identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
476CB224E6721210FF09A04EFA3EFAD2.text	476CB224E6721210FF09A04EFA3EFAD2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyrophanes Olivier 1885	<div><p>Pyrophanes Olivier 1885</p><p>(Figs. 1 −76)</p><p>Pyrophanes Olivier, 1885: 368; 1886: 132; 1902: 72; 1907: 56; 1911: 102. McDermott, 1964: 46; 1966: 116. Ballantyne, 1968: 106, 107, Fig. 15; 1987b: 173–176. Ballantyne in Calder, 1998: 180. Ballantyne &amp; McLean 1970: 234. Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin, 2000: 70, Figs. 26, 27; 2009: Figs. 94, 95, 106, 107, 503, 509; 2013: 111 Figs. 221−227.</p><p>Type species:  Pyrophanes similis Olivier, designated by McDermott, 1966: 116.</p><p>Diagnosis.  Pyrophanes belongs to a group of seven Luciolinae genera (the others being  Australoluciola Ballantyne,  Colophotia Dejean,  Medeopteryx Ballantyne,  Poluninius Ballantyne,  Pteroptyx Olivier and  Trisinuata Ballantyne). Males of these seven genera are characterized by: an elongate slender aedeagus with LL concealed behind the ML (when the specimen is viewed from beneath); pronotal width less than width across the elytral humeri; parallel-sided elytra; aedeagal sheath elongate slender, widest across the middle, with posterior half of sternite tapering evenly towards a narrow entire apex.  Pyrophanes males are distinguished from all other genera by the combination of a curved and slightly asymmetrical aedeagus (the curvature is in both the ML and LL), an MFC, ‘bulbous’ paraprocts on the aedeagal sheath which partially enfold the sheath sternite at the sides; no deflexed elytral apices; femora 3 are swollen and curved in four of the seven species; the posterior margin of V7 is trilobed, with incurving lobes and small pointed projections bearing hairs dorsally and lying between the short PLP and MPP; the underside of T8 has depressions at the sides usually housing very short spines and hairs. Females are macropterous and the bursa in certain species has wide paired plates. Males range from 5.3–8.9 mm long. Larvae lack laterally explanate tergal margins in  Py. similis ( sensu Blair, 1927; Bertrand, 1972, 1973). This larva is not however reliably associated and an accurate identification of larval type for this genus is not available.</p><p>Male. Pronotum (Figs. 3, 5, 24, 33, 40, 47, 54): W/L 1.5–1.6; L/EL 0.18– 0.36; L/BL 0.15–0.26; dorsal surface without irregularities in posterolateral areas (1) and longitudinal groove in lateral areas (2); punctation dense (3); anterior margin not explanate (6); lateral margins diverging posteriorly along most of their length (C&gt;A, B), or lateral margins wider across middle (B&gt;A, C); width &lt;humeral width; anterolateral corners rounded obtuse; lateral margins without indentation at mid-point, and sinuousity in either horizontal or vertical plane; without indentation in lateral margin near posterolateral corner, and irregularities at corner; posterolateral corners rounded obtuse or angulate, if angulate approximately 90° and inclined at 90° to the median line; posterolateral corners not usually projecting as far as median posterior margin; separated from it by scarce emarginations.</p><p>Hypomera: closed; median area of hypomeron not elevated in vertical direction; median area more widely flattened than elsewhere; pronotal width/ GHW 1.2–1.5.</p><p>Elytron (Figs. 3, 5, 8, 9, 21, 23, 33, 40, 42, 47, 49, 54, 57, 59, 63, 64, 73): lateral margins parallel-sided; apices not deflexed; punctation dense (34, 35), not linear (36), not as large as that of pronotum, nor widely and evenly spaced; epipleuron and sutural ridge extend beyond mid-point almost to apex but not extending around apex, neither thickened in apical half; no interstitial lines; elytral carina absent; in horizontal specimen viewed from below epipleuron at elytral base wide, covering humerus; viewed from above anterior margin of epipleuron arises level with or anterior to posterior margin of MS; epipleuron developed as a lateral ridge along most of length; sutural margins approximate along most of length in closed elytra.</p><p>Head (Figs. 7, 10, 24, 25, 34, 35, 55, 56, 58, 60, 62, 74): gently depressed between eyes; small head not well exposed in front of pronotum, and capable of partial retraction within prothoracic cavity; eyes wide to moderate separation beneath at level of posterior margin of mouthpart complex; eyes above labrum close to moderately separated (GHW/SIW = 2.5–5.0); frons-vertex junction rounded, without median elevation; posterolateral eye excavation not strongly developed, not visible in resting head position; antennal sockets on head between eyes, not contiguous, separated by &lt;ASW or ASW; clypeolabral suture present, flexible, not in front of anterior eye margin when head viewed with labrum horizontal; outer edges of labrum reach inner edges of closed mandibles. Mouthparts: functional; apical labial palpomere flattened, shaped like short broad triangle (wide at base and L subequal to W), with inner edge entire, and less than half as long as apical maxillary palpomere. Antennae (Figs. 7, 25, 34, 35, 50, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 62, 74; Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin 2000 Fig. 26i) 11 segmented; length&gt;GHW up to twice GHW; in all but  Py. elongata sp. nov. FS1 subequal in length to pedicel; median area of FS 1 may be expanded or outer angle may be produced; FS4 may be expanded at anterior apical angle; all FS including FS 1 longer than wide and not expanded laterally or at their apices in  Py. elongata sp. nov.</p><p>Legs (Figs. 4, 6, 8, 10, 18, 22, 34, 41, 43, 48, 50, 56, 58, 60, 61; Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin 2000 Fig. 26 h): with inner tarsal claw entire; with MFC; femora 3 swollen and curved and tibiae 3 curved in several species; no basitarsi expanded or excavated.</p><p>Abdomen (Figs. 4, 10, 11−14, 17, 22, 26−30, 34, 36, 37, 41, 44, 45, 46, 48, 51−53, 55, 56, 58, 60, 66, 67, 74− 76; Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin 2000 Fig. 26 a ̄d; 2013 Fig. 221): without cuticular remnants in association with aedeagal sheath (131, 132); no ventrites with curved posterior margins, nor extending anteriorly into emarginated posterior margin of anterior segment (106–108). V6 with LO present, occupying almost ventrite surface. V7 with LO bipartite, occupying at least half the surface of ventrite, and reaching to sides and sometimes into the PLP, and fat body extending between inner posterior corners of LO and extending into MPP (LO thus appear joined at their inner posterior corners); LO halves well separated in middle, with this area usually slightly depressed and appearing trough-like; posterior margin of V7 trisinuate with symmetrical MPP, apex of which is shallowly emarginate, not laterally compressed, MPP short or slightly longer than wide (L&lt;W or L&gt;W), except in  Py. elongata sp. nov. where it is much longer than the PLP and very broad at its base; MPP not inclined dorsally nor engulfed by T8 apex; PLP short, subequal in length to MPP but narrower and apically rounded; paired incurving lobes occur along posterior margin just inside the PLP, lobes bearing dense profusion of hairs along their anterior margins; along the posterior margin of V7 between the incurving lobes and the MPP are paired very short projections which are rounded or pointed and may carry a dense clump of very short hairs on the dorsal surface. T8 well sclerotised, symmetrical, W=L, visible posterior area narrowing gently, median posterior margin emarginate; T8 widest across middle with lateral margins tapering evenly in posterior direction except in  Py. similissima sp. nov. where the margins are straight and converge slightly posteriorly; without prolonged posterolateral corners, median posterior projections, not inclined ventrally nor engulfing posterior margin of V7 nor MPP (133, 134), extending moderately beyond posterior margin of V7; with well defined median longitudinal trough margined laterally by well defined ridges which are prolonged into slender short apically acute flanges at their inner anterior angles (except in  Py. elongata sp. nov. and  Py. similis; ridges margined laterally by well defined depressed areas containing short spines in the anterior half and hairs in the posterior half (except in  Py. elongata sp. nov.), hairs and spines sparsely distributed in  Py. semilimbata; concealed anterolateral arms of T8 as long as or slightly shorter than visible posterior portion of T8, not laterally emarginated before their origins, dorsoventral expansions absent, expanded only in horizontal plane; without bifurcation of inner margin and ventrally directed pieces (217); lateral margins of T8 not enfolding sides of V7 (190); T7 without prolonged anterolateral corners.</p><p>Aedeagal sheath: (Figs. 15 ̄17, 27, 28, 51, 53, 70̄72) symmetrical; approx. 3 times as long as wide; with paraprocts which envelop the sheath sternite from the sides; symmetrical in posterior area where sheath sternite tapers evenly to a narrow rounded apex; anterior half of sternite relatively narrow, apically rounded; tergite without lateral arms extending anteriorly at sides of sheath sternite; tergite without projecting pieces along posterior margin of T9, anterior margin without transverse band.</p><p>Aedeagus: (Figs. 15 ̄17, 27, 28, 31, 32, 38, 39, 52, 53, 68̄72; Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin 2000 Fig. 26 e ̄g) L/W 3–4, except in  Py. elongata sp. nov. where the L/W is 7/1; asymmetrical due to curvature of both ML and LL; apices of LL not visible from beneath at sides of ML, LL/ML narrow; LL of equal length, shorter than ML, contiguous along inner dorsal margins with apices very narrow and separated by less than 1/2 their dorsal length (b/ a= 0.8 approximately; 0. 9 in  Py. elongata sp. nov.); dorsal base of LL symmetrical, evenly excavated; LL without lateral hairy appendages along their outer ventral margins, not produced preapically nor narrowly on inner apical margin, apices of LL very narrow, not inturned, nor out-turned; without projection on left LL; inner margins without slender leaf-like projection; ML asymmetrical, without paired lateral teeth and tooth to left side, apex not shaped like arrowhead, not bulbous, not inclined ventrally; BP not strongly sclerotised, not hooded, not strongly emarginated along anterior margin.</p><p>Female (Figs. 18−20). Macropterous.</p><p>Pronotum: without irregularities in posterolateral areas; punctation moderate to dense; pronotal width less than humeral width; without indentation of lateral margin, irregularities at posterolateral corner; outline similar to that of male.</p><p>Elytra: subparallel-sided, punctation not as large as that of pronotum, nor evenly spaced; no interstitial lines; elytral carina absent.</p><p>Legs: no legs or parts thereof swollen and /or curved.</p><p>Abdomen: LO in V6 only, without any elevations or depressions or ridges on V7; median posterior margin of V7 widely emarginate, median area not broadly rounded; median posterior margin of V8 entire. Bursa plates (Figs. 19, 20; Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin 2013 Fig. 222) consisting of 2 wide paired plates; median oviduct plate small (not investigated in all species).</p><p>Larva. Not reliably associated.</p><p>List of species</p><p>Pyrophanes appendiculata Olivier 1885</p><p>Pyrophanes beccarii Olivier 1885</p><p>Pyrophanes elongata Ballantyne sp. nov.</p><p>Pyrophanes quadrimaculata Olivier 1886</p><p>Pyrophanes semilimbata (Olivier 1883)</p><p>Pyrophanes similis Olivier 1885</p><p>Pyrophanes similisimma Ballantyne sp. nov.</p><p>Key to species of  Pyrophanes Olivier using males</p><p>1. Hind femora not strongly swollen or curved; tibiae 3 not strongly curved, not expanded at apex (Figs. 34, 48, 56, 58, 60)... 2</p><p>- Hind femora swollen and curved; tibiae 3 strongly curved, strongly expanded at apex (Figs. 6, 8, 10, 18, 22, 41, 43, 74).... 4</p><p>2. Elytra brown with lateral sutural margins narrowly paler (Figs. 47, 49, 50)........................  semilimbata (Olivier)</p><p>- Elytra pale yellowish with apical half or less dark brown (Figs. 33, 54, 57, 63, 64).................................. 3</p><p>3. V7 with MPP much longer and wider than PLP (Figs. 34, 36)..................................... ..  elongata sp. nov.</p><p>- V7 with MPP short (L = W) and subequal in length to PLP (Figs. 55, 56, 58, 60).........................  similis Olivier</p><p>4. Elytra medium to dark brown, often with lateral and sutural margins semitransparent and pale (Figs. 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 21, 23)... 5</p><p>- Elytra dingy or pale, clear yellow, always with apex dark brown to black; base of elytra may be brown (Figs. 40, 42)....... 6</p><p>5. Elytra medium to dark brown, lateral margin and sutural margin, yellow, often appearing semitransparent (Figs. 3, 5, 9)........................................................................................  appendiculata Olivier</p><p>- Elytra medium to dark brown, without paler margins; if any margins paler then.. elytra very dark brown not semitransparent, and lateral and sutural margins narrowly paler only in basal 1/3 (Figs. 21, 23)..........................  beccarii Olivier</p><p>6. Elytra with apical and basal dark markings (Figs. 40, 42)....................................  quadrimaculata Olivier</p><p>- Elytra with dark brown area restricted to apex (Fig. 73).......................................  similisimma sp.nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/476CB224E6721210FF09A04EFA3EFAD2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ballantyne, Lesley;Lambkin, Christine L.;Boontop, Yuvarin;Jusoh, Wan F. A.	Ballantyne, Lesley, Lambkin, Christine L., Boontop, Yuvarin, Jusoh, Wan F. A. (2015): Revisional studies on the Luciolinae fireflies of Asia (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): 1. The genus Pyrophanes Olivier with two new species. 2. Four new species of Pteroptyx Olivier and 3. A new genus Inflata Boontop, with redescription of Luciola indica (Motsch.) as Inflata indica comb. nov. Zootaxa 3959 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1
476CB224E6701217FF09A48CFC3AF94B.text	476CB224E6701217FF09A48CFC3AF94B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyrophanes appendiculata Olivier	<div><p>Pyrophanes appendiculata Olivier</p><p>(Figs. 3−17)</p><p>Pyrophanes appendiculata Olivier, 1885: 370; 1902: 72; Olivier 1913a: 417. Ballantyne 1968 Fig. 15. Ballantyne &amp; McLean 1970 Figs. 3i, 4 p−s. Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin 2009: 106, 107, Fig. 503; 2013: 111, Figs. 221, 222.</p><p>Type.  Holotype Male. INDONESIA: 0.56 S 134.00 E Papua Barat Andai. (MCSN).</p><p>Other specimens examined.   PHILIPPINES. Sulu  Islands Bongao July 1924 A. Duyag 4 males 7 females (USNM) ;   Banaran I. McGregor 15 males, 18 females (USNM)  .  Mindanao Dapitan coll. Baker 2 males, 10 females (USNM) .   Luzon  Mt Makiling coll. Baker male (USNM)  .   INDONESIA. Sumatra,  Benkoelen, i.1926, W Coblentz 3 males mounted in unknown medium on partially fragmented slide (USNM)  .   Taam Island Kal Island group 500 ml N  Darwin 12.v.1971 N. Geier 14 males, 5 females (ANIC)  .   INDONESIA (as Dutch New Guinea):  Wankowari July 7 1926 Reinking 5 males, 8 females (USNM) ;  June 2 1926 Reinking 2 males, 2 females (USNM) .</p><p>Diagnosis. One of three species of  Pyrophanes with orange pronotum and brown to dark brown often semitransparent elytra; distinguished from  Py. beccarii by the width of the pale lateral and sutural elytral margins ( beccarii has very dark brown non transparent elytra either without pale margins or with narrow incomplete pale lateral elytral margins); having curved and swollen hind femora and curved hind tibiae and distinguished from  Py. semilimbata which has straight non swollen hind femora and straight hind tibiae.</p><p>Redescription of Male. 5.5–7.5 mm long (type 7. 5 mm long); smallest specimens were from Bongao while the lectotype and certain Banaran and Wankowari males reached 7. 5 mm). Colour (Figs. 3−5, 8−10): pronotum often very shiny, deep yellow to dingy orange yellow, semitransparent, often appearing paler where underlying white muscle attachments are visible; MS MN pale to orange yellow; elytra medium brown (may appear semitransparent), apices often darker brown; four elytral colour patterns were observed (pale margins not extending around apex): 1 (Fig. 9). Both lateral and sutural margins widely pale, suture wider than lateral margin: Bongao 3, Banaran 3. 2 As for 1 but with with pale sutural margin narrower than lateral margin: Bongao 1, Banaran 12, Dapitan 2. 3 (Fig. 3). Lateral margin pale, sutural margin dark: Benkoelen 3, Wankowari 4. 4. Lateral margin narrowly pale in region of epipleuron only, suture narrowly pale in basal only: Taam Island 13; head antennae and palpi dark brown, sometimes appearing reddish brown; ventral surface of thorax dingy to bright orange; legs 1, 2 with coxae trochanters and femora orange, tibiae and tarsi dark brown; coxae 3 sometimes light brown otherwise all orange except for dark brown tarsi; V2–5 pale yellow, 6, 7 creamy white in area of LO; V7 yellowish in median area and orange across posterior margin; PLP sometimes tipped with brown; all tergites dingy yellow. Pronotum: W/L 1.5; L/EL 0.24–0.36; L/BL 0.26; W/GHW 1.2. Head: GHW/SIW 2.5–3.0. Antennae (Fig. 7): scape elongate clavate, FS 1 subequal in length to pedicel and laterally expanded at its apex; FS 2–10 elongate slender (L approx 3 x W) and not laterally expanded. Legs (Fig. 6): MFC with 6–10 teeth; femora 3 swollen and curved, tibiae 3 strongly curved and expanding towards their apices. Abdomen (Figs. 3, 10, 11−14, 17): median area between LO halves in V7 may appear trough like with muscle impressions often visible; PLP short and broad (L=W) except in Wankowari and some Sulu Is males where W&gt;L; incurving lobes with base slightly expanded (Figs. 12, 13, 17) and curving medially a little posterior to apex of PLP except in Sulu Is where the curvature begins well beyond apex of PLP; MPP very short, apically shallowly emarginated with posterolateral corners acute, scarcely projecting beyond PLP; ventral surface of T8 (Figs. 14, 17); posterior margin without posterolateral corners, rounded in Banaran and Dapitan, and angulate in Bongao and Wankowari (Fig. 14); median emargination deep and wide. Aedeagus: L/W approximately 3–4; b/a 0.8. (Figs. 15, 16, 17). Aedeagal sheath as figured (Figs. 15 ̄17).</p><p>Female (Figs. 18−20). Associated by label data only which may not be a reliable indication of species as more than one similarly coloured species may occur in the same locality. Coloured as for male with elytral patterns as follows: 1. Both lateral and sutural margins widely pale, suture wider than lateral margin, neither extending around apex which is dark: Banaran 1, Bongao 6, Dapitan 2. 2. As for 1 with sutural margin narrower than lateral margin, apex dark: Banaran 17, Bongao 1, Dapitan 8. 3. Lateral margin pale, sutural margin dark, apex dark: Wankowari 10; LO confined to V6; ventrites posterior to LO pale (Figs. 18, 19). Bursa with paired wide plates (Figs. 19, 20).</p><p>Remarks. Specimens included here range from the Philippines through to the eastern half of the island of New Guinea. Variation in elytral colouration was noted. In one male (Bongao, Sulu Islands), the pale lateral and sutural borders approach so closely that the elytral colouration is similar to that of  Py. quadrimaculata . The females examined share the same geographical elytral colour variation with the exception of the Wankowari and Benkoelen specimens where all males and associated females have elytral pattern 3. At the Benkoelen site both  Py. appendiculata and  Py. semilimbata were taken together, with both exhibiting elytral colour pattern 3.</p><p>Several specimens have the posterior margin of V7 (excluding the PLP) inclined dorsally; in one specimen the MPP is almost at right angles to the long axis of the body, thus increasing the area of the PLP; the median emargination of the MPP closely envelops the apex of the aedeagal sheath. Ballantyne (1987a) described similar modifications to the posterior margin of V 7 in certain  Pteroptyx (now  Medeopteryx) species and Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin (2009: 114; 2013: 132) discussed them in more detail. These modifications are probably due to contraction of the longitudinal abdominal muscles.</p><p>Interpretation of antennal structure and shape of T8 proved difficult with some USNM specimens which had been somewhat flattened when placed on cards. The outline of T8 is more likely to appear angulate in specimens which have been soaked in ethanol rather than in pinned specimens.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/476CB224E6701217FF09A48CFC3AF94B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ballantyne, Lesley;Lambkin, Christine L.;Boontop, Yuvarin;Jusoh, Wan F. A.	Ballantyne, Lesley, Lambkin, Christine L., Boontop, Yuvarin, Jusoh, Wan F. A. (2015): Revisional studies on the Luciolinae fireflies of Asia (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): 1. The genus Pyrophanes Olivier with two new species. 2. Four new species of Pteroptyx Olivier and 3. A new genus Inflata Boontop, with redescription of Luciola indica (Motsch.) as Inflata indica comb. nov. Zootaxa 3959 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1
476CB224E677121AFF09A61AFD14F826.text	476CB224E677121AFF09A61AFD14F826.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyrophanes beccarii Olivier. Pic 1932	<div><p>Pyrophanes beccarii Olivier</p><p>(Figs. 21−32)</p><p>Pyrophanes Beccarii Olivier, 1885: 369; 1902: 72; 1907: 56; 1910: 48; 1913a: 417.</p><p>Pyrophanes beccarii Olivier. Pic, 1932: 88 . McDermott, 1966: 116. Ballantyne in Calder, 1998: 180. Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin 2000: 71, Figs. 26, 27; 2013: 111.</p><p>Luciola complicata Lea, 1921: 66 . McDermott, 1966: 102. Ballantyne in Calder, 1998: 180 (synonymy).</p><p>Type.  Pyrophanes beccarii:   Holotype Male. INDONESIA: Maluku Province, Aru Islands (as Isole Aru, Wokan), O. Beccari, 1873. (MCSN).  Luciola complicata: Three syntypes, two males, female. AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Coen  River Cape York Peninsula, W. D. Dodd. (SAMA).</p><p>Other specimens examined.   INDONESIA:  Jayapura (as Hollandia) 1945, B. Malkin 2 females, male (USNM)  .   As Dutch New Guinea, Doramena, 18.iv.1945 St G Jewett jr, flying about crowns of coconut grass, male (USNM)  .   Biak Island i.20.2009, N. Ohba 3 males (ANIC) ;   Kampong Landbouw, 25m, 21.x.1957, palm, JL Gressitt, male (BPBM)  .   Western Papua Province,  Vogelkop ( Doberai) Peninsula, Kebar val W of Mankowari 550m, 4–31.i.1962 S &amp; L Quate, light trap male (USNM)  . NEW   GUINEA:  East Sepik province, Wewak, 220m, 15.x.1957, JL Gressitt male (USNM)  .   Western province, Daru, mouth of Fly River, vii.1941 RG Wind male (CAS)  .   Digul (Niew Guinea expedition, 190 figure obscured, near headquarters of River Digul), male (MNHN)  .   AUSTRALIA:  Cape York Peninsula: Claudie river, 28.i.1914 2 males (identified as  Luciola platygaster by A. M. Lea) ;   Claudie River J Kershaw 10 males, 13 females xi.1912 – ii.1913 (NMV)  .</p><p>Diagnosis.  Pyrophanes beccarii is one of three species with dark brown elytra. It is distinguished from  Py. appendiculata by the elytral colour ( beccarii has very dark brown non-transparent elytra which may be narrowly paler margined along the basal lateral and sutural margins only;  Py. appendiculata has lighter brown semitransparent elytra often with wide pale lateral and sutural borders). This species is distinguished from  Py. semilimbata by the swollen and curved femora 3 and curved tibiae 3, that are neither curved nor swollen in  Py. semilimbata).</p><p>Male redescription (see also Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin 2000: 71 and Figs. 26 A−I for description and diagrams of holotype male). 5.7–6.8 mm long (Holotype 6. 5 mm) (specimens examined here are slightly shorter than those from N. Queensland listed in Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin 2000: 71). Colour (Figs. 21−24): pronotum, MS and MN pale semitransparent yellow; elytra very dark brown, opaque, not paler margined in  Py. beccarii holotype,  Py. complicata syntypes, Doramena); Vogelkop male with lateral elytral margins semitransparent, not paler than rest but may appear so under microscope illumination; lateral margin very narrowly paler margined in anterior to (Hollandia Malkin); suture very narrowly yellow in basal 1/5 (Hollandia, Wewak); head, antennae and palpi very dark brown to almost black (head reddish brown (Vogelkop, Biak Island); ventral surface of prothorax yelloworange yellow; ventral surface of meso and metathorax brown in  Py. beccarii holotype, yellow to orange yellow in others; legs 1, 2 yellow with dark brown tibiae and tarsi or legs 2 with only tarsi dark brown; legs 3 coxae may be brown on anterior face, remainder of legs 3 yellowish with only tarsi brown (Australia) or with last 3 tarsomeres brown (Vogelkop); basal abdominal ventrites yellowish often semitransparent; V5–7 whitish (LOs confined to V6, 7); PLP yellow (Hollandia coll. Malkin), both incurving lobes and tips of PLP very dark brown (Biak Island), dorsal surface of PLP brown in holotype; dorsal abdomen yellow. Pronotum (Fig. 24): W/L 1.5–1.6; L/EL 0.21– 0.24; L/BL 0.18–0.19; W/GHW 1.4–1.5. Head (Fig. 25): GHW/SIW 4.0. Antennae: scape elongate, clavate; FS 1 subequal in length to pedicel and produced laterally at apex; remaining FS elongate at least 2–3 X as long as wide, not laterally expanded. Legs (Fig. 22): MFC with maximum of 10 teeth; femora 3 swollen and slightly curved; tibiae 3 curved and expanding slightly at apex. Abdomen (Figs. 26−30): median area between LO halves in V7 may appear trough like with muscle impressions usually visible; PLP short and broad (L=W or W slightly wider than L); incurving lobes with base slightly expanded, and curving medially just posterior to apex of PLP and extending medially beyond pronounced pointed projections; MPP short, shallowly emarginate with posterolateral corners acute; ventral surface of T8 as figured (Figs. 27, 28); anterior area of lateral margins clearly differentiated and bearing spines and short flanges; posterior margin rounded at sides of median emargination; mid lateral area of posterior margin slightly angulate; median emargination deep and wide. Aedeagus (Figs. 31, 32): L/W approximately 3–4; b/a 0.8.</p><p>Female. Associated by label data only. Coloured as for male ( Py. complicata syntype has dark brown non margined elytra) except for LO in V6 only and V7, 8 pale. Not further investigated. See also Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin 2000: 71 for description of north Queensland females.</p><p>Remarks.  Pyrophanes beccarii was erected by Olivier (1885) for a single male specimen from Île Arou(the type label reads Isole Aru) which is treated here as the holotype. It is not a common species in collections and the specimens assigned here range from the western area of the island of New Guinea to Wewak in the east. This is the only species of  Pyrophanes recorded from Australia, where it occurs only in the far north of Cape York peninsula in Queensland. Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin (2000: 71) examined 26 specimens from north Queensland, of which 15 were females.</p><p>Males are very similar in dorsal colouration to some  Py. appendiculata and it is possible that Olivier misidentified some of his New Guinean material.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/476CB224E677121AFF09A61AFD14F826	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ballantyne, Lesley;Lambkin, Christine L.;Boontop, Yuvarin;Jusoh, Wan F. A.	Ballantyne, Lesley, Lambkin, Christine L., Boontop, Yuvarin, Jusoh, Wan F. A. (2015): Revisional studies on the Luciolinae fireflies of Asia (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): 1. The genus Pyrophanes Olivier with two new species. 2. Four new species of Pteroptyx Olivier and 3. A new genus Inflata Boontop, with redescription of Luciola indica (Motsch.) as Inflata indica comb. nov. Zootaxa 3959 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1
476CB224E67B121BFF09A19AFB91F996.text	476CB224E67B121BFF09A19AFB91F996.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyrophanes elongata Ballantyne & Lambkin & Boontop & Jusoh 2015	<div><p>Pyrophanes elongata Ballantyne sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 33−39)</p><p>Type.   Male. PHILIPPINES. Palawan  Iraan, 14.i.1981 R. de Keyzer (ANIC)  .</p><p>Paratypes (9). PHILIPPINES. Luzon:   Manila D Fullaway 2 males (one identified by HSB as  Colo infuscata or? (bimaculata E O 1886) (USNM) ;  Cavite Province Bacoor P Stangl 2 males (USNM);   Sorsogon Province, Donsol,  Ogod River, in mangrove at night, 15.iii.2010, T. Wong male (ANIC)  .  Negros Occidental Aug. 28 1929 A. Lopez male (USNM) .   Negros Is 27.viii.1981 male (ANIC)  .   Palawan  Iraan, 13.i.1981 R de Keyzer male (ANIC) ;   St Paul’s underground R. 11.i.1980 R. de Keyzer male (ANIC)  .</p><p>Diagnosis. Elytra pale light yellowish brown with elytra having black apical markings, pronotum orange yellow; distinguished from all other  Pyrophanes by the MPP which is much wider than long and projecting considerably beyond the short narrow PLP; distinguished from the similarly coloured  Py. similissima sp. nov. in having straight non swollen or curved hind femora and tibiae, and from  Py. similis in the elongate non swollen FS 2–3, and the outline of V7.</p><p>Male. 5.3 (Negros)–7.3 (Manila) mm long. Colour (Figs. 33−35): Pronotum orange-yellow, elytra paler light yellowish brown, semitransparent, with black apices black in apical 1 / 4, (apical in Negros male); ventral surface orange yellow except for creamy LOs in V6, 7; head deep reddish brown; antennae incomplete, very dark brown with anterior margin of scape, pedicel and FS1 light brown; legs incomplete except in single Bacoor male, yellow, with apical two tarsomeres of legs 3 on left side brown in one Manila male; all tarsi dark brown in one Bacoor male; abdomen pale with white LOs, posterior half of V5 may appear whiter than rest, tips of PLP brown. Pronotum: W/L 1.5–1.6; L/EL 0.2; L/BL 0.17–0.19; W/GHW 1.3–1.5. Head: GHW/SIW 5.0. Antennae (Figs. 34, 35): ASD &lt;ASW; scape gently clavate; FS 1 subequal in length to scape, not laterally expanded, slightly longer than subequal remaining FS none of which are expanded. Legs (Fig. 34): MFC with 6–9 teeth; femora 3 not swollen or curved, tibiae 3 not curved nor expanded at their apices. Abdomen (Figs. 34, 36, 37): median area between LO halves in V7 may appear trough-like; PLP short, slightly longer than wide; incurving lobes short not extending far medially and with tuft of hair at their apices; pointed projections not obvious from below, dense brush of hairs on dorsal surface in this region; MPP apically shallowly emarginated, elongate with very broad base and projecting posteriorly well beyond the apices of the PLP. T8: lateral troughs smooth shiny hairless, not prolonged into flanges at their anterior inner margins; lateral margins may appear sinuous; posterior margin with narrow shallow median emargination. Aedeagus (Figs. 38, 39): elongate, very slender (L/W 7/1) with LL twisted, inturned slightly at their apices, closely approximate in apical half and separated by half their dorsal length (it is unclear if the twisting of the LL is due to desiccation); ML very narrow expanding a little at its apex; b/a = 0.9.</p><p>Female and larva unknown.</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is latinised from the English word elongate, thus highlighting the pronounced elongation of the MPP of the abdomen in this species.</p><p>Remarks. This unusual species is known only from the few specimens described here. However the record of a single specimen from the Donsol river Ogod site, where a popular firefly watching site exists, suggests that the species is much more widely distributed in the wild. The incurving lobes are shorter in this species, T8 is without spines or hairs in the lateral troughs of the ventral surface which also lacks flanges.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/476CB224E67B121BFF09A19AFB91F996	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ballantyne, Lesley;Lambkin, Christine L.;Boontop, Yuvarin;Jusoh, Wan F. A.	Ballantyne, Lesley, Lambkin, Christine L., Boontop, Yuvarin, Jusoh, Wan F. A. (2015): Revisional studies on the Luciolinae fireflies of Asia (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): 1. The genus Pyrophanes Olivier with two new species. 2. Four new species of Pteroptyx Olivier and 3. A new genus Inflata Boontop, with redescription of Luciola indica (Motsch.) as Inflata indica comb. nov. Zootaxa 3959 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1
476CB224E67B121EFF09A762FE5EFE54.text	476CB224E67B121EFF09A762FE5EFE54.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyrophanes quadrimaculata Olivier 1886	<div><p>Pyrophanes quadrimaculata Olivier</p><p>(Figs. 40−46)</p><p>Pyrophanes quadrimaculata Olivier, in Baer 1886: 187; 1902: 72; 1907: 56; 1910: 48. McDermott 1966: 116. Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin 2013: 111, Figs. 225, 226.</p><p>?  Pyrophanes quadrimaculata var bimaculata Olivier, 1886: 187 . McDermott, 1966: 116.</p><p>Type.  Holotype. Female. PHILIPPINES. Luzon. (MNHN).</p><p>Other specimens examined:   PHILIPPINES: Leyte:  Tacoban xi.13.1944 ES Ross male (identified as  Colophotia plagiata by F. McDermott (CAS)  .   Mindanao: Kabasalan   Zamboanga v.4.1932 HC Muzzall 3 males, female (female identified as  Pyrophanes quadrimaculata var. bimaculata by F. McDermott) (CAS) ;   Dapitan Baker 2 males; (USNM)  .   Samar  Island 3 males Baker (two identified as  Py. quadrimaculata by M. Pic) (USNM)  .</p><p>Diagnosis. One of four  Pyrophanes with curved and swollen hind femora and curved hind tibiae in the male; distinguished from  Py. appendiculata and  Py. beccarii by the paler elytral colour which is dark marked at the apex and base only, and from  Py. similissima sp. nov. which has dark markings at elytral apex only.</p><p>Description of Male. 6.6–7.9 mm long. Colour (Figs. 40, 41, 42, 43): pronotum, MS and MN dusky yellow, MN often pale yellow; elytra semitransparent, dusky yellow-light brown, with apical and basal dark brown areas occupying approx. 2/10 and 1/10 EL (basal darker area may appear paler than that at apex e.g. Fig. 40); head antennae and palpi moderately dark brown; ventral aspect of thorax dingy orange, of metathorax brown in one Samar Is male; legs orange yellow with tibiae 1, 2 brownish and tarsi 1, 2 brown, tarsi 3 with apical 3 tarsomeres (Dapitan 1, Samar 2) or apical 4 (Illigan) brown; ventrites anterior to LO semitransparent appearing blotchy white because of underlying fat body; LOs may appear creamy with white margins (probably due to age); in V7 area of trough between LO halves and area posterior to LO brownish (may be an artefact); dorsal abdomen mottled whitish, T8 more orange yellow than preceding tergites. Pronotum: W/L 1.5–1.6; L/EL 0.2; L/BL 0.19; W/ GHW1.4–1.5. Head: GHW/SIW 3.7. Antennae: scape strongly expanded. FS 1 slightly longer than pedicel strongly produced laterally at apex; FS 2 longer than FS 1, FS 2–9 elongate, longer than wide and not laterally produced. Legs (Figs. 41, 43): MFC with up to 12 short, strong and densely packed teeth; femora 3 swollen and curved, tibiae 3 curved and expanded at their apices. Abdomen (Figs. 44−46): median area between LO halves in V7 appearing trough like with muscle impressions visible; PLP short and broad (L=W); incurving lobes with base slightly expanded, posterior margin rounded and outer margin slightly angulate, curving medially just posterior to the apex of the PLP and projecting medially beyond the pointed projections which are densely clothed with short hairs (Fig. 46); MPP very short, shallowly emarginate with posterolateral corners acute (Fig. 46); T8 lateral troughs with anterior area of spines and posterior area of dense hairs and short wide apically acute flanges; posterior margin angulate in midlateral areas, deep and wide median emargination (Figs. 44 45). Aedeagus: L/W approximately 3–4; b/a 0.8.</p><p>Remarks. Olivier (1886) based the  variety bimaculata on a single female and did not attempt to distinguish between the two  Pyrophanes species with similar elytral colouration viz.  Py. similis and  Py. quadrimaculata var. bimaculata, and given that there was no reliable association of males with this female we regard the  variety bimaculata as species incertae.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/476CB224E67B121EFF09A762FE5EFE54	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ballantyne, Lesley;Lambkin, Christine L.;Boontop, Yuvarin;Jusoh, Wan F. A.	Ballantyne, Lesley, Lambkin, Christine L., Boontop, Yuvarin, Jusoh, Wan F. A. (2015): Revisional studies on the Luciolinae fireflies of Asia (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): 1. The genus Pyrophanes Olivier with two new species. 2. Four new species of Pteroptyx Olivier and 3. A new genus Inflata Boontop, with redescription of Luciola indica (Motsch.) as Inflata indica comb. nov. Zootaxa 3959 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1
476CB224E67E121CFF09A326FAB6FDA6.text	476CB224E67E121CFF09A326FAB6FDA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyrophanes semilimbata (Olivier)	<div><p>Pyrophanes semilimbata (Olivier)</p><p>(Figs. 47−53)</p><p>Luciola semilimbata Olivier, 1883: 76; 1913a: 417. Gorham, 1903: 326. Thancharoen et al. 2007: 61.</p><p>Luciola venusta Olivier, 1883: 76; 1902: 85 (synonymy). Thancharoen et al. 2007: 61.</p><p>Luciola (Luciola) semilimbata Olivier. McDermott, 1966: 113 .</p><p>Pyrophanes semilimbata (Olivier) . Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin 2013 Figs. 223, 224, 227.</p><p>Types.  Luciola semilimbata Olivier. Holotype female. 'Indes Orientales' labelled 1. Female symbol; 2. Handwritten  Luciola semilimbata Chr. Ind or; 3. Typed label Coll Chevrolet; 4. Handwritten  Luciola semilimbata with Ern Oliv typed in corner; 5. Typed label Specimen typicum originale auctoris Ern Olivier (MNHN) (Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin 2013: Fig. 227).  Luciola venusta Olivier. Holotype male. INDONESIA:’ Java ouest’ labelled 1. Typed label Specimen typicum originale auctoris Ern Olivier; 2. Handwritten  Luciola venusta with Ern Oliv typed in corner (MNHN). (Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin 2013: Figs. 223, 224).</p><p>Other specimens examined.   INDONESIA: Sumatra,  Benkoelen, i.1926, W Coblentz 14 males [3 males mounted in unknown medium on partially fragmented slide] (USNM)  .   PHILIPPINES:  Mindanao: Davao, coll. Baker male; Dapitan Baker male (without head and pronotum) (USNM)  .   MALAYSIA:  Sandakan, coll. Baker male (USNM)  .  Sabah, Likas I. Polunin, 10 males (ANIC) .</p><p>Diagnosis. One of four  Pyrophanes species with hind femora not swollen and hind tibiae not curved; very similar in dorsal colouration to  Py. appendiculata differing in the non expanded hind legs and in having the elytral margins very narrowly pale ( Py. appendiculata has elytral margins usually widely pale); differing from both  Py. similisimma s p. nov. and  Py. elongata sp. nov. both of which have pale elytra with apical dark patches, in the dorsal colouration.</p><p>Redescription of male. 5.1 (Sandakan)–6.3 (Benkoelen) mm long. Colour (Figs. 47−50): pronotum MS and MN orange, elytra dark brown with lateral and sutural margins narrowly orange along approximately 9/10 of suture and 8/10 of lateral margin, elytral apex dark brown (sutural margin pale only along raised area of sutural margin, lateral margin pale area corresponding to width of epipleuron); Davao males with paler sutural margin wider than suture; 3 Benkoelen males (Fig. 49) have only lateral margin pale; head deep reddish brown, antennae and palpi very dark brown; ventral thorax orange yellow semitransparent with restricted brownish markings in median area of metasternum and inner ventral area of coxae 3; legs orange yellow, except for brown tibiae and tarsi 1, 2, and tibiae 3; Sandakan male with most of all femora mid brown and all tibiae and tarsi dark brown; basal ventrites yellowish with white fat body clearly visible through semitransparent cuticle; Sandakan male with basal ventrites brown; posterior margin of V5 with solid band of aggregated fat body; LO cream, remainder of V6 orange except for dark brown tips of PLP and posterior margins of incurving lobes; dorsal abdomen whitish yellow semitransparent except for orange yellow T8 and posterior half of T7. Pronotum: W/L 1.5–1.6; L/EL 0.24–0.26; L/ BL 0.19–0.24; W/GHW 1.4–1.6. Head: GHW/SIW 4.6–5.0. Antennae: scape gently clavate; pedicel short slightly constricted at base; FS1 about 1.5 x as long as scape, slightly constricted at base and outer margin slightly expanded; remaining FS elongate slender. Legs (Figs. 48, 50): MFC with up to 7 teeth; femora 3 not swollen or curved, tibiae 3 not curved or expanded at their apices. Abdomen (Figs. 48, 51−53): median area between LO halves very narrow slightly depressed; PLP short and broad; incurving lobes elongate slender, projecting posteriorly beyond PLP and MPP with apex very narrow; MPP short, broad, moderately medially emarginated with posterolateral corners acute (Fig. 51); ventral surface of T8 (Figs. 52, 53); posterior margin with narrowed angulate posterolateral corners, and a wide shallow median emargination; lateral margins of ventral surface sparsely clothed in spines and hairs. Aedeagus (Fig. 52): L/W approximately 3–4; b/a 0.9.</p><p>Remarks. Olivier (1883) described  L. semilimbata from a female with elytral punctation in lines. Immediately below he described a male, from 'Java ouest' as  L. venusta, with the last 3 abdominal ventrites white, and V7 trilobed. Olivier subsequently (1902) synonymised the two species. Both sexes conformed in the narrowly pale colour of the sutural ridge and lateral elytral margins. Gorham (1903) was unsure of the identification of specimens he described as  Py. venusta . Olivier (1913a) probably incorrectly recorded females of  Py. semilimbata from New Guinea, at Erima and Stephansort and these records could have been of females of  Py. appendiculata . Thancharoen et al. (2007: Fig. 5) distinguished 11 species including  Py. semilimbata in which the elytral punctures were in lines. Olivier did not describe the elytral punctures in lines in the male of  L. venusta .</p><p>It was not possible to distinguish females taken at the Benkoelen site because both  Py. semilimbata and  Py. appendiculata males were taken there, thus no definitive descriptions of females can be presented here.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/476CB224E67E121CFF09A326FAB6FDA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ballantyne, Lesley;Lambkin, Christine L.;Boontop, Yuvarin;Jusoh, Wan F. A.	Ballantyne, Lesley, Lambkin, Christine L., Boontop, Yuvarin, Jusoh, Wan F. A. (2015): Revisional studies on the Luciolinae fireflies of Asia (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): 1. The genus Pyrophanes Olivier with two new species. 2. Four new species of Pteroptyx Olivier and 3. A new genus Inflata Boontop, with redescription of Luciola indica (Motsch.) as Inflata indica comb. nov. Zootaxa 3959 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1
476CB224E67C1223FF09A392FEDEFDC4.text	476CB224E67C1223FF09A392FEDEFDC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyrophanes similis Olivier	<div><p>Pyrophanes similis Olivier</p><p>(Figs. 54 −66, 68, 69)</p><p>Pyrophanes similis Olivier 1885: 370; 1902: 72; 1907: 72; 1910: 48.? Blair, 1927 Fig. 10 (larva). McDermott, 1966: 117</p><p>Nec  Pyrophanes similis var crassicrus Olivier 1885: 370; 1907: 56. McDermott, 1966: 117.</p><p>Type.   Syntype male. INDONESIA: Sulawesi as Celebes Kandar 1.iv.74 O. Beccari male (bears identification labels as  Pyrophanes similis syntype male) (MNHN) (Figs. 54−56, 65)  .</p><p>Specimens examined. PHILIPPINES. Luzon, Cavite Province, Bacoor P. Stangl 3 males (identification label reading “  Luciola infuscata no authority) (USNM). Luzon Rizal Province, Alabang 15.i.1946 B. Malkin 2 males (USNM). Manilla D Fullaway male (identification label reads “  Colophotia sp. (perhaps  Luciola infuscata Er.) perhaps  Pyrophanes bimaculata E O 1886 HSB 1940) (USNM). Luzon Batangas Province Matabunkay (as Matabunskai) I Polunin 20 males 2 females (ANIC). Palawan Ursula Is 29.xii.1980 R. de Keyzer 3 males (ANIC). INDONESIA. Sulawesi (as Celebes) Macassar (sic) N Lepong Nov, 1949 Y Haneda male (USNM).</p><p>Diagnosis. With yellowish pronotum and elytra, elytra with black area at apex (dorsal colouration like that of  Py. similissima sp. nov.); one of three  Pyrophanes with straight, non curved, non swollen hind femora, and relatively straight tibiae, differing from the similarly coloured  Py. elongata sp. nov. by the short MPP (that of  Py. elongata is considerably longer than the PLP) and the short laterally produced FS1 (that of  Py. elongata is elongate and not laterally produced), and from  Py. semilimbata in the elytral colour (that of  Py. semilimbata is brown with paler lateral margins).</p><p>Male. 5.9–8.8 mm long (syntype 7. 6 mm). Colour (Figs. 54−64): pronotum, MS and MN orange yellow semitransparent; elytra pale light brownish, dark brown in apical 2/5–1/2, slightly more than in one Alabang male (Fig. 57); head antennae and palpi dark brown; ventral surface yellow except for white LOs in V6, 7; legs yellow except for brown tibiae and tarsi 1, brown apices of tibiae 2, 3 and brown tarsi 2, 3; basal ventrites semitransparent yellow with fat body visible beneath; V7 yellow in median area and across posterior margin; dorsal abdomen yellow. Pronotum: W/L 1.5–1.6; L/EL 0.2; L/BL 0.17–0.18; W/GHW 1.2–1.4. Head: GHW/SIW 4.3–4.5; ASD slightly &lt;ASW. Antennae: elongate clavate scape, FS 1 subequal in length to short pedicel and slightly produced at outer apex; remaining FS not laterally produced. Legs (Figs. 56, 58, 60, 61): MFC with maximum of 11 teeth (7 strong and 4 fine in Alabang; 3–4 fine hairs only in Bacoor); femora 3 not strongly swollen or curved, tibiae 3 slightly curved, not strongly expanded at their apices (see Remarks). Abdomen (Figs. 55, 56, 58, 60, 66): ventral surface of T8 as figured (Fig. 66); posterior margin with rounded posterolateral corners, shallow and wide median emargination; PLP elongate slender; incurving lobes not expanded at base, curving inwards just behind tips of PLP and inner apex reaching beyond pointed projection; MPP short about as wide as long with truncate apex. Aedeagus (Figs. 68, 69): L/W approximately 4–5; b/a = 0.9.</p><p>Remarks. Olivier (1885) described  Py. similis as very similar to  Luciola chinensis (presumably because of the similarity of the dorsal colouration) but distinguished by the appendages of the last ventral abdominal segment in the male. His figure 12, Plate VI is an inaccurate representation of the terminal abdomen (see previous discussion). Olivier (1902, 1907, 1910) erroneously listed a  variety crassicrus . There is no variety of  Py. similis listed on the page mentioned (Olivier 1885: 370) and the name crassicrus does not appear.</p><p>Blair (1927) described an aquatic lampyrid larva from the southern Celebes, indicating that distributional records indicated the possibility it could be an immature stage of  Py. similis . Bertrand (1972, 1973) repeated this record but with no new information. We were unable to identify this larva.</p><p>Interpretation of the nature of the hind legs in this species has been made from a single type specimen which was glued ventral surface to a card and subsequently removed (Fig. 56). The femora in this specimen are slightly more robust than those of the remaining specimens assigned here, but other characters like the nature of T8 are consistent throughout the group. Differences between  similis and  Py. similissima sp. nov. are most obvious when comparing Figs. 56, 58, and 60 with 74 where the characters of the hind legs are most pronounced.</p><p>Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin (2009 Fig. 509) misrepresented the basal antennal segments of  Py similissima sp. nov. as  Py similis, and in 2013 (p. 111) these authors incorrectly keyed  Py similis using the character of hind femora swollen.</p><p>A single male was taken by Haneda in Sulawesi at Macassar in November 1949 along with specimens of  Py. similissima sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/476CB224E67C1223FF09A392FEDEFDC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ballantyne, Lesley;Lambkin, Christine L.;Boontop, Yuvarin;Jusoh, Wan F. A.	Ballantyne, Lesley, Lambkin, Christine L., Boontop, Yuvarin, Jusoh, Wan F. A. (2015): Revisional studies on the Luciolinae fireflies of Asia (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): 1. The genus Pyrophanes Olivier with two new species. 2. Four new species of Pteroptyx Olivier and 3. A new genus Inflata Boontop, with redescription of Luciola indica (Motsch.) as Inflata indica comb. nov. Zootaxa 3959 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1
476CB224E6431220FF09A3B6FCCAFC8E.text	476CB224E6431220FF09A3B6FCCAFC8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyrophanes similisimma Ballantyne & Lambkin & Boontop & Jusoh 2015	<div><p>Pyrophanes similisimma sp.nov.</p><p>(Figs. 67, 70−72, 75, 76)</p><p>Type.  Holotype male. Sulawesi as Celebes Macassar N Lepong Nov. (remainder of label indecipherable) 1949 Yata Haneda (USNM).</p><p>Paratypes (7). INDONESIA. Maluku Province, Ambon Island Waai A.  Wegner male (11.iv.1964), (BPBM) ;   Ambon Island as ‘ Molucca Is Amboine Is’ near  Poca lat 45 long 128 E 28–30 March 1975 JE Lloyd 5 males (JELC)  . Sulawesi as  Celebes Macassar N Lepong Nov. (remainder of label indecipherable) 1949 Yata Haneda male (USNM) .</p><p>Diagnosis. One of four  Pyrophanes species with curved swollen hind femora and curved tibiae in the male, distinguished by its pale dorsal colouration with black patches confined to the elytral apices.</p><p>Redescription of male. 7.9–8.9 mm long. Colour (Figs. 73, 74): pronotum, MS and MN orange yellow semitransparent, fat body clearly visible through pronotal cuticle in lateral areas; elytra semitransparent whitish yellow, paler than pronotum, may be shiny orange yellow at base, slightly paler in median area, with apical brown area; head deep reddish brown, antennae and palpi dark brown; ventral surface of thorax semitransparent yellow; legs yellow except for brown tarsi 1, 2 and brown apical tarsomeres 3; basal ventrites semitransparent yellow with fat body visible beneath; V7 yellow in median area and across posterior margin; dorsal abdomen yellow. Pronotum: W/L 1.6; L/EL 0.18–0.19; L/BL 0.15–0.16; W/GHW 1.3–1.4. Head: GHW/SIW 4–5. Antennae (Fig. 74): scape elongate clavate, FS 1 subequal in length to short pedicel and produced laterally on anterior face (produced on right antenna only in two in Lloyd collection; one specimen has R antenna only); FS 2, 3 produced laterally at outer apices in Celebes males (Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin 2009 Fig. 509, specimen misidentified as  Py. similis). Legs (Fig. 74): MFC with 14 strong teeth in Lloyd specimens; femora 3 swollen and curved, tibiae 3 strongly curved and expanded at their apices. Abdomen (Figs. 67, 73−76): median area between LO halves in V7 may appear trough like with muscle impressions visible; ventral surface of T8 as figured (Fig. 67); lateral margins essentially straight and converging posteriorly, posterior margin with acute posterolateral corners, deep and wide median emargination with a further narrower emargination at midline; PLP elongate slender; incurving lobes broad at base, making almost a right angle with the long axis of the body; inner apex reaching as far as or slightly further than pointed projection; MPP short about as wide as long with rounded apex (Figs. 75, 76). Aedeagus (Figs. 70̄72): L/W approximately 3–4; b/a = 0.8.</p><p>Etymology. Possibly a case of hyperbole, but named to highlight its similarity in colouration to  Py. similis .</p><p>Remarks. A single male of  Py. similis was taken at Macassar by Haneda in Nov. 1949 along with representatives of this species.</p><p>Discussion. The Luciolinae fauna of the Philippines is varied, extremely interesting in various abdominal modifications in males, and largely devoid of any revision with most species existing solely in the form in which they were originally described, most over 100 years ago. With a few exceptions most of the species of  Pyrophanes addressed here occur in the Philippines. Working on this fauna is complicated by the difficulty in obtaining adequately preserved specimens (Weir &amp; Recsei 2009) and in this respect we are greatly indebted to the late Ivan Polunin as all freshly collected material we examined was provided by his activities. We have virtually no firsthand knowledge of flashing patterns in this genus but some observations hint at the possibility that a  Pyrophanes species is the synchronising species at least in one of the tourist sites at Donsol (Wong pers comm.).</p><p>Two species with similar colouration but differing in the development of their hind legs have overlapping distributions. The two species with dark elytra,  Py appendiculata (with swollen hind femora and curved hind tibiae), overlaps with  Py. semilimbata (which is without swollen hind femora or curved tibiae) at Benkoelen. Those with pale elytra having a dark apical mark, are  Py. similissima (with the hind legs developments) and  Py. similis (without such hind leg modifications) which overlap at the Macassar site. This could be indicative that these species could take role in müllerian rings at this sites, as lampyrids are known to be generally unpalatable and thus aposematic.</p><p>There are now firefly tourism watching sites but until now the identity of these fireflies was unknown. These include sites at Mt Apo near Mindanao (T. Lynch pers comm.), Iwahig River and Sicsicsan River in Palawan (Wong pers comm.), Sibuyan Island in Romblon Province, and at least 10 accredited firefly tourist guides operate at the Donsol River in Sorgoson. We can identify only a single specimen of  Py. elongata sp. nov. from the Ogod River site.</p><p>Just as the realisation of the potential for firefly tourism promises a boost to the economy of a country, so too does this very tourism reveal how fragile many of the firefly communities are, and the significant need for future well-regulated care to be taken in preserving their environment.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/476CB224E6431220FF09A3B6FCCAFC8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ballantyne, Lesley;Lambkin, Christine L.;Boontop, Yuvarin;Jusoh, Wan F. A.	Ballantyne, Lesley, Lambkin, Christine L., Boontop, Yuvarin, Jusoh, Wan F. A. (2015): Revisional studies on the Luciolinae fireflies of Asia (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): 1. The genus Pyrophanes Olivier with two new species. 2. Four new species of Pteroptyx Olivier and 3. A new genus Inflata Boontop, with redescription of Luciola indica (Motsch.) as Inflata indica comb. nov. Zootaxa 3959 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1
476CB224E6401225FF09A633FBD4FF70.text	476CB224E6401225FF09A633FBD4FF70.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteroptyx Olivier 1902	<div><p>Pteroptyx Olivier 1902</p><p>Pteroptyx Olivier, 1902: 72; 1907: 55; 1909a: 319; 1909b:lxxxii; 1910: 47; 1911: 16; 1913b: 58. Olivier &amp; Pic, 1909: 139. McDermott, 1959: 10 (partim); 1964: 46 (partim); 1966: 117 (partim). Ballantyne &amp; McLean, 1970: 223 (partim). Ballantyne, 1987a: 117; 1987b: 171; 2001: 51. Ballantyne et al. 2011: 8 (partim). nec Ballantyne in Calder 1998: 180.</p><p>Type species:  Luciola testacea Motschulsky designated by Lucas 1920. (ZMMU)  .</p><p>Diagnosis.  Pteroptyx is an oriental genus that belongs in a group of 7 genera with males characterized by: an elongate slender aedeagus with apices of LL concealed behind the median lobe when viewed from beneath, pronotal width less than width across elytral humeri, parallel-sided elytra, aedeagal sheath elongate slender, widest across middle, with posterior half of sternite not emarginate on either side, and tapering evenly towards a narrow entire apex. Males of  Pteroptyx have a MFC, deflexed elytral apices in all but  Pt. surabayia sp. nov.,  Pt. sayangia sp. nov. and  Pt. galbina sp. nov., aedeagal sheath with bulbous paraprocts, and bipartite LOs in V7 except in  Pt. surabayia sp. nov.,  Pt. sayangia sp. nov. and  Pt. galbina sp. nov. Males are distinguished from  Australoluciola which has entire LOs in V7 and no MFC and no deflexed elytral apices; from  Colophotia which has a median carina on V7, expanded and oblique PLP and elongate slender aedeagal sheath, no MFC and no deflexed elytral apices; from  Pyrophanes and  Poluninius both of which have incurving lobes along the posterior margin of V7 (bulbous in  Poluninius), bipartite LOs in V7 and an MFC but no deflexed elytral apices; from  Trisinuata and  Medeopteryx which have no MFC and no bulbous aedeagal sheath paraprocts.  Pteroptyx differs from  Luciola indica which has no deflexed elytral apices and entire LOs in V7 most obviously in being without the bulbous median lobe.</p><p>Ballantyne &amp; McLean (1970) redescribed the genus from 17 species (three were species incertae). Ballantyne (1987a) included 21 species, and Ballantyne et al. (2011) added a further new species  Pt. maipo Ballantyne. Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin (2013) redefined the breadth of the genus, listing and keying 12 species of  Pteroptyx that was restricted to oriental species having a MFC. At the same time Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin erected two other genera ( Medeopteryx and  Trisinuata) to accommodate species without a MFC which also have deflexed elytral apices in the male. With the extended morphological concept of the genus it is now appropriate that it should be fully redescribed here.</p><p>Redescription of  Pteroptyx Olivier. Male. Pronotum (Figs. 77, 88, 93, 101, 103): dorsal surface without irregularities in posterolateral areas and longitudinal groove in lateral areas (1, 2); punctation dense (sparse in  Pt. macdermotti); anterior margin not explanate (6); either subparallel-sided, margins straight (A=B=C in  Pt. sayangia sp. nov.), or with some divergence in anterior 1/3 with remainder subparallel-sided (B=C), or lateral margins diverging posteriorly along their length (C&gt;A, B in  Pt. macdermotti), or lateral margins widest across middle (B&gt;A, C); width &lt;humeral width; anterolateral corners rounded obtuse or angulate; lateral margins without indentation at mid-point, and sinuousity in either horizontal or vertical plane (16); without indentation in lateral margin near posterolateral corner (17), and irregularities at corner (18); posterolateral corners rounded or angulate, rounded corners slightly obtuse or subequal to 90°, angulate corners subequal to 90°; posterolateral corners not usually projecting as far as median posterior margin; separated from it by scarce emarginations.</p><p>Hypomera: closed; median area of hypomeron not elevated in vertical direction (16); median area more widely flattened than elsewhere.</p><p>Elytron (Figs. 77, 78, 88, 89, 93, 94, 102, 103, 113, 114): punctation dense, not linear (35, 36), not as large as that of pronotum, nor widely and evenly spaced (34); apices usually deflexed, not deflexed in three species where the V7 LO is also entire; deflexed elytral apices can be rounded or truncate, with the deflexed portion short in  Pt. maipo and  Pt. truncata; epipleuron and sutural ridge extend beyond mid-point, almost to apex but not extending around apex when apex not deflexed, neither thickened in apical half; no interstitial lines; elytral carina absent (54); in horizontal specimen viewed from below epipleuron at elytral base wide, covering humerus (44); viewed from above anterior margin of epipleuron arises anterior to posterior margin of MS; epipleuron developed as a lateral ridge along most of length; sutural margins approximate along most of length in closed elytra; lateral margins parallel-sided.</p><p>Head: usually moderately depressed between eyes, with minimal depression in  Pt. macdermotti,  Pt. truncata; well exposed in front of pronotum, not capable of complete retraction within prothoracic cavity; eyes close to moderately separated beneath at level of posterior margin of mouthpart complex except for wide separation in  Pt. malaccae; eyes above labrum close to moderately separated, SIW/GHW moderate, wide in  Pt. macdermotti, close in  Pt. truncata; frons-vertex junction rounded, without median elevation; posterolateral eye excavation not strongly developed, not visible in resting head position; antennal sockets on head between eyes, not contiguous, separated by &lt;ASW; clypeolabral suture present, flexible, not in front of anterior eye margin when head viewed with labrum horizontal; outer edges of labrum usually reach beyond inner edges of closed mandibles except in  Pt. maipo and  Pt. galbina sp. nov. Mouthparts: functional; apical labial palpomere flattened, shaped like narrow triangle (narrowest at base and L 2–3 X W except in  Pt. maipo where L=W), with inner edge entire, and at least half as long as apical maxillary palpomere except in  Pt. maipo where it is slightly less than ½ the length. Antennae 11 segmented; length&gt;GHW up to twice GHW; pedicel produced at outer apical angle in  Pt. gelasina,  Pt. macdermotti; FS1 expanded at apex in  Pt. gelasina,  Pt. macdermotti and  Pt. malaccae, and expanded in median area in  Pt. macdermotti; FS4 expanded at outer apical angle in  Pt. macdermotti; FS1 not shorter than pedicel.</p><p>Legs (Figs. 78, 89, 94, 102, 108, 116): with inner tarsal claw not split (95); with MFC (presence or absence not reliably determined in  Pt. testacea); no femora or tibiae swollen or curved (97̄99), tibiae 3 sightly expanded towards apex in  Pt. malaccae; basitarsus 1 excavated on inner margin in  Pt. tener .</p><p>Abdomen (Figs. 79−82, 90, 94−96, 102, 104, 105, 114, 115): without cuticular remnants in association with aedeagal sheath (132); posterior margin of V3 usually recurved (106̄108) (not recurved in  Pt. sayangia sp. nov., Pt. g albina sp. nov.); posterior margin of V4 recurved except in  Pt. sayangia sp. nov.,  Pt. galbina sp. nov.,  Pt. maipo and some  Pt. surabayia sp. nov. (neither character reliably established in  Pt. testacea); anterior margin of V4 extending forwards into posterior margin of V3 where this is recurved; LO in V7 usually bipartite, entire in three species which also have non deflexed elytral apices (apparently entire in Pt..  testacea Figs. 114, 115); entire LOs occupying most of V7, and reaching to sides but not always to posterior margin; sometimes reaching MPP and PLP; LO with anterior and posterior margins straight; LO present in V6, occupying almost all V6. MPP present, symmetrical, apex rounded or truncate (broad and apically acute with minute median emargination in  Pt. testacea), usually shallowly emarginate (deeply so in  Pt. macdermotti), not laterally compressed (162), short or slightly longer than wide (L&lt;W or L&gt;W), very wide in  Pt. macdermotti, not inclined dorsally nor engulfed by T8 apex (169), without dorsal ridge (172), median longitudinal trough (176). V7 without median carina (114), median longitudinal trough (117), anteromedian depression on face of LO, incurving lobes (121) or pointed projections (127), median ‘dimple’ (128), or reflexed lobes (129); posterior margin of V7 trisinuate; MPP shorter than, as long as, or longer than PLP (PLP not obviously developed in  Pt. testacea and posterolateral corners rounded); wider than or as wide as PLP; PLP usually moderately produced (greatly so in  Pt. macdermotti, scarcely projecting in  Pt. tener), narrower than or as wide as MPP; PLP L&gt;W, L=W or W&gt;L. T7 without prolonged anterolateral corners. T8 well sclerotised, symmetrical, W=L, visible posterior area not narrowing abruptly except in  Pt. macdermott i where lateral margins converge posteriorly, median posterior margin shallowly and narrowly emarginate (deeply so in  Pt. macdermotti); T8 usually widest across middle; without prolonged posterolateral corners (191), not inclined ventrally nor engulfing posterior margin of V7 nor MPP (185, 191), not extending conspicuously beyond posterior margin of V7 except in  Pt. macdermotti; T8 ventral surface with well developed median longitudinal trough, margined by well defined symmetrical ridges; anterior end of ridges either not produced, or with symmetrical short narrow acute flanges in  Pt. maipo and  Pt. valida; without lateral depressed troughs (206), asymmetrical projections (207), median posterior ridge (208); concealed anterolateral arms of T8 as long as, or slightly shorter than visible posterior portion of T8, not laterally emarginated before their origins (214), not expanded dorsoventrally (216), expanded only in horizontal plane; without bifurcation of inner margin (217) and ventrally directed pieces; lateral margins of T8 not enfolding sides of V7 (189); posterior margin emarginated, sometimes with elongate slender projections at each side.</p><p>Aedeagal sheath (Figs. 83, 84, 100, 110): symmetrical; approx. 3 times as long as wide; with bulbous paraprocts; symmetrical in posterior area where sheath sternite tapers evenly to a narrow rounded apex; anterior half of sternite relatively narrow, apically rounded; tergite without lateral arms extending anteriorly at sides of sheath sternite (252); tergite without projecting pieces along posterior margin of T9 (256), anterior margin without transverse band (257).</p><p>Aedeagus (Figs. 85 ̄87, 91, 97̄99, 109, 111, 112): symmetrical; L/W2.9–6.0; LL lateral appendages absent (306); apices of LL not visible from beneath at sides of ML, LL/ML narrow; LL of equal length, slightly shorter than ML, contiguous or closely approaching along inner dorsal margins; LL separated longitudinally by at least half their length, sometimes less; LL base width wider than, not = LL apex width which is narrower than that of ML; LL apices not expanded in horizontal plane (294); dorsal base of LL symmetrical, may be excavated or slightly produced; LL without lateral hairy appendages along their outer ventral margins (304), not produced preapically nor narrowly on inner apical margin (307), apices of LL not inturned, nor out-turned (314, 316); without projection on left LL (319); inner margins without slender leaf-like projection; ML symmetrical, without paired lateral teeth and tooth to left side, not strongly arched, apex not shaped like arrowhead, not bulbous, not inclined ventrally; bearing transverse ridge preapically on dorsal side; BP not strongly sclerotised, not hooded, not strongly emarginated along anterior margin (323−325).</p><p>Female (Figs. 106, 107): Macropterous and observed in flight in certain species. Pronotum without irregularities in posterolateral areas; punctation moderate to dense; pronotal width less than humeral width; without indentation of lateral margin or irregularities at posterolateral corner; outline similar to that of male. Elytral punctation not as large as that of pronotum, nor evenly spaced; no interstitial lines; elytral carina absent. No legs or parts thereof swollen and /or curved. LO in V6 only, without any elevations or depressions or ridges on V7; median posterior margin of V7 widely emarginate, median area not broadly rounded; median posterior margin of V8 entire. Bursa plates consisting of 2 wide paired plates or paired single plates in  Pt. maipo,  Pt. valida and  Pt. surabayia sp. nov. (Fig. 107).</p><p>Larva. Reliably associated by breeding for  Pt. maipo,  Pt. tener and  Pt. valida only; terrestrial; elongate, slender, spindle shaped (Ballantyne et al. 2011; Fu et al. 2012b), without laterally explanate tergal margins and with laterotergites usually visible at sides; posterolateral corners of terga 1–8 rounded entire, of tergum 12 produced narrowly; median posterior margins of terga 1–11 with rounded projections beside midline; without brush of hairs from apex of tibiotarsus; mandibles without inner teeth; antennal segment 3 short, sense cone adjacent to segment 3 short, wide.</p><p>List of species of  Pteroptyx</p><p>Pteroptyx asymmetria Ballantyne 2001</p><p>Pteroptyx bearni Olivier 1909</p><p>Pteroptyx decolor Olivier 1911</p><p>Pteroptyx galbina Jusoh sp. nov.</p><p>Pteroptyx gelasina Ballantyne 2001</p><p>Pteroptyx gombakia Ballantyne sp. nov.</p><p>Pteroptyx maipo Ballantyne 2011</p><p>Pteroptyx malaccae (Gorham 1880)</p><p>Pteroptyx macdermotti McLean 1970</p><p>Pteroptyx masatakai Kawashima 2003</p><p>Pteroptyx sayangia Ballantyne sp. nov.</p><p>Pteroptyx sulawesiensis Kawashima 2003</p><p>Pteroptyx surabayia Ballantyne sp. nov.</p><p>Pteroptyx tener Olivier 1907</p><p>Pteroptyx testacea (Motsch. 1854)</p><p>Pteroptyx truncata Ballantyne 2001</p><p>Pteroptyx valida Olivier 1909</p><p>Key to species of  Pteroptyx from SE Asia using males. Modified from Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin (2013)</p><p>1. Without deflexed elytral apices........................................................................... 2</p><p>- With deflexed elytral apices............................................................................. 4</p><p>2. Pronotal anterolateral and posterolateral corners angulate with lateral margins subparallel-sided (A=B=C)...........................................................................................  sayangia sp. nov. (Figs. 93, 94)</p><p>- Pronotal corners rounded, lateral margins subparallel-sided in posterior 2/3 (B=C)................................... 3</p><p>3. LO in V7 not extending into either MPP or PLP; MPP not medially emarginated........  surabayia sp. nov. (Figs. 102, 104)</p><p>- LO in V7 extending into both MPP and PLP; MPP medially emarginated..................  galbina sp. nov. (Figs. 78, 79)</p><p>4. Posterior margin of V7 with incurving lobes between the MPP and PLP (Fig. 90)................................... 5</p><p>- Posterior margin of V7 without incurving lobes between the MPP and PLP........................................ 6</p><p>5. V7 with slender incurving hair bearing lobes along its posterior margin between PLP and MPP (arrowed in Ballantyne et al. 2011: Figs. 9, 10); LOs in V7 restricted to very small anterolateral plaques; PLP of V7 narrowed and considerably produced beyond the posterior margin of the MPP; T8 prolonged apically beyond MPP with margins converging posteriorly (Ballantyne et al. 2011: Figs. 9, 10).................................................................  macdermotti McLean</p><p>- V7 with broad flat hairless lobes along its posterior margin between the PLP and MPP; LO in V7 entire and occupying most of the area of V7; PLP short; T8 not prolonged apically beyond the MPP (Fig. 90)......................  gombakia sp. nov.</p><p>6. T8 bearing slender elongate lobes along its posterior margin to either side of the posterior median emargination (Ballantyne et al. 2011: Figs. 7, 13); flanges on ventral surface of T8 absent; basitarsus of legs 2 often excavated in its inner margin (Ballantyne et al. 2011: Fig. 11).................................................................................7</p><p>- T8 without slender elongate lobes along its posterior margin to either side of the median posterior emargination (e.g. Ballantyne et al. 2011: Figs. 8, 17, 19, 24); flanges may be present on ventral surface of T8................................ 10</p><p>7. Posterior margin of T8 strongly asymmetrical especially when viewed from above; posterior margin of T7 broadly, shallowly and evenly emarginate; elytral apices broadly rounded (C&gt; A or B); all FS simple; posterolateral corners of V7 produced and rounded; MPP with short narrow paired hooks with apices inclining inwards (Ballantyne 2001: Figs. 1–3)..................................................................................................  asymmetria Ballantyne</p><p>- Posterior margin of T8 symmetrical or nearly so (Ballantyne et al. 2011: Figs. 7, 19, 24); any asymmetry is in the paired lobes arising at each side of the MPP, and not an asymmetry of the entire posterior margin; posterior margin of T7 either scarcely emarginated and slightly bisinuate, or moderately deeply emarginated with acute posterolateral corners and straight anterior margin; elytral apices rounded or margin B obliquely truncate; FS 1 slightly expanded in median area in  decolor; posterolateral corners of V7 produced and rounded, or not produced and angulate; posterior margin of T8 deeply emarginated in middle area with posterolateral corners produced and rounded, or barely and very narrowly emarginated in median line only..........8</p><p>8. Posterolateral processes of V7 angulate, not or scarcely produced posteriorly (Ballantyne et al. 2011: Figs. 7, 12); posterior margin of V7 between PLP and MPP slightly sinuate; posterior margin of T7 with narrowed angulate corners and a small shallow median emargination (margin appears trisinuate); elytral apices obliquely truncate across most of their anterior (outer) margin (C); aedeagus dimensions b/a 0.6..........................................................  tener Olivier</p><p>- Posterolateral processes of V7 rounded obtuse, and produced posteriorly; posterior margin of V7 between PLP and MPP with moderately deep and rounded emarginations; posterior margin of T7 deeply emarginated in middle area with posterolateral corners produced and rounded; posterior margin of T7 not appearing trisinuate; elytral apices C rounded or truncate; aedeagus dimensions b/a&gt; 0.6...................................................................................9</p><p>9. Dorsal surface entirely pale coloured (dark markings at tip of elytra may be present); pronotum without any pink markings; head and anterior margin of scape pale yellow with labrum dark brown; elytral apices rounded; projections on either side of median emargination of T8 relatively broad and apically rounded; aedeagus dimensions b/a 0.75 (Ballantyne &amp; McLean 1970 Fig. 8 h, i)................................................................................  decolor Olivier</p><p>- Elytra pale brown, semitransparent, with lateral margin paler than rest and pronotum often deep pinkish orange; if elytra pale then at least base and apex brown; head pale brown, with labrum slightly darker; elytral apex B obliquely truncate; projections to either side of median emargination of T8 slender and apically pointed; aedeagus dimensions b/a 0.85 (Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin 2013 Figs. 191−198)......................................................................  bearni Olivier</p><p>10. Deflexed elytral apex shortened (wider than long) (Ballantyne et al. 2011: Fig. 23); tibiae 3 not expanded; basitarsi 3 not swollen; fine ventrally directed flanges on ventral surface of T8 absent; PLP separated from MPP by moderately deep circular emarginations (Ballantyne et al. 2011 Fig. 18); apices of PLP broad, flat, slightly obliquely truncate; posterior margin of T7 not emarginated and posterolateral corners not produced; lateral margins of T8 rounded...............  truncata Ballantyne</p><p>- Deflexed elytral apex not shortened (i.e. about as wide as long); tibiae 3 often expanded at apex and basitarsi 3 may be swollen (Ballantyne et al. 2011 Fig. 26); fine ventrally directed flanges may be present on the ventral surface of T8 (Ballantyne et al. 2011 Fig. 17); PLP separated from MPP by moderately deep circular emarginations or not; apices of PLP sometimes flat, slightly obliquely truncate; posterior margin of T7 usually emarginated and posterolateral corners produced; lateral margins of T8 rounded or straight and converging anteriorly............................................................ 11</p><p>11. Posterior end of elytra dimpled (Ballantyne et al. 2011 Figs. 20, 21); wide deep emarginations separating elongate narrow PLP from MPP; apices of PLP narrow and rounded; posterolateral corners of T8 angulate and lateral margins converge anteriorly; posterolateral corners of T7 narrowed and may project and are often visible from beneath in the emarginations between PLP and MPP (Ballantyne et al. 2011 Fig. 19)..................................................  gelasina Ballantyne</p><p>- Posterior end of elytra not dimpled; either wide emarginations separating elongate PLP from MPP, or emarginations scarce; apices of PLP often slightly oblique, or PLP broadly rounded and scarcely produced; posterolateral corners of T8 angulate and lateral margins converge anteriorly or corners and lateral margins rounded; posterolateral corners of T7 not usually visible from beneath in the emarginations between PLP and MPP.................................................... 12</p><p>12. Posterolateral corners of V7 rounded or angulate, scarcely produced; MPP of V7 broad and apex almost squarely truncate or slightly rounded in ventral view and perpendicular to horizontal plane; median dorsal surface of MPP may be narrowly prolonged and apically emarginated......................................................................... 13</p><p>- PLP of V7 elongate, longer than wide, produced and apically obliquely truncated; MPP of V7 narrower and apex emarginated (emargination visible from beneath); median dorsal surface of MPP not developed (Ballantyne et al. 2011 Figs. 24, 25)......................................................................  masatakai Kawashima,  malaccae (Gorham) 1</p><p>13. Dorsal surface of MPP of V7 strongly prolonged and apically narrowly emarginated..................................................................... ..  sulawesiensis Kawashima;  valida Olivier sensu Ballantyne (2001 Group 2: 81) 2</p><p>- Dorsal surface of MPP either without a median posterior projection or with a slight projection........................ 14</p><p>14. Elytral apices strongly deflexed (Ballantyne et al. 2011 Fig. 32); posterior margin of outer area of elytral apex grooved; LO in V7 well separated in the middle (Ballantyne et al. 2011 Figs. 27, 31)...  valida Olivier sensu Ballantyne (2001) Groups 1 &amp; 3 3</p><p>- Elytral apices not strongly deflexed (Ballantyne et al. 2011: 2); posterior margin of outer area of elytral apex not grooved; LO in V7 contiguous in the middle (Ballantyne et al. 2011 Fig. 2).....................................  maipo Ballantyne</p><p>Notes. 1) These species are not further distinguished here; Ballantyne (2001) identified  Pt. malaccae in four distinct morphological groups from peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak, Thailand and Indonesia (Borneo); Kawashima (2003) did not align  Pt. masatakai with any of these groups and  Pt. malaccae and  Pt. masatakai are distinguished here by the occurrence of  Pt. masatakai on the island of Sulawesi. 2) Ballantyne (2001) distinguished a group of specimens of  Pt. valida from peninsular Malaysia at Selangor, Sarawak and Indonesia (Bali) with a median posterior projection of the dorsal surface of MPP. 3) Ballantyne (2001) distinguished a single specimen from peninsular Malaysia as  Pt. valida group 3.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/476CB224E6401225FF09A633FBD4FF70	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ballantyne, Lesley;Lambkin, Christine L.;Boontop, Yuvarin;Jusoh, Wan F. A.	Ballantyne, Lesley, Lambkin, Christine L., Boontop, Yuvarin, Jusoh, Wan F. A. (2015): Revisional studies on the Luciolinae fireflies of Asia (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): 1. The genus Pyrophanes Olivier with two new species. 2. Four new species of Pteroptyx Olivier and 3. A new genus Inflata Boontop, with redescription of Luciola indica (Motsch.) as Inflata indica comb. nov. Zootaxa 3959 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1
476CB224E645122AFF09A037FE9DFC1B.text	476CB224E645122AFF09A037FE9DFC1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteroptyx galbina Ballantyne & Lambkin & Boontop & Jusoh 2015	<div><p>Pteroptyx galbina Jusoh sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 77−87)</p><p>Type.   Holotype male. MALAYSIA. Sarawak; Niah, N 3.49.365, E 113.45.743, 15.X.2011, in lowland rain forest about 17 m from a river, W. F. A. Jusoh ( Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Entomological collection).</p><p>Paratypes (2): MALAYSIA. Sarawak; Ulu Baram, N 3 49.752, E114 06.917, 06.X.2010, Suria Timon, 2 males (Forest Research Institute of Malaysia,  Entomological collection)  .</p><p>Diagnosis. One of three  Pteroptyx having entire LO in V7 and without deflexed elytral apices; yellowish dorsally with black tipped elytra; most obviously distinguished from  Pt. sayangia sp. nov. by the parallel sided pronotum which has angulate anterolateral and posterolateral corners in the latter. Similar to  Pt. surabayia sp. nov. distinguished by the LO in V7 reaching into both MPP and PLP (in  Pt. surabayia sp. nov. it does not reach into either).</p><p>Male (Figs. 77 ̄87). Colour: yellowish with black tipped elytral apices; head, antennae and palpi dark brown; ventral surface of thorax and basal abdominal ventrites, and dorsal surface of abdomen, yellowish; LO creamy white; legs incomplete, yellowish with dark brown tibiae and tarsi. Pronotum: anterolateral corners angulate; lateral margins broader across posterior 2/3 than elsewhere (scored as B=C); posterolateral corners broadly rounded; PN W/GHW 1.3. Elytron: deflexed apex absent. Head: moderately exposed in front of pronotum; apical labial palpomere triangular in outline (L&gt;W) with inner margin entire; FS 1 about as long as the pedicel; no FS laterally expanded. Legs: MFC present; 4̄5 visible teeth. Abdomen: posterior margins of V3 and V4 not recurved; LO in V7 entire, occupying most of the visible area of V7, reaching sides and into PLP and MPP; MPP short and wide, wider and longer than rounded PLP, and apex with a shallow medial emargination. T8 (Figs. 81, 82) with well defined lateral ridges; area to the side of ridges with spines and hairs absent; flanges absent; posterolateral margin with corners rounded, median emargination slightly sinuate; anterior paired prolongations of T8 rounded, shorter than the length to posterior half T8. Aedeagal sheath: with bulbous lateral paraprocts; lateral margins of division between anterior and posterior tergites of aedeagal sheath clearly marked. Aedeagus (Figs. 85−87): apices of LL very narrow; LL separated by slightly less than half their dorsal length; b/a 0.9; dorsal base of LL rounded, produced anteriorly.</p><p>Etymology. The species is named for its yellow colouration on most parts of the body. The name  galbina is derived from Latin galbinus which means “yellowish”.</p><p>Remarks. It is very possible the three specimens described here are the same as  P. sayangia sp. nov. with certain of the points of difference being attributed to the method of preservation (these specimens are pinned). These specimens were collected from Malaysian Borneo, Sarawak. The specimen from Niah was observed flying individually near the bushes and produced a yellow-amber flicker. All specimens have abdomen removed for genitalia dissection and two of them have DNA tissues extracted. DNA sequences are included in Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) as “Luciolinae sp. 1” under following Process ID: MYFI 014-14 (Holotype) and MYFI 015- 14 (Paratype).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/476CB224E645122AFF09A037FE9DFC1B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ballantyne, Lesley;Lambkin, Christine L.;Boontop, Yuvarin;Jusoh, Wan F. A.	Ballantyne, Lesley, Lambkin, Christine L., Boontop, Yuvarin, Jusoh, Wan F. A. (2015): Revisional studies on the Luciolinae fireflies of Asia (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): 1. The genus Pyrophanes Olivier with two new species. 2. Four new species of Pteroptyx Olivier and 3. A new genus Inflata Boontop, with redescription of Luciola indica (Motsch.) as Inflata indica comb. nov. Zootaxa 3959 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1
476CB224E64A1228FF09A2CBFE1DFF6C.text	476CB224E64A1228FF09A2CBFE1DFF6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteroptyx gombakia Ballantyne & Lambkin & Boontop & Jusoh 2015	<div><p>Pteroptyx gombakia sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 88−92)</p><p>Type. Male. MALAYSIA Selangor. Labelled 1. MALAY PENIN. Selangor FMS Kuala Lumpur Gombak Valley 21 st mile 20.x.1921 HM Pendelbury; 2.  Pteroptyx malaccae Gorh det K. G. Blair; 3. 256; 4. Handwritten ‘  Pteroptyx sp. ‘ML’ not described scored as ML in Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin 2009, 2013) (Fig. 92) (NHML).</p><p>Diagnosis. A small pale yellowish brown species with deflexed elytral apices, MFC, and bipartite LOs in V7, known from a single specimen; distinguished from other  Pteroptyx by the outline of the posterior margin of V7 with very short narrow apically rounded PLP which are shorter than the apically emarginated MPP and separated from it by flat broad incurving apically pointed hairless lobes; T8 ventral surface without hairs or spines in lateral areas. Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin (2013) scored this as ‘Pt sp ML’ in their Figure 3.</p><p>Male (Figs. 88̄91). Colour: pale yellowish brown; head and antennae dark brown; basal abdominal ventrites dark brown; LO creamy white; tips of PLP dark brown, incurving lobes and MPP brown. Pronotum: anterolateral corners rounded; lateral margins broader across posterior margin than elsewhere (C&gt; A, B); posterolateral corners angulate; PN W/GHW 1.2. Elytron: deflexed apex rounded. Head: moderately exposed in front of pronotum; apical labial palpomere broadly triangular in outline (L=W) with inner margin entire; FS 1 longer than pedicel,no FS laterally expanded. Legs: MFC present. Abdomen (Fig. 90): V4 with posterior margin recurved; LO in V7 bipartite, occupying more than half the visible area of V7, reaching sides but not into PLP or MPP; inner margins of LO halves not contiguous; MPP short, subequal in length but narrower than PLP, and apex with a shallow medial emargination; MPP separated from PLP by broad flat apically acute and hairless incurving lobes. T8 with well defined lateral ridges; area to the side of ridges not bearing spines or hairs; short wide apically rounded and symmetrical flanges which both incline in an anterior direction. Aedeagus (Fig. 91): LL separated by half their dorsal length; b/a 0.6.</p><p>Etymology. The species is named for its type locality;  gombakia is considered to be a noun in apposition.</p><p>Remarks. In at least some species of  Pyrophanes there appears to be a relationship between both the dorsal surface of the pointed projections along the posterior margin of V7 (which occur inside the incurving lobes), the hair bearing incurving lobes, and the ventral surface of T8 which bears spines and hairs. In this species there are no pointed projections, the incurving lobes are hairless and the ventral surface of T8 is devoid of spines and hairs. It may be that here these lobes have a secondary purely mechanical role in countering any pull of longitudinal muscles on the abdomen (see Ballantyne 1987 a, Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin 2013 for further discussion on this topic).</p><p>In the only other species of  Pteroptyx that has incurving lobes along V7 ( Pt. macdermotti) T8 is greatly expanded but does not carry any spines or hairs on its ventral surface and the role of the incurving lobes in that species may also be a mechanical one.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/476CB224E64A1228FF09A2CBFE1DFF6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ballantyne, Lesley;Lambkin, Christine L.;Boontop, Yuvarin;Jusoh, Wan F. A.	Ballantyne, Lesley, Lambkin, Christine L., Boontop, Yuvarin, Jusoh, Wan F. A. (2015): Revisional studies on the Luciolinae fireflies of Asia (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): 1. The genus Pyrophanes Olivier with two new species. 2. Four new species of Pteroptyx Olivier and 3. A new genus Inflata Boontop, with redescription of Luciola indica (Motsch.) as Inflata indica comb. nov. Zootaxa 3959 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1
476CB224E6481228FF09A04EFAF6FBCC.text	476CB224E6481228FF09A04EFAF6FBCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteroptyx sayangia Ballantyne & Lambkin & Boontop & Jusoh 2015	<div><p>Pteroptyx sayangia sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 93−100)</p><p>Type.  Holotype male. MALAYSIA. Peninsula Buyang Sayang I. Polunin, male (ANIC).</p><p>Paratypes (12). Same locality as holotype, 10 males, 2 females (ANIC) .</p><p>Diagnosis. One of three  Pteroptyx having entire LO in V7 and without deflexed elytral apices; pale yellowish dorsally with black tipped elytra; most obviously distinguished from  Pt. galbina sp. nov. and  Pt. surabayia sp. nov. by the parallel sided pronotum which has angulate anterolateral and posterolateral corners.</p><p>Male. 4.5−5.2 mm long. Colour (Figs. 93, 94): pale yellowish, elytra semitransparent (specimens are preserved in ethanol), with apical brown area; head antennae and palpi dark reddish brown; ventral surface of thorax and abdomen yellow except for LO creamy white; all legs mainly yellow with dark markings as follows: legs 1 and 2 with light brown tibiae and tarsi; legs 3 with light brown tarsi only; all tergites yellow. Pronotum: anterolateral corners angulate obtuse; lateral margins approximately subparallel-sided with slight convergence just behind the anterolateral corners and just anterior to the posterolateral corners (scored as A=B=C); posterolateral corners angulate approx 90°; PN W/GHW 1.4̄1.5. Elytron: deflexed apex absent. Head: moderately exposed in front of pronotum; apical labial palpomere broadly triangular in outline (L=W) with inner margin entire; FS 1 longer than pedicel; no FS laterally expanded. Legs (Fig. 94): MFC present. Abdomen (Figs. 94−96): posterior margins of V3, V4 not recurved; LO in V7 entire, occupying more than half the visible area of V7, reaching sides, into MPP but not into PLP; MPP wide, longer and wider than rounded PLP, and apex with a shallow medial emargination; T8 with well defined lateral ridges; area to the side of ridges not bearing spines or hairs; flanges absent. Aedeagus (Figs. 97̄99): LL separated by less than half their dorsal length; b/a 0.9.</p><p>Etymology. The species is named for its type locality;  sayangia is considered to be a noun in apposition.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/476CB224E6481228FF09A04EFAF6FBCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ballantyne, Lesley;Lambkin, Christine L.;Boontop, Yuvarin;Jusoh, Wan F. A.	Ballantyne, Lesley, Lambkin, Christine L., Boontop, Yuvarin, Jusoh, Wan F. A. (2015): Revisional studies on the Luciolinae fireflies of Asia (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): 1. The genus Pyrophanes Olivier with two new species. 2. Four new species of Pteroptyx Olivier and 3. A new genus Inflata Boontop, with redescription of Luciola indica (Motsch.) as Inflata indica comb. nov. Zootaxa 3959 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1
476CB224E648122EFF09A5A9FC5BFEFE.text	476CB224E648122EFF09A5A9FC5BFEFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteroptyx surabayia Ballantyne & Lambkin & Boontop & Jusoh 2015	<div><p>Pteroptyx surabayia sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 101−112)</p><p>Type.  Male. INDONESIA. 9 kms N Surabaya 7.vi.1972 I. Polunin (ANIC) .</p><p>Paratypes (8). Same locality and collector as holotype, 4 males, 3 females (ANIC). E Bali  Gilimanuk 12.vi.1972, I. Polunin male (ANIC)  .</p><p>Diagnosis. One of three  Pteroptyx species where males are without deflexed elytral apices and with an entire LO in V7; dorsally pale coloured; MFC with 4 strong teeth; PLP short and rounded and shorter than apically rounded MPP; LO in V7 not extending into MPP or PLP; female bursa with paired elongate plates which may be fused or not (difficulty in interpretation). Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin (2013) scored this as ‘Pt sp MFC’ in their Figure 3.</p><p>Male. Colour (Figs. 101 ̄103): pale yellowish brown with dark tipped elytral apices; with paler white LOs in V6, 7 and dark brown head, antennae and tarsi; elytra appearing pale brown at base and narrowly along basal half of lateral margin; underlying hind wing may give impression that elytra are darker (wing should be pulled to side for examination Fig. 103). Pronotum: subparallel-sided (B=C); all corners rounded obtuse. Elytron: apex not deflexed; apex of elytron not emarginate. Head: greatly exposed in front of pronotum; apical labial palpomere laterally compressed, longer than wide, with inner margin entire and less than half length of apical maxillary palpomere. Antennae: FS 1 longer than pedicel; no FS laterally produced. Legs (Figs. 102, 108): MFC with four strong teeth; no basitarsus emarginated. Abdomen (Figs. 102, 104, 105): posterior margin of V4 sometimes recurved; LO in V7 entire reaching sides, and into anterior portion of MPP; PLP short apically rounded, shorter than apically rounded MPP. T8 (Fig. 105): without flanges; posterior margin trisinuate with median emargination short and narrow. Aedeagus (Figs. 110 ̄112): approximately 4 X as long as wide; LL separated by half their length, narrowed and obliquely inclined at their apices, with anterior margin rounded; b/a 0.8.</p><p>Female. (Figs. 106, 107; associated by label data only). Coloured as for male except for pale LO in V6 only. Bursa plates (Fig. 107) appearing as two broad elongate plates on each side; anterior plates curved; posterior plates inclined transversely to anterior plates and subtriangular in outline, may be attached to anterior plates but interpretation is unclear; posterior plates approach very closely at their inner margins and may be joined there also.</p><p>Etymology. The species is named for its type locality, surabaya being considered a noun in apposition.</p><p>Comments. The placement of this species in  Pteroptyx is tentative only.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/476CB224E648122EFF09A5A9FC5BFEFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ballantyne, Lesley;Lambkin, Christine L.;Boontop, Yuvarin;Jusoh, Wan F. A.	Ballantyne, Lesley, Lambkin, Christine L., Boontop, Yuvarin, Jusoh, Wan F. A. (2015): Revisional studies on the Luciolinae fireflies of Asia (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): 1. The genus Pyrophanes Olivier with two new species. 2. Four new species of Pteroptyx Olivier and 3. A new genus Inflata Boontop, with redescription of Luciola indica (Motsch.) as Inflata indica comb. nov. Zootaxa 3959 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1
476CB224E64E122CFF09A0BAFAC3FCC6.text	476CB224E64E122CFF09A0BAFAC3FCC6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteroptyx testacea (Motschulsky)	<div><p>Pteroptyx testacea (Motschulsky)</p><p>(Figs. 113−116)</p><p>Luciola testacea Motschulsky, 1854: 48 . Ballantyne &amp; McLean 1970: 268. Calder 1998: 179.</p><p>Luciola testacea Motschulsky. Olivier 1885: 357 (misidentification). Baer, 1886: 132 (misidentification). Bourgeois 1890: 169 (misidentification). Lucas, 1920: (misidentification).</p><p>Pteroptyx testacea (Motschulsky.) . Olivier 1902: 73; 1907: 56; 1913b: 55. (Misidentification). McDermott 1966: 117 (misidentification).</p><p>Pteroptyx testaceum (Motschulsky.) . Olivier 1910: 48 (misspelling).</p><p>Type.  Syntypes.’ Indes orientales’. Six specimens mounted on a card, five face down of undetermined sex, the sixth a male mounted ventral side uppermost (ZMMU) (Figs. 113−116) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Not identified in collections, and our conclusions based on colour pictures of three specimens mounted dorsal side uppermost (of indeterminate sex), black and white photos of some of the type series (taken in the 1960s), a drawing of a leg and ventral aspect of terminal abdomen (from Elida Davydova). With pale brown dorsum and black tipped elytral apices; without deflexed elytral apices; LO in V7 apparently entire (interpretation based on Davydova’s sketch Fig. 115); posterior margin of V7 not obviously trisinuate, with rounded defined posterolateral corners and a wide apically acute MPP which is shallowly and narrowly emarginated; it is not possible to determine if a MFC is present from the photos.</p><p>Remarks. Motschulsky (1854) described a small species,  L. testacea, with pale dorsum and black tipped elytral apices, elytral punctation in lines, and the last segment of the abdomen having a projecting triangular piece in the middle. No mention was made of deflexed elytral apices. The type specimens correlate with this description, however we cannot confirm the nature of the elytral punctation from the photo of the type.</p><p>Misidentification of this species in the literature appears to have begun with Olivier (1885) who redescribed  L. testacea from a male and female taken in Sarawak, describing the deflexed elytral apices in the male.</p><p>Baer’s (1886) catalogue referenced  L. testacea from Manilla. Bourgeois (1890) recorded a male and 3 females of  L. testacea from Cochinchine, the male having deflexed elytral apices, and indicated wider occurrence of the species in Malacca and Singapore.</p><p>The genus  Pteroptyx was established by Ernest Olivier (1902) for two species,  L. testacea and  L. malaccae Gorham. Only two features of the male, distinguishing it from other Luciolinae, were given: apices of elytra strongly deflexed, and terminal abdominal sternite with posterior margin strongly trilobed. Olivier did not designate a type species, and these two species were listed under  Pteroptyx in alphabetical order. Olivier (1907: 56; 1910: 48, reference to  Pt. testaceum) and McDermott (1966: 117) are catalogue references only.</p><p>Subsequently Olivier (1911−12) described  Pt. decolor from Borneo without a dark elytral spot, and having a yellow head (i.e. between the eyes), and brown tarsi, but he did not attempt to distinguish it from  Pt. testacea . In 1913b he presented a somewhat confusing attempt to distinguish  Pt. decolor and  Pt. testacea, both from Borneo, by the totally pale body colour of  Pt. decolor, while  Pt. testacea was described with dark tarsi. He did not mention the apical black elytral marking in  Pt. testacea, but did indicate that both species had elytral apices deflexed. It has not been possible to determine the specimens on which these references are based. Likewise it is impossible to determine the identity of Baer’s (1886) catalogue reference to  L. testacea . It appears that all mentions of  L. testacea subsequent to its original description are to a different species which has deflexed elytral apices in the male.</p><p>Lucas (1920) designated  L. testacea as the type species of  Pteroptyx . There is no evidence to suggest that Lucas (1920) examined the type series of  L. testacea, and probably selected it as the type species as the first described of the two  Luciola species that Olivier assigned to  Pteroptyx . Lucas thus, as the designator of the type species, misidentified it as had Olivier, Baer and Bourgeois, following Olivier’s redescription.</p><p>Ballantyne &amp; McLean (1970) in their revision of  Pteroptyx considered “to our knowledge, all the presumed  L. testacea specimens described subsequent to the original description do not conform morphologically to the holotype; therefore the identities of these later specimens is uncertain.” The only species of  Pteroptyx that Ballantyne and McLean redescribed, from Borneo, was  Pt. decolor, a pale species (i.e. without an apical black area on the elytra) thus largely consistent with  L. testacea but distinguished by its very pale head. They also confirmed the identity of  L. malaccae, and the presence of deflexed elytral apices in the male. Calder (1998) stated “Olivier did not verify the identity of the two species he based his genus on. The generic description clearly shows that his intention had been to distinguish species with deflexed elytral apices, but instead based his concept on misidentified specimens.”</p><p>Previous interpretations of  L. testacea as the type species of  Pteroptyx have been based first on a definition of the genus as having deflexed elytral apices in the male, and the belief that  L. testacea also possessed that feature. The discovery that  L. testacea, in being without deflexed elytral apices, did not conform to that definition suggested that another type species should be designated. However as we show here that  Pteroptyx may well include species without deflexed elytral apices this situation has to be further reviewed (references below).</p><p>Up to this point we have been unable to obtain high resolution pictures of the ventral surface of  L. testacea, and have been constrained in what comments we can make given that we are working from a few drawings, colour photos of the dorsal surface of three specimens of indeterminate sex, and a black and white photo of the ventral surface which was taken in the 1960s. The issue of  L. testace a as the type species of  Pteroptyx, and indeed its identity is ongoing.  Luciola testacea has never been included in our analyses, as we cannot reliably identify it in collections and we had considered that deflexed elytral apices in the male were a necessary morphological character for a species to be placed in  Pteroptyx . That definition of  Pteroptyx has now changed. If we were able to include  L. testacea in our analysis it would possibly group within the clade (I: Fig. 2A) with the other three species without deflexed elytral apices, separate to the clade (II: Fig. 2A) with deflexed elytral apices on which  Pteroptyx is currently based. Thus we have found it necessary to widen the definition of  Pteroptyx to include both clades with  L. testacea and tentatively the three new species without deflexed elytral apices.</p><p>Additionally our analysis grouped  Poluninius within the  Pteroptyx clade with the three species without deflexed elytral apices (I: Fig. 2A). While we could have placed all the species in Clade I (Fig. 2A) into  Poluninius, the likelihood that  L. testacea is also a member of that group, has led us to tentatively place them into  Pteroptyx and retaining  Poluninius as a distinct genus for the purposes of this paper. We strongly suggest that future studies investigate the composition of these genera by incorporating all 14 species of  Pteroptyx especially  L. testacea, and  Poluninius species into a phylogenetic analysis. For these reasons we do not feel at this time it is necessary to advocate a change in the type species of  Pteroptyx as was suggested previously (Ballantyne &amp; McLean 1970).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/476CB224E64E122CFF09A0BAFAC3FCC6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ballantyne, Lesley;Lambkin, Christine L.;Boontop, Yuvarin;Jusoh, Wan F. A.	Ballantyne, Lesley, Lambkin, Christine L., Boontop, Yuvarin, Jusoh, Wan F. A. (2015): Revisional studies on the Luciolinae fireflies of Asia (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): 1. The genus Pyrophanes Olivier with two new species. 2. Four new species of Pteroptyx Olivier and 3. A new genus Inflata Boontop, with redescription of Luciola indica (Motsch.) as Inflata indica comb. nov. Zootaxa 3959 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1
476CB224E64D1233FF09A0D3FE20FE86.text	476CB224E64D1233FF09A0D3FE20FE86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Inflata Ballantyne & Lambkin & Boontop & Jusoh 2015	<div><p>Inflata Boontop gen. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 117 −130)</p><p>Type species.  Luciola indica Motschulsky monobasic (ZMMU). Figs. 117−120  .</p><p>Diagnosis.  Inflata gen. nov. is a southeastern Asian genus with orange pronotum and largely black elytra, a trisinuate posterior margin to V7 and no MFC. It differs from all other Luciolinae in the bulbous median lobe of the aedeagus. It belongs in a group of eight genera ( Australoluciola,  Colophotia,  Medeopteryx,  Poluninius,  Pteroptyx,  Pyrophanes and  Trisinuata) characterized by an aedeagus with LL apices concealed behind the ML when viewed from beneath, pronotal width less than width across the elytral humeri, parallel-sided elytra, aedeagal sheath elongate slender, widest across the middle, with posterior half of sternite not emarginate on either side and tapering evenly towards a narrow entire apex. Males are distinguished from  Colophotia in being without a median carina on V7, expanded and oblique PLP and bipartite LOs in V7; from most  Pteroptyx in lacking a MFC, deflexed elytral apices, and bipartite LOs in V7; from  Pyrophanes and  Poluninius in being without incurving lobes along V7 and bipartite LO in V7; from  Trisinuata by the entire LOs in V7; from most  Medeopteryx in being without deflexed elytral apices.</p><p>Male. Pronotum: 0.15–0.3 as long as whole body; W/L 1.4–2; subrectangular in outline, with lateral margins either widest across the middle (B&gt;A, C) or tapering posteriorly very slightly; anterolateral corners rounded obtuse, posterolateral corners angulate or slightly obtuse, if angulate approximately 90° and inclined at 90° to the median line, not projecting as far as rounded median posterior margin and separated from it by scarce emarginations; pronotal width &lt;humeral width; dorsal surface without irregularities in posterolateral areas and longitudinal groove in lateral areas (1, 2); punctation dense (3); anterior margin not explanate (6); lateral margins without indentation at mid-point (15), or sinuousity in either horizontal or vertical plane (16); without indentation in lateral margin near posterolateral corner (17), and irregularities at corner (18).</p><p>Hypomera: closed. Median area of hypomeron not elevated in vertical direction (27); median area more widely flattened than elsewhere; pronotal width/ GHW index 1.1–1.5.</p><p>Elytron: punctation dense, not linear (34̄36), not as large as that of pronotum, nor widely and evenly spaced; apices not deflexed; epipleuron and suture extend beyond mid-point, almost to apex but not as ridge around apex, neither thickened in apical half; no interstitial lines; elytral carina absent (54); in horizontal specimen viewed from below epipleuron at elytral base wide, covering humerus (46); viewed from above the anterior margin of the epipleuron arises anterior to posterior margin of MS; epipleuron developed as a lateral ridge along most of length; sutural margins approximate along most of length in closed elytra; lateral margins parallel-sided.</p><p>Head: moderately depressed between eyes; well exposed in front of pronotum, not capable of complete retraction within prothoracic cavity; eyes moderately separated beneath at level of posterior margin of mouthpart complex; eyes above labrum moderately separated GHW 0.3–0.4 x SIW; frons-vertex junction rounded, without median elevation; posterolateral eye excavation not strongly developed, not visible in resting head position (61); antennal sockets on head between eyes, not contiguous, separated by &lt;ASW or ASW; clypeolabral suture present, flexible, not in front of anterior eye margin when head viewed with labrum horizontal (68, 69); outer edges of labrum reach inner edges of closed mandibles. Mouthparts functional; apical maxillary palpomere subovate not laterally flattened and inner margin entire; apical labial palpomere as long as apical maxillary palpomere, laterally compressed, shaped like a narrow triangle 2̄3 x as long as wide, with entire inner margin. Antennae 11segmented; length&gt;GHW to twice GHW; scape longer than FS 1; FS1 longer than pedicel, and slightly longer than FS 2; no segments flattened, shortened, or expanded; pedicel not produced.</p><p>Legs: without MFC (96); no femora or tibiae swollen or curved (97̄99, 102̄104); no basitarsi expanded or excavated (100).</p><p>Abdomen: without cuticular remnants in association with aedeagal sheath; ventrites without curved posterior margins; no ventrites extending anteriorly into emarginated posterior margin of anterior segment. V7: without median carina, median longitudinal trough, anteromedian depression on face of LO, incurving lobes or pointed projections, median ‘dimple’, or reflexed lobes; posterior margin trisinuate with MPP symmetrical, shallowly emarginate, not laterally compressed, as long as wide (L=W), not inclined dorsally nor engulfed by T8 apex, without dorsal ridge, median longitudinal trough; MPP longer and wider than PLP; PLP short only slightly produced and shorter and narrower than MPP; LO entire occupying most of V7, and reaching to sides, into PLP and almost to posterior margin; neither anterior nor posterior margin of LO emarginate. V6: LO present occupying almost all V6. T7 without prolonged anterolateral corners. T8: well sclerotized, symmetrical, W=L; posterior margin trisinuate; median posterior margin shallowly emarginate; widest across middle with lateral margins tapering evenly in both an anterior and posterior direction; without prolonged posterolateral corners, median posterior projections, not inclined ventrally nor engulfing posterior margin of V7 nor MPP, not extending conspicuously beyond posterior margin of V7; T8 ventral surface with well developed wide median longitudinal trough, margined by well defined symmetrical ridges; anterior end of ridges produced, with narrow apically acute flanges inclining in an anteromedian direction; without lateral depressed troughs, asymmetrical projections, median posterior ridge; concealed anterolateral arms of T8 slightly shorter than or subequal to visible posterior portion of T8, not laterally emarginated before their origins, not expanded dorsoventrally, expanded only in horizontal plane; without bifurcation of inner margin and ventrally directed pieces; lateral margins of T8 not enfolding sides of V7.</p><p>Aedeagal sheath (Fig. 131): symmetrical, of the form of  Pteroptyx as defined here (see also Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin 2009 Figs. 86 –89) with lateral paraprocts visible at sides of sheath sternite; paraprocts do not envelop sides of sheath sternite; approx. 3 times as long as wide; symmetrical in posterior area where sheath sternite tapers evenly to a narrow rounded apex; anterior half of sternite relatively narrow, apically rounded; tergite without lateral arms extending anteriorly at sides of sheath sternite or projecting pieces along posterior margin of T9, anterior margin without transverse band.</p><p>Aedeagus (Figs. 127̄130): b/a =8/11; L/W = 3.7; (aedeagus L/W scored in Ballantyne &amp; Lambkin (2013) as ‘narrow’; here the width of the ML was compared to the widest basal portion of the LL; if this measurement is taken across the narrow apical portions of the LL the L/W would increase substantially). LL: without lateral appendages; apices very slender, not visible from beneath at sides of very wide ML; of equal length, as wide as widest portion of ML in basal 1/2, then narrowing in apical 1/2; considerably shorter than ML, usually closely approximate along inner dorsal margins for apical 1/2 their length, separated longitudinally by half their length; dorsal base of LL symmetrical, shallowly and widely excavated. ML: symmetrical when viewed from beneath, narrow in anterior 2/5 with anterior margin medially emarginated; expanding considerably in next 2/5 and almost as wide at widest portion as basal area of LL; ML apex curving slightly dorsally, narrowed, posterior margin truncated with a preapical short spine. BP: not strongly sclerotised, not hooded, not strongly emarginated along anterior margin.</p><p>Female. Associated by having been taken in the same locality as the males; not observed in interactions with, or mating with males. Macropterous. Pronotum without irregularities in posterolateral areas; punctation moderate to dense; pronotal width less than humeral width; without indentation of lateral margin, irregularities at posterolateral corner; outline similar to that of male. Elytral punctation not as large as that of pronotum, nor evenly spaced; no interstitial lines; elytral carina absent. No legs or parts thereof swollen and /or curved. LO in V6 only, without any elevations or depressions or ridges on V7; median posterior margin of V7 emarginate, median area not broadly rounded; median posterior margin of V8 entire. Bursa not investigated.</p><p>Larva. Not reliably associated. Raj (1947) presented a description of an apparently terrestrial larva from Tambaram India which he assigned to  Pyrophanes virtually by a process of elimination. “Most probably it is related to  Luciola and belongs in the sub-family  Luciolini (sic). The only other Indian Lampyrid genus of this sub-family is  Pyrophanes … The only Indian species of this genus described is  P. indica Mots. ” (Raj 1947: 194). The larva has an antennal sense cone surmounted by setae indicating it is probably terrestrial (see Fu et al. 2012b). Raj also mentioned conspicuous perforations in abdominal tergites 2–8 as well as the peculiar structure of the pleurites (laterotergites) which were elongate with posterior margin forked The dorsal arm is shorter than the ventral process with a spiracle lying in the fork. We are unable to confirm the identity of this specimen as we were unable to locate it.</p><p>Etymology. The generic name is feminine, and Latinised from the English word inflate meaning to cause to swell, to depict the characteristic inflated median lobe of the aedeagus.</p><p>Remarks. The generic name is to be attributed solely to Boontop in recognition of her extensive collecting activities in Thailand.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/476CB224E64D1233FF09A0D3FE20FE86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ballantyne, Lesley;Lambkin, Christine L.;Boontop, Yuvarin;Jusoh, Wan F. A.	Ballantyne, Lesley, Lambkin, Christine L., Boontop, Yuvarin, Jusoh, Wan F. A. (2015): Revisional studies on the Luciolinae fireflies of Asia (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): 1. The genus Pyrophanes Olivier with two new species. 2. Four new species of Pteroptyx Olivier and 3. A new genus Inflata Boontop, with redescription of Luciola indica (Motsch.) as Inflata indica comb. nov. Zootaxa 3959 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1
476CB224E6531233FF09A072FE4BF8C4.text	476CB224E6531233FF09A072FE4BF8C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Inflata indica (Motschulsky 1854) Ballantyne & Lambkin & Boontop & Jusoh 2015	<div><p>Inflata indica (Motschulsky 1854) comb. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 117 −131)</p><p>Luciola indica Motschulsky, 1854: 53 . Lacordaire, 1857: 338. Olivier, 1885: 369. Gorham, 1880: 103; 1895: 304.</p><p>Pyrophanes indica (Motschulsky) . Olivier, 1902: 72. Gorham, 1903: 325. Olivier, 1907: 56. Raj, 1947: 190 (? larva). McDermott, 1966: 116. Tittayavan, 2008: 122. Kazantsev &amp; Nikitsky 2006: 28.</p><p>Type.   Holotype. Male “Indes orientales” (ZMMU). Kazantsev &amp; Nikitsky 2006: 28 designated this unique specimen as a lectotype and relabelled it as  Pyrophanes indica (Figs. 117−120).</p><p>Specimens examined. Unless indicated otherwise specimens were collected by Boontop and are presently in Boontop’s personal collection in Thailand. THAILAND:   7.33°N, 99.46°E, 192 metres, Trang Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.46&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.33" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.46/lat 7.33)">Nayong District</a>, 11.xi.2009, in botanical garden 3 females, 13 males (5 males ANIC)  .   9.34° N, 98.35° E, 57 metres, Ranong Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.34" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.35/lat 9.34)">Kaplur District</a>, in rubber and palm plantation,, 15.vi.2011, 17 males  .   10.22°N, 99.02°, 315 metres, Chumpon Province,  Sawei District, in palm plantation adjunct to the mountain 16.vi.2011, 1 female, 26 males  .   10.23°N, 99.01° 283 metres, Chumpon Province,  Sawei District, in banana orchard and palm plantation, 25.ix.2010, 1female, 49 males  .   12.33°N, 99.57°E, 70 metres, Prachup Khiri Khun Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.57&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.33" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.57/lat 12.33)">Hua Hin district</a>, 17.vii.2009, S. Poonchaisri, 1 female, 1 male, 1 male (ANIC)  .   14.31° N, 101.22°E, 123 metres, Nakhonratchasima Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.22&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=14.31" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.22/lat 14.31)">Pak Chong District</a>, 6.iv.2005, N. Yamyim, 2 female, 1 male (ANIC)  .</p><p>Diagnosis. A small species (up to 6 mm long) with orange pronotum and dark brown elytra often with narrow pale margins along at least half the lateral margin and ¼ the sutural margin. Females macropterous, coloured as for male except white LO confined to V6.</p><p>Male. Features of the type are included here in quotes. 4.5–6.1 mm long (type 4. 5 mm long) 1.8–2.4 mm wide; L/W 2.6−3.0. Colour (Figs. 117−119, 121, 122 −124): pronotum, MS and MN orange (pronotum may appear darker in the middle as fat body is irregularly retracted beneath the dorsal cuticle; MN appearing paler than rest because of dense accumulation of fat body beneath); pronotum of type “gold brown with yellowish borders”; elytra dark brown with lateral margin narrowly orange in anterior ½, and anterior ¼ of suture orange; elytra of type “light brown with somewhat lighter lateral borders”; head antennae and palpi dark brown; head of type “black with antennae dark brown”; ventral surface of prothorax orange; ventral surface of meso and metathorax mid brown; ventral aspect of thorax of type “light brown medially and gold-brown laterally”; legs with coxae trochanters and most of femora yellow, apex of femora and all of tibiae and tarsi dark brown; basal abdominal ventrites dark brown, V 5 narrowly pale across median posterior margin; LO in V6, 7 white; T8 pale yellow, remainder dark brown; dorsally reflexed margins of V6, 7 white, of remainder dark brown. Pronotum: 0.9–1.5 mm long; 1.0–1.7 mm wide. Elytron: 3.5–5.0 mm long. Head: GHW 0.9–1.3 mm; SIW 0.14–0.4 mm. GHW/SIW 3.2–6.4.</p><p>Remarks. The range of distribution is hinted at by the list of references above (Burma, India, and Andaman islands) but has not translated into large numbers of reliably identified specimens in collections and it is not possible to confirm them. Ballantyne had been aware of the general nature of the type from black and white photos and a brief description provided by Elida Davydova in 1967. However despite Ballantyne’s (1993) opinion that the species had been incorrectly assigned to  Pyrophanes, the lack of reliably identified specimens in any collections hindered any further attempt to characterise this species.</p><p>Specimens from Boontop’s collection were recognised as unusual at the taxonomic workshop held in conjunction with the Second International Firefly Symposium in Malaysia, 2010, and were considered subsequently to most closely approach the photos and description of  L. indica . These records thus indicate a range to include southern Thailand.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/476CB224E6531233FF09A072FE4BF8C4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ballantyne, Lesley;Lambkin, Christine L.;Boontop, Yuvarin;Jusoh, Wan F. A.	Ballantyne, Lesley, Lambkin, Christine L., Boontop, Yuvarin, Jusoh, Wan F. A. (2015): Revisional studies on the Luciolinae fireflies of Asia (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): 1. The genus Pyrophanes Olivier with two new species. 2. Four new species of Pteroptyx Olivier and 3. A new genus Inflata Boontop, with redescription of Luciola indica (Motsch.) as Inflata indica comb. nov. Zootaxa 3959 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3959.1.1
