identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
3C7D8791512F793580AEB1C9FC5ED134.text	3C7D8791512F793580AEB1C9FC5ED134.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys ibicuiensis de Freitas & Fernandes & Fornel & Roratto 2012	<div><p>Ctenomys ibicuiensis, new species</p><p>Holotype.— Adult female, 2n = 50 and fundamental number (FN) = 68. Skin and skull number TR 1065 (Fig. 2), collected by Thales R. O. de Freitas and Fabiano A. Fernandes, and deposited in the Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul .</p><p>Total length 234 mm; tail 75 mm; weight 200 g; hind foot (with claws) 37 mm; and hind foot (without claws) 33 mm. Total length of skull 42.90 mm; nasal length 16.25 mm; nasal width 6.39 mm; zygomatic breadth 26.58 mm; bimeatal breadth 25.20 mm; mastoid breadth 24.63 mm; rostral breadth 10.65 mm; preorbital foramen length 9.10 mm; diastema length 10.41 mm; braincase breadth 18.14 mm; length of maxillary toothrow 9.21 mm; palatal length 79.45 mm; upper incisor breadth 3.30 mm; 4th premolar length 3.88 mm; auditory bulla width 7.53 mm; auditory bulla length 14.02 mm; and mandibular width 31.49 mm.</p><p>Type locality.— Manoel Viana, in central-western Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, 29 ° 23 ' 37 '' S, 55 ° 25 ' 43 '' W. Habitat is sand dunes and grasslands, disturbed by agricultural activities and desertification.</p><p>Paratypes.—Eleven specimens (5 males and 6 females) were deposited in the Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from locality L1 (Table 1): TR 1066–TR 1076.</p><p>Etymology.—The name ibicuiensis refers to the Ibicu´ı River near the type locality. Moreover, the word ibicu´ı in the Tupi-Guarani language means sand dunes (or terra de areia in Portuguese), exactly the habitat where these tuco-tucos live.</p><p>Geographic distribution.— Ctenomys ibicuiensis is known only from 6 sites, most of them in Manoel Viana and 2 in Maçambará municipalities, in western Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, and at an elevation of approximately 200 m (Fig. 1).</p><p>After capturing the animals from the 1st locality (L1), we searched through the Manoel Viana, São Francisco de Assis, Maçambara´, Itaqui, São Borja, Santo Antônio das Missões, and Santiago municipalities for new collection sites of C. ibicuiensis . However, we found the specimens at only the few localities shown in Fig. 1.</p><p>Ctenomys torquatus has been recorded along the entire south bank of the Ibicu´ı River, including Alegrete municipality just south of Manoel Viana. This species was only found on the north bank near the mouth of the Ibicu´ı River, in Itaqui municipality, more than 100 km west of the known range of C. ibicuiensis . No tuco-tuco population, of either species, was found between these localities (see stars in Fig. 1).</p><p>In spite of the predominance of sandy soil, we did not find populations of C. ibicuiensis west and northwest of the localities L1–L6, nor did we find mention of its occurrence from folk knowledge of local residents. The geographic distribution of C. ibicuiensis is bordered on the east by the Serra do Iguariaça´, a mountain range of basaltic geomorphology that is part of the Meridional Plateau in an Atlantic Forest biome. Probably due to the characteristics of this landscape, there is no record of tuco-tucos in this region.</p><p>Karyotype analysis.—These individuals showed a diploid number of 50 chromosomes and an autosomal fundamental number of 68 arms; their 1st submetacentric pair was much longer and the 11th acrocentric pair relatively longer than observed in the other related species. This karyotype has 10 biarmed and 14 acrocentric pairs (Fig. 3). The sexual pair in males is formed by a medium-sized X-metacentric and small Y-acrocentric chromosome.</p><p>Geometric morphometric analysis.—Skull size: By ANOVA, we found significant differences in skull centroid size for dorsal (F 6 = 7.901, P &lt;0.001), ventral (F 6 = 8.638, P &lt;0.001), and lateral (F 6 = 11.88, P &lt;0.001) views of the skull. For pairwise tests, C. ibicuiensis showed significant differences only from the larger C. torquatus (dorsal view: P = 0.0004, ventral view: P = 0.0001, and lateral view: P = 0.006; for all views of pairwise tests d.f. = 15); C. torquatus always had a larger skull than C. ibicuiensis . Skull shape: The linear discriminant analysis showed the highest percentages of correct classification for the dorsal and lateral views of the skull, and in all analyses, C. ibicuiensis was correctly classified more than 87% of the time (Table 2). For MANOVA results, we found significant differences in skull shape for dorsal (Wilks’ ƛ = 0.0001, F 6 = 5.781, P &lt;0.001), ventral (Wilks’ ƛ = 0.0001, F 6 = 5.172, P &lt;0.001), and lateral (Wilks’ ƛ = 0.0002, F 6 = 7.583, P &lt;0.001) views of the cranium. All pairwise comparisons of C. ibicuiensis with species from the torquatus group were significant (Table 3). In Fig. 4, the graphs of the discriminant analyses show the variation in skull shape for C. ibicuiensis and other species from the torquatus group. The plots of discriminant analyses for 3 views of the skull show C. ibicuiensis with intermediate scores on the 1st axis, among other species (Figs. 4A, 4E, and 4I). For the ventral view of the skull, the 2nd axis shows positive scores for C. ibicuiensis (Fig. 4E). The main difference in skull shape was the rostrum length, which is proportionally shorter in C. ibicuiensis (Figs. 4C and 4G).</p><p>* P &lt;0.01; ** P &lt;0.001 (after Bonferroni correction).</p><p>The unrooted neighbor-joining tree of Mahalanobis distances for 3 views of the skull pooled, as in the discriminant analysis, placed C. ibicuienesis between 2 subgroups. On one side there are the southern Brazilian species C. lami and C. minutus, and on the other side the species C. torquatus, C. pearsoni from Uruguay, and C. perrensi and C. roigi from Argentina (Fig. 5). In the phenogram (Fig. 5), C. ibicuiensis takes an intermediate place among Brazilian Ctenomys species ( C. lami, C. minutus, and C. torquatus).</p><p>Qualitative morphological skull traits.—The skull of C. ibicuiensis is shorter than that of C. torquatus, and is more similar to the juveniles than to the larger skulls and robust zygomatic arches in adult C. torquatus . The jugal process is smaller in C. ibicuiensis, and in general the cranium is more compact than in C. torquatus .</p><p>Phylogenetic analysis.—The 1,110 base pairs of the cytochrome- b gene resulted in 14 polymorphic sites that provided 10 haplotypes for the 34 specimens of C. ibicuiensis examined (Table 1; GenBank accession number in Appendix II). The nucleotide and haplotype diversities were 0.00413 and 0.88, respectively. Fig. 6A shows a network representing the relationships among the haplotypes shaded by sampling locality. Despite the overall small number of samples, there was high haplotype diversity, mainly for L1, where a larger number of specimens were collected (see Table 1). All haplotypes were exclusively from 1 locality, except haplotype H9, which was shared between L5 and L6, which are neighboring sites (Fig. 1).</p><p>The intraspecific p-distance among haplotypes of C. ibicuiensis varied from 0.1% to 0.8%. Within the torquatus group, the range of interspecific divergence was from 0.3% ( C. lami and C. minutus) to 4.8% ( C. pearsoni and C. ibicuiensis). Other comparisons are given in Table 4. There were no values of divergence lower than 3.7% between C. ibicuiensis and other species of the torquatus group (Table 4). Similarly, there were no values lower than 4.8% comparing C. ibicuiensis and any species of the genus Ctenomys outside of the torquatus group (data not shown).</p><p>Topologies obtained from maximum-parsimony, maximum-likelihood, and Bayesian inference approaches were congruent, except in relation to nodes with weak support on the basis of the phylogeny. Therefore, we present only the Bayesian inference phylogeny (Fig. 6B). On the whole, the phylogenetic analyses recovered the 8 species groups of Ctenomys that were distinguished by Parada et al. (2011).</p><p>A single clade, with strong support, was recovered for all cytochrome- b haplotypes of the new species (see the grayshaded clade in Fig. 6B). C. ibicuiensis belongs to the torquatus group, which is represented as clade D in Fig. 6B. This group is composed of 3 major clades: the C. ibicuiensis haplotypes; the southern Brazilian species C. torquatus, C. minutus, and C. lami; and the perrensi species complex and C. pearsoni .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C7D8791512F793580AEB1C9FC5ED134	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	de Freitas, Thales R. O.;Fernandes, Fabiano A.;Fornel, Rodrigo;Roratto, Paula A.	de Freitas, Thales R. O., Fernandes, Fabiano A., Fornel, Rodrigo, Roratto, Paula A. (2012): An endemic new species of tuco-tuco, genus Ctenomys (Rodentia: Ctenomyidae), with a restricted geographic distribution in southern Brazil. Journal of Mammalogy (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) 93 (5): 1355-1367, DOI: 10.1644/12-MAMM-A-007.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.1644/12-mamm-a-007.1
