identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
3E7DF728FFC5A313A1FE3758780E1856.text	3E7DF728FFC5A313A1FE3758780E1856.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syngonanthus incurvifolius M. T. C. Watan. & Echternacht 2015	<div><p>Syngonanthus incurvifolius M.T.C.Watan. &amp; Echternacht,  sp. nov.</p><p>Type:—   BRAZIL. Goiás: Alto Paraíso de Goiás,  ca. 15 km south of Veadeiros, road to São João da Aliança, cerrado on outcrops, in wet sand, adjacent campo, 1000 m alt., 19 March 1969, H. S. Irwin, R. Reis dos Santos, R. Souza &amp; S. F. da Fonseca 24648 (Holotype UB! ,  Isotypes F!,  MO!,  NY! RB!). Figures 2 A–G &amp; 3.</p><p>Syngonanthus incurvifolius differs from all other New World species of  Syngonanthus by the rosette leaves incurved from the middle to the apex. It differs from  Syngonanthus arenarius, the most similar species, by pistillate flowers with cream sepals and adpressed trichomes on the leaves.  Syngonanthus incurvifolius is also similar to  Syngonanthus densifolius var. majus but differs by pistillate flowers with pilose petals, sepals cream with a light castaneous longitudinal band, and individuals smaller.</p><p>Perennial herbs, 7.5–18.0 cm tall. Roots 0.75–1.4 mm in diameter, cream-colored, spongy. Rosettes 1.7–3.4 cm in diameter. Rhizome 1.0–2.5(–5) cm × 2.5–7.5 mm, horizontal to oblique, often branched, tomentose to villous, with white, dense and interwoven trichomes ca. 1 cm long; each branch giving rise to a rosette of leaves, each rosette bearing 1–5 synflorescences. Leaves 0.5–2.0 cm × 0.75–1.20 mm, linear, flat to semi-terete, apex acute to round, base truncate, sinuous, recurved at base, becoming incurved from the middle to the apex, firm to rigid, striate adaxially with 3-veins prominent, or only the midvein perceptible in young leaves; densely pilose adaxially, glabrescent to pilose abaxially, with adpressed trichomes, and patent, simple trichomes ca. 0.5 mm long; basal sheath not enlarged. Synflorescences with a primary axis bearing a lax umbel of 1–18 inflorescences at the apex. Synflorescence axes 2–8 cm long, 0.2–1.0 mm in diameter, emerging from the center of the rosette, erect to curved, brown, sometimes with a dark-reddish tinge, glabrescent to pilose with simple filamentous trichomes ca. 0.3 mm long. Bracts of synflorescence axis restricted to the apex, 0.2–3.0 cm × 0.5 mm, whorled and numerous, patent, progressively elongating from the outer toward the inner series, linear to narrowly lanceolate, apex acute, erect to uncinate, pubescent on both surfaces with adpressed trichomes, and patent, capitate and simple, filamentous trichomes, capitate trichomes mostly on abaxial surface, simple trichomes concentrated at margins. Inflorescences composed of a closed spathe subtending a scape with a capitulum at the apex. Spathes 1–4 cm long, chartaceous, cylindrical, lax at apex, obliquely opened, apex acute to obtuse, erect to recurved, tip erect to uncinate, margin entire, not involute, glabrous adaxially, pubescent abaxially with capitate and simple, filamentous trichomes. Scapes erect, 3–12 cm long, green to straw-colored with age, 3-costate, pilose, pubescent near the apex with erect to patent, simple and capitate trichomes. Capitula 4–8 mm in diameter, radiate. Involucral bracts in 5–7 series, castaneous, reddish-brown to brown, sometimes with a lighter stramineous longitudinal band in the middle and on the margins, glabrous on adaxial surface, pilose to glabrescent abaxially, ciliate, with simple filamentous trichomes, rarely also capitate trichomes, these concentrated at the apex, ca. 0.3 mm long; external series 1.0–1.8 × 0.5–0.8 mm, triangular to ovate, apex acute, progressively longer toward the internal series, middle series 2.5–3.0 × 0.9–1.2 mm, obovate, apex acute to obtuse, internal series 2.5–3.0 × 0.3–0.7 mm, equaling the flower height, elliptic to slightly oblanceolate, apex acute to obtuse, sometimes membranous, lighter-colored than the external series; receptacle obconic, pilose. Floral bracts absent. Flowers 3-merous, 40–100 per capitulum, the staminate and pistillate generally equal in number, with contrasting colors, staminate flowers darker and concentrated at the border of the capitulum or mixed. Staminate flowers with pedicels 0.5–1.0 mm long, pilose in the bottom part of pedicel with simple trichomes ca. 1 mm long; sepals 1.5–2.0 mm long, coppery brown, shortly fused at base, concave, membranous, the sepals slightly different from each other, or two sepals similar to each other and a third different, falcate-asymmetrical, oblanceolate, elliptic or irregular-subspathulate, apex mucronate, cuspidate, rounded or obtuse to acute, glabrous adaxially, pubescent abaxially, especially at apex and margin, with simple filamentous trichomes ca. 0.4 mm long; petals 1–2 mm long, hyaline, membranous, fused, tubulose, lobes obtuse to rounded, involute after anthesis, glabrous; stamens adnate to the petals at base, anthers ca. 0.3 mm long, cream to yellowish; anthophore ca. 0.3 mm long; pistillodes 3, ca. 0.3 mm long, clavate, papillose at apex. Pistillate flowers 2–3 mm long, including pedicels; pedicels 0.4–1.0 mm long, with filamentous trichomes at insertion with receptacle, actinomorphic; sepals equaling the petal height, 1.2–2.0 mm long, oblong to widely ovate, concave, apex acute, base thickened, free, white with a light castaneous longitudinal band, adaxially glabrous, abaxially pubescent near the apex, ciliate, with simple filamentous trichomes up to 0.5 mm long; petals about equaling the sepals, 1–2 mm long, linear to oblong, fused at the upper half, free at base and at the very top, lobe triangular, apex acute, membranous, white to hyaline when hydrated, pilose with simple filamentous trichomes up to 0.5 mm; gynoecium ca. 2 mm long; ovary 0.4–0.6 mm long; style column ca. 0.2 mm long, cream-colored to castaneous; appendages ca. 0.4 mm long, the glandular apex capitate; stigmatic branches simple, ca. 1.5 mm long. Seed 0.4–0.6 × 0.2–0.3 mm, ellipsoid, brown-colored.</p><p>Etymology:— The specific epithet refers to the orientation of the rosette leaves, which are curved inward and upward at the distal middle, a unique feature within Brazilian  Syngonanthus . Only  Syngonanthus wahlbergii Ruhland (1903:247) in Africa has leaves like this.</p><p>Notes and taxonomic affinities:— Several species share a similar architecture with  Syngonanthus incurvifolius, including: a rhizome with apical rosettes of leaves, bearing synflorescences with verticillate bracts at the apex and scapes arranged in lax umbels. The following taxa also share dark and pilose involucral bracts (Fig. 3H), usually with a lighter longitudinal band abaxially:  Syngonanthus arenarius (Gardner) Ruhland (1903:260),  S. densifolius var. brachyphyllus Moldenke (1984: 372),  S. densifolius var. majus Moldenke (1972:499), and  S. vittatus, the new species described here below.  Syngonanthus densifolius var. majus and  S. densifolius var. brachyphyllus, actually do not belong to  S. densifolius, which possess golden to cream, glabrous involucral bracts, and shall be elevated to species status (Echternacht et al. in prep.). We consider these five taxa to form a cohesive morphological group due to the characters mentioned above. All of them, except  S. arenarius, occur in Chapada dos Veadeiros and they are possibly sympatric.</p><p>Syngonanthus incurvifolius also shares with these four taxa an unusual floral trait: sepals of staminate flowers are always clearly asymmetrical (FIG. 3D; 3F). The three sepals might differ  in form and curvature or two might be similar and the third different.</p><p>Syngonanthus incurvifolius differs from the congeneric species that have synflorescences by the remarkable form of the rosette leaves, which are recurved at base and incurved at the upper half. This feature persists even after diaphanization.  Syngonanthus densifolius var. brachyphyllus can be easily distinguished from  S. incurvifolius by its broader leaves (ca. 2–5 vs. 0.5–2 mm), with arachnoid trichomes on the adaxial surface (vs. not arachnoid), which is reticulate (vs. striate), and leaf bases achlorophyllous and pale (vs. chlorophyllous and green) (FIG. 3C).  Syngonanthus densifolius var. majus differs by pistillate flowers with glabrous petals (vs. pilose), and darker sepals, light-brown at the upper half (FIG. 3G; 3J) (vs. cream with a longitudinal light castaneous band); moreover, individuals are bigger than  S. incurvifolius and the rosette leaves are erect and flexuous.  Syngonanthus arenarius var. arenarius shares with  S. incurvifolius the small size and pilose petals of pistillate flowers (FIG. 3E; 3I); it differs by the cup-shaped bracts of the synflorescence (equal size), which are fewer (vs. progressively elongating from the outer toward the inner series and more numerous), and pistillate flowers with sepals cream at base and dark reddish-brown on the upper half (vs. cream with a longitudinal light castaneous band).  Syngonanthus incurvifolius also differs from  S. vittatus by the synflorescence axis bearing bracts only at the apex (vs. tiny bracts scattered along axis), the petals of the pistillate flowers pilose (vs. glabrous), and the involucral bracts of the middle series obovate (vs. narrow-elliptic).</p><p>Syngonanthus incurvifolius has been determined as  S. densifolius var. pilosior Silveira (1928:320) in some herbaria. Actually,  S. densifolius var. pilosior is probably a synonym of  S. anthemiflorus var. similis (Ruhland) L.R. Parra &amp; Giulietti (1997:228) (Echternacht 2012), which can be easily distinguished from  S. incurvifolius by the involucral bracts surpassing the capitulum disc (vs. not surpassing), the outer series golden to straw-colored and the internal series cream (vs. all series castaneous to reddish-brown). Furthermore, the distributions of these taxa do not overlap, as  S. anthemiflorus is restricted to the Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais State.</p><p>Phenology:— The flowering season of  Syngonanthus incurvifolius is somewhat different from congeneric sympatric species. Most species of  Syngonanthus bloom during the dry season but the blooming period of  S. incurvifolius recorded in herbaria is between February and May (the rainy season). Exceptions are  S. densifolius var. majus and  S. densifolius var. brachyphyllus, whose records also attest for a blooming in the first semester of the year. Flowers of  S. incurvifolius are in anthesis from February to April, corresponding to the latter half of the rainy season in the region. Fruits were observed only in herbarium specimens collected in May, suggesting that seeds are dispersed during the dry season.</p><p>Habitat and distribution:— Records for this species have only been reported from the municipality of Alto Paraíso de Goiás, along a small stretch of GO-118 highway, that connects Alto Paraíso de Goiás and São João da Aliança, between 5–15 km south of Alto Paraíso de Goiás. According to herbarium labels,  S. incurvifolius occurs on campos rupestres within the Cerrado biome, over quartzitic sandy soils and in wet meadows, typical habitats at the border of the highway at the described locality. Field observations (King &amp; Bishop 8900, MO) reported the species to be locally abundant. However, we have done fieldwork in Chapada dos Veadeiros over a large area and we did not find the reported population neither did we see any other subpopulation. This fact indicates that the populations probably occupy narrow areas. The roadside along GO-118 northwest of Alto Paraíso de Goiás belongs to the Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros (PNCV); roads to the south and northeast are privately owned, used for cattle grazing and farming, fragmenting the original campo  rupestre habitat.  Syngonanthus incurvifolius is registered southward, outside the PNCV and therefore might be threatened by human activities.</p><p>Conservation status:—  Syngonanthus incurvifolius is known from a stretch no longer than 10 km along GO-118 highway, where the natural habitat is severely fragmented. The species is not recorded from a protected area and the region is affected by fire, pasturage and farming, with great impact on natural habitats. As it has not been collected since 1994 and there was no success to find it in recent fieldwork, the species could be classified as extinct in the nature. However, the region is still poorly collected and a careful search might discover new populations. Because there is reasonable doubt that the last individual has died, a more thorough check of expected habitat of this species is needed to confirm it. CNCFlora (Brazilian National Center for Plant Conservation, cncflora.jbrj.gov.br) evaluated the species threatened status, following the criteria of the IUCN Red List (IUCN 2001, 2015).  Syngonanthus incurvifolius has an area of occupancy of 8 km 2, which tend to contract and deteriorate in quality. According to criteria A2ac and B2ab(i,ii,iii) this species is currently considered critically endangered (Negrão 2014a).</p><p>Additional specimens examined:—   BRAZIL. Goiás: Alto Paraíso de Goiás, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.5/lat -14.5)">Region of the Chapada dos Veadeiros</a> at 14°30’ S 47°30’ W, 7 km south of Veadeiros, wet meadowland below sandstone outcrop 7, 24 May 1956, Y. Dawson 14639 (LL) ;   Rod. GO-12, km 5–10 ao Sul de Alto Paraíso, campo arenoso, 26 May 1975, G. Hatschbach 36814 (C, LL, MBM) ;   5–12 km S of Alto Paraíso de Goiás, mostly E of road to São João da Aliança, 3300–3800 feet, 8 February 1981, L. R. M. King &amp; L. E. Bishop 8900 (MO, UB) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.5/lat -14.5)">10 km S of Alto Paraíso de Goiás (GO-118) heading for Brasília, adjacent to Chapada dos Veadeiros</a>, 14°30’S, 47°30’W, 23 February 1990, J. Saunders, L. Breyer &amp; G. Eiten 3020 (LL) ;   Rod. GO-118, 10 km S de Alto Paraíso, campo rupestre, solo arenoso úmido, 1150 m, 10 February 1994, G. Hatschbach, M. Hatschbach &amp; J. M. Silva 60290 (F, MBM)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3E7DF728FFC5A313A1FE3758780E1856	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Watanabe, Mauricio T. C.;Echternacht, Lívia;Hensold, Nancy;Sano, Paulo Takeo	Watanabe, Mauricio T. C., Echternacht, Lívia, Hensold, Nancy, Sano, Paulo Takeo (2015): Two new and endangered species of Syngonanthus (Eriocaulaceae) from Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, Brazil. Phytotaxa 212 (4): 271-282, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.212.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.212.4.3
3E7DF728FFC1A31CA1FE35A67AA01856.text	3E7DF728FFC1A31CA1FE35A67AA01856.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syngonanthus vittatus M. T. C. Watan. & Echternacht 2015	<div><p>Syngonanthus vittatus M.T.C.Watan. &amp; Echternacht,  sp. nov.</p><p>Type:—   BRAZIL. Goiás: Alto Paraíso de Goiás, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.509335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.106029" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.509335/lat -14.106029)">Chapada dos Veadeiros, estrada Alto Paraíso de Goiás - Teresina de Goiás, Fazenda Água Fria</a>, em campo limpo após a piscina, próximo a vereda e mata de galeria, 14 º 06’21.7’’S, 47 º 30’33.6’’W. 19 July 2012 (fl), M. Watanabe &amp; W. Watanabe 377 (holotype SPF! ,  isotype F!). Figures 2H–N &amp; 4.</p><p>The new species is similar to  Syngonanthus arenarius var. heterophyllus but differs by involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate with apex markedly acute and petals glabrous in pistillate flowers.  Syngonanthus vittatus is also similar to  Syngonanthus densifolius var. majus differing by all characteristics mentioned above as well the rosette leaves recurved.</p><p>Perennial herbs, 20–40 cm tall. Roots 0.2–1.5 mm in diameter, white to cream-colored, spongy. Rhizome 0.7–3.3 cm × 2.5–3.5 mm, horizontal to oblique, often branched, tomentose to villous, with white, dense and woolly curled trichomes; each branch giving rise to a rosette of leaves, each rosette bearing 1–3 synflorescences. Rosettes 19–41 mm in diameter. Leaves 9.0–22.5 × 0.3–1.0 mm, linear to narrowly lanceolate, flat to semi-terete, apex acute, base truncate, recurved, coriaceous, striate abaxially with 3–5 conspicuous veins, only the midvein visible on upper surface in young leaves; pilose on both surfaces, with arachnoid trichomes and adpressed trichomes adaxially, filamentous hairs and adpressed trichomes abaxially, mainly concentrated on midvein, ca. 0.3 mm long; basal sheath slightly enlarged, 0.5–1.0 mm wide, pale and achlorophyllous at base. Synflorescences with a primary axis bearing a lax umbel of 1–5 inflorescences at the apex. Synflorescence axis 5.0– 8.5 cm long, emerging from the center of the rosette, erect to flexuous, yellow-reddish when young, dark reddish brown in maturity, pilose at base with filamentous trichomes, glabrescent, becoming tomentose near the apex with simple filamentous and capitate trichomes. Bracts of synflorescence axis usually restricted to the apex, rarely a few tiny scattered bracts along the axis ca. 3 mm long; apical bracts 1–30 × 0.3–1.0 mm, whorled, patent, the external series lanceolate, progressively elongating from the outer toward the inner series, the internal series linear, apex acute to rounded, erect, pubescent on both surfaces with capitate filamentous trichomes. Inflorescences composed of a closed spathe subtending a scape with a capitulum at the apex. Spathes 3.5–5.5 cm long, chartaceous, cylindrical, obliquely opened, apex acute, erect, recurved or rarely involute, tip erect to uncinate, margin minutely involute, ciliate, adaxial surface glabrous to glabrescent, abaxial surface pubescent with capitate trichomes. Scapes erect, 9–30 cm long, greenish to straw-colored with age, 4(–5)-costate, sparsely hairy to densely pilose with erect to patent glandular hairs and appressed, and simple trichomes, pubescent near the apex with a collar of patent, simple filamentous and capitate [gland-tipped] trichomes. Capitula 5–12 mm in diameter, obconic, later becoming depressed-hemispherical. Involucral bracts in 4–6 series, all similar in color, light to dark brown, often with a reddish tinge, with a lighter longitudinal band in center and a darker pigmentation on the margins, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface strigose, ciliate, with patent, simple trichomes, rarely also capitate trichomes ca. 0.5 mm long; external series 1.5–2.0 × 0.5–0.8 mm, triangular to ovate, apex acute, bracts progressively elongating toward the internal series, middle series 4–5 × 1 mm, narrow elliptic, apex acute, internal series 3.0–5.5 × 0.7–1.0 mm, inner series surpassing the flowers by 0.1–0.3 mm, narrow-lanceolate, elliptic, rarely narrow-oblanceolate, apex acute; receptacle hemispheric, pilose. Floral bracts absent. Flowers 3-merous, 60–110 per capitulum, staminate and pistillate generally equal in number, with contrasting colors, staminate flowers darker and concentrated at the border of the capitulum. Staminate flowers 2.5–3.5 mm long, including pedicels; pedicels 0.5–1.0 mm long; sepals 2.0– 2.5 mm long, coppery brown, shortly fused at base, concave, membranous, usually two sepals similar in form, elliptic to lanceolate (-oblanceolate) with acute apex, slightly curved, asymmetrical, and the third different, slightly irregular-subspathulate with round to truncate apex, but occasionally occurs a reversal of forms, or occasionally the three sepals slightly different, margins ciliate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially setose with simple filamentous trichomes ca. 0.5 mm long; petals ca. 2 mm long, hyaline, membranous, fused, tubulose, lobes triangular, obtuse, involute after anthesis, glabrous; filaments free, anthers ca. 0.6 mm long, white; anthophore ca. 0.3 mm long; pistillodes 3, ca. 0.2 mm long, clavate, papillose at apex. Pistillate flowers 2.4–3.5 mm long, including pedicels of 0.4–1.5 mm long; sepals ca. 2 mm long, elliptic, concave, apex acute to obtuse, base thickened, free, cream to light castaneous, hyaline and membranous toward the apex, dark reddish brown-colored at apex, ciliate, hairy on the inside, with simple filamentous trichomes up to 1 mm long, glabrous outside; petals about equaling the sepals, 1.8–2.7 mm long, oblanceolate, fused at the distal third, membranous, white to hyaline, glabrous, the lobes triangular-rounded to obtuse, involute after anthesis; ovary ca. 0.6 mm long; style column 0.2–0.4 mm long, cream-colored; appendages ca. 0.5 mm long, the glandular apex capitatecurved; stigmatic branches simple, ca. 1.5 mm long. Seed ca. 0.40 × 0.25 mm, ellipsoid, reddish-brown colored.</p><p>Etymology:— The specific epithet refers to the well-marked longitudinal stripe evident in the center of the involucral bracts.</p><p>Notes and taxonomic affinities:— In the field, the species looks superficially similar to  Paepalanthus (FIG. 4A), because of its pilose capitula and dark involucral bracts. However, a closer examination reveals the compound inflorescences (synflorescences), with a differentiated, usually leafless primary axis, a feature that does not occur in  Paepalanthus . In addition, the species has petals of pistillate flowers fused in the distal part and free at the base, and staminate flowers isomerous an exclusive set of characters of  Syngonanthus (Giulietti et al. 2012) .</p><p>Syngonanthus vittatus belongs to the same morphological group as  S. incurvifolius, which also includes  Syngonanthus arenarius,  S. densifolius var. brachyphyllus and  S. densifolius var. majus . All these species share a similar architecture and dark and pilose involucral bracts with a contrasting pale longitudinal band.  Syngonanthus vittatus differs from all of them by the involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate to linear, with a narrower and more conspicuous pale stripe, composing a laxer involucre (FIG. 4G); the other species have large elliptical to obovate bracts, forming a denser involucre (Fig. 4F, 4H–I).</p><p>The flowers of  Syngonanthus vittatus are very similar to those of  S. arenarius var. heterophyllus (1903:260), except that the former has petals of pistillate flowers glabrous (FIG. 4J–K; vs. petals pilose, FIG. 4L) and smaller flowers (up to 3.5 vs. 4.5 mm). In addition,  S. vittatus has pistillate and staminate flowers strongly contrasting in colour, the staminate with brown sepals and the pistillate with cream sepals (FIG. 4M–N and 4K–J, respectively), whereas both types of flowers in  S. arenarius var. heterophyllus have a similar pigmentation (FIG. 4L; 4O), cream at base and reddish-brown at apex.</p><p>Other features differentiating  Syngonanthus vittatus from  S. incurvifolius and  S. densifolius var. majus are the rosette leaves recurved (FIG. 4B) (vs. incurved in the distal half or flexuous, respectively, FIG 3A–B), the synflorescence axis often bearing tiny scattered bracts along its length (vs. bracts restricted to the apex), and the petals of pistillate flowers glabrous (vs. pilose).  Syngonanthus vittatus also differs from  Syngonanthus densifolius var. brachyphyllus by the narrower leaves (0.3–1.0 mm vs. 2.0–5.0 mm), with simple and adpressed trichomes (vs. only simple) and striate adaxial surface (vs. reticulate).</p><p>Additionally, the evident asymmetrical sepals of staminate flowers are an important characteristic shared with  S. incurvifolius and the other species previously cited (FIG. 4C–E).</p><p>Phenology:— Flowering of  Syngonanthus vittatus occurs during the dry season (winter), from July to September. This period coincides with all collections reported for this species. Most  Syngonanthus from Chapada dos Veadeiros bloom at the same time, for example,  S. decorus Moldenke (1976:485) and  S. densifolius var. majus . Seeds mature at the end of the dry season, implying a dispersal period concomitant with the rains and possible hydrochory.</p><p>Habitat and distribution:— All collections are known from the same population as the type, at the farm called “Água Fria”, except by a single record from waterfall “São Bento”. These localities are about 10 km apart and close to recreational and agricultural areas. The expansion and intensification of human activities in the area threatens the natural surroundings. The limited distribution of the known populations contrasts with a local abundance of individuals, and further fieldwork may reveal other populations.  Syngonanthus vittatus occurs outside conservation units, although very close to the boundaries of the PNCV. The species occurs over hydromorphic soils, in moist grasslands or wet campo, a common physiognomy on floodplains between Cerrado sensu stricto and gallery forest (Ratter et al. 1997). These wet campos occur on well-drained sandy soils, which become waterlogged during summer and quite dry in winter, a variation that constrains tree growth and prevents forest formations (Ratter et al. 1997), favoring the occurrence of herbs such as  S. vittatus .</p><p>Conservation status:— This species is classified as critically endangered, according to criteria B1ab and B2ab of IUCN (2001, 2015). The taxon is known only from two populations, both on privately owned land hosting human activities that may threaten the species with extinction.  Syngonanthus vittatus has an area of occupancy of 12 km 2. Conservation status is endangered, as evaluated by CNCFlora according to the IUCN (2001, 2015), matching criteria B2ab(i,ii,iii) (Negrão 2014b).</p><p>Additional specimens examined:—   BRAZIL. Goiás: Alto Paraíso de Goiás.  Est. 11-Chapada dos Veadeiros, mata, 06 August 1972, Rizzo 8236 (SPF) ;   9 km de Alto Paraíso /  São Jorge, cachoeira São Bento, campo úmido próximo a floresta de galeria, 09 September 1994,  Silva et al. 2315 (IBGE, SPF) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.61889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.151944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.61889/lat -14.151944)">Fazenda Água Fria</a>, próximo a sede da fazenda, borda de mata de galeria, 14º09’07’’ S, 47º37’08’’W, 06 June 1997, Munhoz et al. 462 (UB) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.509335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.072695" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.509335/lat -14.072695)">Fazenda Água Fria, cerca de 10 km em direção a Teresina de Goiás</a>, campo limpo úmido, borda de cerrado rupestre e mata de galeria, 14°04’21.7’’S, 47°30’33.6’’W, altitude 1488 m, 17 June 2000, Munhoz et al. 1651 (IBGE, SPF) ;  idem, 01 July 2000, Munhoz et al. 1721 (IBGE, SPF);  idem, 01 July 2000, Munhoz et al. 1729 (IBGE, SPF);  idem, 19 July 2000, Munhoz et al. 1764 (IBGE, SPF);  idem, 19 July 2000, Munhoz et al. 1797 (F, IBGE, SPF);  idem, 16 August 2000, Munhoz et al. 1831 (F, IBGE, SPF) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3E7DF728FFC1A31CA1FE35A67AA01856	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Watanabe, Mauricio T. C.;Echternacht, Lívia;Hensold, Nancy;Sano, Paulo Takeo	Watanabe, Mauricio T. C., Echternacht, Lívia, Hensold, Nancy, Sano, Paulo Takeo (2015): Two new and endangered species of Syngonanthus (Eriocaulaceae) from Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, Brazil. Phytotaxa 212 (4): 271-282, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.212.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.212.4.3
