistaken for C. tiara sp. nov. (below) in benthic samples, inasmuch as colony form and zooids are almost identical in both species and C. tiara sp. nov. also has a large number of erect spines that are similarly disposed, with the spine arc extending proximal to the opesia. Notwithstanding their superficial similarity, C. tiara sp. nov. is readily distinguished by lacking horizontally directed spines inserted below the erect-spine bases and the ancestrula has only 11 spines. The species occurs on a variety of hard substrata, including volcanic rock, hexactinellid sponges, serpulid tubes, erect bryozoans and dead stylasterid and scleractinian corals.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
466F87BB522F1207FF2A8F7C126EB100.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to the Zealandian region from ~ 28 ° on the Norfolk Ridge to almost 43 ° S latitude on the Chatham Rise, 350 ‒ 1024 m depth range.	en	Gordon, Dennis P. (2025): Morphological and taxonomic diversity of the bryozoan genus Chaperia (Cheilostomata: Chaperiidae) in the Aotearoa New Zealand EEZ and on the southern Norfolk Ridge. Zootaxa 5737 (2): 151-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.2.1
