identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
BF26E06D8E2D58E3B0FD00C4DF818C7B.text	BF26E06D8E2D58E3B0FD00C4DF818C7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halalaimus de Man 1888	<div><p>Genus Halalaimus de Man, 1888</p><p>Note.</p><p>Halalaimus (generic diagnosis emended after Keppner 1992) Enoplida, Oxystominidae .</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Halalaimus gracilis de Man, 1888 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Body long and slender, distinctly attenuated at both extremities. Cuticle ranging from thin to very thick; thin in the head region, sometimes forming a “ cap ” and clearly thickening posterior from the level of the cephalic sensilla, sometimes forming a visible constriction. Cuticle smooth or bearing fine to coarse transverse striations; occasionally with longitudinal lines. Cuticular somatic setae, pits, or pores may be present (usually arranged in longitudinal lines). Lateral field often forming lateral alae. Males often with caudal alae, which may be ornamented and occasionally display vermiculations ventrally or dorsally to the lateral line. Anterior sensilla arranged in three separate circles: six inner labial sensilla (papillae or setae), often indistinct; six outer labial sensilla (typically setae); and four cephalic sensilla (typically setae). Amphid with a markedly elongated longitudinal fovea. Pharynx cylindrical, widening posteriorly. Excretory-secretory system with renette cell located at the level of pharyngeal widening, and pore situated near the amphidial fovea. Male reproductive system diorchic (rarely monorchic) with opposed testes. Spicules straight or slightly curved; gubernaculum usually present. Precloacal sensillum or papilla present or absent. Female reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic with reflexed ovaries. Tail conical-cylindrical or conical-filiform, with the cylindrical portion either smooth or transversely striated. Tail tip pointed, blunt, swollen, or bifid. Caudal glands located within the tail. Spinneret present or undetermined. Sexual dimorphism may occur in the length of the anterior sensilla, the amphid, and the tail.</p><p>From the samples collected in the CCZ (see Fig. 2, Table 1), two new species of the genus Halalaimus are described: H. marcosi sp. nov. and H. pierri sp. nov. All deep sea Halalaimus species, including the two newly described ones, can be accurately identified using the identification key for the genus Halalaimus provided in this paper.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BF26E06D8E2D58E3B0FD00C4DF818C7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Bezerra, Tania Nara;Smol, Nic;Alves, Renata M. S.;Pape, Ellen	Bezerra, Tania Nara, Smol, Nic, Alves, Renata M. S., Pape, Ellen (2026): Review of Halalaimus (Nematoda, Enoplida, Oxystominidae) and description of two new species from the abyssal nodule-bearing Clarion-Clipperton Zone. ZooKeys 1284: 1-48, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1284.187212
D58C0C7317995B0DA8ACA9501D98974C.text	D58C0C7317995B0DA8ACA9501D98974C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halalaimus marcosi Bezerra & Smol & Alves & Pape 2026	<div><p>Halalaimus marcosi sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 4, 5, Tables 1, 4</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype male (Inventory UGMD_104484) . Paratypes 1 male (Inventory UGMD_1004485); 3 females (Inventory UGMD_1004486, UGMD_1004487 and UGMD_1004488), are deposited in the voucher collection of the Ghent University Museum Zoology Collections - UGent.</p><p>Type locality and habitat.</p><p>CCZ, Pacific Ocean. Deep sea sediment dominated by silt, containing polymetallic nodules. Halalaimus marcosi sp. nov. was found in samples from two different expeditions to the GSR contract area in the CCZ, i. e. GSRNOD 15 A and GSRNOD 17, in four different stations: NodFree, NodRich_A, NodRich_C and NodRich_D . Water depth around 4500 m, from 0–5 cm (Table 1) of sediment dominated by silt and clay particles.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male holotype. Body slender, tapering at both extremities. Total length 1699 µm. Cuticle thick, ≤ 4 µm at cloacal region; generally smooth, with striations in tail region. Lateral differentiation present along body, starting at the end of the amphid and extending to beginning of posterior third of tail. Caudal lateral fields not ornamented. Anterior end distinctly set off, with very thin cuticle and basal head constriction. Cuticle thickening from level of cephalic setae to mid-third of tail. Cuticle thickness: 2.5 µm at mid-amphid, 4 µm anterior to cloaca (~ 20 % of cloacal body diameter), 0.9 µm at mid-third of tail. Cuticle pores not observed. Metanemes not observed. Labial region rounded. Six inner labial papillae. Six outer labial setae, 4 µm long. Four cephalic setae, 6 µm long. OLS and CS separated by 5 µm. Amphideal fovea elongated, 72 µm long and ~ 2 µm wide. Short somatic setae (~ 1 µm) present near amphid, at mid-body, and near posterior end of amphid. Pharynx muscular, cylindrical, with posterior pear-shaped widening. Cardia embedded in intestine. Nerve ring at 57 % of pharynx length. Secretory-excretory system not observed. Reproductive system diorchic, with opposed and reflexed testes. Posterior testis right of intestine, anterior testis left of intestine. Spicules paired, symmetrical, slightly curved, 45 µm long. Gubernaculum 21 µm long, slightly curved, partially enclosing spicules laterally. Precloacal sensillum 2.5 µm long, located anterior to cloaca. Tail 243 µm long, conical-filiform; posterior half filiform. Tail tip blunt. Three caudal glands present, confined in the tail region. Spinneret not observed.</p><p>Females. Similar to males but longer. Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic, reflexed ovaries. Spermatheca proximally at each ovary branch. Vulva situated slightly after mid-body. Vagina perpendicular, slightly cuticularised. No vaginal glands observed. Three caudal glands present, not visible in all specimens. Spinneret not observed.</p><p>Juveniles. Similar to adults in most morphological features. The total length of the examined juveniles (n = 3) ranged from 1369–1457 µm. The limits of the amphids were not clearly discernible. The measurements of pharynx = 441 µm, mbd = 24–28 µm, abd = 21 µm, and tail length = 192–196 µm correspond well with the proportions observed in adults. Caudal alae were already visible in juvenile specimens.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Halalaimus marcosi sp. nov. is characterised by a slender body tapering towards both extremities, with total length ranging from 1699–1970 µm. The cuticle is generally smooth along the body, with fine annulations at the tail tip, although not visible in all specimens. Somatic alae are clearly visible. The head is distinctly set off and has a thinner cuticle anterior to the cephalic setae, forming a basal head constriction. The amphid is located approximately five head diameters from the anterior end. Inner labial sensilla are papilliform; outer labial and cephalic sensilla are setiform. Cephalic setae are spaced one head diameter apart. The pharynx is elongated and muscular, with a posterior pear-shaped widening. The cardia is embedded in the intestine. The male reproductive system is diorchic, with opposed and reflexed testes. Spicules are slightly curved; the gubernaculum is also slightly curved. A single precloacal sensillum is located immediately anterior to the cloacal opening. No cuticular pore is observed. The female reproductive system is didelphic, amphidelphic, with reflexed ovaries. Three caudal glands are present, located within the tail but not visible in all specimens. The tail is elongated, with a filiform tip, and shows annulations in two specimens. Based on the presence of caudal alae and a precloacal supplement, H. marcosi sp. nov. belongs to Group 1 in the classification proposed by Keppner (1992).</p><p>Differential diagnosis.</p><p>Halalaimus marcosi sp. nov. can be distinguished from all previously described species of the genus by a unique combination of morphological characters. These include its large body size (1699–1970 µm), the presence of six inner labial papillae, outer labial setae shorter than cephalic setae, both circles of setae spaced approximately one head diameter apart, a thick cuticle (≤ 4 µm), a pharynx with a posterior pear-shaped widening, and somatic and caudal lateral differentiation that is not ornamented. A notable feature of H. marcosi sp. nov. is the presence of reflexed testes, and the presence of a precloacal sensillum. The tail is conical-filiform with a blunt tip. Among the 13 species currently placed in Group 1 of Keppner’s (1992) classification (characterised by the presence of caudal alae and precloacal supplements), nine species have a body length shorter than 1500 µm ( H. minimus, H. vietnamicus, H. dimorphus, H. tarjani, H. orientalis, H. bulbocaudatus, H. bayensis, H. floridanus, and H. paracomatus). Three species ( H. comatus, H. thalassinus, and H. sobakini) exceed 2000 µm in length. Only H. variabilis, along with the largest individuals of H. floridanus, approaches the body length of H. marcosi sp. nov. (ca. 1700 µm); however, both species possess very long cephalic setae (4–5 HD), in contrast to the shorter setae of H. marcosi sp. nov. Based on the diagnostic characters used in the updated key for Group 1 — particularly the length, aspect, and position of sensilla and amphids — H. marcosi sp. nov. appears most similar to H. tarjani . However, H. marcosi sp. nov. differs by having papilliform inner labial sensilla, whereas H. tarjani presents them as short setae. Additionally, H. marcosi sp. nov. lacks ornamentation on the caudal alae, which are distinctly ornamented in H. tarjani . Among the deep sea species (deep sea key) it can be recognisable by having and papilliform inner labial sensilla, somatic lateral and caudal alae present, gubernaculum without apophysis, precloacal sensillum present and a non-bifurcate tail tip,</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The new species is named after the younger and only brother of the first author, Marcos Aurélio Campinas Bezerra.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D58C0C7317995B0DA8ACA9501D98974C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Bezerra, Tania Nara;Smol, Nic;Alves, Renata M. S.;Pape, Ellen	Bezerra, Tania Nara, Smol, Nic, Alves, Renata M. S., Pape, Ellen (2026): Review of Halalaimus (Nematoda, Enoplida, Oxystominidae) and description of two new species from the abyssal nodule-bearing Clarion-Clipperton Zone. ZooKeys 1284: 1-48, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1284.187212
8041887F25325E09890DBBCAA496518A.text	8041887F25325E09890DBBCAA496518A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halalaimus pierri Bezerra & Smol & Alves & Pape 2026	<div><p>Halalaimus pierri sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 6, 7, Tables 1, 4</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype male (Inventory UGMD_104489) . Paratypes 2 females (Inventory UGMD_1004490 and UGMD_1004491), are deposited in the voucher collection of the Gent University Museum Zoology Collections - UGent.</p><p>Type habitat and locality.</p><p>Specimens sampled in the CCZ. Deep sea sediment dominated by silt, containing polymetallic nodules. Halalaimus pierri sp. nov. was found in samples from two different expeditions to the GSR contract area in the CCZ, GSRNOD 15 A and GSRNOD 17, in two stations: NodRich_C and NodRich_D in depths of ~ 4500 m, from 0–5 cm of sediment dominated by silt and clay particles.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male holotype. Body slender, tapering at both extremities; anterior end very strongly tapering. Total length 1622 µm. Cuticle smooth and thin anteriorly, appears punctate from midbody to precloacal region, thickening from posterior third of amphidial region to mid-tail; maximum thickness 2.5 µm at cloacal level. Somatic and caudal lateral differentiation present; caudal lateral alae ornamented with fine striations. Cuticle pores not observed. Metanemes not observed. Anterior end narrow; head not set off. Inner labial papillae not observed. Six outer labial setae, 2 µm long; four cephalic setae, 1 µm long; OLS and CS separated by 1.5 µm. Amphideal fovea elongated, 85 µm long, 1.5 µm wide. Cardia embedded in intestine. Nerve ring located at 35 % of pharyngeal length. Secretory-excretory system not observed. Reproductive system diorchic, with opposed and outstretched testes (anterior testis not very clear). Spicules paired, symmetrical, slender, curved, 21 µm long; velum visible. Gubernaculum 12 µm long, strongly sclerotised, curved, with anterior swelling and distinct caudal apophysis; enclosing laterally the posterior portion of spicules, tapering posteriorly. Precloacal sensillum absent. Caudal glands not observed. Tail conical-filiform; distal half filiform. Tail length 212 µm. Tail tip blunt. Spinneret not observed.</p><p>Females. Similar to male but shorter. Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic, reflexed ovaries. Spermatheca not seen. Vulva situated mid-body. Vagina perpendicular, not sclerotised. No vaginal glands observed. Caudal glands not observed. Spinneret not observed.</p><p>Juveniles. The two examined juveniles (n = 2) measured 1024 and 1240 µm in total length. The nerve ring was located 137 µm from the anterior end in both specimens, and the pharynx measured 291 and 315 µm, respectively. Body width values were mbd = 13–18 µm and abd = 8–10 µm, and the tail length ranged from 97 to 150 µm. The caudal alae were present, but ornamentation could not be visualised in juvenile specimens. Aside from reduced size, no additional deviations from the adult morphology were observed.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Halalaimus pierri sp. nov. is characterised by an elongated body, with a very pronounced anterior tapering. Body length ranges from 1492–1622 µm. Cuticle smooth anteriorly, showing punctations, from midbody to precloacal region, and somatic alae. Cuticle thickness increases from the posterior third of the amphid aperture and decreases again at mid-tail, just before the beginning of the filiform portion. Caudal alae present, ornamented, extending from just posterior to the cloaca to the onset of the filiform tail. Inner labial sensilla not observed; short outer labial sensilla setiform, 2–3 µm long; shorter cephalic setae 1–2 µm long only visible under high magnification; outer labial sensilla and cephalic setae separated by 1.5–2 µm. No somatic setae observed. Amphideal aperture 85 µm long and 1–1.5 µm wide. Pharynx elongated and muscular; cardia embedded in the intestine. Reproductive system diorchic, with opposed and outstretched testes, although the end of the anterior testis not clearly distinguished. Spicules curved, 21 µm long, 1.5 abd, with a visible velum. Gubernaculum strongly sclerotised, 12 µm long, curved, with an anterior swelling, tapering posteriorly, and bearing a weakly cuticularised caudal apophysis. Precloacal sensillum or cuticular pore absent. Caudal glands not distinguished. Tail elongated, with filiform tip. Based on the combination of absence of precloacal supplement and presence of caudal alae, H. pierri sp. nov. belongs to Group 2 of Keppner’s (1992) classification.</p><p>Differential diagnosis.</p><p>Halalaimus pierri sp. nov. is readily distinguished within Group 2 by its very long and slender anterior end; punctate cuticle; cephalic setae shorter than outer labial setae, both very short and not easily visible; the presence of an ornamented caudal alae; a strongly sclerotised, curved gubernaculum with a caudal apophysis, lacking a precloacal sensillum. The presence of a punctate cuticle in H. pierri sp. nov. is not easily observed and it is for the first time reported in Group 2. Until now, punctae have only been reported in Group 1 species: H. bayensis, H. floridanus, and H. variabilis; these species present vermiculations which are absent in H. pierri sp. nov. Also H. dimorphus has a punctate cuticle but the ILS are setae, whereas the ILS are invisible in H. pierri sp. nov. The new species shares an elongated amphid with H. longamphidus (amphid length: 85 µm in H. pierri sp. nov. vs. 74–81 µm in H. longamphidus), but differs significantly in body size of males (1622 µm vs. 2173–3391 µm respectively) and by the lack a bifurcate tail tip. It resembles H. aciculus by the abrupt tapering of the long anterior end and the presence of an ornamented caudal alae but differs in body length (1029–1064 µm in H. aciculus vs. 1492–1622 µm in H. pierri sp. nov.), a wider spacing between outer labial and cephalic setae (5.0–5.5 µm vs. 1.5–2 µm) and the absence of apophyses in H. aciculus, belonging to Group 1. Within Group 2, H. pierri sp. nov. is most similar to H. lineatoides, but can be distinguished by its significantly longer body, more pronounced anterior tapering, and distinct gubernaculum morphology, including the presence of a caudal apophysis — a feature rarely observed in other species (e. g., H. gracilis, H. minusculus, H. sarsi). These combined characters, including the absence of precloacal supplement, presence of ornamented caudal alae, and the unique gubernaculum structure — clearly differentiates H. pierri sp. nov. from all other described species within the genus. Among the deep sea species (deep sea key) it can be recognisable by somatic lateral alae absent and ornamented caudal alae present, gubernaculum with caudal apophysis and tail tip not bifurcate.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The new species is named after the first author’s husband, Pierre Misseghers.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8041887F25325E09890DBBCAA496518A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Bezerra, Tania Nara;Smol, Nic;Alves, Renata M. S.;Pape, Ellen	Bezerra, Tania Nara, Smol, Nic, Alves, Renata M. S., Pape, Ellen (2026): Review of Halalaimus (Nematoda, Enoplida, Oxystominidae) and description of two new species from the abyssal nodule-bearing Clarion-Clipperton Zone. ZooKeys 1284: 1-48, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1284.187212
