identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
8ABC037964795C969418BB08D97B6904.text	8ABC037964795C969418BB08D97B6904.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dorymenia gummi Cobo & Strong 2025	<div><p>Dorymenia gummi Cobo &amp; Strong sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 2, 3</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype: USNM 1690452, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-37.2995&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.002611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -37.2995/lat 18.002611)">East of Puerto Rico</a>, Caribbean Sea, 18.002611°N, 37.2995°W; 1458.48 m depth. Serial sections (34 slides; 5 µm), a mid-body fragment preserved in 95 % ethanol, and DNA barcode sequences (mtCOI, 18 S rRNA, 28 S rRNA).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Animal slender, elongate (18 × 1–1.8 mm) without posterior digitiform projection. Sienna in color in life. Cuticle thick, hollow acicular sclerites dominate. Pedal groove with knife-shaped scales. Polystichous radula with up to 100 uniform elongate teeth per row. A pair of single copulatory stylets, rounded in cross-section. With abdominal spicules. Without seminal receptacles. With a dorsoterminal sensory organ.</p><p>Description.</p><p>External aspect and sclerites. Elongated animal (18 mm long, 1–1.8 mm wide). Sienna in color in life (Fig. 2 A), cream-white when preserved in ethanol (Fig. 2 B). The anterior region of the body is broader than the posterior, which is slightly more tapered but lacks a digitiform projection (Fig. 2 B). Sclerites do not protrude externally, and their arrangement is not visible without magnification. Pedal groove and atrio-buccal cavity externally distinguishable. The predominant sclerite type is hollow acicular, spines arranged in several layers in all the surface of the body but less abundant in the ventral region (Fig. 2 C, D). Two main morphotypes are observed: 1. Slightly curved with a rounded distal end and an internal cavity extending along most of the length (160–200 μm long, 10–15 μm wide); 2. Straight with a pointed distal end and an internal cavity running along the entire length (140–180 μm long, 8–12 μm wide). Along the pedal groove (Fig. 2 C, E), acicular sclerites are sparse, replaced by long flat solid sclerites (160–190 μm long, 15–20 μm wide) and characteristic knife-shaped scales (80–90 μm long, 20–22 μm wide). Paddle-shaped scales lacking.</p><p>Internal anatomy. Cuticle thick (90–200 μm) with simple epidermal papillae, whose distal portions are most evident in the outermost layer, while intermediate parts are less distinct in serial sections. Anterior follicular pedal glands forming a prominent glandular mass that surrounds the anterior foregut (Fig. 3 A, B). Pedal pit posterior, located in the radular region (350 μm length, 130–340 μm width, 30–130 μm height) (Fig. 3 B). The pedal groove contains a single triangular fold (80–100 × 20–30 μm) (Fig. 3 C). Cerebral ganglion, nearly circular in cross-section (180 μm length, 100–200 μm width, 80–180 μm height). Atrium (360 μm long, 250–500 μm wide, 80–250 μm high) with numerous single papillae, with four larger ones: two attached dorsally and two ventrally, flanking the atrial opening. These larger papillae are interpreted as the atrial sense organs. The mouth opens dorsally at the posterior end of the atrium and continues into a rounded, tubular foregut which continues almost parallel to the pedal groove. In the radular region, the foregut enlarges and is mushroom shaped in cross section (Fig. 3 A). Radular apparatus formed by a polystichous radula, a voluminous radular sac (320 μm long, 100–120 μm wide, 50–80 μm high) and a subradular pouch of similar dimension (Fig. 3 A, B). Each radular row (Fig. 3 E) comprises 94–102 uniform, elongate teeth (7–9.4 μm long, 1.5–3 μm wide) with a straight base, a small lateral denticle, and a longer, uncurved principal denticle (Fig. 3 D). Ventrolateral foregut glands are of type C (García-Álvarez and Salvini-Plawen 2007) ( Epimenia - type: Handl and Todt 2005), consisting of long, straight tubes that connect to the foregut via the radular sac and are folded in the post-radular region where four tubes are visible in section (Fig. 3 C). A dorsal caecum is absent, and the midgut does not show distinct serial constrictions. The gonoducts are not clearly developed. The pericardium is broad and contains a rounded heart attached to its dorsal wall, with reproductive cells (Fig. 3 G), but in the most posterior part it is straight and paired. The pericardioducts (810 μm in length, 80–95 μm in diameter) connect with the pericardium in its paired region and with the spawning duct at its origin. The spawning duct originates as two independent tubes (640 μm length, 80–100 μm in diameter) that fuse into a single duct in its mid-posterior region (450 μm length, 70–140 μm in diameter) and opens dorsally at the ciliated posterior end of the mantle cavity. The ventral walls of the mantle cavity are flanked by abdominal spicules (Fig. 3 I). The mantle cavity is large (640 μm length, opening about 400 μm long) and features dorsal ear-like protrusions (Fig. 3 I). A pair of single, rounded copulatory spicules is present (up to 1 mm long, 50–60 μm in diameter). A rounded dorsoterminal sensory organ is located dorsally, just above the closure of the mantle cavity (Fig. 3 F, H).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>- gummi Latin noun (alternative form of cummis) meaning “gum,” referring both to the soft, elongated body of the solenogaster, reminiscent of a “gummy worm”, and to its ecological association with the so-called “bubblegum coral” ( Paragorgia sp.). Used as a noun in apposition.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>This species is placed in genus Dorymenia ( Proneomeniidae) based on the presence of copulatory stylets (Heath 1918; Scheltema and Schander 2000; García-Álvarez and Salvini-Plawen 2007; García-Álvarez et al. 2009). It differs from other congeners by the exceptionally high number of radular denticles and absence of a digitiform posterior projection. The radula of Dorymenia gummi sp. nov. bears approximately 100 denticles, a distinguishing feature within the genus (McCutcheon et al. 2022: table 2). Among the described species, only D. hesperedesi from Antarctica has a similar radular count (100 denticles), but D. gummi sp. nov. differs from this species in key internal characters (presence of a single dorsoterminal sensory organ vs three and lacks seminal receptacles) and occurs at greater depths (&gt; 1000 m vs 235 m). The new species also differs externally from the geographically proximate D. peroneopsis by lacking a prominent digitiform projection. This new solenogaster species is associated with a coral host, Sibogagorgia cf. cauliflora . Only one specimen was observed on the colony, ~ 22 cm in height.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8ABC037964795C969418BB08D97B6904	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Cobo, M. Carmen;Breusing, Corinna;Quattrini, Andrea M.;Herrera, Santiago;Strong, Ellen E.	Cobo, M. Carmen, Breusing, Corinna, Quattrini, Andrea M., Herrera, Santiago, Strong, Ellen E. (2025): First Solenogastres (Mollusca, Aplacophora) from Puerto Rico: descriptions of two new species and notes on their coral hosts. ZooKeys 1261: 115-140, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1261.164889
A6AD5D8FAC725D328562E5E581EB2FF4.text	A6AD5D8FAC725D328562E5E581EB2FF4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dorymenia Heath 1911	<div><p>Genus Dorymenia Heath, 1911</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Dorymenia acuta Heath, 1911, by original designation. Type locality. Santa Barbara Islands (California, USA) (Albatross St. 4415); 550–1150 m depth.</p><p>Other included species.</p><p>D. acutidentata Salvini-Plawen, 1978; D. ancora McCutcheon, Kocot &amp; Cobo, 2022; D. antarctica (Thiele, 1913); D. boucheti Cobo &amp; Kocot, 2023; D. cristata Salvini-Plawen, 1978; D. discoveryi (Nierstrasz, 1908); D. harpagata Salvini-Plawen, 1978; D. hesperidesi García-Álvarez, Urgorri &amp; Salvini-Plawen, 2000; D. hoffmani Salvini-Plawen, 1978; D. interposita Salvini-Plawen, 1978; D. longa (Nierstrasz, 1902); D. lucida McCutcheon, Kocot &amp; Cobo, 2022; D. menchuescribanae García-Álvarez, Urgorri &amp; Salvini-Plawen, 2000; D. parvidentata García-Álvarez &amp; Urgorri, 2003; D. paucidentata Salvini-Plawen, 1978; D. peroneopsis Heath, 1918; D. profunda Salvini-Plawen, 1978; D. quincarinata (Ponder, 1970); D. sarsii (Koren &amp; Danielssen, 1877); D. singulatidentata Salvini-Plawen, 1978; D. tanifa McCutcheon, Kocot &amp; Cobo, 2022; D. tetradoryata Salvini-Plawen, 1978; D. tricarinata (Thiele, 1913); D. troncosoi García-Álvarez, Urgorri &amp; Salvini-Plawen, 1998; D. usarpi Salvini-Plawen, 1978; D. vagans (Kowalevsky &amp; Marion, 1887); D. weberi (Nierstrasz, 1902) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A6AD5D8FAC725D328562E5E581EB2FF4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Cobo, M. Carmen;Breusing, Corinna;Quattrini, Andrea M.;Herrera, Santiago;Strong, Ellen E.	Cobo, M. Carmen, Breusing, Corinna, Quattrini, Andrea M., Herrera, Santiago, Strong, Ellen E. (2025): First Solenogastres (Mollusca, Aplacophora) from Puerto Rico: descriptions of two new species and notes on their coral hosts. ZooKeys 1261: 115-140, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1261.164889
13D14C1553AC579C897508E748AA6C77.text	13D14C1553AC579C897508E748AA6C77.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Strophomenia boricua Cobo & Strong 2025	<div><p>Strophomenia boricua Cobo &amp; Strong sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 4, 5</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype: USNM 1691556, West Puerto Rico, Caribbean Sea, off Cabo Rojo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.407166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.034166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.407166/lat 18.034166)">Mona Passage</a>; 18.034167°N, 67.407167°W; 389 m depth. Serial sections (28 slides 5 µm), fragment of specimen (mid-body region) in 95 % ethanol, DNA sequences (mtCOI, 18 S rRNA, 28 S rRNA).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Animal slender, elongate (18 × 1–1.8 mm), sienna to orange in color in life. Cuticle thick, hollow acicular sclerites dominate. Epidermal papillae pedunculate. Radula lacking; radular sac vestigial. Ventrolateral foregut glands of type B, fusing dorsally in the foregut. Tubes running only on the right side of the body in their anterior region. Five bundled seminal receptacles on each side. Dorsoterminal sensory organ well developed. Spawning ducts paired. Respiratory folds, copulatory stylets, and abdominal spicules lacking.</p><p>Description.</p><p>External aspect and sclerites. Animal slender, elongate (18 mm long, 1–1.8 mm wide) with rounded ends (Fig. 4 A, B). In life, the body is brown to orange (Fig. 4 C); it becomes dark brown when preserved in ethanol (Fig. 4 A, B). Sclerites do not protrude externally, and their arrangement is not visible without magnification. With three types of hollow acicular sclerites located in the dorsal and mid body region (Fig. 4 D, E): 1) the main type (140–200 μm long, 15–20 μm wide) is strongly curved, with a characteristic distal end bearing three ridges; 2) the second most abundant type (140–160 μm long, 15–20 μm wide) has also ridged distal ends but emerges straight from the body surface; 3) less common are slightly curved hollow acicular sclerites with a pointed distal end and a rounded base (120–200 μm long, 15–30 μm wide). Along the pedal groove, the arrangement of sclerites is dense and distinctive (Fig. 4 D, F). Acicular sclerites like those on the dorsal surface are found, also bearing ridged distal ends, but with a flatter tip and curvature oriented in the opposite direction (120–140 μm long, 12–15 μm wide). In the most ventral portion, these diminish in number and are replaced by numerous knife-shaped scales, characteristic of the pedal groove (40–60 μm long, 10–18 μm wide). The pedal groove and atrio-buccal cavity (Fig. 4 A) are externally distinguishable.</p><p>Internal anatomy. Cuticle thick with sclerites in several layers (Fig. 5). The thickness of the cuticle is constant through the body, but thinner ventrally (up to 200 μm dorsal, 50–80 μm ventral) and is traversed by abundant pedunculate epidermal papillae (Fig. 5 I). Pedal groove contains a single, almost rectangular, pedal fold (25 × 12.5 μm) (Fig. 5 H). The atrium (250 μm long, 200–210 μm wide, 90–100 μm high) opens ventrally, with small papillae anteriorly and two main sensory structures ventrally. Cerebral ganglia almost rectangular in cross-section (115 μm long, 100 μm wide, 90 μm high). Pedal pit densely ciliated, triangular in shape (110 μm long, 60 μm wide, 30 μm high). The mouth opens at the posterior end of the atrium and continues into a robust, muscular foregut, almost circular in cross section (525 μm long, 80–120 μm wide, 60–100 μm high). A dorsal caecum extends to the mid-anterior region of the body. The foregut merges directly with the midgut caecum in the radular region, without forming a distinct esophagus. Ventrolateral foregut glands are of type B (García-Álvarez and Salvini-Plawen 2007) (Fig. 5 G) and connect dorsally to form a single duct in the foregut (Fig. 5 A). The foregut glands continue first as two independent tubes only on the right side of the midgut (Fig. 5 B) and posteriorly they are positioned on both sides of the midgut and are folded: in some sections, each side shows a main tube and one or two smaller ventral ones (Fig. 5 C). A rudimentary radular sac is present after the fusion of the foregut and the dorsal caecum, but no radula is developed (Fig. 5 C). Midgut with serial constrictions. Spawning ducts are paired along most of their length (450 μm length, 80–100 μm width, 50–60 μm heigh), open ventrally into the mantle cavity (120 μm length, 20–30 μm width, 20–40 μm heigh). Mantle cavity small, ciliated (520 μm length, 40–50 μm width, 120–140 μm heigh) (Fig. 5 D, E). Bundles of five seminal receptacles on each side, located in the connection of the pericardioducts with the anterior portion of the spawning ducts (Fig. 5 F). A single, well-developed dorsoterminal sensory organ is present (Fig. 5 D, E). Respiratory folds, copulatory stylets, and abdominal spicules are absent.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>‘Boricua’ is a term that refers to a native of Puerto Rico or someone of Puerto Rican descent. It originates from ‘ Borikén ’ (also spelled ‘ Borinquen ’), the Taíno name for the island of Puerto Rico, and is widely used by Puerto Ricans to refer to themselves. The use of boricua aims to honor the cultural identity of Puerto Rico and highlights the geographic origin of the species. Used as a noun in apposition.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>This species is assigned to genus Strophomenia ( Strophomeniidae) based on the absence of a radula, and the presence of type B ventrolateral foregut glands and of bundled seminal receptacles (García-Álvarez and Salvini-Plawen 2007). It is distinguished from its congeners in the combination of reproductive features (fewer seminal receptacles) and arrangement of foregut glands (Table 2). Molecularly, it is recovered as sister to Anamenia gorgonophila (Kowalevsky, 1880) (Fig. 6). Strophomenia boricua sp. nov. is distinguished from all described species of the genus (Table 2) by a unique combination of internal features, including a reduced number of seminal receptacles (five per side vs. 8–23 in other species) and a rudimentary radular sac (previously only reported in S. debilis; Nierstrasz 1902). It further differs from S. debilis in the asymmetrical arrangement of the ventrolateral foregut glands and the nearly rectangular shape of the pedal fold (triangular in all other known species). The discharge of the paired spawning ducts as a single short tube in the mantle cavity, shared only with S. scandens (Heath 1905), also supports its distinction. The genus Strophomenia is well supported based on the current morphological diagnostic characters: seminal receptacles, absence of a radula, distinctive pharyngeal gland structures (type B and commonly located on just one side of the body after the connection with the foregut), a well-developed dorso-terminal sensory organ, and paired genital openings (except for S. scandens, although the single opening is very short; Heath 1911). A more detailed analysis of the sclerites may also reveal that the carinated distal ends observed in S. boricua sp. nov. as well as the arrangement of the sclerites in the pedal region (observed for other Strophomenia species; Heath 1911) are also diagnostic of the genus. However, distinguishing species within Strophomenia remains challenging. Definitive diagnostic characters are limited, and the distinction is based on a combination of characters that must be studied in detail (Table 2). Ecological traits, particularly coral-host associations, may offer valuable clues for species delimitation within the genus. This new solenogaster species is associated with the coral host Villogorgia nigrescens . Two specimens were observed on a colony, ~ 30 cm in height.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/13D14C1553AC579C897508E748AA6C77	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Cobo, M. Carmen;Breusing, Corinna;Quattrini, Andrea M.;Herrera, Santiago;Strong, Ellen E.	Cobo, M. Carmen, Breusing, Corinna, Quattrini, Andrea M., Herrera, Santiago, Strong, Ellen E. (2025): First Solenogastres (Mollusca, Aplacophora) from Puerto Rico: descriptions of two new species and notes on their coral hosts. ZooKeys 1261: 115-140, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1261.164889
5B861B1EEDF454EEBA3B859DF1A879B2.text	5B861B1EEDF454EEBA3B859DF1A879B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Strophomenia Pruvot 1899	<div><p>Genus Strophomenia Pruvot, 1899</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Strophomenia lacazei Pruvot, 1899, by monotypy. Type locality. La Calle (Algeria), Mediterranean Sea; littoral.</p><p>Other included species.</p><p>S. debilis (Nierstrasz, 1902); S. indica (Nierstrasz, 1902); S. regularis Heath, 1911; S. ophidiana Heath, 1911; S. regularis Heath, 1911; S. scandens (Heath, 1905) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5B861B1EEDF454EEBA3B859DF1A879B2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Cobo, M. Carmen;Breusing, Corinna;Quattrini, Andrea M.;Herrera, Santiago;Strong, Ellen E.	Cobo, M. Carmen, Breusing, Corinna, Quattrini, Andrea M., Herrera, Santiago, Strong, Ellen E. (2025): First Solenogastres (Mollusca, Aplacophora) from Puerto Rico: descriptions of two new species and notes on their coral hosts. ZooKeys 1261: 115-140, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1261.164889
