identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
18F6F55807D252F58310787658095DDD.text	18F6F55807D252F58310787658095DDD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zalonema Cobb 1920	<div><p>Genus Zalonema Cobb, 1920</p><p>Generic diagnosis.</p><p>(modified from Leduc 2022): Body long, cylindrical, gold-brown under light microscope with glass-like or golden cephalic capsule. Cuticular annuli close together, usually without ornamentation. Cephalic capsule rounded, triangular. Labial sensilla inconspicuous, 6 + 6, cephalic setae four, followed by four to eight subcephalic setae or papillae located anteriorly, posteriorly, or at same level as the amphids, amphideal fovea multispiral (two turns or more) located on the cephalic capsule. Short and small somatic setae arranged in several longitudinal rows. Pharynx cylindrical with pyriform basal bulb. Male reproductive system monorchic. Spicules slightly arched, cuticularized, without velum. Gubernaculum short, ventral and / or lateral alae sometimes present in males (ventral ala sometimes difficult to distinguish). Precloacal supplements present or absent. Female reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic, with reflected ovaries. Tail conical. Caudal gland ducts and spinneret conspicuous.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/18F6F55807D252F58310787658095DDD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Chen, Yuzhen;Guo, Yuqing	Chen, Yuzhen, Guo, Yuqing (2025): Two new nematode species of the genus Zalonema (Desmodorida, Desmodoridae, Desmodorinae) from mangrove wetlands, China. ZooKeys 1260: 195-211, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.164776
319735FB4F4053BA910C3EC3D17B4286.text	319735FB4F4053BA910C3EC3D17B4286.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zalonema cylindribucca Chen & Guo 2025	<div><p>Zalonema cylindribucca sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 3, 4; Table 3</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Five males and three females were collected from Station SY in July, 2020. Holotype: • ♂ 1 on slide SY 2020730 2 H 108 . Paratypes: • ♂ 2 &amp; ♀ 1 on slide SY 2020730 1 L 126, • ♂ 3 &amp; ♀ 2 on slide SY 2020730 2 H 102, • ♂ 4, • ♂ 5 &amp; ♀ 3 on slide SY 2020730 2 H 108 .</p><p>Type locality and habitat.</p><p>All specimens were collected from the muddy sediment in the mangrove reserve of Yalong Bay Qingmei Port in Sanya City, Hainan Province, China. The primary mangrove species here are Rhizophora stylosa Griff. and Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The species is name for its cylindrical buccal cavity.</p><p>Measurements.</p><p>Morphological characteristics were observed and measured under a differential contrast microscopy (NIKON 80 i) (Table 3).</p><p>Description.</p><p>General characteristics: Body elongate-cylindrical, golden-brown in color, with a cephalic capsule and a conical tail. Cuticle with annuli arranged transversely from the posterior margin of the cephalic capsule to the tail, with tail tip about 10 µm smooth and without annuli. The annuli are spaced by about 0.6 µm at both the anterior and posterior ends of the body, and by about 0.8 µm in the middle part. Somatic setae short, 1–2 µm in length, and arranged in eight longitudinal rows. Cephalic capsule divided into two parts: an anterior labial region, with a thinner cuticle; and a main posterior portion, with a width of 8–10 µm, and its cuticle distinctly thickened without annuli. No inner labial sensilla were observed; the six outer labial sensilla are papilliform and arranged in a circle; four cephalic setae and eight subcephalic setae are each arranged in a circle, about 2–3 µm in length, with the cephalic setae located slightly posterior to the outer labial sensilla; the subcephalic setae are positioned between the cephalic setae and the anterior margin of the amphid. Large spiral amphideal fovea and aperture, 3–3.5 turns, located laterally on the main posterior portion of the cephalic capsule, with diameter about 35–41 % of cbd. Buccal cavity cylindrical, with a maximum diameter of approximately 5–6 µm and a depth of about 28–31 µm. There are 12 cheilorhabdia arranged in a circle in the buccal cavity vestibule. At the anterior part of the buccal cavity, near the base of the cheilorhabdia, there is a large dorsal tooth; and another small ventral tooth is located at the bottom of the buccal cavity, close to the esophagus. Cylindrical pharynx with cuticularized lumen and a pear-shaped posterior bulb; the inner wall of the pharynx is thickened or sclerotized, and the pharyngeal bulb slightly broken. Nerve ring located at 60–65 % of the pharynx. The excretory system was not observed.</p><p>Males: lateral alae present on both sides of posterior body part, extending from 374–410 µm in front of anus to a position on either side of the body at the anus. Ventral ala present, extending from 290–420 µm in front of anus to the anus. Reproductive system monorchic with single anterior outstretched testis located to the right of intestine. Spicules paired, equal, arcuate, length about 1.07–1.19 times abd as arc, with proximal capitulum. Gubernaculum simple, without apophyses. A small cup-shaped preanal supplement located about 8–10 µm anterior to the anus. The surface of the ventral ala is marked by small pore-like depressions located at the positions corresponding to somatic setae. However, no distinct setal structures were observed within these depressions. Preanal setae not observed. Conical tail without terminal setae, length about 1.76–2.32 times abd. Spinneret with single opening present.</p><p>Females: Most characteristics are similar to those of the males, but the tail is longer than that of the males, with a length of about 3.25–3.65 times abd. Without lateral alae or ventral ala. Reproductive system didelphic, reflexed and present on the right side of the intestine. Vulva sclerotized, located at 53–54 % of the body length.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Zalonema cylindribucca sp. nov. is distinguished by its golden-brown body color, length 1158–1451 μm; cuticle with annuli; somatic setae short and arranged in eight longitudinal rows; four cephalic setae and eight subcephalic setae are each arranged in a circle, about 2–3 µm in length; amphid spiral and 3–3.5 turns, with diameter about 35–41 % of cbd; buccal cavity cylindrical, 12 cheilorhabdia arranged in a circle in the buccal cavity vestibule; a large dorsal near the base of the cheilorhabdia, and another small ventral tooth at the bottom of the buccal cavity; male with both lateral alae and ventral ala, spicules length about 1.07–1.19 times abd as arc, gubernaculum without apophyses, a small cup-shaped preanal supplement present, and the surface of the ventral ala at the position of the somatic setae sunken into small pore-like depressions.</p><p>According to the classification by Gharahkhani et al. (2021), Zalonema cylindribucca sp. nov. belongs to Group I, which is characterized by having lateral alae and / or a ventral ala on the posterior part of the male body. The new species has both lateral alae and ventral ala on the posterior part of the male body. Therefore, it can be distinguished from Zalonema ditlevseni (Micoletzky, 1922) Gerlach, 1963 and Zalonema megalosoma (Steiner, 1918) Gerlach, 1963 (which only have lateral alae but no ventral ala) and Zalonema myrianae Verschelde &amp; Vincx, 1996 (which lacks lateral alae but has a ventral ala). In addition, compared with other species in Group I, the new species can be differentiated based on the number and position of subcephalic setae, the shape of the buccal cavity and the number and position of teeth in the buccal cavity, the number of turns of the amphid, and the morphology of the spicules (Larrazábal-Filho et al. 2015; Gharahkhani et al. 2021; Leduc 2022).</p><p>Zalonema cylindribucca sp. nov. and Zalonema eurysbucca sp. nov. are quite similar in terms of the presence of preanal supplement, spicules, and the existence of lateral alae and ventral ala. However, the two species differ significantly in the shape of the buccal cavity and the location of the large dorsal tooth. Zalonema eurysbucca sp. nov. has a large buccal cavity that is wider at the top and narrower at the bottom, with the large dorsal tooth located at a depth of about one-third to one-half of the oral cavity. In contrast, Zalonema cylindribucca sp. nov. has a cylindrical buccal cavity that is almost equal in width at the top and bottom, with the large dorsal tooth situated at the anterior part of the buccal cavity, near the base of the cheilorhabdia. Additionally, the body size and relative size of the amphid differ between the two species, Zalonema eurysbucca sp. nov. has a body length of 1772–2309 μm, with a relatively shorter tail (male c = 19.3–23.65, female c = 14.55–16.67). Zalonema cylindribucca sp. nov. has a body length of 1158–1451 μm, with a relatively longer tail (male c = 15.88–17.17, female c = 10.81–13.69).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/319735FB4F4053BA910C3EC3D17B4286	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Chen, Yuzhen;Guo, Yuqing	Chen, Yuzhen, Guo, Yuqing (2025): Two new nematode species of the genus Zalonema (Desmodorida, Desmodoridae, Desmodorinae) from mangrove wetlands, China. ZooKeys 1260: 195-211, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.164776
7DF718D3B5B75D548DE041783A2855D8.text	7DF718D3B5B75D548DE041783A2855D8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zalonema eurysbucca Chen & Guo 2025	<div><p>Zalonema eurysbucca sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1, 2; Tables 1, 2</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Six males and five females were collected from Station DZ in December, 2020. Holotype: • ♂ 1 on slide DZ 20201214 2 L 18 . Paratypes: • ♂ 2 on slide DZ 20201214 2 L 101, • ♂ 3 and ♀ 1 on slide DZ 20201214 2 L 111, • ♂ 4 on slide DZ 20201214 2 L 102, • ♂ 5 on slide DZ 20201214 1 L 113, • ♂ 6 on slide DZ 20201214 2 L 117, • ♀ 2 and ♀ 3 on slide DZ 20201214 2 L 18, • ♀ 4 on slide DZ 20201214 2 L 110, • ♀ 5 on slide DZ 20201214 1 L 101 .</p><p>Type locality and habitat.</p><p>All specimens were collected from the muddy sediment in the mangrove reserve of Xinying Port in Danzhou City, Hainan Province, China. The main mangrove species here is Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam. Characteristics of surface sediments of sampling stations are shown in Table 1.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The species’ name is from the Latin (Eurys = broad) and refers to the large buccal cavity.</p><p>Measurements.</p><p>Morphological characteristics were observed and measured under a differential contrast microscopy (NIKON 80 i) (Table 2).</p><p>Description.</p><p>General characteristics: Golden-brown body elongated and cylindrical, with blunt and rounded anterior extremity and conical tail. Cuticle with distinct fine annuli arranged transversely from the posterior margin of the cephalic capsule to the tail, ending in a smooth, non-annulated tail tip approximately 10 µm in length. Somatic setae short, about 1–2 µm in length, arranged in eight longitudinal rows, and each seta is connected to an epidermal gland. Cephalic capsule consists of two parts: an anterior labial region, with a thinner cuticle; and a main posterior portion, with a conspicuously thickened cuticle without annulations, which is about 15–19 µm wide in males and about 13–16 µm wide in females. Inner labial sensilla not observed; six outer labial sensilla are papilliform, arranged in a circle; four cephalic setae arranged in a circle, about 1–2 µm in length, located slightly to the back of the external labial sensilla; eight subcephalic setae, about 2–3 µm in length, arranged in a circle between the cephalic setae and the anterior margin of the amphid. Large spiral amphideal fovea and aperture, 4–4.5 turns, located laterally on the main posterior portion of the cephalic capsule, with a diameter of about 38–58 % of cbd. Buccal cavity large, with a maximum diameter of about 12–19 µm and a depth of about 34–39 µm. There are 12 cheilorhabdia arranged in a circle in the buccal cavity vestibule; the inner wall of the buccal cavity is sclerotized, with two teeth: one large dorsal tooth located at about one-third to half the depth of the buccal cavity, and one small ventral tooth at the bottom of the buccal cavity. Cylindrical pharynx with cuticularized lumen and pyriform posterior bulb; inner wall of the pharynx is thickened or sclerotized, and the pharyngeal bulb is broken into two parts. Nerve ring located at 50–63 % of the length of the pharynx. Secretory-excretory system not observed.</p><p>Males: lateral alae present on both sides of posterior body part, extending from 505–566 µm in front of anus to a position on either side of the body at the anus. Ventral ala present, extending from 250–356 µm in front of anus to the anus. Reproductive system monorchic with single anterior outstretched testis located to the right of intestine. Spicules paired, equal, arcuate, length 1.13–1.34 times abd as arc, with proximal capitulum, without velum. Gubernaculum simple, without apophyses. A small cup-shaped preanal supplement located about 13 µm anterior to the anus. The surface of the ventral ala is marked by small pore-like depressions located at the positions corresponding to somatic setae. However, no distinct setal structures were observed within these depressions. These structures appear to correspond to the “ small, pore-like, not cuticularized ” features reported by Leduc (2022). In the present study, these pore-like depressions were clearly observed to be arranged regularly along the ventral ala, extending anteriorly along the body, and aligning with the pattern of somatic setae in regions where ventral ala are absent. In addition, each pore-like depression extends subcutaneously and connects to the epidermal gland, similar to the association seen in somatic setae. Therefore, we interpret these pore-like structures on the ventral ala not as preanal supplements, but likely as pore-like sensilla that may be homologous to somatic setae. Preanal setae not observed. Conical tail without terminal setae, length about 1.43–1.82 times abd. Spinneret with single opening present.</p><p>Females: Most characteristics are similar to those of the males, but the tail is longer than that of the males, with a length of about 2.4–3.4 times abd. Without lateral alae or ventral ala. Reproductive system didelphic, reflexed and present on the right side of the intestine. Vulva sclerotized, located at 48–51 % of the body length.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Zalonema eurysbucca sp. nov. is distinguished by the following combination of characters: golden-brown body (length 1772–2309 µm) with a finely annulate cuticle; short somatic setae arranged in eight longitudinal rows; eight subcephalic setae (2–3 µm) arranged in a circle between the cephalic setae (1–2 µm) and the amphid’s anterior margin; amphideal fovea (4–4.5 turns) located laterally on the cephalic capsule’s posterior portion (diameter 38–58 % of cbd); a large, cup-shaped buccal cavity with twelve cheilorhabdia, a cuticularized dorsal tooth, and a minute ventral tooth; and a conical tail. Males possess lateral and ventral alae; the arcuate spicules measure 1.13–1.34 times the anal body diameter (abd); gubernaculum simple without apophyses; a small cup-shaped preanal supplement, and the surface of the ventral ala at the position of the somatic setae sunken into small pore-like depressions.</p><p>In accordance with the classification proposed by Gharahkhani et al. (2021), the new species Zalonema eurysbucca sp. nov. belongs to Group I, which is characterized by the presence of lateral alae and / or ventral ala on the posterior part of the male body. Zalonema eurysbucca sp. nov. is distinguished by the combined presence of both lateral and ventral alae, contrasting with Zalonema ditlevseni (Micoletzky, 1922) Gerlach, 1963 and Zalonema megalosoma (Steiner, 1918) Gerlach, 1963, which possess only lateral alae and lack a ventral ala (in contrast to Gharahkani’s classification that places Zalonema megalosoma in Group II, the redescription of this species by Gerlach (1963) reports the presence of lateral alae in males); and from Zalonema myrianae Verschelde &amp; Vincx, 1996, which lacks lateral alae but possesses ventral ala. Zalonema eurysbucca sp. nov. can also be differentiated from other species in Group I. Zalonema eurysbucca sp. nov. differs from Zalonema mariae Larrazábal-Filho, Silva &amp; Esteves, 2015 in having eight subcephalic setae (vs four), a cup-shaped buccal cavity with a single large dorsal (at 30–50 % depth) and small ventral teeth (vs. elongate buccal cavity with two dorsal teeth, one after the other), and spicules lacking a velum (Larrazábal-Filho et al. 2015); from Zalonema vicentei Larrazábal-Filho, Silva &amp; Esteves, 2015 in the subcephalic setae position (between cephalic setae and the anterior margin of the amphid vs. at amphid posterior margin) and number (8 vs. 4) (Larrazábal-Filho et al. 2015); from Zalonema iranicum Gharahkhani, Pourjam, Leduc &amp; Pedram, 2021 in the dental formula (one dorsal and one ventral tooth vs 3 teeth, a large anterior dorsal tooth, a small posterior dorsal tooth, and a medium-sized ventral-subventral tooth) (Gharahkhani et al. 2021); from Zalonema supplementorum Gharahkhani, Pourjam, Leduc &amp; Pedram, 2021 in the subcephalic setae count (8 vs 4) and amphid coils (4–4.5 vs 3 turns) (Gharahkhani et al. 2021); and from Zalonema sesokoensis Leduc, 2022 by lacking amphid sexual dimorphism and possessing a larger buccal cavity (Leduc 2022).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7DF718D3B5B75D548DE041783A2855D8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Chen, Yuzhen;Guo, Yuqing	Chen, Yuzhen, Guo, Yuqing (2025): Two new nematode species of the genus Zalonema (Desmodorida, Desmodoridae, Desmodorinae) from mangrove wetlands, China. ZooKeys 1260: 195-211, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.164776
