identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
345487DCFFB7FFF1E9FCBC23ACB46CAA.text	345487DCFFB7FFF1E9FCBC23ACB46CAA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Afrolathys Cala-Riquelme, Al-Jamal, Esposito 2025	<div><p>Genus Afrolathys Cala-Riquelme, Al-Jamal, Esposito gen. n.</p><p>Type species: Afrolathys tanzanica sp. n.</p><p>Material examined: See the material examined for Afrolathys madagascariensis sp. n. and A. tanzanica sp. n.</p><p>Etymology: The generic epithet is a combination of ‘Afro-’ referring to the locality of the type species of the genus, Africa, and Lathys, another member of the family; gender feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis: Afrolathys gen. n. can be distinguished from other Lathyidae fam. n. by lacking AME (Figs 32A–D; 33A–D; 34AC; 35A, B) (AME present in Andronova gen. n., Analtella stat. reinst., Lathys s.s.), and the ALE are separated by a distance equal to their diameter (Figs 32A–D, 33A–D, 34A–C, 35A, B) (ALE contiguous in Bannaella). Additionally, the male can be distinguished by the embolus coiled twice around the tegulum (Figs 32E, F, 34D, E); the conductor connected retrolateral-distal to the tegulum, with the conductor upper arm coiled no more than 225°, and two times longer than the conductor lower arm; and the trochanter with a distal process (Fig. 32E, F); the embolus coiled 720°, joining with the hook-shaped process in a coil around the tibia (Figs 32F, 34E). Females can be distinguished by the reduced SS/AG; the copulatory duct elongated and coiled more than 720° near the copulatory opening; and the fertilization duct located mesal proximally to the copulatory duct (Figs 33E, F, 35D).</p><p>List of included species: Afrolathys madagascariensis sp. n. and A. tanzanica sp. n. .</p><p>Distribution. Madagascar, Tanzania.</p><p>Afrolathys tanzanica Cala-Riquelme, Al-Jamal, Esposito sp. n.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CDD8CDE2-3936-489A-BADF-</p><p>AD680F2E7C9D.</p><p>Type material. Male holotype (CASENT9118703) from Tanzania, Tanga Prov., E Usambara Mtns., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.633327&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-55.094997" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.633327/lat -55.094997)">Amani Nature Reserve</a>, 55°5′42′′S, 38°37′59.99′′E, Elev. 950 m, forest, 27.x–9. xi.1995, Coll. C.E. Griswold, N. Scharff, D. Ubick, 3 female paratypes (CASENT9118711), same data as holotype .</p><p>Etymology: The species epithet is an adjective referring to Tanzania where the species has been collected.</p><p>Diagnosis: The male of Afrolathys tanzanica sp. n. can be distinguished from A. madagascariensis sp. n. by the embolus connected retrolateral proximal to the tegulum (Fig. 22A, C, D, 32E) [embolus connected retrolateral distal in A.</p><p>madagascariensis sp. n. (Fig. 34E)]. Females can be distinguished by the copulatory duct connected ectal distally to the primary spermathecae (Fig. 33E).</p><p>Male (CASENT 9118703, Tanzania): Carapace (Fig. 32A–D) pale honey-yellow, white longitudinal stripe starting at fovea and narrowing to terminate at PME. Eyes on short, hyacinth red tubercles. Chelicerae, labium, and endites pale honey yellow. Legs sienna-yellow, slightly darker bands around distal half of each leg segment, excluding femur. Abdomen (Fig. 32B–D) dorsum pale sienna yellow with white guanine crystals forming pattern, venter pale sienna yellow. Sternum squared off anteriorly. Total length 1.48. Carapace length 0.60, width 0.60, height 0.28. Clypeus height 0.03, PME 0.09, ALE 0.09, PLE 0.09, PME–PME 0.04. Sternum length 0.43, width 0.40. Palp: femur length 0.33, tibia length 0.19. Leg I: femur 0.63, patella 0.25, tibia 0.49, metatarsus 0.39, tarsus 0.36. II: 0.59, 0.20, 0.36, 0.33, 0.24. III: 0.51, 0.20, 0.24, 0.31, 0.23. IV: 0.65, 0.20, 0.33, 0.36, 0.23. Abdomen: length 0.90, width 0.80. Male palp (Figs 22A–F, 32E, F): trochanter with a distal process as long as trochanter width; femur straight, as long as patella + tibia; tibia slightly longer than patella, with a hook-shaped process, directed posteriorly; spermophor with a wide loop near embolus base; embolus connected retrolateral proximal to the tegulum.</p><p>Female (CASENT 9118711, Tanzania): Carapace (Fig. 33A–D) pale honey yellow, white longitudinal stripe starting at fovea and narrowing to terminate at PME, faint broccoli brown branching patterns on lateral surfaces of prosoma. Eyes on short, hyacinth red tubercles. Chelicerae, labium, endites, and sternum pale honey yellow. Legs sienna yellow, slightly darker bands around distal half of each leg segment after femur. Abdomen (Fig. 33B–D) dorsum pale sienna yellow with white guanine crystals with dorsal line of faint darker chevrons medially, venter pale sienna yellow. Sternum squared off anteriorly. Total length 1.88. Carapace length 0.75, width 0.68, height 0.38. Clypeus height 0.02, PME 0.06, ALE 0.08, PLE 0.08, PME–PME 0.05. Sternum length 0.48, width 0.43. Palp: femur length 0.40, tibia 0.13 length. Leg I: femur 0.61, patella 0.25, tibia 0.40, metatarsus 0.39, tarsus 0.23. II: 0.49, 0.24, 0.34, 0.34, 0.24. III: 0.45, 0.25, 0.21, 0.30, 0.23. IV: 0.59, 0.20, 0.31, 0.40, 0.23. Abdomen: length 1.28, width 0.98. Cribellum length 0.25, entire, as long as the width between the ALS, slightly curved proximally, with the spigots strobilate, grouping uniformly, arranged in a continuous field. Epigyne (Fig. 33E, F): copulatory openings located ectally, anterior to the primary spermathecae, separated by approximately three times their diameter; membranous sac two times longer than primary spermathecae diameter; copulatory duct elongate, coiled seven or more times near the copulatory opening, uniformly wide, and connected ectal distally to the primary spermathecae; SS/AG reduced; the fertilization duct is connected mesal proximally at the copulatory duct and primary spermathecae.</p><p>Afrolathys madagascariensis Al-Jamal and Cala-Riquelme sp. n.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F8A0CCC6-EAEF-4287- AC 10-</p><p>135CAFECDFCE.</p><p>Type material: Male holotype (CASENT9006800) from Madagascar: Antsiranana Prov., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.24222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.468888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.24222/lat -12.468888)">Reserve Speciale d’Ambre</a>, 3.5 km 235°SW Sakaramy, 12 o 28′8′′S, 49 o 14′32′′E, Elev. 325 m, tropical dry forest, beating low vegetation, 26–31.i.2001, Coll. B.L. Fisher, C. Griswold, et al. 1 male, 2 female paratypes (CASENT9006800), same data as holotype .</p><p>Etymology: The species epithet is an adjective referring to Madagascar where the species has been collected.</p><p>Diagnosis: See the diagnosis for A. tanzanica sp. n.</p><p>Male (CASENT 9006800, Madagascar): Carapace (Fig. 34A–C) pale honey yellow, yellowish white longitudinal stripe starting at fovea and narrowing to terminate at PME, faint broccoli brown branching patterns on lateral surfaces of prosoma. Eyes on short, hyacinth red tubercles. Chelicerae, labium, endites and sternum pale honey yellow. Legs sienna yellow, slightly darker bands around distal half of each leg segment after femur. Abdomen (Fig. 34B, C) dorsum sienna yellow, venter sienna yellow. Sternum squared off anteriorly, slightly procurved. Total length 1.40. Carapace length 0.63, width 0.50, height 0.28. Clypeus height 0.03, PME 0.18, ALE 0.18, PLE 0.15, PME–PME 0.08. Sternum length 0.30, width 0.30. Palp: femur length 0.33, tibia length 0.18. Leg I: femur 0.39, patella 0.19, tibia 0.38, metatarsus 0.26, tarsus 0.20. II: 0.39, 0.14, 0.26, 0.24, 0.20. III: 0.33, 0.11, 0.20, 0.24, 0.14. IV: 0.40, 0.16, 0.31, 0.15, 0.13. Abdomen: length 0.85, width 0.65. Male palp (Fig. 34D, E): trochanter with distal process shorter than trochanter width; femur straight, slightly longer than patella + tibia; tibia slightly longer than patella, with a hook-shaped process, directed posteriorly; spermophor with a wide loop close to the embolus base; embolus connected retrolateral distally to the tegulum.</p><p>Female (CASENT 9006800, Madagascar): Carapace (Fig. 35A, B) pale honey yellow, snow white longitudinal stripe starting at fovea and narrowing to terminate at PME, faint broccoli brown branching patterns on lateral surfaces of prosoma. Eyes on short, hyacinth red tubercles. Chelicerae, labium, endites, and sternum pale honey yellow. Legs pale sienna yellow, darker bands around distal half of each leg segment after femur and on femora I and II. Abdomen (Fig. 35A, B) dorsum pale broccoli brown, venter sienna yellow. Sternum squared off anteriorly, slightly procurved. Total length 1.30. Carapace length 0.58, width 0.50, height 0.27. Clypeus height 0.02, PME 0.15, ALE 0.18, PLE 0.13, PME–PME 0.08. Sternum length 0.25, width 0.15. Palp: femur length 0.48, tibia length 0.18. Leg I: femur 0.35, patella 0.20, tibia 0.05, metatarsus 0.25, tarsus 0.14. II: 0.31, 0.14, 0.26, 0.21, 0.18. III: 0.33, 0.16, 0.18, 0.23, 0.20. IV: 0.38, 0.14, 0.30, 0.24, 0.18. Abdomen: length 0.90, width 0.70. Cribellum length 0.13, entire, as long as the width between the ALS, slightly curved proximally, with the spigots strobilate, grouping uniformly, arranged in a continuous field. Epigyne (Fig. 35D): copulatory opening antero ectal to the primary spermathecae, separated by approximately three times their diameter; membranous sac two times longer than primary spermathecae diameter; copulatory duct elongate, coiled seven or more times near the copulatory opening, uniformly wide, and connected ectal distally to the primary spermathecae; SS/AG reduced; fertilization duct located mesal proximally at the copulatory duct and primary spermathecae.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/345487DCFFB7FFF1E9FCBC23ACB46CAA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Montana, Katherine O.;Cala-Riquelme, Franklyn;Crews, Sarah C.;Gorneau, Jacob A.;Al-Jamal, Amin M.;Alequín, Luigie D.;Spagna, Joseph C.;Ballarin, Francesco;Esposito, Lauren A.	Montana, Katherine O., Cala-Riquelme, Franklyn, Crews, Sarah C., Gorneau, Jacob A., Al-Jamal, Amin M., Alequín, Luigie D., Spagna, Joseph C., Ballarin, Francesco, Esposito, Lauren A. (2025): Tailor’s drawer no more: a reappraisal of the spider family Dictynidae O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871 sensu lato. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf007, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf007
345487DCFFB0FFFBEAE8BCD3ACC76E49.text	345487DCFFB0FFFBEAE8BCD3ACC76E49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Analtella Denis 1947	<div><p>Genus Analtella Denis, 1947, stat. reinst.</p><p>Type species: Analtella brevitarsis Denis, 1947, currently Lathys narbonensis (Simon, 1876) .</p><p>Material examined: Lathys affinis (Blackwall, 1862): Portugal, Madeira, Porto <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-16.703072&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.74691" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -16.703072/lat 32.74691)">Santo Island</a>, 32°44'48.8754"N 16°42'11.052"W, iv.2017, Coll. J. Malumbres-Olarte et al. (2 females, 4 imm, CASENT9081474) . Portugal, Madeira, Porto Santo, Pico do Castelo, 17.iv.2017, Coll. L. Crespo, I. Silva (1 female CASENT9081478) . Portugal, Madeira, Porto Santo, Ilheu de Ferro, 18.iv.2017, Coll. L. Crespo, I. Silva (1 female, CASENT9081479) . Portugal, Madeira, Deserta Grande, Planalto Sul, 11.iv.2017, Coll. L. Crespo, I. Silva (1 female, CASENT9081480) . Portugal, Madeira, Deserta Grande, Planalto Sul, 11.iv.2017, Coll. L. Crespo, I. Silva (1 female, CASENT9081481) . Portugal, Madeira, Porto Santo, Pico do Castelo, 17.iv.2017, Coll. L. Crespo, I. Silva (1 female, CASENT9081482) . Portugal, Madeira, Porto Santo, Rocha De Nossa Senhora, 21.iv.2017, Coll. L. Crespo, I. Silva (1 female, CASENT9081483) . Portugal, Madeira, Porto Santo, Pico Branco, 23.iv.2017, Coll. L. Crespo, I. Silva (1 male, CASENT9087229) . Lathys dentichelis: Portugal, Azores, Terceira Island, Lagoinha, Coll. Project BALA (1 male, 2 females, CASENT9081472; 1 female, CASENT9081473) . Equatorial Guinea, Bioko, Moca, 3°21′46′′N, 8°39′52′′E, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=8.664444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.3627777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 8.664444/lat 3.3627777)">Elev.</a> 1400 m, 4–9.x.1998, Coll. D.K. Dabney, D. Ubick (1 female, CASENT9118700) .</p><p>Diagnosis: The male of Analtella stat. reinst. (Figs 13C–F, 38AF) resembles Andronova gen. n. by having three apophyses that block the distal end of the conductor (Bosmans and Gavalas 2023: fig. 1E, H); however, it can be distinguished from Andronova gen. n. and other Lathyidae fam. n. by the chelicerae with an ectal, longitudinal row of macrosetae (Fig. 38A; Bosmans and Gavalas 2023: fig. 1B, C); the reduced AME (Fig. 38A; Bosmans and Gavalas 2023: fig. 1B) (AME absent in Afrolathys gen. n., Scotolathys s.s.) embolus usually coiled less than 1080°, and usually with a retrolateral distal origin; palpal tibia with lamellate lateral apophysis with deep or shallow longitudinal furrow in addition to the RTA, and hook-shaped tibial process (lamellate lateral apophysis absent in Lathys s.s., Scotolathys s.s., Bannaella, Afrolathys gen. n.); the conductor tip elongated, not compressed, and coiled two or more times (Fig. 38F). Females (Fig. 13C–F; Bosmans and Gavalas 2023: fig. 1I, J) can be distinguished by the SS/AG, usually shorter than the primary spermathecae; copulatory duct elongated and coiled more than 720° around itself and the SS/AG, and bent 90° or less around the primary spermatheca; the fertilization duct is located mesal distally.</p><p>Remarks: Analtella was described by Denis (1947: 145) based on females of Analtella jubata Denis, 1947 (1947:146) and Analtella brevitarsis Denis, 1947 (1947: 148) in a comparison with species of Altella . Denis (1947) did not designate a type species, so Lehtinen (1967: 243) designated A. brevitarsis as the type of Analtella . In the same paper, Lehtinen (1967: 243) considered A. brevitarsis a junior synonym of Lathys narbonensis Simon, 1914 and placed Analtella and Scotolathys within the narbonensis group, while A. jubata (= Lathys jubata) became part of the puta group with L. stigmatisata . Here, we reinstate the status of Analtella to include L. narbonensis Simon, 1914 based on the morphology of</p><p>62 • Montana et al.</p><p>the male palp and the female genitalia. Additionally, we consider L. jubata a junior synonym of L. stigmatisata (= Tolokonniella stigmatisata comb. n.) based on the morphology of the epigynum with reduced SS/AG, the copulatory duct elongated and coiled 720° around itself, and 180° around the primary spermathecae.</p><p>List of included species: Analtella affinis (Blackwall, 1862) comb. n., A. dentichelis (Simon, 1883) comb. n., A. narbonensis (Simon,</p><p>1876) comb. n., A. pygmaea (Wunderlich, 2011) comb. n., and A. teideensis (Wunderlich, 1992) comb. n.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/345487DCFFB0FFFBEAE8BCD3ACC76E49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Montana, Katherine O.;Cala-Riquelme, Franklyn;Crews, Sarah C.;Gorneau, Jacob A.;Al-Jamal, Amin M.;Alequín, Luigie D.;Spagna, Joseph C.;Ballarin, Francesco;Esposito, Lauren A.	Montana, Katherine O., Cala-Riquelme, Franklyn, Crews, Sarah C., Gorneau, Jacob A., Al-Jamal, Amin M., Alequín, Luigie D., Spagna, Joseph C., Ballarin, Francesco, Esposito, Lauren A. (2025): Tailor’s drawer no more: a reappraisal of the spider family Dictynidae O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871 sensu lato. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf007, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf007
345487DCFFBAFF81EA5FBE0BA91A6EE9.text	345487DCFFBAFF81EA5FBE0BA91A6EE9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andronova Montana & Cala-Riquelme & Crews & Gorneau & Al-Jamal & Alequín & Spagna & Ballarin & Esposito 2025	<div><p>Genus Andronova Cala-Riquelme, Montana, Esposito gen. n.</p><p>Type species: Lathys alberta Gertsch, 1946 .</p><p>Type material: Lathys alberta: Canada, Laggan (publication: Rocky Mts., near Laggan), pre-1894 publication date ,</p><p>Coll. J.H. Bean (J.H. Emerton Coll.), (Syntype, 1 male, MCZ-IZ22474) .</p><p>Material examined: Lathys annulata Bösenberg and Strand 1906: Japan, Tokyo Pref., Hachijo-jima Is., Hachijo city, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=139.79965&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.103138" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 139.79965/lat 33.103138)">Okago</a>, on arboreal vegetation, 33°06'11.3"N 139°47'58.7"E, 03.v.2021, Coll. F. Ballarin (1 male, FBPC). Lathys arabs Simon, 1910: Algeria, ‘ Ain Ograb, Djebel Messaad (Syntype, 2 females, MNHN-AR-AR403) . Tunisia, Nefzaoua, Coll. Vibert (Syntype, 2 females, MNHN-AR-AR420) . Lathys cambridgei (Simon, 1874): Syria, Coll. C.B. (Holotype, 1 female, MNHN-AR-AR401) . Lathys dihamata Paik, 1979: Japan, Shizuoka Pref., Tagata Distr., Izu city (former Amagiyugashima), Ichiyama, 2.vi.1984, Coll. K. Kamada (1 female, NMST17797) . Lathys sylvania: USA, Florida, Edgewater, 18.ii.1939, Coll. Charles A. Frost (Paratype, 1 female, MCZ-IZ24837) . USA, Florida, Dunedin, iii.1927, Coll. Willis S. Blatchley (Paratype, 5 females, MCZ-IZ24838) .</p><p>Etymology: The generic name refers to the Andronovo, a collection of late Bronze Age cultures (c. 2000–1150 BC) from Central Asia; gender feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis: The male of Andronova gen. n. can be distinguished from other Lathyidae genera by having narrower AME than ALE (AME absent in Scotolathys s.s., Bannaella, and Afrolathys gen. n.) embolus usually coiled 1080° or less, and usually with a medial retrolateral origin (Marusik et al. 2006b: figs 13–15, 17–18, 20–21); the palpal patella without an apophysis (Marusik et al. 2006b: fig. 17) (palpal patellar apophysis present in Lathys s.s.); palpal tibia with lamellate lateral apophysis with deep or shallow longitudinal furrow (Marusik et al. 2006b: figs 10–12, 16A–C) in addition to an RTA and hook-shaped tibial process (lamellate lateral apophysis absent in Lathys s.s., Scotolathys s.s., Bannaella, and Afrolathys gen. n.). Females (Marusik et al. 2006b: figs 22, 23) can be distinguished by the reduced SS/AG, copulatory duct elongated and coiled more than 720° around itself, and 520° around the primary spermathecae; the fertilization duct located mesal distally between the copulatory duct and primary spermathecae.</p><p>List of included species: Andronova alberta (Gertsch, 1946) comb. n., A. annulata (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906) comb. n., A. arabs (Simon, 1910) comb. n., A. cambridgei (Simon, 1874) comb. n., A. dihamata (Paik, 1979) comb. n., A. lehtineni (Kovblyuk et al., 2014) comb. n., A. maculosa (Karsch, 1879) comb. n., A. spasskyi (Andreeva and Tystshenko, 1969) comb. n., A. subalberta (Z.S. Zhang, Hu, Y.G. Zhang, 2012) comb. n., A. subviridis (Denis, 1937) comb. n., and A. sylvania (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958) comb. n.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/345487DCFFBAFF81EA5FBE0BA91A6EE9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Montana, Katherine O.;Cala-Riquelme, Franklyn;Crews, Sarah C.;Gorneau, Jacob A.;Al-Jamal, Amin M.;Alequín, Luigie D.;Spagna, Joseph C.;Ballarin, Francesco;Esposito, Lauren A.	Montana, Katherine O., Cala-Riquelme, Franklyn, Crews, Sarah C., Gorneau, Jacob A., Al-Jamal, Amin M., Alequín, Luigie D., Spagna, Joseph C., Ballarin, Francesco, Esposito, Lauren A. (2025): Tailor’s drawer no more: a reappraisal of the spider family Dictynidae O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871 sensu lato. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf007, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf007
345487DCFF8FFFF6EAF2BE79ADD56936.text	345487DCFF8FFFF6EAF2BE79ADD56936.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Argyronetidae Thorell 1869	<div><p>Family Argyronetidae Thorell, 1869, stat. reinst.</p><p>Type genus: Argyroneta Latreille, 1804: Araneus aquaticus Clerck, 1757, currently Argyroneta aquatica (Clerck, 1757) .</p><p>Material examined: Altella lucida: Gallia (1 male, 3 females, MNHN-AR-AR441). Argenna obesa: USA, Massachusetts, Essex Co., Ipswich. (1 male, 2 females, MNHN-AR-AR450). USA, Alaska, Lake at Explorer Glacier near portage, 22.vii.1978, Coll. P.H. Arnaud (1 female CASENT8413341) . USA, Arkansas, Mississippi Co., 15.i.1966, Coll. MX (1 female, CASENT8413351) . USA, Massachusetts, Plum Island, pre-1911 publication date, Coll. James H. Emerton (Syntype, 1 female, MCZ-IZ22345) . Argenna prominula: USA, Colorado, Virginia Basin, Elk Mts., 11 500–12 000 ft., 3.vii.1957, Coll. Herbert W. Levi, Lorna R. Levi (Paratype, 1 female, MCZ-IZ24836) . Arctella lapponica Holm, 1945: Russia, Yakutia, North Yakutia, Yana River downflow, Kular Vill., 1.vii.1996, Coll. N.N. Vinokurov (1 male, CASENT8413348) . Chaerea maritimus: Spain, Murcia, Cartagena, Coll. E. Simon (Syntypes, 1 male, 1 female, MNHN-AR-AR446) . France, Var Department, Giens, Plage de L’Ayguade, 15.ii.2020, Coll. L. Crespo, P. Ponel (2 males, 2 females, CASENT9081477) . Devade indistincta: Sudan, Suakin Island ( Long Island), 1956.ii.20, Coll. P. Strinati (Holotype, 1 female, MNHN-AR-AR483) . Saltonia incerta: USA, California, Salton, iii.1897, Coll.Henry G. Hubbard, Nathan Banks (Holotype, 1 female, MCZ-IZ21615) . Tricholathys hirsutipes: USA, California, Lassen Co., Susanville, 2.vii.1940, Coll. W.J. Gertsch (2 females, MNHN-AR-AR427) . USA, California, Sacramento, 27.v.1918, Coll. Helen Van Duzee (Paratype, 2 males, MCZ-IZ21553) .</p><p>Diagnosis: (Figs. 40A–C, 41A–D, 42A–F) Small to large spiders [only tiny in Lathyidae fam. n. and Dictynidae s.s.] with the carapace usually longer than wide, and wider than high (flattened) (Fig. 6A, D) [as wide as high or higher than wide in Dictynidae s.s.; Figs 6E, 7B]; AME, ALE,PLE, and PME similar in size (Fig.6A–C, 40F) [AME usually absent (Fig. 5D, E) or considerably smaller (Fig. 5A, B) in Lathyidae fam. n.]; legs of both sexes, female palp, and male palpal cymbium usually with well-defined macrosetae (Figs 23A, 24A, F) [macrosetae absent or strongly reduced (Figs 25A, C, E, C, 26E,, 27A, E, 32F) in Lathyidae fam. n. and Dictynidae s.s.]; male palp with the conductor upper arm shorter than the lower arm, the lower conductor arm uncoiled at the tip, and with the tip usually smooth (lacking a scaly appearance) (Figs 23B, C, F, 24A, B, E, F, 40D–F) [conductor upper arm longer than lower arm (Figs 20A, D, 22A, C, E) and with a scaly tip (Figs 20F) in Lathyidae fam. n.; conductor lower arm usually coiled and with scaly tip (Figs 25B, 26C, 28C, 30A, B, 31A, 57A–D, 58A–F) in Dictynidae s.s.].</p><p>Remarks: Thorell (1870: 121, 136) designated the family Agalenoidae (= Agelenidae) to include the subfamilies Amaurobiinae, Agaleninae, and Argyronetinae with the genus Argyroneta as follows: ‘ Argyroneta aquatica seems to me to deserve to be taken as the type of a separate sub-family, as well on account of its peculiar habits, as of the structure of its respiratory organs’. Menge (1871: 293) elevated Argyronetinae to the rank of family, with this taxonomy followed by Dahl (1937: 115–7). After, several arachnologists accepted the use of Argyronetidae (Reimoser 1919, Kishida 1930, Petrunkevitch 1939, Roewer 1942, Kaston 1948, Bonnet 1955, Yaginuma 1955, Komatsu 1961, Ono 2009, Murphy and Roberts 2015), whereas others no longer considered Argyronetidae to be a valid rank (Berland 1932, Saito 1941, Gertsch 1949, Millot 1949, Locket and Millidge 1953, Grothendieck and Kraus 1994, Wheeler et al. 2017). Miller et al. (2010), Spagna et al. (2010), and Wheeler et al. (2017) found evidence to support Argyroneta as a member of Dictynidae s.l .. Crews et al. (2020), using Sanger loci, and Gorneau et al. (2023a), using UCE and Sanger data, recovered Argyroneta with other ecribellates (Fig. 11C), resulting in a morphologically coherent group.</p><p>List of included genera: Altella Simon, 1884; Arctella Holm, 1945; Argenna Thorell, 1870; Argyroneta Latreille, 1804; Chaerea Simon, 1884; Devade Simon, 1884; Hackmania Lehtinen, 1967; Iviella Lehtinen, 1967; Mizaga Simon, 1898; Paratheuma Bryant, 1940; Saltonia Chamberlin and Ivie, 1942; and Tricholathys Chamberlin and Ivie, 1935 .</p><p>Family Lathyidae Cala-Riquelme, Montana, Crews, Esposito fam. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8BBD8958-0267-43EF-9FF6- 3CCA9A0E6EC1.</p><p>Type genus: Lathys Simon, 1884: Lethia varia Menge, 1869, currently Lathys humilis (Blackwall, 1855) .</p><p>Material examined: See the material examined for genera.</p><p>Diagnosis: Small, cribellate spiders (Figs 8A, 10A, B, 11B) with the carapace low or of moderate height, with the clypeus narrow (Figs 5A–E, 32A, 33A, 36A, 38A) (Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958); AME usually narrower than ALE, PME, and PLE (Fig. 5A, B) or absent (Fig. 5D, E) (present and as wide as ALE, PME, and PLE in Argyronetidae stat. reinst. and Dictynidae s.s.); ALE, PME, and PLE subequal in size and sub-equidistantly spaced (Figs 32A, 33A, 36A, 38A); chelicerae rather short, moderately stout, without basal enlargements or spurs (Fig. 5A, C–F); male palp with the conductor upper arm usually longer than the lower arm (Figs 20A, D, 21B, 22A, C, D) (conductor upper arm shorter than lower arm in Argyronetidae stat. reinst.); conductor lower arm usually directed dorsally (Figs 20A, 32F, 34E; Marusik et al. 2009: figs 43, 45, 46) (ventrally in Argyronetidae stat. reinst. and Dictynidae s.s.), and locked by a mechanism that comprises a longitudinal furrow, RTA, and hook-shaped tibial process (Figs 20C, 21D, 22E, F; 32F) (tibial lock mechanism absent in Argyronetidae stat. reinst. and Dictynidae s.s.); embolus coiled more than 150 degree but not more than 1200° (Figs 20D, 32E, F, 34D, E) (coiled ≤720° in Argyronetidae stat. reinst. and Dictynidae s.s.); epigyne with the primary spermathecae two or more times wider than the copulatory duct width (Figs 13C–F, 33E, F, 37D); copulatory duct well developed (Figs 13C–F, 33E, F), usually many times longer than the primary spermathecae width and coiled between the membranous sac and the SS/AG (Fig. 13C, D), or as long as primary spermathecae (Fig. 37D).</p><p>Remarks: Wheeler et al. (2017) recovered Lathys close to Dictynidae s.l. but with very low support. Crews et al. (2020), using denser sampling, recovered Lathys as more distantly related to Dictynidae s.l., and as in Wheeler et al. (2017), the position of Lathys was weakly supported. Gorneau et al. (2023a) using UCEs + Sanger loci recovered Lathys as closely related to Dictynidae s.l. with high support; however, the deep phylogenetic divergence and observed diversity indicate that it should be treated as a separate family (see: Gorneau et al. 2023a). The subfamily Lathysinae proposed by Gorneau et al. (2023a) was unavailable following ICZN article 16 (see: ICZN 1999, article 16). We propose Lathyidae fam. n. [Type genus Lathys Simon, 1884: Lethia varia Menge, 1869 = Lathys humilis (Blackwall, 1855)] based on the synapomorphies of the male palp, the eye configuration, and the morphology of the epigyne.</p><p>List of included genera: Afrolathys gen. n. ( Af. madagascariensis sp. n. and Af. tanzanica sp. n.), Analtella stat. reinst. [ Analtella affinis (Blackwall, 1862) comb. n., Analtella dentichelis (Simon, 1883) comb. n., Analtella narbonensis (Simon, 1876) comb. n., Analtella pygmaea (Wunderlich 2011) comb. n., and Analtella teideensis (Wunderlich, 1992) comb. n.], Andronova gen. n. [ Andronova alberta (Gertsch, 1946) comb. n., Andronova annulata (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906) comb. n., Andronova arabs (Simon, 1910) comb. n., Andronova cambridgei (Simon, 1874) comb. n., Andronova dihamata (Paik, 1979) comb. n., Andronova lehtineni (Kovblyuk et al., 2014) comb. n., Andronova maculosa (Karsch, 1879) comb. n., Andronova spasskyi (Andreeva and Tystshenko, 1969) comb. n., Andronova subalberta (Z.S. Zhang, Zhang, Hu, Y.G. Zhang) comb. n., Andronova subviridis (Denis, 1937) comb. n., and Andronova sylvania (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958) comb. n.], Asialathys gen. n. [ As. deltoidea (Liu, 2018) comb. n., As. fibulata (Liu, 2018) comb. n., As. huangyangjieensis (Liu, 2018) comb. n., As. spiralis (Z.S. Zhang, Hu, Y.G. Zhang, 2012) comb.n., and As.zhanfengi (Liu, 2018) comb. n.], Bannaella Zhang and Li, 2011 [ B. lhasana (Hu, 2001), B. sexoculata (Seo and Sohn, 1984) comb. n., B. sinuata Zhang and Li, 2011, and B. tibialis Zhang and Li, 2011], Denticulathys gen. n. ( D. amaataaidoo sp. n.), Langlibaitiao Lin and Li 2024 [ Langlibaitiao chishuiensis (Z.S. Zhang, Yang, Y.G. Zhang, 2009), Langlibaitiao inaffectus (Li, 2017), Langlibaitiao insulanus (Ono, 2003) comb. n., and Langlibaitiao zhangshun Lin and Li, 2024], Lathys s.s. Simon, 1885 [ Lathys bin Marusik and Logunov, 1991, Lathys borealis Z.S. Zhang Zhang, Hu, Y.G. Zhang, 2012, Lathys brevitibialis Denis, 1956, Lathys coralynae Gertsch and Davis, 1942, Lathys dixiana Ivie and Barrows, 1935, Lathys foxi (Marx, 1891), Lathys heterophthalma Kulczyński, 1891, Lathys humilis (Blackwall, 1855), Lathys humilis meridionalis (Simon, 1874), Lathys lepida O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1909, Lathys mantarota Wunderlich, 2022, Lathys sexpustulata (Simon, 1878), and Lathys subhumilis Z.S. Zhang et al., 2012], Scotolathys s.s. Simon, 1885 [ S. delicatula Gertsch and Mulaik, 1936 stat. reinst., S. immaculata Chamberlin and Ivie, 1944 stat. reinst., S. maculina (Gertsch, 1946) stat. reinst., S. pallida (Marx, 1891) stat. reinst., and S. simplex (Simon, 1885)], and Tolokonniella gen. n. [ T. ankaraensis (Özkütük et al., 2016) comb. n., T. mallorcensis (Lissner, 2018) comb. n., T.maura (Simon, 1911) comb. n., T. stigmatisata (Menge, 1869) comb. n., and T. truncata (Danilov, 1994) comb. n.].</p><p>Revision of the spider family Dictynidae • 49</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/345487DCFF8FFFF6EAF2BE79ADD56936	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Montana, Katherine O.;Cala-Riquelme, Franklyn;Crews, Sarah C.;Gorneau, Jacob A.;Al-Jamal, Amin M.;Alequín, Luigie D.;Spagna, Joseph C.;Ballarin, Francesco;Esposito, Lauren A.	Montana, Katherine O., Cala-Riquelme, Franklyn, Crews, Sarah C., Gorneau, Jacob A., Al-Jamal, Amin M., Alequín, Luigie D., Spagna, Joseph C., Ballarin, Francesco, Esposito, Lauren A. (2025): Tailor’s drawer no more: a reappraisal of the spider family Dictynidae O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871 sensu lato. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf007, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf007
345487DCFFC0FF8AE9DBBE90ADD56FEA.text	345487DCFFC0FF8AE9DBBE90ADD56FEA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asialathys Cala-Riquelme and Crews 2025	<div><p>Genus Asialathys Cala-Riquelme and Crews gen. n.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: AD6EA29A-2CAC-4AF5-82F0- D512FC0E8219.</p><p>Type species: Lathys spiralis Zhang, Hu, Y.G. Zhang, 2012 .</p><p>Materialexamined:Lathysdeltoidea: China, JiangxiProv., Ji’anCity, Jinggangshan County Level City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.24799&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.475" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.24799/lat 26.475)">Huang’ao Town</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.24799&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.475" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.24799/lat 26.475)">Menxiandong Village</a>, broad-leaf forest, 26°28'30.0"N 114°14'52.8"E, 462 m elev., 4.iv.2014, Coll. Keke Liu, Zhiwu Chen, Zeyuan Meng, Yifan Zhao, Guangfeng Li (Holotype, 1 female, ASM-JGSU, examined by photo). Lathys fibulata: China, Jiangxi Prov., Ji’an City, Jinggangshan County Level City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.243996&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.476" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.243996/lat 26.476)">Huang’ao Town</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.243996&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.476" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.243996/lat 26.476)">Menxiandong Village</a>, broad-leaf forest, 26°28'33.6"N 114°14'38.4"E, 383 m elev., 4.iv.2014, Coll. Keke Liu, Zhiwu Chen, Zeyuan Meng, Yifan Zhao, Guangfeng Li (Holotype, 1 male, ASM-JGSU, examined by photo; Paratype, 1 female, ASM-JGSU, examined by photo). Lathys huangyangjieensis: China, Jiangxi Prov., Ji’an City, Jinggangshan County Level City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.105995&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.456001" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.105995/lat 26.456001)">Maoping Town</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.105995&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.456001" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.105995/lat 26.456001)">Huangyangjie Scenic Spot</a>, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, 26°27'21.6"N 114°06'21.6"E, 958 m elev., 5.iv.2014, Coll. Keke Liu, Zhiwu Chen, Zeyuan Meng, Xiaoping Huang and Yubao Tang (Holotype, 1 male, ASM-JGSU, examined by photo; Paratype, 2 males, ASM-JGSU, examined by photo). Lathys zhanfengi: China, Jiangxi Prov., Ji’an City, Jinggangshan County Level City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.134995&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.583" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.134995/lat 26.583)">Ciping Town</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.134995&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.583" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.134995/lat 26.583)">Xiaojing Village</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.134995&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.583" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.134995/lat 26.583)">Longtan Scenic Spot</a>, broad-leaf forest, 26°34'58.8"N 114°08'06.0"E 951 m elev., 1.vi.2014, Coll. Keke Liu, Zhiwu Chen, Zeyuan Meng, Xiaoping Huang, Yubao Tang, Zhanfeng Wang (Holotype, 1 female, ASM-JGSU, examined by photo) .</p><p>Etymology: The generic epithet is a combination of the word ‘Asia’, referring to the area where the genus is distributed, and the word Lathys, referring to the generic name Lathys, another member of the family; gender feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis: Asialathys gen. n. can be distinguished from other Lathyidae fam. n. genera by having narrower AME than ALE (Liu et al. 2018: figs 4A, B, 7A, B, 9A, B) (AME absent in Scotolathys s.s. and Bannaella, Afrolathys gen. n.); the embolus originates distally on the bulb, usually coiled no more than 1080° (Liu et al. 2018: figs 7C, D, 11A–C) ≤1080° in Lathys s.s.); the male palpal patella without an apophysis (Liu et al. (2018): figs 7C, D, 11A–C) (palpal patellar apophysis present in Analtella stat. reinst., Lathys s.s.); and the conductor tip elongated and uncoiled (Liu et al. 2018: fig. 11A–C). Females can be distinguished by the reduced SS/AG, copulatory duct elongated and coiled around itself 180°, and 180° or less near the primary spermathecae; the fertilization duct usually located mesal proximal between the copulatory duct and primary spermathecae (Liu et al. 2018: figs 6A, B, 9C, D, 11D, E).</p><p>List of included species: Asialathys deltoidea (Liu, 2018) comb. n., A. fibulata (Liu, 2018) comb. n., A. huangyangjieensis (Liu, 2018) comb. n., A. spiralis (Z.S. Zhang, Hu, Y.G. Zhang, 2012) comb. n., and A. zhanfengi (Liu, 2018) comb. n.</p><p>Genus Denticulathys Cala-Riquelme, Al-Jamal, Crews gen. n.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:306B9795-0481-471B-BBFE-</p><p>575C1618E5E9.</p><p>Type species: Denticulathys amaataaidoo sp. n.</p><p>Etymology: The generic name is derived from the Latin for ‘tooth’, dent-, referring to the denticulation observed on the patellar apophysis of the male palp, and the generic name Lathys, another member of the family; gender feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis: Denticulathys gen. n. (Figs 21A–F, 36A–F, 37A–D) can be distinguished from other Lathyidae fam. n. by lacking AME (Fig. 36A) (AME present in Lathys s.s., Analtella stat. reinst., Andronova gen. n.); and by having a palpal patellar dorsal bump with several ctenidia (Fig. 21E, F). Females can be distinguished by the short, uncoiled copulatory duct, and a receptacle in addition to the primary spermathecae (Fig. 37D).</p><p>Denticulathys amaataaidoo Cala-Riquelme, Al-Jamal, Crews sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CFCA6957-C5E0-4B10-9C00- F5FC89774A9A.</p><p>Type material: Male holotype (CASENT9118716) from Central African Republic: Prefecture Sangha-Mbaéré, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.172499&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.3705556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.172499/lat 2.3705556)">Dzanga-Ndoki National Park</a>, 37.9 km 169°S <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.172499&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.3705556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.172499/lat 2.3705556)">Lidjombo</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.172499&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.3705556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.172499/lat 2.3705556)">Elev.</a> 360 m, 2°22′14′′N 16°10′21′′E,rainforest,beatinglowvegetation, 20–28.v.2001, Coll.B.L. Fisher.Female paratype (CASENT9118606) from Gabon:Ogooue- Maritime Prov., Reserve de Faune de la Moukalaba-Dougoua, 12.2 km 305°NW Doussala, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.496944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.2833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.496944/lat -2.2833333)">Elev.</a> 110 m, 2°17′0′′S 10°29′49′′E, rainforest, beating vegetation, 24.ii.2000, Coll. B.L. Fisher.</p><p>Etymology: The species epithet is a noun in apposition in honour of Ama Ata Aidoo, Ghanaian author, poet, playwright, politician, and academic; gender feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis: See diagnosis for genus.</p><p>Description: Male (CASENT 9118716, Central African Republic): Carapace (Fig. 36A–C) pale honey yellow, darker anteriorly. Eyes on short, hyacinth red tubercles. Chelicerae, labium, endites, sternum, and legs pale honey yellow. Abdomen (Fig. 36B–D) dorsum cream-yellow with pale broccoli brown chevrons, venter cream-yellow. Sternum squared-off anteriorly. Total length 1.85. Carapace length 0.88, width 0.70, height 0.33. Clypeus height 0.03, PME 0.10, ALE 0.09, PLE 0.08, PME– PME 0.05. Sternum length 0.48, width 0.45. Palp: femur length 0.28, tibia length 0.20. Leg I: femur 0.83, patella 0.28, tibia 0.80, metatarsus 0.58, tarsus 0.43. II: 0.76, 0.25, 0.64, 0.46, 0.36. III: 0.65, 0.18, 0.49, 0.43, 0.36. IV: 0.71, 0.23, 0.59, 0.49, 0.36. Abdomen length 0.98, width 0.75. Male palp (Figs 21A–F, 36E, F, 37A–C) with femur straight, as long as patella + tibia; patella slightly curved, with a retrolateral proximal process with twelve ctenidia grouped in two fields of five and seven; tibia slightly longer than patella, the tibial lock mechanism with a deep longitudinal furrow, an RTA two times longer than wide, and a hook-shaped tibial process (Fig. 21C, D); conductor upper arm shorter than conductor lower arm length (Fig. 21B); embolus connected prolateral distal to the tegulum, and coiled no more than 250°(Fig. 21B).</p><p>Female (CASENT 9118606, Gabon): Carapace pale cream-yellow. Chelicerae pale cream-yellow, darker distally. Labium, endites, sternum, legs, and abdomen pale cream-yellow. Sternum squared-off anteriorly. Total length 1.85. Carapace length 0.75, width 0.63, height 0.25. Clypeus height0.02, PME 0.08, ALE 0.09, PLE 0.06, PME–PME 0.05. Sternum length 0.43, width 0.48. Palp: femur length 0.23, tibia length 0.14. Leg I: femur 0.68, patella 0.23, tibia 0.68, metatarsus 0.55, tarsus 0.44. II: 0.74, 0.28, 0.56, 0.39, 0.26. III: 0.64, 0.14, 0.50, 0.45, 0.36. IV: 0.71, 0.21, 0.59, 0.51, 0.34. Calamistrum 1.00. Abdomen: length 1.18, width 0.83. Cribellum length 0.15, entire, as long as the width between the ALS, straight, with the spigots strobilate, grouping uniformly, arranged in a continuous field. Epigyne (Fig. 37D): copulatory openings mesal, close to each other, anterior to the primary spermathecae; membranous sac shorter than primary spermathecae diameter; copulatory duct shorter, connected mesal distal to the primary spermathecae; SS/AG reduced; primary spermathecae connected ectal proximal with a receptacle (Fig. 37D).</p><p>List of included species: Denticulathys amaataaidoo sp. n.</p><p>Remarks: In Figure 1, Denticulathys amaataaidoo sp. n. is not recovered as monophyletic. This is probably because the two terminals representing this species have two and eight loci present in the 50% occupancy matrix (Supporting Information, Table S1), respectively. When incorporating the legacy Sanger data (six more loci; Fig. 2), this is resolved, and we recover the species as monophyletic, consistent with our morphological hypothesis.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/345487DCFFC0FF8AE9DBBE90ADD56FEA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Montana, Katherine O.;Cala-Riquelme, Franklyn;Crews, Sarah C.;Gorneau, Jacob A.;Al-Jamal, Amin M.;Alequín, Luigie D.;Spagna, Joseph C.;Ballarin, Francesco;Esposito, Lauren A.	Montana, Katherine O., Cala-Riquelme, Franklyn, Crews, Sarah C., Gorneau, Jacob A., Al-Jamal, Amin M., Alequín, Luigie D., Spagna, Joseph C., Ballarin, Francesco, Esposito, Lauren A. (2025): Tailor’s drawer no more: a reappraisal of the spider family Dictynidae O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871 sensu lato. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf007, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf007
345487DCFFD4FF92E872BA1DAA666E73.text	345487DCFFD4FF92E872BA1DAA666E73.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dictyna Sundevall 1833	<div><p>Genus Dictyna Sundevall, 1833 s.s.</p><p>Type species: Aranea benigna Walckenaer, 1802, currently Dictyna arundinacea (Linnaeus, 1758) .</p><p>Material examined: Dictyna abundans: USA, California, Lassen Co., 2 mi N Doyle, 12.vii., Coll. C. Griswold (1 female, CASENT9118636) . Mexico, Baja California, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-114.0435&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.064333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -114.0435/lat 29.064333)">20 km E Parador Punta Prieta</a>, 29°03.86'N 114°02.61'W, Elev. 470 m, malaise, 26–29.iii.2014, Coll. M.E. Irwin, M.J. Sharkey (1 male, CASENT9058905) . Dictyna agressa: USA, California, Los Angeles Co., 15 mi west of Santa Monica, 20.iii.1941, Coll. W. Ivie (Paratype, 1 male, 1 female, MNHN-AR-AR688) . Mexico, Baja California, 1 km S Cataviña, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-114.71367&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.726166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -114.71367/lat 29.726166)">Rio La Bocana</a>, 29°43.57'N 114°42.82'W, Elev. 500 m, sandy wash near water, 26–30.iii.2014, Coll. M.E. Irwin, M.J. Sharkey (1 female, CASENT9118646) . USA, California, Marin Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-122.55334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.018333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -122.55334/lat 38.018333)">San Rafael</a>, 8 mi Park Ridge Road, 38°1.1′N 122°33.2'W, border of suburb and open space, grasses/oaks, 9.v.2015, Coll. J. Schweikert (1 female, CASENT9068332) . Dictyna alyceae: Panama, Chiriqui Province, Boquete, vii.1939, Coll. Arthur M. Chickering (Allotype, 1 male, 1 female, 1 imm., MCZ-IZ43946) . Panama, Chiriqui Province, Boquete, vii.1939, Coll. Arthur M. Chickering (Holotype, 1 male, MCZ-IZ20244) . Dictyna apacheca: (Paratype, 1 male, 1 female, MNHN-AR-AR671) [note: there is no collecting information given with this specimen. In Chamberlin and Ivie (1935), a holotype and allotype are mentioned, but they did not name a paratype]. Dictyna arundinacea: USA, Colorado, Electra Lake, 1.vii.1919, Coll. F.E. Lutz (1 male, AMNH) . Dictyna bostoniensis: USA, Washington, Wawawai, pre-1919 publication date (Holotype, 1 female, MCZ-IZ15971) . USA, Massachusetts, Boston, fence of Public Garden, 23.v.1873, Coll. James H. Emerton (Syntype, 3 male 3 female, MCZ-IZ20564) . Dictyna brevitarsus: USA, Massachusetts, Danvers (no verbatim date data), Coll. James H. Emerton, Henry W. Winkley (Syntype, 1 male, 1 female, MCZ-IZ20588) . Dictyna cavata: Bermuda, Grasmere, 11.vii.–4.viii.1921, Coll. E.B. Bryant (Allotype, 1 female, MCZ-IZ24758) . Bermuda, Grasmere, 11.vii.–4.viii.1921, Coll. E.B. Bryant (Holotype, 1 male, MCZ-IZ20740) . Bermuda, Grasmere, 11.vii.–4.viii.1921, Coll. E.B. Bryant (Paratype, 1 female, MCZ-IZ24759) . Bermuda, Grasmere, 11.vii.–4.viii.1921, Coll. E.B. Bryant (Paratype, 1 male, MCZ-IZ24760) . Dictyna cholla: Mexico, Baja California Sur, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-113.30862&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.808887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -113.30862/lat 27.808887)">1 mi N Ejido Guillermo Prieto</a>, 27°48′32′′N 113°18′31′′W, Elev. 150 m, ethylene glycol pitfall traps, 14.iii–19.vii.1999, Coll. R. Aalbu et al. (1 male, 1 female, CASENT9062560) . USA, New Mexico, Socorro Co., Sevilleta Wildlife Refuge, 34°28'27.48"N 113°27'33.66"W, Elev. 1450 m, malaise, sandy basin of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-113.45935&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.4743" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -113.45935/lat 34.4743)">Rio Grande River</a>, 19–24. vi.2013, Coll. M.E. Irwin (1 female, CASENT9118657) . Mexico, Baja California, Cañon de Guadalupe, 32°9.77'0"N 115°46.91'0"W, Elev. 300 m, malaise, damp wash near palms, 23–31.iii.2014, Coll. M.E. Irwin, M.J. Sharkey (1 female, CASENT9118658) . Dictyna denisi: Nigeria, Massif de l’Aïr, Monts Baguezan, 1–4. ix.1947, Coll. L. Chopard &amp; A. Villiers (Syntypes, 1 male, 1 female, MNHN-AR-AR683). Dictyna donaldi: Panama, Chiriqui Province, Boquete, vii.1939, Coll. Arthur M. Chickering (Allotype, 1 female, MCZ-IZ44000) . Panama, Chiriqui Province, Boquete, vii.1939, Coll. Arthur M. Chickering (Holotype, 1 male, MCZ-IZ21112) . Panama, Chiriqui Province, Boquete, vii.1939, Coll. Arthur M.Chickering (Paratype, 1 male, MCZ-IZ24320) . Panama, Chiriqui Province, Boquete, vii.1939, Coll. Arthur M. Chickering (Paratype, 1 male, MCZ-IZ24318) . Panama, Chiriqui Province, Boquete, vii.1939, Coll. Arthur M. Chickering (Paratype, 1 female, MCZ-IZ24319) . Dictyna formidolosa: USA, North Carolina, Black Mt., N. fork Swannanoa River . 18–30.v.1903 –1910 (based on information in introduction of publication), Coll. Nathan Banks (Syntype, 1 male MCZ-IZ20351) . Dictyna jacalana: Mexico, Morelos, Cuernavaca, Salto San Anton, 18–19.ix.1976, Coll. C. Griswold, R. Jackson (1 male, CASENT9118784) . Mexico, Nayarit, Nayarit, 18–19.ix.1976, Coll. S.C. Williams, K. Blair, C. Mullinex (1 male, CASENT9118822) . Dictyna kosiorowiczi: France, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, Bouchesdu-Rhône, Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, 1–30.vi.1913, Coll. J. and L. Berland (1 male, 1 female MNHN-AR-AR536). Dictyna segregata: USA, Texas, Clear Creek Woods, 9.iv.1942, Coll. Sarah E. Jones (Holotype, 1 male, MCZ-IZ22549) .</p><p>Diagnosis: The males of Dictyna s.s. (Figs 30A–F, 31A–F, 63AF) can be distinguished from other Dictynidae s.s. genera by the palp with a simple, thin embolus without distal modifications, coiled no more than 225°, originating prolateral distal from the bulb (Figs 31E, 57B, 63E; Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 22, figs 5, 10, Marusik et al. 2015: fig. 26) (embolus thick and distally modified in Emblyna s.s., Nopalityna gen. n.); the dictynid process usually shorter to slightly developed, but never as long or longer than the tibia length (Fig. 30E, F; Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 22, fig. 7, Marusik et al. 2015: fig. 26) (dictynid process absent (Figs. 25C, 26F, 27E, 47C–F) in Ajmonia, Califorenigma gen. n., Dictynomorpha, Mallos, Mexitlia, Nigma, Thallumetus and Tivyna); the conductor upper arm longer than the conductor lower arm, coiled no more than 110° (Fig. 31E; 57B; 63E; Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 22, figs. 5, 10, Marusik et al. 2015: fig. 26); the conductor lower arm coiled more than 360°, with the tip directed prolateral proximal, the paraconductor process inconspicuous or absent, and with the conductor locking mechanism shorter than conductor tip. Additionally, it can be distinguished by lacking a patellar apophysis and/or other modifications (present in Califorenigma gen. n.), and a cymbial process (Figs 30A–D, 31A, B, D, F, 63E, F) (present in Ajmonia, Dictynomorpha, and Califorenigma gen. n.). Females can be distinguished by having the first section of the copulatory duct modified and connected to a typically enlarged membranous sac; copulatory duct longer than primary spermathecae width, forming loops near the primary spermathecae; primary spermathecae reduced, as wide as or slightly wider than the widest section of the copulatory duct.</p><p>Remarks: Westring (1861) considered Dictyna s.l. a senior synonymof Ergatis Blackwall,1841 and Operaria Blackwall, 1841 . Chamberlin (1948) described the genus Tosyna Chamberlin 1948 (= Dictyna see: Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958) based on the morphological characteristics of Dictyna apacheca . Several species have been described as Dictyna s.l., and several have been transferred to Emblyna s.l .. Dictyna s.s., together with Emblyna s.s., continue to be tailor’s drawer genera, and greater attention to morphology and molecular phylogenetics should be given in future studies. Previous phylogenetic studies have shown Dictyna s.l. and Emblyna s.l. to be polyphyletic (see: Wheeler et al. 2017, Crews et al. 2020, Gorneau et al. 2023a, Kulkarni et al. 2023). Traits such as the morphology of the embolus, conductor, cymbium, tibial apophysis, patellar apophysis, membranous sac, copulatory duct, and primary spermathecae appear to be putative synapomorphies that support the delimitation of genera.</p><p>List of included species: Dictyna abundans Chamberlin and Ivie, 1941, D. alaskae Chamberlin and Ivie, 1947, D. albicoma Simon, 1893, D. albovittata Keyserling, 1881, D. alyceae Chickering, 1950, D. apacheca Chamberlin and Ivie, 1935, D. arundinacea (Linnaeus, 1758), D. bostoniensis Emerton, 1888, D. brevitarsus Emerton, 1915, D. cafayate Mello-Leitão, 1941, D. chandrai Tikader, 1966, D. cofete Wunderlich, 2022, D. columbiana Becker, 1886, D. cronebergi Simon, 1889, D. crosbyi Gertsch and Mulaik, 1940, D. dauna Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958, D. ectrapela (Keyserling, 1886), D. fluminensis Mello-Leitão, 1924, D. guineensis Denis, 1955, D. hamifera Thorell, 1872, D. kosiorowiczi Simon, 1873, D. laeviceps Simon, 1911, D. linzhiensis Hu, 2001, D. livida (Mello-Leitão, 1941), D. marilina Chamberlin, 1948, D. moctezuma Gertsch and Davis, 1942, D. namulinensis Hu, 2001, D. navajoa Gertsch and Davis, 1942, D. pictella Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958, D. pusilla Thorell, 1856, D. quadrispinosa Emerton, 1919, D. ranchograndei Caporiacco, 1955, D. saepei Chamberlin and Ivie, 1941, D. similis Keyserling, 1878, D. simoni Petrunkevitch, 1911, D. sinaloa Gertsch and Davis, 1942, D. siniloanensis Barrion and Litsinger, 1995, D. tarda Schmidt, 1971, D. togata Simon, 1904, D. tristis Spassky, 1952, D. trivirgata Mello-Leitão, 1943, D. tullgreni Caporiacco, 1949, D. turbida Simon, 1905, D. uncinata Thorell, 1856, D. uvs Marusik and Koponen, 1998, D. vittata Keyserling, 1883, D. vultuosa Keyserling, 1881, and D. yongshun Yin, Bao and Kim, 2001 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/345487DCFFD4FF92E872BA1DAA666E73	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Montana, Katherine O.;Cala-Riquelme, Franklyn;Crews, Sarah C.;Gorneau, Jacob A.;Al-Jamal, Amin M.;Alequín, Luigie D.;Spagna, Joseph C.;Ballarin, Francesco;Esposito, Lauren A.	Montana, Katherine O., Cala-Riquelme, Franklyn, Crews, Sarah C., Gorneau, Jacob A., Al-Jamal, Amin M., Alequín, Luigie D., Spagna, Joseph C., Ballarin, Francesco, Esposito, Lauren A. (2025): Tailor’s drawer no more: a reappraisal of the spider family Dictynidae O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871 sensu lato. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf007, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf007
345487DCFFC9FF95E9CAB8DAA97B6A7C.text	345487DCFFC9FF95E9CAB8DAA97B6A7C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dictynidae O. Pickard-Cambridge 1871	<div><p>Family Dictynidae O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871 s.s.</p><p>Type genus: Dictyna Sundevall, 1833 (type species Aranea benigna Walckenaer, 1802).</p><p>Material examined: Aebutina binotata: Brazil, Amazonas, São Paulo de Olivença, Fonte Boa, Coll. Mathan, M. de (Syntypes, 3 females, MNHN-AR-AR159). Adenodictyna kudoae: Japan, Kagoshima Pref., Amami-Ōshima Is., Naze city, Kinsakubaru, 20.IV.2008, Coll. Y. Kudo (Holotype, 1 male, NMST7953) . Ajmonia gratiosa: Algeria, Constantine (7 males, 34 females, MNHN-AR-AR606). Ajmonia marakata: India, Ootacamund, Nilgiris, 19–20.vii.1960, Coll. Pres. Dr. W. Rae-Sherriffs (Hototype, 1 male, 1 female, NHMUK1635133) . Ajmonia numidica: Algeria, Mila Prov. (prev. Dept. Constantine), Zouagha Forest, 15.v.1935 (2 males, 3 females, MNHN-AR-AR657). Ajmonia smaragdula: Sri Lanka, Central Province, Nuwara Eliya to Kandy, 1.i–31.xii.1892, Coll. E. Simon (Syntypes, 1 male, 1 female, MNHN-AR-AR714). Ajmonia velifera: India, Sikkim (Syntypes, 1 male, 1 female, MNHN-AR-AR713). Anaxibia difficilis: São Tomé-et-Príncipe, São Tomé, Bombaim, Traz-os-Montes, 7.vi.1956, Coll. P. Viette (Holotype, 1 male, MNHN-AR-AR477) . São Tomé and Príncipe, São Tomé, Lobata, Muquinqui Peak, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.6464167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.6464167/lat 0.38033333)">Guadalupe</a>, 0°22'49.2"N 6°38'47.1"E, Elev. 190 m, beating foliage, 22.xi.2016, Coll. L.A. Esposito (8 males, 6 females, 3 imm., CASENT9118598; 1female, 1male, 1imm., CASENT9118599) . São Tomé and Príncipe, São Tomé, Mé-Zóchi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.625528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.28577778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.625528/lat 0.28577778)">São Nicolau Waterfall</a>, 0°17'08.8"N 6°37'31.9"E, Elev. 927 m, 15.xi.2016, Coll. L.A. Esposito (1 male, CASENT9118601) . Archaeodictyna anguiniceps: Egypt, Siwa, Bahrein, east lake shore, 26.iv.1939, Coll. M. Cameron, Dr. G. Denis (Holotype, 1 male, 1 female, NHMUK1635121) . Archaeodictyna consecuta: Morocco / Algeria, Saida (7 males, 4 females, MNHN-AR-AR604). Archaeodictyna ammophila: France, Île-de-France, Seine-et- Marne Prov., Fontainebleau, Coll. E. Simon (1 male, 1 female, MNHN-AR-AR530). Ar. ulova South Africa, Natal Spioenkop Dam, south shore, 30 km SW Ladysmith, el. 900m, 28°40'60"S, 25°27'59.00"′E, mixed grasslands and dry bushveld, 1.vii.1986, Coll. T. Meikle-Griswold, C.E. Griswold (Holotype, 1 male, 1 female, NHMUK 1635102) . Brigittea innocens (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872): Myanmar, Magway Division, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=94.59439&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.06036" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 94.59439/lat 20.06036)">Shwesettaw Wildlife Reservation</a>, guest house, 20°3′37.3′′N 94°35′39.8′′E, at night, deciduous forest, 28.ix.2003, Coll. D. Ubick, (1 female, CASENT9017108) . Israel, Har Horshan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.916664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.916664/lat 32.55)">North of Ma’agan Mikh’el</a>, 32°32'60"N 34°54'59.99"E, at night, deciduous forest, 26.iv.1987, Coll. V. D. Roth (1 male, CASENT9118698) . Tanzania, Tanganyika, 6 mi W of Ngare Nanyuki, Elev. 1500 m, 19.xi.1957, Coll. E.S. Ross, R. E. Leech (1 female, CASENT9118704) . Callevophthalmus albus: Australia, Western Australia, 1.5 km E Cranbrook, low bushes in bottom sandy land, open scrub, 11.ix.2003, Coll. E.I. Schlinger, M.E. Irwin (1 female, CASENT9118676) . Australia, Sydney, 1854–58 (Holotype, 1 female, NHMUK 1635107) . Callevophthalmus maculatus: Australia, Sydney, 1.i–31.xii.1887 (Holotype, 1 female, NHMUK 1635108) . Mallos dugesi (Becker, 1886): USA, Arizona, Pima Co., Tucson, vii.1930, Coll. Gertsch (1 female, MNHN-AR-AR493). Mallos dugesi: USA, Arizona, Huachuca Mountains, Miller Canyon, 17.xi.1910, Coll. William Morton Wheeler (Holotype, 2 females, MCZ-IZ29976) . Mallos hesperius (Chamberlin, 1916): Peru, San Miguel, vii.1911, Coll. H.W. Foote, Yale Peruvian Expedition (Holotype, 1 male, MCZ-IZ15690) . Mallos mians (Chamberlin, 1919): USA, California (no specific locality data), 1909 and 1913 (from publication), Coll. R. V. Chamberlin (Holotype, 1 female, MCZ-IZ15096) . Mallos niveus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902: Mexico, San Luis Potosi, Rio Frio, 29.xi.1940, Coll. Gertsch (1 male, 1 female, MNHN-AR-AR481) . USA, Arizona, Cochise Co., Chiricahua Mtns., SWRS, 5 mi W Portal, 14.viii.1972, Coll. P. R. Craig (1 male, CASENT9118619) . USA, Arizona, Mohave Co., 2 mi S Davis Dam, Elev. 500 ft, salt brush, 14.vi.1968, Coll. L.D. Nelson (1 female, CASENT9118639) . USA, New Mexico, Otero Co., Oliver Lee State Park, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-105.91295&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.749332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -105.91295/lat 32.749332)">Dog Canyon</a>, 32°44'57.6"N 105°54'46.6"W, 7.x.2021, Coll. M. Pleisher (1 male, 1 female, 2 inm., CASENT9087236) . Mallos pallidus (Banks, 1904): USA, California, Mt. Shasta, pre-1904 publication date, Coll. Nathan Banks, (Syntype, 1 male, 2 females, MCZ-IZ22473) . USA, California, Santa Barbara Co., Santa Cruz Island, Stanton Beach, 17.iv.1973, Coll. D. Haralson (1 female, CASENT9118623) . USA, California, Mendocino Co., Angelo Reserve, S Fork Eel R. near Wilderness Lodge, 9.7 km N Branscomb, 39°44.450′N 123°37.944′W, Elev. 420 m, redwood/ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-123.6324&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.740833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -123.6324/lat 39.740833)">Douglas</a> fir forest, extraction from concentrated forest, 28.ix.2013, Coll. B. Mathat (1 female, CASENT9056350) . USA, California, Kern Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-117.9275&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.685833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -117.9275/lat 35.685833)">Indian Wells Canyon</a>, 35°41'9"N 117°55'38.99"W, Elev. 1125 m, malaise, damp creek bed, 8–14.v.2014, Coll. M.E. Irwin (1 male, CASENT9118662) . Mexitlia trivittata: USA, New Mexico, Albuquerque, pre-1901 publication date, Coll. Hugo Soltau, Nathan Banks (Syntype, 1 male, 1 female, MCZ-IZ23355) . USA, New Mexico, Sandoval Co., Jemez Mountains, E fork Jemez River, near Battleship Rock, 27.iv.2021, Coll. M. Pleisher (2 females, CASENT9087231) . USA, Arizona, 17 miles NE, 8.vii.1940, Coll. Gertsch (1 male, 1 female, MNHN-AR-AR482). Nigma flavescens (Walckenaer, 1830): Israel, Jerusalem, The Hebrew University Fac. Agric., Dept. Ent., 2.vi.2000, Coll. Mendel (1 male, 2 females, 1 imm., CASENT9118690) . Nigma gertschi (Berland and Millot 1940): Kenya, Rift Valley Province, West Pokot District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.456665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.5366666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.456665/lat -1.5366666)">Marich Pass Field Studies Centre</a>, 1°32.2'S 35°27.4'E, Elev. 3000 ft, 26–29.vii.1999, Coll. W.J. Pulawski, J.S. Schweikert (1 male, CASENT9118714) . Nigma longipes: Kenya, Mau Forest du Kenya, 22.i.1912, Coll. C. Alluaud, R. Jeannel (Type, 1 male, MNHN-AR-AR5302) . Kenya, Nakuru Co., Naivasha, 1–31.xii.1911, Coll. C. Alluaud, R. Jeannel (Syntypes, 1 female, MNHN-AR-AR5291). Paradictyna rufoflava (Chamberlain, 1946): New Zealand, North Island, L. Tikitapu (Blue Lake), Elev. 350 m, malaise, dry hillside, 29.x.–4.xi.1977, Coll. E.I. Schlinger (1 male, CASENT9118610) . New Zealand, South Island, S. Auckland, Waitomo Co., Pio Pio Dist., 2 km NW Mangakowhai Rd., sweeping, native bush, 29.x.–8.ii.1996, Coll. B. Zuparko (1 female, CASENT9118688) . Phantyna bicornis Emerton, 1915: USA, Massachusetts, Ipswich, sand near seashore, 24.vi.1905, Coll. James H. Emerton (Syntype, 1 female, MCZ-IZ43954) . USA, Massachusetts, Ipswich, sand near seashore, 24.vi.1905, Coll. James H. Emerton (Syntype, 1 male, MCZ-IZ20499) . Phantyna remota (Banks, 1924): Ecuador, Galapagos, Daphne, 23.iv.1923, Coll. William Beebe, Williams Galapagos Expedition 1923 (Syntype, 1 male, 2 females, MCZ-IZ22879) . Phantyna terranea (Ivie, 1947): USA, Washington, Vantage, 6.v.1936, Coll. M.H. Hatch (Syntype, 1 female, MCZ-IZ22451) . USA, Washington, Vantage, 1.v.1936, Coll. M.H. Hatch (Syntype, 1 female, MCZ-IZ24763) . Rhion pallidum: Sri Lanka, Kandy, Coll. E. Simon (MNHN-AR-AR378). Tahuantina zapfeae: Chile, Curicó Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.12261&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.066498" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.12261/lat -35.066498)">Loma Hueca-Huecan</a>, 15 km E Curicó, 35°03'59.4"S 71°07'21.4"W, Elev. 400 m, malaise, dry hillside, 29.x.–10.ix.1997, Coll. J.E. Barriga, M.E. Irwin (1 male, CASENT9062312) . Chile, Prov. Coquimbo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.11667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.11667/lat -31.6)">Hacienda Illapel</a>, 31°36'S 71°07'W, Elev. 900 m., malaise, dry hillside, 19.x.1966, Coll. E.I. Schlinger, M.E. Irwin, Peña (3 males, 6 females, 3 imm., CASENT9118813) . Thallumetus acanthochirus Simon, 1904: Chile, Valparaiso Prov., Marga Marga, Quilpué, Coll. C.E. Porter (MNHN-AR-AR383) . Chile, Diguillín Prov., Ñuble Region, Sierra de Chillán, Coll. E. Simon (1 male, MNHN-AR-AR377) . Venezuela, Carabobo, Parque Nacional San Esteban, Coll. E. Simon (1 male, MNHN-AR-AR384). Thallumetus parvulus Bryant, 1942: US Virgin Islands, St. Croix, pre-1942, Coll. Harry A. Beatty (Holotype, 1 male, MCZ-IZ22541) . Thallumetus pullus Chickering, 1952: Panama, Canal Zone, Biol. Area, viii.1950, Coll. Arthur M. Chickering (Allotype, 1 female, MCZ-IZ44022) . Panama, Canal Zone, Biol. Area, 1–31.vii.1950, Coll. Arthur M. Chickering (Holotype, 1 male, MCZ-IZ22788) . Thallumetus pusillus Chickering, 1948: Panama, Canal Zone, Biol. Area, 1-30.viii.1939, Coll. Arthur M. Chickering (Allotype, 1 female, MCZ-IZ44021) . Panama, Canal Zone, Biol. Area, 1–30. viii.1939, Coll. Arthur M. Chickering (Holotype, 1 male, MCZ-IZ22815) . Tivyna moaba: USA, California, Imperial Co., East Mesa Geothermal Site, 8.0 mi ESE <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-115.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -115.25/lat 32.7)">Holtville</a>, 32°42'N 115°15'W, Elev. 17 m, pitfalls, 23.iii.1978, Coll. R. Aalbu (1 female, CASENT9062468) . Tivyna spatula: Cuba, Cienfuegos, Soledad, 22.viii.1933, Coll. Weber (1 male, MCZ-IZ20964) . Peru, Cajamarca Prov., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.864&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.2236667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.864/lat -7.2236667)">Sector</a> La Pampa, Fundo La Paloma, 3 km W Chilete, 07°13.42'S 78°51.84'W, Elev. 865 m, malaise, dry gulch, 31.iii–7.iv.2008, Coll. M.E. Irwin, G. Antón Amaya (1 female, CASENT9061652) . Peru, Cajamarca Prov., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.864&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.2236667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.864/lat -7.2236667)">Sector</a> La Pampa, Fundo La Paloma, 3 km W Chilete, 07°13.42'S 78°51.84'W, Elev. 865 m, malaise, 17–24.i.2008, Coll. M.E. Irwin, G. Antón Amaya (1 female, CASENT9061673) . Mexico, Colima, Revillagigedo Archipelago, Isla Socorro, ~ 2 km NW Bahia Braithwaite, in orchard, 31.i.1966, Coll. L. Baptista (1 female, CASENT9118791) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Small cribellate spiders (Figs 9A–F, 10E, F, 12A–F, 43E–F, 47A–B, 52A–C, E–F, 53A–C, 54A, 63D, 66B) with the carapace longer than broad, quite high and convex (Figs 6E, F, 7B, D–F) (two times higher in Archaeodictyna, in part: Fig. 45A–B, E) (Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958); clypeus typically high (Figs 6E, F, 7D, F, 47A, 50A, 51F, 53A) (clypeus low in Lathyidae fam. n. and Argyronetidae stat. reinst.); chelicerae concave medially, gradually narrowed apically, subparallel, with a conspicuous lateral condyle sometimes developed into a horn (Figs 6E, F, 7A–F, 43A–B, 45B); tarsi lacking trichobothria, present at the apical end of the metatarsi; male palpal tibia usually with a dictynid process with typically two ctenidia (Figs 30E, F, 31F, 44E, 51D, E, 53E–F, 55C, D, 56B, D–F, 57A, C, 59E, F, 62A–D); embolus of variable thickness, acuminate to apex or variously modified apically (Figs 28A, B, D–F, 29A–E, 31E, 50E, 52D, 53D, 56D–F, 57A–D, 58A–F, 59E, F); conductor upper arm variable in size but never coiled more than 225° (conductor upper arm shorter than lower arm in Argyronetidae); conductor lower arm widens to a conductor-tegulum lock mechanism (Fig. 27C), coiled to produce a spiral of variable form (Figs 25B, D, F, 26C, 27C, 29F, 30B, C, 31C, 53D–F) (Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958) that usually ends in a scaly tip (Figs 27C, D, 30B, 31C).</p><p>Remarks: Dictynidae s.l. has long been a receptacle for a mixture of cribellate and ecribellate RTA clade spiders. Wheeler et al. (2017) argued that the cribellate genera could be a natural group considering that they all have a characteristic male palp, and many males have medially concave chelicerae. With our restructuring of the family and the transfer of species into Lathyidae fam. n. and Argyronetidae stat. reinst., Dictynidae s.l. becomes morphologically structured with clear synapomorphies. The results of Spagna and Gillespie (2008), Miller et al. (2010), Spagna et al. (2010), and Wheeler et al. (2017) have explored the molecular phylogenetics of the RTA clade using Sanger loci but with few terminals, and all of their results initially suggested Dictynidae s.l. to be monophyletic; however, the relationship between the genera has changed in each of these studies, suggesting a paraphyletic or polyphyletic composition. Most recently, Crews et al. (2020), also using Sanger data, and Kulkarni et al. (2023), using UCE + Sanger loci, recovered Dictynidae s.s. as paraphyletic, and Gorneau et al. (2023a) using UCEs + Sanger loci recovered Dictynidae s.l. as monophyletic. Our results corroborate the results obtained by Gorneau et al. (2023a). We find support for including cribellate genera that present: (i) a dictynid process (with the exception of Tivyna, Mallos, Ajmonia, Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Nigma, and Califorenigma gen. n.) and (ii) males and females with the chelicerae medially concave.</p><p>The monotypic genus Clitistes Simon, 1902 described from only a female specimen was declared a nomen dubium by Miller (2007: 259). Dupérré and Harms (2018: 8) revised the type of the species and transferred it from the Linyphiidae to Dictynidae . After examining several specimens of males and females of Cybaeolus pusillus Simon, 1884 at CAS [CASENT9118799 (1 male), 9118750 (2 males, 1 female), 9118752 (2 males), 9118758 (1 male), 9118764 (1 male, 1 female), 9118783 (1 male, 1 juv.), 9118833 (1 female), 9118839 (1 male), 9118843 (1 male), 9118845 (1 female)], based on the morphology of Clitistes velutinus Simon, 1902 (see: Dupérré and Harms 2018: 8), we consider Clitistes velutinus Simon, 1902 a junior synonym of Cybaeolus pusillus Simon, 1884 ( Clitistes velutinus Simon, 1902 syn. n.) .</p><p>The genus Aebutina Simon, 1892, by having reduced AME, the retromargin of the cheliceral fang furrow with one to several differential denticles (Griswold et al. 2005: fig. 130E), and a tegular median apophysis (Fig. 19D; Griswold et al. 2005: fig. 169C, D) is transferred to Macrobunidae . Hoplolathys Caporiacco, 1947 was originally described from a currently lost juvenile, and here we consider the genus a nomen dubium . Lathys changtunesis Hu, 2001 was previously considered a member of the genus Ajmonia by Zhang et al. (2012: 1); however, this transfer was not accepted due to lack of evidence. We conclude that L. changtunesis is not a representative of the Lathyidae fam. n. (see diagnosis of Lathyidae fam. n.). The presence of a conductor with the upper arm shorter than the lower arm, the tegular path of the spermaphor without a loop, the cymbial dorsal process developed, and the patellar dorsal apophysis present indicate that this species should be placed in Ajmonia . Here, we transfer L. changtunesis to Ajmonia [ Ajmonia changtunesis (Hu, 2001) comb. n.].</p><p>The morphology of the palp of Dictyna aguasverdes Wunderlich, 2022, D. bispinosa Simon, 1906, D. fuerteventurensis Schmidt, 1976, and D. lanzarotensis Wunderlich, 2022 places these species outside the delimitation of Dictyna (see diagnosis of Dictyna below) but within Archaeodictyna (Figs 45A–F, 46A– D) by having the embolus thick, coiled approximately 250°, originating prolaterally from the bulb (Fig. 46B); the conductor lower arm coiled no more than 45°, with the tip directed distally in most species, and with the conductor locking mechanism longer than the conductor tip; dictynid process without an evident tubercle (Fig. 46C, D).</p><p>Nigma albida (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885) is represented by a single illustration of the epigyne (Dyal 1935: pl. 14, fig. 79) that does not resemble the epigyne of N. flavescens, the type of the genus. It likely does not belong in Nigma, but only examination of the type of N. albida will allow that determination. Nigma gertschi is also not similar to the type of N. flavescens . There is only a single illustration of the palp and the epigyne (Berland and Millot 1940), and the authors indicate that it is similar to Dictyna viridissima Roewer, 1951, which has been synonymized with N. walckenaeri; however, we do not agree that they are similar to N. walckenaeri or Nigma s.s .. Lehtinen (1967) indicated that the types are located in Paris; however, we were unable to locate this specimen and did not find evidence that it was deposited there previously. The scarce morphological evidence for the monotypic genera Qiyunia Song and Xu 1989 and Tandil Mello-Leitão, 1940 suggest placing these species outside Argyronetidae stat. reinst., Lathyidae fam. n., and Dictynidae s.s.; however, despite our efforts we were unable to view the material. Based on this argument, we consider the taxa mentioned in this paragraph as incertae sedis .</p><p>Transferred to other families: Aebutina Simon, 1892 ( Macrobunidae).</p><p>In synonymy: Clitistes velutinus Simon, 1902 = Cybaeolus pusillus Simon, 1884 .</p><p>Nomina dubium . Hoplolathys Caporiacco, 1947 . List of included genera: Adenodictyna Ono, 2008, Ajmonia Caporiacco, 1934 [ Aj. aurita Song and Lu, 1985, Aj. bedeshai (Tikader, 1966), Aj. capucina (Schenkel, 1936), Aj. changtunesis (Hu, 2001) comb. n., Aj. gratiosa (Simon, 1881), Aj. lehtineni Marusik and Koponen 1998, Aj. marakata (Sherriffs, 1927), Aj. numidica (Denis, 1937), Aj. patellaris (Simon, 1911), Aj. procera (Kulczyński, 1901), Aj. psittacea (Schenkel, 1936), Aj. rajaeii Zamani and Marusik 2017, Aj. smaragdula (Simon, 1905), and Aj. velifera (Simon, 1906)], Anaxibia Thorell, 1898, Arangina Lehtinen, 1967, Archaeodictyna Caporiacco, 1928 [ Archaeodictyna aguasverdes (Wunderlich, 2022) comb. n., Archaeodictyna ammophila (Menge, 1871), Archaeodictyna anguiniceps (Simon, 1899), Archaeodictyna bispinosa (Simon, 1906) comb. n., Archaeodictyna condocta (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876), Archaeodictyna consecuta (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872), Archaeodictyna fuerteventurensis (Schmidt, 1976) comb. n., Archaeodictyna lanzarotensis (Wunderlich, 2022) comb. n., Archaeodictyna minutissima (Miller, 1958), Archaeodictyna sexnotata (Simon, 1890), Archaeodictyna suedicola (Simon, 1890), Archaeodictyna tazzeiti (Denis, 1954), and Archaeodictyna ulova Griswold and Meikle-Griswold, 1987], Arethyna gen. n. [ Arethyna coloradensis (Chamberlin, 1919) comb. n., Arethyna idahoana (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1933) comb. n., Arethyna osceola (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958) comb. n., Arethyna peon (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958) comb. n., Arethyna personata (Gertsch and Mulaik, 1936) comb. n., Arethyna saltona (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958) comb. n., Arethyna secuta (Chamberlin, 1924) comb. n., Arethyna sierra (Chamberlin, 1948) comb. n., Arethyna ubsunurica (Marusik and Koponen, 1998) comb. n., Arethyna volucripes (Keyserling, 1881) comb. n., and Arethyna volucripes volucripoides (Ivie, 1947) comb. n.], Argennina Gertsch and Mulaik, 1936, Atelolathys Simon, 1892, Banaidja Lehtinen, 1967, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 [ B. avicenna Zamani and Marusik, 2021, B. civica (Lucas, 1848), B. colona (Simon, 1906) comb. n., B. innocens (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1872), B. latens (Fabricius, 1775), B. vicina (Simon, 1873)], Califorenigma gen. n. [ C. linsdalei (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958) comb. n.], Callevophthalmus Simon, 1906, Dictyna Sundevall, 1833 [ Dictyna abundans Chamberlin and Ivie, 1941, D. alaskae Chamberlin and Ivie, 1947, D. albicoma Simon, 1893, D. albovittata Keyserling, 1881, D. alyceae Chickering, 1950, D. apacheca Chamberlin and Ivie, 1935, D. arundinacea, D. brevitarsus Emerton, 1915, D. cafayate Mello-Leitão, 1941, D. chandrai Tikader, 1966, D. cofete Wunderlich, 2022, D. columbiana Becker, 1886, D. cronebergi Simon, 1889, D. crosbyi Gertsch and Mulaik, 1940, D. dauna Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958, D. ectrapela (Keyserling, 1886), D. fluminensis Mello-Leitão, 1924, D. guineensis Denis, 1955, D. hamifera Thorell, 1872, D. kosiorowiczi Simon, 1873, D. laeviceps Simon, 1911, D. linzhiensis Hu, 2001, D. livida (Mello-Leitão, 1941), D. marilina Chamberlin, 1948, D. moctezuma Gertsch and Davis, 1942, D. namulinensis Hu, 2001, D. navajoa Gertsch and Davis, 1942, D. pictella Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958, D. pusilla Thorell, 1856, D. quadrispinosa Emerton, 1919, D. ranchograndei Caporiacco, 1955, D. saepei Chamberlin and Ivie, 1941, D. similis Keyserling, 1878, D. simoni Petrunkevitch, 1911, D. sinaloa Gertsch and Davis, 1942, D. siniloanensis Barrion and Litsinger, 1995, D. tarda Schmidt, 1971, D. togata Simon, 1904, D. tristis Spassky, 1952, D. trivirgata Mello-Leitão, 1943, D. tullgreni Caporiacco, 1949, D. turbida Simon, 1905, D. uncinata Thorell, 1856, D. uvs Marusik and Koponen, 1998, D. vittata Keyserling, 1883, D. vultuosa Keyserling, 1881, and D.yongshun Yin, Bao and Kim, 2001], Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Emblyna Chamberlin, 1948 [ Emblyna acoreensis Wunderlich, 1992, E. aiko (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. altamira (Gertsch and Davis, 1942), E. ampla Chamberlin, 1948, E. angulata (Emerton, 1915), E. annulipes (Blackwall, 1846), E. ardea (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. artemisia (Ivie, 1947), E. borealis (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1877), E. borealis cavernosa (Jones, 1947), E. branchi (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. brevidens (Kulczyński, 1897), E. budarini Marusik, 1988, E. burjatica (Danilov, 1994), E. callida (Gertsch and Ivie, 1936), E. capens Chamberlin, 1948, E. cavata (Jones, 1947) comb. n., E. chitina (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. completa (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1929), E. completoides (Ivie, 1947), E. consulta (Gertsch and Ivie, 1936), E. cornupeta (Bishop and Ruderman, 1946), E. coweta (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. crocana Chamberlin, 1948, E. decaprini (Kaston, 1945), E. evicta (Gertsch and Mulaik, 1940), E. florens (Ivie and Barrows, 1935), E. formicaria Baert, 1987, E. hentzi (Kaston, 1945), E. horta (Gertsch and Ivie, 1936), E. hoya (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1941), E. joaquina (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. lina (Gertsch, 1946), E. linda (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. manitoba (Ivie, 1947), E. marissa (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. melva (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. nanda (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. oasa (Ivie, 1947), E. palomara Chamberlin, 1948, E. pinalia (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. piratica (Ivie, 1947), E. peragrata (Bishop and Ruderman, 1946), E. reticulata (Gertsch and Ivie, 1936), E. roscida (Hentz, 1850), E. saylori (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1941), E. scotta Chamberlin, 1948, E. seminola (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. shasta (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. shoshonea (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. stulta (Gertsch and Mulaik, 1936), E. sublatoides (Ivie and Barrows, 1935), E. suwanea (Gertsch, 1946), and E. zaba (Barrows and Ivie, 1942)], Eriena gen. n. [ Er. minuta (Emerton, 1888) comb. n., Er. mora (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958) comb. n.], Helenactyna Benoit, 1977, Khalotyna gen. n. [ K. calcarata (Banks, 1904) comb. n.], Kharitonovia Esyunin, et al., 2017, Mallos O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902, Marilynia Lehtinen, 1967, Mashimo Lehtinen, 1967, Mexitlia Lehtinen, 1967, Myanmardictyna Wunderlich, 2017, Nigma Lehtinen, 1967, Nopalityna gen. n. [ N. francisca (Bishop and Ruderman, 1946) comb. n., N. jonesae (Roewer, 1955) comb. n., N. orbiculata (Jones, 1947) comb. n., N. sublata (Hentz, 1850) comb. n., N. suprenans (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1935) comb. n., and N. uintana (Chamberlin, 1919) comb. n.], Paradictyna Forster, 1970, Pangunus gen. n. [ Pangunus kaszabi (Marusik and Koponen, 1998) comb. n., Pangunus umai (Tikader, 1966) comb. n., and Pangunus xizangensis (Hu and Li, 1987) comb. n.], Penangodyna Wunderlich, 1995, Phantyna Chamberlin, 1948 [ Ph. agressa (Ivie, 1947) comb. n., Ph. bicornis (Emerton, 1915), Ph. estebanensis (Simon, 1906), Ph. formidolosa (Gertsch and Ivie, 1936) comb. n., Ph. mandibularis (Taczanowski, 1874), Ph. meridensis (Caporiacco, 1955), Ph. micro (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1944), Ph. mulegensis (Chamberlin, 1924), Ph. pixi (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), Ph. provida (Gertsch and Mulaik, 1936), Ph. remota (Banks, 1924), Ph. rita (Gertsch, 1946), Ph. segregata (Gertsch and Mulaik, 1936), Ph. terranea (Ivie, 1947), Ph. varyna miranda (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), and Ph. varyna (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958)], Purplecorna gen. n. [ Pu. gloria (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1944) comb. n., Pu. guerrerensis (Gertsch and Davis, 1937) comb. n., Pu. incredula (Gertsch and Davis, 1937) comb. n., Pu. lecta (Chickering, 1952) comb. n., Pu. meditata (Gertsch, 1936) comb. n., Pu. miniata (Banks, 1898) comb. n., and Pu. terrestris (Emerton, 1911) comb. n.], Rhion O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871, Shango Lehtinen, 1967, Shikibutyna gen. n. [ Sh. felis (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906) comb. n., Sh. foliicola (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906) comb. n., Sh. guanchae (Schmidt, 1968) comb. n., Sh. mongolica (Marusik and Koponen, 1998), comb. n., Sh. procerula (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906) comb. n., Sh. schmidti (Kulczyński, 1926) comb. n., Sh. szaboi (Chyzer, 1891) comb. n., Sh. wangi (Song and Zhou, 1986) comb. n., and Sh. zherikhini (Marusik 1988) comb. n.], Simziella gen. n. [ Si. annexa (Gertsch and Mulaik, 1936) comb. n., Si. canadas (Wunderlich, 2022) comb. n., Si. cebolla (Ivie, 1947) comb. n., Si. dunini (Danilov, 2000) comb. n., Si. major (Menge, 1869) comb. n., Si. palmgreni (Marusik and Fritzén, 2011) comb. n., Si. paramajor (Danilov, 2000) comb. n., Si. sancta (Gertsch, 1946) comb. n., Si. sotnik (Danilov, 1994) comb. n., Si. sylvania (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1944) comb. n., Si. tridentata (Bishop and Ruderman, 1946) comb. n., Si. tucsona (Chamberlin, 1948) comb. n., Si. tyshchenkoi (Marusik, 1988) comb. n., Si. tyshchenkoi wrangeliana (Marusik, 1988) comb. n., and Si. teideensis (Wunderlich, 1992) comb. n.], Spagnius gen. n. [ Sp. albopilosa (Franganillo, 1936) comb. n., Sp. foliaceus (Hentz, 1850) comb. n., Sp. jacalana (Gertsch and Davis, 1937) comb. n., and Sp. nebraska (Gertsch, 1946) comb. n.], Sudesna Lehtinen, 1967, Tahuantina Lehtinen, 1967, Thallumetus Simon, 1893, Tivyna Chamberlin, 1948 [ Ti. moaba (Ivie, 1947), Ti. pallida (Keyserling, 1887), Ti. petrunkevitchi (Gertsch and Mulaik, 1940), Ti. sonora (Gertsch and Davis, 1942) comb. n., and Ti. spatula (Gertsch and Davis, 1937)], Tolkienus gen. n. [ To. armatus (Thorell, 1875) comb. n., To. bellans (Chamberlin, 1919) comb. n., To. bellans hatchi (Jones, 1948) comb. n., To. estoc sp. n., To. longispina (Emerton, 1888) comb. n., and To. ottoi (Marusik and Koponen, 2017) comb. n.], and Viridictyna Forster, 1970 .</p><p>Genus Arethyna Cala-Riquelme gen. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 28788E69-D7C0-4F87-8527- 0129BC37E9DA.</p><p>Type species: Dictyna volucripes Keyserling, 1881 .</p><p>Material examined: Dictyna coloradensis: USA, Colorado, El Paso Co., Colorado Springs, pre-1919 publication date, Coll: R. V . Chamberlin (Holotype, 1male, MCZ-IZ15151) . USA, Colorado, Electra Lake, 1.vii.1919, Coll. F.E. Lutz (1 female, AMNH). Dictyna secuta: Mexico, Baja California, Gulf of California, San Estaban Island, 19.iv.1921, Coll. Joseph C. Chamberlin, California Academy of Sciences Expedition (Holotype, MCZ-IZ15594). Dictyna volucripes: USA, Massachusetts, [no specific locality data], pre-1881 publication date, [(type status needs research), 1 male, MCZ-IZ23523] . USA, Massachusetts (no specific locality data), pre-1881 publication date, [(type status needs research), 1 female, MCZ-IZ43955] .</p><p>Etymology: The generic epithet is derived from ‘Areth-’, in honour of Magdalena Aretha Louise Franklin (Aretha Franklin), an American singer, songwriter and pianist with over 75 million records sold worldwide and 112 singles on the US Billboard charts, and -yna, a rhyming morph of the last two syllables of Dictyna, another genus in the family; gender feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis: Males of Arethyna gen. n. (Figs 65 A-F 66A-C) resemble Dictyna s.s. by the thin embolus without distal modifications that converge inside the conductor (Figs 65D–F, 66D–E; Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 26, figs 7, 10), and Simziella gen. n. by the embolus coiled 275°, originating proximo-prolateral from the bulb (Fig. 65D–F, 66D–E; Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 26, figs 1, 5, 8, 10, 12); however, it can be distinguished from Dictyna s.s., Simziella gen. n., and other Dictynidae s.s. by the conductor upper arm longer than the conductor lower arm, thin, coiled no more than 90°, and separated from the tegulum by its width (Fig. 65D–F; Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 26, figs 1, 5, 8, 10, 12); the conductor lower arm coiled no more than 45°, with the tip directed retrolateral-proximal, the paraconductor process conspicuous (Fig. 66F), and with the conductor locking mechanism as long as conductor tip; dictynid process conspicuous, shorter than the tibia length (Fig. 65D–F; Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 26, figs 3, 6, 9, 13). Females can be distinguished by having a conspicuous membranous sac; the copulatory duct forming loops close to the copulatory opening, and the SS/AG.</p><p>List of included species: Arethyna coloradensis (Chamberlin, 1919) comb. n., Ar. idahoana (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1933) comb. n., Ar. osceola (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958) comb. n., Ar. peon (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958) comb. n., Ar. personata (Gertsch and Mulaik, 1936) comb. n., Ar. saltona (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958) comb. n., Ar. secuta (Chamberlin, 1924) comb. n., Ar. sierra (Chamberlin, 1948) comb. n., Ar. ubsunurica (Marusik and Koponen, 1998) comb. n., Ar. volucripes (Keyserling, 1881) comb. n., and Ar. volucripes volucripoides (Ivie, 1947) comb. n.</p><p>Genus Califorenigma Cala-Riquelme, Gorneau, Esposito gen. n.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 88E0C01A-AE03-4F70-A1E3- 5896FAE6A299.</p><p>Type species: Heterodictyna linsdalei Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958, currently Nigma linsdalei (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958) .</p><p>Type material: Nigma linsdalei: USA, California, Monterey Co., Hastings Natural History Reserve, 16.vii.1940, Coll. J.M. Linsdale (Holotype, 1 male, AMNH) . USA, California, Monterey Co., Hastings Natural History Reserve, 16.vii.1940, Coll. J.M. Linsdale (Allotype, 1 female, AMNH) .</p><p>Material examined: USA, California, Monterey Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-121.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.366665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -121.55/lat 36.366665)">Hastings Natural History Reserve</a>, 36°22'N 121°33'W, date unknown, Coll.J.M.Linsdale (1male, 1 female, 1imm., CASENT9122646) . USA, California, Alameda Co., Berkeley, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, 4.v.1964, Coll. P. R. Craig (1 male, CASENT9122758) . USA, California, Alameda Co., Berkeley, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, 3.vi.1964, Coll. P. R. Craig (1 male, CASENT9122590) . USA, California, Santa Barbara Co., Channel Islands Research Station, 14.vi.1964, Coll. D. Rentz, D. Weissman (1 male, CASENT9122674) . USA, California, Santa Barbara Co., Channel Islands Research Station, 21.v.1964, Coll. D. Rentz, D. Weissman (1 male, CASENT9122730) . USA, California, San Mateo Co., Edgewood Park (NE), 26.iv.1992, Coll. D. Ubick, mixed woodland, shaking oak foliage (1 male, CASENT9122730) . USA, California, San Francisco Co., San Francisco, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-122.46305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.770554" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -122.46305/lat 37.770554)">Golden Gate Park</a> 37°46'14"N 122°27'47"W, 19.v.2023. Coll. A.M. Al-Jamal, J.A. Gorneau, K. O. Montana (1 male, CASENT9112276) .</p><p>Etymology: The genus epithet is a combination of California, where the genus is endemic, and ‘enigma’, a play on words referencing the enigmatic features of this species as well as Nigma, the name of the genus in which the type species was formerly placed; gender feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis: The male of Califorenigma gen. n. (Figs 27A–F, 48A–D, 49A–D, 50A–F, 51A, B) resembles Nigma by lacking the dictynid process (Figs 28F, 51A, B); however, it can be distinguished from Nigma and other Dictynidae s.s. by having a spermaphor loop (Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 10, fig. 12) (spermaphor loop absent in Ajmonia and Nigma); end of the conductor coiled in the same plane, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the bulb, with the conductor scaly tip three times longer than wide (Figs 28A–D, 50E; Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl.10, fig. 12); cymbium with a dorso-posterior extension, conformed by the cavity of a dorsal extension of the cymbium (Figs 27E, 49B–D, 51A, B; Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 10, fig. 9) (present in Dictynomorpha, see: Esyunin et al. 2017); patella convex with a conspicuous, long lobe on the retrolateral side (Figs 27E, 49A, C, D, 50E, 51B; Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 10, figs 9, 12, Griswold et al. 2005: fig. 176A). Females can be distinguished by having a slightly elevated area on the epigyne with a pair of round, very shallow and indistinct atria separated by a broad septum (Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 10, fig. 11, Esyunin et al. 2017).</p><p>Remarks: The genus Nigma is a substitute name for Heterodictyna Dahl, 1924 . Esyunin et al. (2017), based on Wunderlich (2011), argued that N. conducens (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876), N. laeta (Spassky, 1952), N.longipes (Berland, 1914), and N. linsdalei have been incorrectly placed within the genus Nigma . We found sufficient evidence to conclude that N. linsdalei is a new genus here proposed by us as Califorenigma gen. n. Heterodictyna linsdalei was initially considered Ajmonia or Dictynomorpha by Lehtinen (1967: 210). Some morphological traits of the male palp of C. linsdalei (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958) comb. n. are similar to those of Ajmonia capucina (Schenkel, 1936), A. lehtineni Marusik and Koponen, 1998, and A. psittacea (Schenkel, 1936); however, these can be differentiated by the shape and configuration of the patellar process (see: Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: 48, figs 9, 12, Griswold et al. 2005: fig. 176 A, Esyunin et al. 2017), the modification of the palpal tibial apophysis (Esyunin et al. 2017), and the presence of a developed tegular spermaphor loop. Brignoli (1983: 515) did not accept Lehtinen’s proposal and transferred the species to Nigma . Although the WSC (2024) formally accepts N. linsdalei as a valid name, Esyunin et al. (2017) indicated certain morphological characteristics that differentiate the species from other congeners of Nigma s.s .. As mentioned in the etymology section, this monotypic genus is endemic to California, generally found within 75 km of the coast. The majority of endemic arachnids in California are either Opiliones Sundevall, 1833 (especially the Phalangodidae Simon, 1879) or spiders in Mygalomorphae Pocock, 1892 (Harrison 2013). This work adds Califorenigma to the endemic Araneomorphae genera in California, which also includes the endemic genera Lutica Marx, 1891 ( Zodariidae Thorell, 1881) and Titiotus Simon, 1897 ( Zoropsidae Bertkau, 1882) (Harrison 2013).</p><p>List of included species: Califorenigma linsdalei (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958) comb. n.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/345487DCFFC9FF95E9CAB8DAA97B6A7C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Montana, Katherine O.;Cala-Riquelme, Franklyn;Crews, Sarah C.;Gorneau, Jacob A.;Al-Jamal, Amin M.;Alequín, Luigie D.;Spagna, Joseph C.;Ballarin, Francesco;Esposito, Lauren A.	Montana, Katherine O., Cala-Riquelme, Franklyn, Crews, Sarah C., Gorneau, Jacob A., Al-Jamal, Amin M., Alequín, Luigie D., Spagna, Joseph C., Ballarin, Francesco, Esposito, Lauren A. (2025): Tailor’s drawer no more: a reappraisal of the spider family Dictynidae O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871 sensu lato. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf007, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf007
345487DCFF8FFFCEEA2DBDD1ACB36E43.text	345487DCFF8FFFCEEA2DBDD1ACB36E43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dictynoidea O. Pickard-Cambridge 1871	<div><p>Superfamily Dictynoidea O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871</p><p>Diagnosis: Small to large spiders with a conspicuous lateral condyle (Figs 5E, F, 6E, 7C) on the chelicerae that may have a horn (Figs 6F, 7A–C, E); male palpus without a median apophysis and with the conductor articulating and usually resembling an expansive sheath, comprising distal hematodochae (Fig. 57A– D), a sclerotized area, and upper and lower conductor arms (Figs 19C, D, 20D, 22A) [male bulb configuration in Amaurobiidae Thorell, 1869 (Fig. 17A, B), Agelenidae C.L.Koch, 1837 (Fig. 17C–F), Stiphidiidae Dalmas, 1917 (Fig. 18A, B), Desidae (Fig. 18C), Macrobunidae (Figs 18D–F, 19A); Hahniidae (Fig. 19B)]; epigyne (Figs 13A–F, 14A–F, 15A–F, 16A–F) usually with a pair of membranous sacs (Figs 15A, B, 16E, F, 33E, 37D).</p><p>List of included families. Argyronetidae Thorell, 1869 stat. reinst., Cicurinidae F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1893, Cybaeidae Banks, 1892, Dictynidae O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871 s.s., Lathyidae fam. n., Toxopidae Hickman, 1940 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/345487DCFF8FFFCEEA2DBDD1ACB36E43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Montana, Katherine O.;Cala-Riquelme, Franklyn;Crews, Sarah C.;Gorneau, Jacob A.;Al-Jamal, Amin M.;Alequín, Luigie D.;Spagna, Joseph C.;Ballarin, Francesco;Esposito, Lauren A.	Montana, Katherine O., Cala-Riquelme, Franklyn, Crews, Sarah C., Gorneau, Jacob A., Al-Jamal, Amin M., Alequín, Luigie D., Spagna, Joseph C., Ballarin, Francesco, Esposito, Lauren A. (2025): Tailor’s drawer no more: a reappraisal of the spider family Dictynidae O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871 sensu lato. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf007, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf007
345487DCFFD3FF9CE98FBE0FABFC6F20.text	345487DCFFD3FF9CE98FBE0FABFC6F20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Emblyna Chamberlin 1948	<div><p>Genus Emblyna Chamberlin, 1948 s.s.</p><p>Type species: Dictyna completa Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1929, currently Emblyna completa (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1929) .</p><p>Type material: USA, Utah, Moab, 15.iv.1928, Coll. A.M. Woodbury (Holotype, 1 female, AMNH) .</p><p>Material examined: Emblyna altamira: USA, Massachusetts, Duxbury, 4.vi.21, Coll. E.B. Bryant (1male, MCZ-IZ20606) . Emblyna andesiana: Ecuador, Piñán, 1.i–32. xii.1903, Coll. P. Rivet (Lectotype, 1 male, MNHN-AR-AR5292) . Ecuador, Tungurahua Prov., Ambato, 9–14.vi.1943, Coll. H. Exline-Frizzell., D.L. Frizzell (3 males, 19 females, CASENT9118818) . Emblyna angulata: USA, Massachusetts, Hyde Park (no verbatim date data), probably 1900–15, Coll. James H. Emerton (Syntype, 1 male, MCZ-IZ20279) . Emblyna annulipes: USA, Washington, Olympia (no verbatim date data) (1 male, MCZ-IZ29974) . Emblyna borealis cavernosa: USA, Washington, Spokane, vi.45, Coll. E.D. Parmer (Holotype, 1 male, MCZ-IZ20743) . Emblyna completa: USA, California, Plumas Co., Sierra Valley Marsh, Elev. 4900 ft., pitfall traps, 12.viii.1976, Coll. K. Richardson (1 male, CASENT9118615) . USA, Nevada, Reno, vi.1940, Coll. R. V. Chamberlin (1 male, AMNH) . USA, Nevada, Reno, vi.1940, Coll. R. V. Chamberlin = (1 female, AMNH) . Emblyna cruciata: USA, Connecticut, New Haven, pre-1888 publication date, Coll. James H. Emerton (Syntype, 1 male, MCZ-IZ151460) . Emblyna hentzi: USA, Michigan, St. Clair, 3.viii.36, Coll. M.H. Hatch (Exline Coll.) (1 male, MCZ-IZ20983) . USA, Michigan, St. Clair, 3.viii.36, Coll. M.H. Hatch (Exline Coll.) (1 female, MCZ-IZ24761) . Emblyna maxima: USA, New York, Ithaca, 1888–90 (from publication), Coll. Nathan Banks (Holotype, 1 female, MCZ-IZ22012) . Emblyna olympiana: USA, Washington, Edmunds Lake, 2.vi.35, Coll. M.H. Hatch (Exline Coll.) (1 female, MCZ-IZ24762) . USA, Washington, Edmunds Lake, 2.vi.35, Coll. M.H. Hatch (Exline Coll.) (1 male, MCZ-IZ21254) . USA, Washington, Olympia, [no verbatim date data] (Holotype, 1 male, MCZ-IZ29975) . Emblyna roscida: USA, Connecticut, New Haven. 15.v.pre-1888 publication date, Coll. James H. Emerton (1 male, MCZ-IZ22935) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Males of Emblyna s.s. (Figs 58D, 59A–F) can be distinguished from other Dictynidae s.s. by having a thick palpal embolus that is distally modified (Figs 58D, 59E, F; Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 22, figs 2, 3, 8, 12) (embolus thin and unmodified in Dictyna s.s.); the dictynid process conspicuous (Fig. 59E, F; Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 42, fig. 4) (dictynid process absent in Tivyna and Mallos); conductor lower arm with a paraconductor process in addition to the conductor scaly tip, coiled no more than 360° (Figs 58D, 59E). Females can be distinguished by the wide copulatory duct, usually up to four times longer than the primary spermatheca, connected to an enlarged membranous sac; the primary spermathecae are reduced, as wide as or slightly wider than the widest section of the copulatory duct.</p><p>List of included species: Emblyna acoreensis Wunderlich, 1992, E. aiko (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. altamira (Gertsch and Davis, 1942), E. ampla Chamberlin, 1948, E. angulata (Emerton, 1915), E. annulipes (Blackwall, 1846), E. ardea (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. artemisia (Ivie, 1947), E. borealis (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1877), E. borealis cavernosa (Jones, 1947), E. branchi (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. brevidens (Kulczyński, 1897), E. budarini Marusik, 1988, E. burjatica (Danilov, 1994), E. callida (Gertsch and Ivie, 1936), E. capens Chamberlin, 1948, E. cavata (Jones, 1947) comb. n., E. chitina (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. completa (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1929), E. completoides (Ivie, 1947), E. consulta (Gertsch and Ivie, 1936), E. cornupeta (Bishop and Ruderman, 1946), E. coweta (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. crocana Chamberlin, 1948, E. decaprini (Kaston, 1945), E. evicta (Gertsch and Mulaik, 1940), E. florens (Ivie and Barrows, 1935), E. formicaria Baert, 1987, E. hentzi (Kaston, 1945), E. horta (Gertsch and Ivie, 1936), E. hoya (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1941), E. joaquina (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. lina (Gertsch, 1946), E. linda (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. manitoba (Ivie, 1947), E. marissa (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. melva (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. nanda (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. oasa (Ivie, 1947), E. palomara Chamberlin, 1948, E. peragrata (Bishop and Ruderman, 1946), E. pinalia (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. piratica (Ivie, 1947), E. reticulata (Gertsch and Ivie, 1936), E. roscida (Hentz, 1850), E. saylori (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1941), E. scotta Chamberlin, 1948, E. seminola (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. shasta (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. shoshonea (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958), E. stulta (Gertsch and Mulaik, 1936), E. sublatoides (Ivie and Barrows, 1935), E. suwanea (Gertsch, 1946), and E. zaba (Barrows and Ivie, 1942) .</p><p>Genus Eriena Cala-Riquelme, Crews, Esposito gen. n.</p><p>u:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A178E265-F734-4 CA 1-rnA42E- 1A3215EA6CE6.</p><p>Type species: Dictyna minuta Emerton, 1888 .</p><p>Type material: USA, Rhode Island, Providence, 21.viii.1871, Coll. James H. Emerton (Holotype, 1 male, MCZ-IZ22095) .</p><p>Etymology: The generic epithet refers to the Indigenous Erie people, also known as the Eriechronon, Yenresh, Erielhonan, Eriez, Nation du Chat, and Riquéronon, historically living on the south shore of Lake Erie in the Northeastern USA; gender feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis: The males of Eriena gen. n. can be distinguished from other Dictynidae s.s. by having a short, unmodified embolus that originates prolateral distal on the bulb (Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 19, fig.7) (embolus thick and distally modified in Emblyna s.s.); the dictynid process with tubercle inconspicuous or absent (Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 19, figs 5, 6) (dictynid process absent in Tivyna, Mallos, Ajmonia, Dictynomorpha, Nigma, and Califorenigma gen. n.); conductor lower arm three or more times longer than the conductor upper arm, coiled no more than 180°, and with a long and thin conductor scaly tip, (Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 19, fig. 4). Females can be distinguished by having the primary spermathecae slightly wider to two times wider than the copulatory duct length, connected to a membranous sac two times as wide as the primary spermathecae.</p><p>List of included species: Eriena minuta (Emerton, 1888) comb. n. and E. mora (Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958) comb. n.</p><p>Genus Khalotyna Cala-Riquelme, Alequín, Esposito gen. n.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 43122FE3-C797-48C6-8291- DC4C1EDB6CD6.</p><p>Type species: Dictyna calcarata Banks, 1904 .</p><p>Type material: USA, California, Los Angeles Co., San Pedro, pre- 1904 publication date, Coll. T . D.A. Cockerell, Nathan Banks (Holotype, 1 male, MCZ-IZ20638) .</p><p>Material examined: Dictyna calcarata: USA, Texas, Brewster Co., Big Bend, Boquillas Canyon, 9.vii.2021, Coll. M. Pleisher (6 females, CASENT9087232) . USA, Arizona, Pinal Co., Gila R. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.73867&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.171" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.73867/lat 33.171)">Management Area</a> ‘ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.73867&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.171" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.73867/lat 33.171)">The Shores’</a>, 2 km N Winkelman, 33°10.26′N 110°44.32′W, Elev. 600 m, dry outwash, malaise, 17.iv.2015, Coll. M.E. Irwin (1 male, CASENT9087249) . USA, California, Los Angeles Co., 1–31.x.1965, Coll. F. Delsue (1 male, CASENT9118632) . USA, California, Los Angeles Co., Long Beach, 25.vii.1963, Coll. W.D. Stockton (1 female, CASENT9118640) . Mexico, Baja California, Cañon de Guadalupe, 32°09.28′N 115°47.42′W, Elev. 370 m, upper canyon near pool with reeds, palms, 23–31.iii.2014, Coll. M.E. Irwin, M.J. Sharkey (1 male, 4 females, 1 imm., CASENT9118644) . Same as previous, Elev. 380 m, malaise, upper canyon, damp sandy wash (3 males, 3 females, 5 imm., CASENT9118654) . USA, California, Kern Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-119.21&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.77" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -119.21/lat 35.77)">Delano</a>, 35°46'12.0"N 119°12'36.0"W, 18.iv.2010, Coll. D. P. Carroll (1 male, CASENT9056276) . USA, Arizona, Cochise Co., 1429 Franklin Street, 31°24′23′′N 109°55′57′′S, Elev. 1585 m, malaise, 7–18.v.2014, Coll. A.S. Menke (1 male, CASENT9058902) . USA, Arizona, Pima Co., Vail, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.65933&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.083168" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.65933/lat 32.083168)">Mountain Creek Ranch</a>, 32°04.99′N 110°39.56′W, Elev. 1100 m, malaise, small dry wash, 18–30.iv.2014, Coll. M.E. Irwin (1 male, CASENT9118569) . Mexico, Yucatan, Izamal, 1–31.vii.1981, Coll. C. Gold (1 female, CASENT9118814) .</p><p>Etymology: The genus epithet is named in honour of Magdalena Carmen Frida Khalo y Calderon (Frida Khalo), a Mexican painter known for employing a naïve folk art style to explore questions of identity in Mexican society. It is combined with – yna, a rhyming morph of the last two syllables of Dictyna where the type species was originally placed; gender feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis: Males of Khalotyna gen. n. (Fig. 64A–F) can be distinguished from other Dictynidae s.s. by having the conductor upper arm three or more times longer than the retrolateral arm, following the path of the tegulum prolaterally, extending well beyond it apically (Fig. 64D, F; Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 17, fig. 1) (present in Purplecorna gen. n.; absent in Dictyna s.s.; Emblyna s.s.); embolus thin, originating from the proximal to slightly prolateral part of the bulb, coiled 360° (Fig. 64D; Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 17, fig. 1, 3); conductor scaly tip directed retrolaterally (Fig. 64D; Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 17, fig. 1); the dictynid process with tubercle two or more times longer than the tibia (Fig. 64D, E; Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 17, figs 1, 4). Females can be distinguished from other congeners by having a looped copulatory duct that is ten or more times longer than the primary spermathecae width; SS/AG conspicuous.</p><p>List of included species: Khalotyna calcarata (Banks, 1904) comb. n.</p><p>Genus Nopalityna Cala-Riquelme and Esposito gen. n.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 69F50B66-7676-403A-B08D- DED9A01D1869.</p><p>Type species: Theridion sublatum Hentz, 1850, currently Emblyna sublata (Hentz, 1850) .</p><p>Type material: USA, Virginia, Falls Church (no verbatim date data), Coll. Nathan Banks (Neotype, 1 male, 1 female, MCZ-IZ23186) .</p><p>Material examined: Dictyna francisca: USA, California, Siskiyou Co., Juanita Lake Campground, 23.55 km SW Dorris, 41°49.077'0"N 122°07.440'0"W, Elev. 1500 m, dry second growth coniferous forest, 9.viii.2008, Coll. F. Álvarez Padilla, A. Carmichael, D. Dimitrov., C. Griswold, G. Hormiga and A. Saucedo (1 female, CASENT9031870). Emblyna sublata: USA, New York, Ithaca, 1888–1890, April and in summer (from publication), Coll. Nathan Banks (1 male, 3 females, MCZ-IZ21022) . USA, New York, Ithaca, 1888–90 (from publication), Coll. Nathan Banks (1 female, MCZ-IZ21132). Emblyna uintana: USA, Utah, Uintah Mountains, Chalk Creek, pre-1919 publication date, Coll. R. V . Chamberlin (1 male, 1 female, MCZ-IZ25183) . USA, Utah, Uintah Mountains, Chalk Creek, pre-1919 publication date, Coll. Ralph V . Chamberlin (Holotype, 1 female, MCZ-IZ15154) .</p><p>Etymology: The generic name refers to nopalitos, diced prickly pear cactus, a gastronomic treasure of Mexico, with the addition of the – yna suffix, a rhyming morph of the last two syllables of Emblyna where the type species was originally placed; gender feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis: Males of Nopalityna gen. n. (Figs 29A–C, 58F) can be distinguished from other Dictynidae s.s. by the embolus with one or two long branches, usually flattened, that converge inside the conductor, unmodified at the tip (Figs 29A–C, 58F; Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 39, figs 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12) (embolus, thick and distally modified in Emblyna s.s.); a wide conductor, usually inflated at the base (Figs 29A–C, 58F; Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 39, figs 1, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13); and the dictynid process with a short to inconspicuous tubercle (Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl.39, figs 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12) (dictynid process absent in Tivyna, Mallos, Ajmonia, and Shango). Females can be distinguished by having a developed, globose, membranous extension of the proximal copulatory duct (Figs 16D–F; Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 38, figs 7, 8); the copulatory duct uncoiled; and the primary spermathecae elongated.</p><p>List of included species: Nopalityna francisca (Bishop and Ruderman, 1946) comb. n., N. jonesae (Roewer, 1955) comb. n., N. orbiculata (Jones, 1947) comb. n., N. sublata (Hentz, 1850) comb. n., N. suprenans (Chamberlin and Ivie,1935) comb. n., N. uintana (Chamberlin, 1919) comb. n.</p><p>Genus Pangunus Cala-Riquelme gen. n.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 7E62AF72-3860-48F9-8D50- BB9A06D04A55.</p><p>Type species: Emblyna kaszabi Marusik and Koponen, 1998 .</p><p>Material examined: Emblyna kaszabi: Mongolia, Uldzit Somon, 23.viii.1975, Coll. J. Halgos (Holotype, 1 male, SMF332; Paratype, 3 female, SNM) .</p><p>Etymology: The generic epithet refers to Pangu (Pan-Koo), a Chinese mythology and Taoism figure; gender masculine.</p><p>Diagnosis: Males of Pangunus gen. n. can be distinguished from other Dictynidae s.s. by the embolus coiled approximately 720°, originating proximal to proximal-prolateral from the bulb (Marusik and Koponen 1998: 80, figs 10, 11, Marusik et al. 2006: 355, fig. 6).</p><p>List of included species: Pangunus kaszabi (Marusik and Koponen 1998) comb. n., P. umai (Tikader, 1966) comb. n., P. xizangensis (Hu and Li, 1987) comb. n.</p><p>Genus Purplecorna Cala-Riquelme and Esposito gen. n.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6B4199FC-50F8-44B5-875F-</p><p>484F841FF54A.</p><p>Type species: Dictyna incredula Gertsch and Davis, 1937 .</p><p>Material examined: Dictyna incredula: Peru, Paita Prov., Amotape, Chira R. Valley, 21.x.1938, Coll. D.L. Frizzell, H. Exline-Frizzell (2 males, 7 females, 5 imm., CASENT9118816) . Peru, Piura Region, Sullana, N Mallares, Chira R, 4.i.1942, Coll. D. Frizzell, H. Frizzell (10 males, 9 females, 8 imm., CASENT9118828) . Ecuador, from bananas, 4.i.1942, Coll. unknown (1 male, 1 female, CASENT9118830) . Peru, Piura Region, Sullana, Mallares, 31.xi.1941, Coll. D.L. Frizzell., H. Exline-Frizzell (2 males, 6 females, CASENT9118832) . Ecuador, Guayas Prov., Guayaquil, 15.iii.1943, Coll. Carvallio (from Mello-Leitao) (1 male, CASENT9118851) . Dictyna lecta: Panama, El Volcan, viii.1950, Coll. Arthur M. Chickering (Holotype, 1 male, MCZ-IZ21815) . Dictyna meditata: Cuba, La Habana Province, Havana, 1880-publication data, Coll. Baker, Nathan Banks (1 male, 1 female, MCZ-IZ21321) . Dictyna miniata: Mexico, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Monserrate Island, 25.v.1921, Coll.Joseph C. Chamberlin, California Academy of Science Expedition (1 male, MCZ-IZ15596) . Dictyna terrestris: USA, New Hampshire, Lake Winnipesaukee, Three Mile Island, 1.vi.1909, Coll. James H. Emerton (Syntype, 1 male, MCZ-IZ23261) .</p><p>Etymology: The generic name refers to purple corn (in Spanish: maiz colorado or maiz morado), a variety originating in South America; gender feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis: Males of Purplecorna gen. n. (Figs 54A–C; 55A, B) can be distinguished from other Dictynidae s.s. by the cymbium narrow at the base, long and thin, sometimes strongly curved ventrally, and narrowed apically to a slender finger-like structure (Figs 54D–F, 55C, D; Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 18, figs 6, 7); the conductor upper arm longer than the conductor lower arm, following the cymbium prolaterally, extending well beyond it apically (Figs 54D–F, 55C, D; Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 18, figs 6, 7); embolus thin with the tip unmodified, coiled 360°, originating proximally to slightly prolaterally from the bulb (Figs 54D–F, 55C, D). The female can be distinguished from other genera by the copulatory duct usually with many loops or coils, thin, but gradually widening near the primary spermathecae, more than 10 times longer than the primary spermathecae width; with the membranous sac as long as or slightly longer than the complete copulatory duct.</p><p>List of included species: Purplecorna gloria (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1944) comb. n., P. guerrerensis (Gertsch and Davis, 1937) comb. n., P. incredula (Gertsch and Davis, 1937) comb. n., P. lecta (Chickering, 1952) comb. n., P. meditata (Gertsch, 1936) comb. n., P. miniata (Banks, 1898) comb. n., P. terrestris (Emerton, 1911) comb. n.</p><p>Genus Shikibutyna Cala-Riquelme, Gorneau, Esposito gen. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5D966098-FBF3-4A39-ACF2- 2E806B896EE1.</p><p>Type species: Dictyna felis Bösenberg and Strand, 1906 .</p><p>Material examined: Dictyna felis: Japan, Yokohama, 15.x.1945, Coll. T . Aarons (1 female, CASENT9118672) .</p><p>Etymology: The generic epithet is in honour of Murasaki Shikibu, a female Japanese writer and poet known worldwide for being the author of Genji Monogatari, the first novel in Japanese history and the first modern novel in the world, written in the early 11th century. The name includes the suffix – yna referring to the last two syllables of Dictyna, the genus in which the type species was originally placed; gender feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis: The male of Shikibutyna gen. n. (Figs 56A–F, 57A) resembles Purplecorna gen. n. by having a narrow, long, and thin cymbium (Figs 56D–F, 57A); the embolus tip is unmodified, coiled 360°, originating proximally to slightly prolaterally on the bulb (Figs 56D–F, 57A); however, it can be distinguished from Purplecorna gen. n. and other congeners by having a dictynid process (Fig. 56D–F) (dictynid process absent in Tivyna, Mallos, Ajmonia, and Shango); the embolus thick, following a curved path without loops (Figs 56D–F, 57A) (embolus thin and forming a loop close to the embolus base in Purplecorna gen. n., embolus thin in Dictyna s.s.); the conductor upper arm two or three times longer than the conductor lower arm (Figs 56D, E, 57A). The female can be distinguished from other congeners by having the copulatory duct between the copulatory opening and SS/AG thin and uncoiled; and the copulatory duct between the SS/AG and primary spermathecae wider than the primary spermathecae.</p><p>List of included species: Shikibutyna felis (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906) comb. n., S. foliicola (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906) comb. n., S. guanchae (Schmidt, 1968) comb. n., S. mongolica (Marusik and Koponen, 1998) comb. n., S. procerula (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906) comb. n., S. schmidti (Kulczyński, 1926) comb. n., S. szaboi (Chyzer, 1891) comb. n., S. wangi (Song and Zhou, 1986) comb. n., S. zherikhini (Marusik, 1988) comb. n.</p><p>Genus Simziella Cala-Riquelme and Alequín, gen. n.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F3C1BE1-313C-4830-BFEC-</p><p>47 DBBB 87B2F2.</p><p>Type species: Dictyna major Menge, 1869 .</p><p>Material examined: Dictyna major: USA, Washington, Olympia (no verbatim date data), Coll. Nathan Banks (1 male, MCZ-IZ15970) . USA, California, Claremont, ~1920, Coll. Unknown (2 males, 3 females, CASENT9129252) . USA, Idaho, NE Fruitland, 30.vi.1943, Coll. Wilton Ivie (12 males, 24 females, CASENT9129369) . Dictyna tridentata: USA, Colorado, Long’s Peak Inn, Canadian Zone, vii.1919, Coll. Theodore D.A. Cockerell, Nathan Banks (1 male, MCZ-IZ20427) .</p><p>Etymology: The generic epithet refers to the Romanian fairy tale Ileana Simziana known in English as The Princess Who Would Be a Prince (1872–86) by Petre Ispirescu; gender feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis: Males of Simziella gen. n. (Figs 29D–F, 67A) resemble Arethyna gen. n. and Kharitonovia by the embolus coiled 275°, originating proximo prolateral from the bulb (Figs 29E, 68D, F); however, it can be distinguished by the conductor upper arm close to the tegulum (Figs 29D, E; 68D); the conductor lower arm with the tip directed retrolateral or slightly retrolateral-proximal [e.g. S. sancta (Gertsch, 1946) comb. n.], without a paraconductor, and by the conductor locking mechanism shorter than conductor tip (Figs 29F, 68D, E). Females (Figs 15A–F, 67B–F, 68A–C) resemble Arethyna gen. n., Emblyna s.s., and Nopalityna gen. n. by having the membranous sac as long as/or longer than the copulatory duct; however, it can be distinguished from these and other congeners by the C-shape of the copulatory duct close to the copulatory opening, and the digitiform SS/AG.</p><p>List of included species: Simziella annexa (Gertsch and Mulaik, 1936) comb. n., Si. canadas (Wunderlich, 2022) comb. n., Si. cebolla (Ivie, 1947) comb. n., Si. dunini (Danilov, 2000) comb. n., Si. major (Menge, 1869) comb. n., Si. palmgreni (Marusik and Fritzén, 2011) comb. n., Si. paramajor (Danilov, 2000) comb. n., Si. sancta (Gertsch, 1946) comb. n., Si. sotnik (Danilov, 1994) comb. n., Si. sylvania (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1944) comb. n., Si. tridentata (Bishop and Ruderman, 1946) comb. n., Si. tucsona (Chamberlin, 1948) comb. n., Si. tyshchenkoi (Marusik, 1988) comb. n., Si. tyshchenkoi wrangeliana (Marusik, 1988) comb. n., and Si. teideensis (Wunderlich, 1992) comb. n.</p><p>Genus Spagnius Cala-Riquelme and Crews, gen. n.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1 EACFB 82-2BAD-4185-9871-</p><p>39C23B05FEF7.</p><p>Type species: Theridion foliaceum Hentz, 1850, currently Dictyna foliacea (Hentz, 1850) .</p><p>Material examined: Dictyna foliacea: USA, New York, Tompkins Co., Mundy Wildflower Garden, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.46892&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.450138" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.46892/lat 42.450138)">Cornell University</a>, 42°27'00.5"N 76°28'08.1"W, 23.vi.2021, Coll. J. Gorneau (1 female, CASENT9103498) . Russia, Primorskiy Krai, Ussuriysk Dist, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=132.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.66" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 132.25/lat 43.66)">Gornotayozhnoye</a>, 43°39'36.0"N 132°15'00.0"E, pitfall traps, yellow pan trap, 11–12.vi.2000, Coll. M. V . Michailovskaya (1 male, CASENT9118689) . USA, Alabama, pre-1947 publication date, Coll. Banks, wild caught (Neotype, 1 male, 1 female, MCZ-IZ21350) . USA, Connecticut, New Haven, 1881, Coll. James H. Emerton (1 male, MCZ-IZ21401) .</p><p>Etymology: The generic epithet is in honour of our late friend and colleague Dr. Joseph Spagna, without whom this project would not have been possible; gender masculine.</p><p>Diagnosis: Males of Spagnius gen. n. resemble Eriena gen. n. by having a short, unmodified embolus that originates prolateral distal on the bulb (Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 19, fig. 10); and the dictynid process with the tubercle inconspicuous (Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 19, fig. 13); however, it can be distinguished from Eriena gen. n. and other Dictynidae s.s. by the tibia three times longer than patella length (Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 19, fig. 13); conductor lower arm as long as the conductor upper arm, coiled no more than 180°, and with a conductor scaly tip, long and thin with a paraconductor process at the base; dictynid process with the ctenidia variable in size, the largest hook-shaped (Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 19, fig. 13). Females can be distinguished by having the copulatory duct approximately as wide as the primary spermathecae, folded once, close to the copulatory opening, and three to four times longer than the primary spermatheca width (shorter in Eriena gen. n.).</p><p>List of included species: Spagnius albopilosa (Franganillo, 1936) comb. n., Sp. foliacea (Hentz, 1850) comb. n., Sp. jacalana (Gertsch and Davis, 1937) comb. n., Sp. nebraska (Gertsch, 1946) comb. n.</p><p>Genus Tolkienus Cala-Riquelme, Crews, Esposito gen. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5C0D5A64-21F0-4C93-862F- B04400A9F196.</p><p>Type species: Dictyna longispina Emerton, 1888 .</p><p>Type material: USA, Connecticut, Meriden, pre-1888 publ. date, Coll. James H. Emerton (Syntype, 1 male, 1 female, MCZ-IZ151459) .</p><p>Material examined: Dictyna bellans: USA, Alabama, Auburn, pre-1947 publication date, Coll. Baker, Nathan Banks (1 female, MCZ-IZ24751) . USA, Alabama, Auburn, pre- 1947 publication date, Coll. Baker, Nathan Banks (1 male, MCZ-IZ21258) . USA, Alabama, Auburn, pre-1947 publication date, Coll. Baker, Nathan Banks (2 males, 2 females, MCZ-IZ24752) . USA, Mississippi, Canton, pre-1919 publication date, Coll. R. V. Chamberlin (Holotype, 1 male, MCZ-IZ15152) . Dictyna bellans hatchi: USA, Oregon, Roseburg, 14.vi.1938, Coll. M.H. Hatch (Exline Coll.) (Syntype, 1 male, MCZ-IZ24764) . USA, Oregon, Roseburg, vii.1939, Coll. M.H. Hatch (Exline Coll.) (Syntype, 1 female, MCZ-IZ21526) . Dictyna longispina: USA, Arkansas, Washington Co., University farm, low vegetation, open, 11.vii.1955, Coll. W. Peck (1 male, 2 females, 1 imm., CASENT9118614) . USA, Arkansas, Washington Co., University farm, low vegetation open field, 12–13.vi.1965, Coll. W. Peck (1 female, CASENT9118618) .</p><p>Etymology: The generic epithet is in honour of John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, an English writer known worldwide for The Hobbit (1937) and The Lord of the Rings (1954–55); gender masculine.</p><p>Diagnosis: Males of Tolkienus gen. n. (Figs 57C, 60A–F, 62A–D; Marusik and Koponen 2017: fig. 1C, D) resemble Khalotyna gen. n. and Phantyna by having the dictynid process with a tubercle as long as or longer than the tibia length (Figs 57C, 60D, 62A– D; Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 16, figs 1, 3, Marusik and Koponen 2017: fig. 2B, C); however, it can be distinguished from other Dictynidae s.s. by the thin embolus originating distally to slightly prolaterally on the bulb, coiled no more than 180° (Fig. 57C; 62A; Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958: pl. 16, fig. 1); conductor lower arm longer than upper arm, coiled twice, with a conspicuous conductor paraterminal process in addition to the conductor scaly tip (Figs 57C, 60B). The females (Fig. 61A–F; Marusik and Koponen 2017: fig. 1A, B) can be distinguished by the AG/SS wider than the copulatory duct, copulatory duct folded once close to the copulatory opening (Fig.61E, F; Marusik and Koponen 2017: fig. 1F, G), up to three times longer than the primary spermathecae width; and the membranous sac as long as or slightly longer than the complete copulatory duct.</p><p>List of included species: Tolkienus armatus (Thorell, 1875) comb. n., T. bellans (Chamberlin, 1919) comb. n., T. bellans hatchi (Jones, 1948) comb. n., T. estoc sp. n., T. longispinus (Emerton, 1888) comb. n., T.ottoi (Marusik and Koponen 2017) comb. n.</p><p>Tolkienus estoc Cala-Riquelme and Al-Jamal sp. n.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:ECA1AA36-C947-426E-BA32-</p><p>90269208EFE2.</p><p>Type material: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=8.664444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.3627777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 8.664444/lat 3.3627777)">Male</a> holotype (CASENT9118701) from Equatorial Guinea, Bioko Prov., Moka Wildlife Sanctuary, 3°21′46′′N 8°39′52′′E, Elev. 1400 m, 2–10.x.1998, Coll. D.K. Dabney, D. Ubick, beating/sweeping foliage; 4 males and 1 female paratypes (CASENT9118701), same data as holotype . Male paratype (CASENT9118720), same data as holotype .</p><p>Material examined: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=8.6658325&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.3666668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 8.6658325/lat 3.3666668)">Bioko prov.</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=8.6658325&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.3666668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 8.6658325/lat 3.3666668)">Moka Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, 3°22'0"N 8°39'57′"E, 1500 m, beating/sweeping foliage, 6–10.x.1998, Coll. D.K. Dabney, D. Ubick (3 males, 1 female, CASENT9118702). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=8.6658325&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.3666668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 8.6658325/lat 3.3666668)">Bioko prov.</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=8.6658325&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.3666668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 8.6658325/lat 3.3666668)">Moka Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, 3°22'0"N 8°39'57"E, 1500 m, beating/sweeping foliage, 6–10.x.1998, Coll. D.K. Dabney, D. Ubick (3 males, 1 female, CASENT9118702). Bioko prov., Moka Wildlife Sanctuary, Elev. 1403–1419 m, 26.x–1.xi.2007, Coll. R . H. Pine (1 male, FMNH-INS0000085077) .</p><p>Etymology: The species’ epithet is a noun in apposition referring to an estoc sword (tuck in English), a French variation of the longsword used from the 14th to the 17th centuries.</p><p>Diagnosis: Males of Tolkienus estoc sp. n. (Figs 57C, 60A–F, 62A–D) can be distinguished from other Tolkienus gen. n. by having the conductor tip directed proximally and as long as the paraconductor process (Figs 57C, 62B). Females (Fig. 61A–F) can be distinguished from other congeners by having the membranous sac as wide as the primary spermathecae, and the SS/ AG in an ectal-medial position (Fig. 61F).</p><p>Description: Male (CASENT 9118701, Equatorial Guinea): Carapace (Fig. 60A–D) gallstone yellow, anteriorly directed white setae around eyes, darker branching patterns on lateral surfaces of prosoma. Chelicerae, labium, endites, and sternum honey yellow. Legs pale honey yellow. Abdomen (Fig. 60A) dorsum broccoli brown, with snow white guanine crystals in fused medial chevron pattern, and a large, square patch of similar crystals at posterior end, venter pale broccoli brown. Sternum slender and squared-off anteriorly, slightly recurved. Total length 2.25. Carapace length 0.88, width 0.80, height 0.50. Clypeus height 0.3. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.03, PME 0.04, ALE 0.05, PLE 0.03, AME–AME 0.08, PME– PME 0.11. Sternum length 0.53, width 0.45. Palp: femur 0.25, tibia 0.14 (dictynid process 0.38). Leg I: femur 0.95, patella 0.25, tibia 0.80, metatarsus 0.59, tarsus 0.40. II: 0.90, 0.25, 0.75, 0.59, 0.40. III: 0.64, 0.25, 0.50, 0.50, 0.31. IV: 0.76, 0.25, 0.56, 0.54, 0.26. Abdomen: length 1.33, width 0.68. Male palp (Figs 57C, 62A–D) with femur straight, shorter than patella + tibia length; patella two times shorter than tibia; tibia shorter than dictynid process, with a small proximal retrolateral dorsal process in addition to the RTA; conductor lower arm two times longer than conductor upper arm length, coiled 360°, with a paraconductor process in addition to the conductor scaly tip; embolus, connected prolateral distally to the tegulum, and coiled no more than 180°.</p><p>Female (CASENT 9118701, Equatorial Guinea): Carapace (Fig. 61A–D) pale honey yellow, anteriorly directed white setae around eyes. Chelicerae, labium, endites and sternum pale honey yellow. Legs cream-yellow. Abdomen (Fig. 61B–D) dorsum cream-yellow but slightly darker dorsolaterally, with snow white guanine crystals distributed broadly and visible laterally, though obscured in dorsal view due to condition of specimen, venter cream-yellow. Sternum squared-off anteriorly, slightly procurved. Total length 1.95. Carapace length 0.78, width 0.58, height 0.33. Clypeus height 0.19. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.04, PME 0.03, ALE 0.05, PLE 0.03, AME–AME 0.02, PME–PME 0.05. Sternum length 0.45, width 0.38. Palp: femur length 0.21, tibia length 0.10. Leg I: femur 0.64, patella 0.21, tibia 0.45, metatarsus 0.39, tarsus 0.31. II: 0.61, 0.25, 0.38, 0.35, 0.28. III: 0.49, 0.21, 0.30, 0.33, 0.26. IV: 0.58, 0.21, 0.40, 0.43, 0.26. Abdomen: length 1.28, width 0.93. Cribellum length 0.2. Epigyne (Fig. 61E, F): copulatory opening ectal, separated by six times the diameter of SS/AG, anterior to the primary spermathecae; membranous sac eight or nine times longer and three times wider than spermathecae diameter; copulatory duct uncoiled, with copulatory duct receptacle as wide as primary spermathecae, and connected ectal proximal with the primary spermathecae; SS/AG reduced but conspicuous, as long as copulatory duct receptacle; fertilization duct located mesal proximally.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/345487DCFFD3FF9CE98FBE0FABFC6F20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Montana, Katherine O.;Cala-Riquelme, Franklyn;Crews, Sarah C.;Gorneau, Jacob A.;Al-Jamal, Amin M.;Alequín, Luigie D.;Spagna, Joseph C.;Ballarin, Francesco;Esposito, Lauren A.	Montana, Katherine O., Cala-Riquelme, Franklyn, Crews, Sarah C., Gorneau, Jacob A., Al-Jamal, Amin M., Alequín, Luigie D., Spagna, Joseph C., Ballarin, Francesco, Esposito, Lauren A. (2025): Tailor’s drawer no more: a reappraisal of the spider family Dictynidae O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871 sensu lato. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf007, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf007
345487DCFFCBFF8BEA91BF9BAADC6F14.text	345487DCFFCBFF8BEA91BF9BAADC6F14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lathys Simon 1885	<div><p>Genus Lathys Simon, 1885 s.s.</p><p>Type species: Lethia varia Menge, 1869, currently Lathys humilis (Blackwall, 1855) .</p><p>Type material: Lathys humilis: England, Cambridge, 1.i- 31.xii.1854, Coll. Koch (holotype, 1 male, 1 female, NHMUK1635149-5310 - 14) .</p><p>Material examined: Lathys humilis: Germany, Grütz, Coll. Koch (Syntype, 1 female, NHMUK1635149-5289 - 5308) . England (Syntype, 1 male, NHMUK1635149-185 - 34) . France, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, Saint-Laurent-du-Var (1 female, MNHN-AR-AR5264). Lathys sexpustulata: Morocco, Atlas Mountains, Jbel Ayachi, 3250 m, Coll. Meinsohn (1 female, MNHN-AR-AR440). Lathys sexoculata Seo and Sohn 1984: Japan, Shikoku, Tokushima-ken, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.55234&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.87833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.55234/lat 33.87833)">Anan City</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.55234&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.87833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.55234/lat 33.87833)">Arita Asebicho</a>, along road 28, 33°52'42.0"N 134°33'08.4"E, 15.v.2019, Coll. F. Ballarin, in the litter in a forest of sugi trees ( Cryptomeria japonica) (4 males, 1 female, FBPC) . Lathys insulana Ono, 2003: Japan, Okinawa Pref., Iriomote-jima Is., Shirahama, 26.xii.1991, Coll. A. Tanikawa (Holotype, 1 male, NMST5295) . Japan, Okinawa Pref., Iriomote-jima Is., Uranai, 25.xii.1990, Coll. A. Tanikawa (1 male, NMST9993) . Japan, Kagoshima Pref., Amami Ōshima Is., Sumiyo, 16.iii.2008, Coll. M. Yoshida (2 females, NMST-8398) . Japan, Okinawa Pref., Izena Is., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.94283&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.915667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.94283/lat 26.915667)">Shimajiri Distr.</a>, 26°54'56.4"N 127°56'34.2"E, 24.ii.2021, Coll. F. Ballarin, dry forest, litter along the road (5 males, 14 females, FBPC) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Lathys s.s. (Figs 5A–C, 8A, 10A, B, 11A–D, 13A–F, 20A–F, 39A–G) can be distinguished from other Lathyidae fam. n. genera by having the AME smaller than the ALE (Figs 5A–C, 39A, B; Marusik et al. 2009: figs 5, 6, 13, Özkütük et al. 2016: fig. 6) (AME absent in Scotolathys, Bannaella, Afrolathys gen. n., and Denticulathys gen. n.; present but similar in size to ALE, PLE, and PME in Andronova gen. n.); male palp with a patellar dorsal distal apophysis (Figs 20B, 39F, G; Marusik et al. 2009: figs 23, 43, 45, 46) (absent in Scotolathys, Bannaella, Afrolathys gen. n., Andronova gen. n., and Analtella stat. reinst.; patellar dorsal proximal bump with ctenidia in Denticulathys gen. n.); palpal tibia with a retrolateral ventral apophysis in addition to the RTA, and hook-shaped tibial process (Fig. 20C, E, F; Marusik et al. 2009: figs 43, 45, 46); embolus usually coiled 1080° or less, and usually with a distal prolateral origin (Fig. 20A, D; Marusik et al. 2009: fig. 43). Females (Fig. 13A, B; Marusik et al. 2009: figs 23, 43, 45, 46, Özkütük et al. 2016: fig. 41) can be distinguished by the reduced SS/AG so that it is inconspicuous, copulatory duct short, usually curved but not coiled around itself and primary spermathecae; fertilization duct located mesal distally on the primary spermathecae.</p><p>List of included species: Lathys bin Marusik and Logunov, 1991, L. borealis Z.S. Zhang, Hu, Y.G. Zhang, 2012, L. brevitibialis Denis, 1956, L. coralynae Gertsch and Davis, 1942, L. dixiana Ivie and Barrows, 1935, L. foxi (Marx, 1891), L. heterophthalma Kulczyński, 1891, L. humilis (Blackwall, 1855), L. humilis meridionalis (Simon, 1874), L. lepida O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1909, L. mantarota Wunderlich, 2022, L. sexpustulata (Simon, 1878), and L. subhumilis Z.S. Zhang, Hu, Y.G. Zhang, 2012 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/345487DCFFCBFF8BEA91BF9BAADC6F14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Montana, Katherine O.;Cala-Riquelme, Franklyn;Crews, Sarah C.;Gorneau, Jacob A.;Al-Jamal, Amin M.;Alequín, Luigie D.;Spagna, Joseph C.;Ballarin, Francesco;Esposito, Lauren A.	Montana, Katherine O., Cala-Riquelme, Franklyn, Crews, Sarah C., Gorneau, Jacob A., Al-Jamal, Amin M., Alequín, Luigie D., Spagna, Joseph C., Ballarin, Francesco, Esposito, Lauren A. (2025): Tailor’s drawer no more: a reappraisal of the spider family Dictynidae O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871 sensu lato. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf007, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf007
345487DCFFCAFF88E872BF98AA6868A6.text	345487DCFFCAFF88E872BF98AA6868A6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scotolathys Simon 1885	<div><p>Genus Scotolathys Simon, 1885 s.s.</p><p>Type species: Scotolathys simplex Simon, 1885 .</p><p>Material examined: Lathys delicatula: USA, New Mexico, Bernalillo Co., Tijeras, Tunnel Canyon Trail, 7.iii.2021, Coll. M. Pleisher (1 male, CASENT9087234) . USA, New Mexico, Otero Co., Tularosa, 3 Rivers, 9.x.2020, Coll. M. Pleisher (1 female, CASENT9087235). Lathys maculina: USA, Alabama, Mobile, c. 1902, Coll. Hugo Soltau, Nathan Banks, (Holotype, 1 female, MCZ-IZ21934) . USA, Florida, Gainesville, Newman Lake, 16.vi.1935, Coll. W.J. Gertsch (1 male, 2 females, MNHN-AR-AR426) . USA, New Hampshire, Lake Winnepesaukee, Coll. N. Banks (1 male, 1 female, MNHN-AR-AR445). Lathys pallida (Marx, 1891): Canada, Ontario, Point W. Bay, Lake Temagami, 15.vii.1964, Coll. W.J. Gertcsh, W. Ivie, T . B. Kurata (1 male, 2 females, MNHN-AR-AR426). Scotolathys simplex: Algeria, Oran [note: there is no further information given with this specimen] (1 female, MNHN-AR-AR426) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Scotolathys s.s. can be distinguished from other Lathyidae fam. n. by lacking AME (Fig. 5D–F; Marusik et al. 2009: figs 1–3, 9, 28) (AME present in Lathys s.s., Analtella stat. reinst., and Andronova gen. n.); male palp without patellar apophysis (Marusik et al. 2009: figs 33–37) (present in Lathys, Bannaella, and Denticulathys gen. n.); cymbium with a prolateral proximal process (Marusik et al. 2009: figs 41, 42, 48) (absent in Afrolathys gen. n., Andronova gen. n., Bannaella, Denticulathys gen. n., Analtella stat. reinst., and Lathys s.s.); embolus usually coiled 1080° or less, usually with a distal retrolateral origin (Marusik et al. 2009: Figs 39, 40, 42, 49); the conductor tip is thin, elongated, usually coiled 360°, and with a paraterminal process (Marusik et al. 2009: figs 39, 48, 50). Females (Marusik et al. 2009: figs 58–61) can be distinguished by the reduced SS/AG so that it is inconspicuous; copulatory duct elongated and coiled 720°or more around itself and bent 360° around the primary spermatheca; fertilization duct located mesal distally.</p><p>List of included species: Scotolathys delicatula Gertsch and Mulaik, 1936 stat. reinst., S. immaculata Chamberlin and Ivie, 1944 stat. reinst., S. maculina (Gertsch, 1946) stat. reinst., S. pallida (Marx, 1891) stat. reinst., and S. simplex (Simon, 1885) .</p><p>Genus Tolokonniella Cala-Riquelme, Crews, Esposito gen. n.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CB 5C2ACD-C071-4D40-B977-</p><p>C8F68D8EAE7D.</p><p>Type species: Lethia stigmatisata Menge, 1869, currently Lathys stigmatisata (Menge, 1869) .</p><p>Material examined: Lathys stigmatisata (Menge, 1869): France, Paris, 18.vi.1913, Coll. J.E. Simon (1 male, 1 female, NHMUK1635150) .</p><p>Etymology: The generic epithet is in honour of the Russian musician, conceptual artist, and feminist Nadezhda Andreyevna Tolokonnikova; gender feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis: The male of Tolokonniella gen. n. resembles Lathys s.s. by having the AME narrower than the ALE (Özkütük et al. 2016: figs 2, 4); the male palp with a patellar dorsal distal apophysis (Marusik et al. 2009: figs 29, 44, 52, Marusik et al. 2015: fig. 50, Özkütük et al. 2016: figs 8–15); palpal tibia with a ventral lateral apophysis in addition to the RTA and a hook-shaped tibial process; however, this genus can be distinguished from Lathys s.s. by having the embolus coiled more than 1080°, and usually with a proximal prolateral origin (Marusik et al. 2015: fig. 51); the conductor tip elongated and coiled three or more times (Marusik et al. 2006b: fig. 9). Females (Marusik et al. 2009: figs 31, 32, Marusik et al. 2015: figs 48, 49, Özkütük et al. 2016: figs 17–21; 37–40) can be distinguished by the reduced SS/AG, the copulatory duct elongated and coiled 720° around itself, and 180° around the primary spermatheca; the fertilization duct located mesal distally.</p><p>List of included species: Tolokonniella ankaraensis (Özkütük et al., 2016) comb. n., T. mallorcensis (Lissner, 2018) comb. n., T. maura (Simon, 1911) comb. n., T. stigmatisata (Menge, 1869) comb. n., and T. truncata (Danilov, 1994) comb. n.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/345487DCFFCAFF88E872BF98AA6868A6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Montana, Katherine O.;Cala-Riquelme, Franklyn;Crews, Sarah C.;Gorneau, Jacob A.;Al-Jamal, Amin M.;Alequín, Luigie D.;Spagna, Joseph C.;Ballarin, Francesco;Esposito, Lauren A.	Montana, Katherine O., Cala-Riquelme, Franklyn, Crews, Sarah C., Gorneau, Jacob A., Al-Jamal, Amin M., Alequín, Luigie D., Spagna, Joseph C., Ballarin, Francesco, Esposito, Lauren A. (2025): Tailor’s drawer no more: a reappraisal of the spider family Dictynidae O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871 sensu lato. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf007, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf007
