taxonID	type	description	language	source
301FA601FFCFFFB8FF55FA5052E00B8F.taxon	diagnosis	Females can be broadly categorized into two wing-pattern types: (1) species characterized by a dark band running along the anterior fore wing margin, extending from the base to the apex; and (2) species displaying generalized dark coloration over most of the wing, interspersed with hyaline bands (which can sometimes be quite broad). Some species exhibit intermediate or variable patterns that appear to blend these two types. Males of clade IV (Fig. 1) typically exhibit entirely smoky wings, although these sometimes resemble the considerably darker manifestations of the female wing patterns. This clade is restricted to the region from Mexico to Panama and is closely associated with oak species of the Erythromexicana group (sensu Hipp et al. 2020). Within clade IV, three well-defined lineages were identified (Castillejos-Lemus et al. 2025): Oaxaca, SMOc, and TMVB + South SMOc. The SMOc lineage exclusively exhibits the generalized dark wing pattern with hyaline bands. In contrast, the TMVB + South SMOc lineage is characterized by a predominantly hyaline posterior wing with coloration restricted to the anterior band (Figs 5 C, 9 B, 18 E, G, H). The Oaxaca lineage can be subdivided based on the same wing-pattern criteria. One group within it shows the anterior dark band; however, when a translucent region is present distally, it does not extend beyond a single wing cell (typically the third cubital cell). Galls within clade IV develop from buds and tend toward two principal morphological types: semi-spherical galls with spongy parenchyma or spindle-shaped galls with firm-textured parenchyma. An intermediate form, potentially represented by galls such as those of A. magnigalla Nieves-Aldrey & Castillejos-Lemus, 2020, may combine spongy parenchymal tissue with a thicker epidermis. Notably, some spherical galls possess thin, radiating filaments that are often obscured by the spongy tissue.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFC8FF96FF55F8A954240B27.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 9 C 6240 B 2 - 4 CB 5 - 4 DBC-AF 4 F-D 25 BE 72 A 1978 Figs 2 – 7	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFC8FF96FF55F8A954240B27.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype. MEXICO • female; Jalisco, Talpa de Allende, El Cuale; 20 ° 21.492 ’ N, 105 ° 00.99 ’ W; 2484 m a. s. l.; 10 Apr. 2018; D. Castillejos-Lemus leg.; ex gall on Quercus scytophylla (Quercus sect. Lobatae), insect emerged Apr – May 2018; mounted on a card in MNCN. Paratypes. MEXICO • 6 f 3 m; same data as holotype; mounted on cards in MNCN • 2 f 1 m; same data as holotype; GenBank: SRX 25798179 (individual code Amphibolips _ sp _ nov 1 _ Jalisco 244); mounted on stubs for SEM observation in MNCN • 1 f 3 m; same data as holotype; preserved in alcohol at MNCN • 10 f; same data as holotype; mounted on cards in ENES-Morelia and CNIN • 7 f; same data as holotype; preserved in alcohol at ENES-Morelia • 1 m; same data as holotype; extracted dead from a gall on 22 Nov. 2024; stored in a dry tube at ENES-Morelia • 1 f; same collection location; 20.37786 ° N, 105.10567 ° W; 2048 m a. s. l.; 14 Nov. 2017; D. Castillejos-Lemus leg.; ex gall on Quercus cualensis (Quercus sect. Lobatae), insect emerged 16 Feb. 2018; GenBank: SRX 25798246 (individual code Amphibolips _ sp _ nov 1 _ JaliscoNM); mounted on a card at ENES-Morelia. Additional material (only galls). MEXICO • 48 galls; same data as holotype; 3 dissected and 45 complete; in ENES-Morelia and CNIN • 6 galls; same data as the paratype from Quercus cualensis; 2 dissected and 4 complete; in ENES-Morelia and CNIN.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFC8FF96FF55F8A954240B27.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name megalokokka derives from the Greek megalos (μεγάλος), meaning “ large ”, and kokkos (κόκκος), meaning “ grain ” or “ berry ”. The name refers to the large, spherical gall induced by the species. The feminine ending – kokka agrees with the genus Amphibolips, following zoological nomenclature rules.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFC8FF96FF55F8A954240B27.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Amphibolips megalokokka belongs to clade IV, characterized by a less infuscated region in the distal part of the radial cell (Fig. 5 C), which also includes A. jaliscensis, A. malinche, and A. hidalgoensis Pujade-Villar & Melika, 2011. Furthermore, based on their distribution and morphology, Amphibolips nassa, A. rulli Pujade-Villar & Cuesta-Porta, 2020, A. chilito Pujade-Villar & Cuesta-Porta, 2025, and A. tarasco are also hypothesized to belong to this clade. Amphibolips megalokokka can be readily distinguished from A. rulli by the punctate sculpture that A. rulli exhibits (projecting anteriorly onto the dorsum of the second metasomal tergum; Fig. 19 D), which is absent in all other species. In A. megalokokka the coriaceous-alutaceous sculpture (Fig. 3 C) extends posteriorly across the second metasomal tergum, resulting in a reduction of the micropunctate band medially (inverse to the pattern observed in A. rulli). It is distinguished from all these species by the pigmentation of the costal cell, which is more intense and extensive in A. megalokokka and barely perceptible (or absent) in all other species of this clade (this even applies to the asexual generation). A. megalokokka also exhibits pigmentation on the posterior margin of the anal cell, located below the basal cell with a median location, which is scarcely visible in the other species of the clade. The sexual generation galls of A. megalokokka (Fig. 5 E, F) are further distinguished from those of A. hidalgoensis, A. malinche, A. zacatecaensis Melika & Pujade-Villar, 2011, A. michoacaensis, A. tarasco, A. chilito and A. oyamai by their combination of dimensions, reddish coloration, completely round shape, and external texture. Disregarding dimensions, the most morphologically similar galls are those of A. nevadensis and A. jaliscensis.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFC8FF96FF55F8A954240B27.taxon	description	Description (sexual generation). Body length: 5.4 mm average (n = 10; 4.4 mm – 6.3 mm) for females. Female (Fig. 5 A): Body almost black, particularly intense on the thorax, head, and most of the antenna. Frontal and distal parts of the antennal scape and pedicel usually chestnut. Last flagellomeres chestnut ventrally and black dorsally. Mandibles, and occasionally the region surrounding the mandibles, chestnut. Mesosoma usually black with the posterior region of the propodeum immediately posterior to the nucha chestnut. Some specimens may have a general posterior chestnut coloration instead of black, exhibit chestnut tegulae or operculum of the mesothoracic spiracle, or a combination of these characteristics. Tarsi typically range from light brown to dark brown from anterior to posterior. Fore and middle tibiae chestnut; posterior tibiae black. Some specimens exhibit chestnut coloration on all legs, but the intensity from light to dark is general, regardless of whether the coloration is never completely black. Metasoma usually black dorsally and chestnut ventrally. First metasomal tergum and the immediate anterior region of the second metasomal tergum adjacent to the first metasomal tergum chestnut. Posterior margins of the metasomal terga, posterior to the micropunctate bands, chestnut. Hypopygium and areas near the hypopygium and ventral spine chestnut, lighter on the ventral spine. Some specimens may have chestnut coloration throughout the metasoma, extending the anterior region of the metasoma (adjacent to the second metasomal tergum) to the smooth sides of the same metasomal tergum, to the ventral part of the metasoma, or a combination of these variations. Fore wing (Fig. 5 C) with a dark infuscate band extending on the anterior margin along the basal cell, first cubital cell, radial cell, costal cell, and anterior margin, and joining the radial cell at the third cubital cell. The entire discoidal cell is hyaline. The costal cell has a hyaline area (or less intense pigmentation) at the junction of vein Rs with vein R + Sc, which can extend in some cases to the anterior margin of the wing. The anal cell is usually hyaline but exhibits a patch with greater pigmentation on the posterior margin of the wing at the mid-position relative to vein M + Cu 1. Veins R + Sc, Rs, M, and the first half of R 1 are black. The rest are chestnut or brown. Veins M (at the margin of the third cubital cell) and Cu 1 are light brown and are usually the lightest compared to the other wing veins. The wing pigmentation shows several variation patterns: (1) a less pigmented area in the posterior half of the radial cell (including the posterior half of vein Rs bordering the cell); (2) complete division of the typical clade band toward the third cubital cell; (3) extension across both margins of vein Rs bordering the radial cell; or (4) nearly imperceptible depigmentation, appearing only as faint discoloration on vein Rs's posterior half (visible as vein color loss) and a small adjacent area in the third cubital cell. These variations may occur combined and, rarely, differ between wings of the same individual. Additionally, vein Rs + M shows about one-third (sometimes less) of its length depigmented at its junction with vein M. Head: in dorsal view, 2.4 × wider than long (range 2.15 – 2.6). POL 1.2 × OOL (range 0.9 – 1.4) and 1.9 × DOL (range 1.5 – 2.3). Head, in anterior view (Fig. 2 A), 1.25 × wider than high, gena slightly broadened behind the eye. Vertex, frons, lower face, and gena with strong reticulate-rugose sculpture. Irradiating carinae from the clypeus absent. Head moderately pubescent, with pubescence sparser on the vertex and frons. Clypeus hexagonal, ventral margin strongly projecting over mandibles and sinuate on the anterior margin. Anterior tentorial pits clearly visible; epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal lines weakly indicated. Malar space 0.45 × the height of the compound eye. Toruli situated at mid-height of the compound eye. Transfacial line 1.35 × the height of an eye. Distance between antennal rim and compound eye shorter than the width of the torulus including the rim. Ocellar plate slightly raised. Head: in posterior view (Fig. 2 B), moderately pubescent, with occiput coarsely rugose; dorsally the sculpture is slightly transversely ribbed. Two small carinae present, arising from the dorsal part of the occipital foramen, directed ventrally but not extending past the posterior tentorial pits. Posterior tentorial pits rounded. Gular sulci barely visible, united, meeting at the hypostoma. Posterodorsal margin of the oral foramen not emarginate medially. Hypostomal ridges well separated. Mouthparts: Mandibles strong, exposed, with dense setae at the base. Cardo of maxilla not visible; maxillary stipes 3.7 × as long as wide. Maxillary palp with five segments. Labial palp with three segments. Apical peg of the last maxillary segment present. Antenna (Fig. 2 C): of moderate length, 0.5 × the body length, with 13 antennomeres. Flagellomeres F 10 and F 11 partially divided. Flagellum not broadening towards apex, bearing short and erect setae. Pedicel short, small, as broad as long, 0.4 × the length of the scape. F 1 1.6 × as long as F 2. F 7 – F 10 appear as long as wide. F 11 1.6 × as long as wide, 1.7 × as long as F 10. Placodeal sensilla present on F 3 – F 11, arranged in dense rows from F 4 onwards, located only on the ventral half of each flagellomere. Mesosoma: in lateral view (Fig. 2 E), 1.15 × as long as high. Pronotum pubescent; lateral surface of pronotum with strong, irregular, reticulate-rugose sculpture. Pronotum medially short, but slightly larger than in other species; median pronotal length 0.3 × that of lateral pronotal length. Pronotal plate slightly distinct dorsally. The central region of the pronotum is smooth and shiny, quite conspicuous and broad compared to the rest of the pronotum, which exhibits rugosities and pubescence. Mesonotum: Mesoscutum (Fig. 2 D) pubescent primarily on the anterior portion, but with setae very short and thin, thus only conspicuous in the anterior region adjacent to the pronotum. Sculpture reticulate-rugose, more noticeable posteriorly where the reticulations are larger and deeper; interspaces smooth and shining, interrupted only by setae on the anterior portion or by the reduced size of the reticulations. Notauli not discernible. Longitudinal median impression barely perceptible, only next to transscutal fissure. Anteroadmedian signa quite visible, extending posteriorly to near mid-length of mesoscutum. Parapsidal signa obscured by sculpture but discernible to mid-length of the mesoscutum. Transscutal fissure narrow, nearly straight, slightly sinuate in some specimens. Mesoscutellum slightly wider than long (ratio 0.9), approximately 0.6 × the length of mesoscutum. Strongly coarsely rugose, slightly pubescent, with a broad median longitudinal impression that makes the mesoscutellum emarginate posteriorly (Figs 2 D, 3 A); median longitudinal impression usually extends anteriorly to scutellar foveae, but occasionally the sculpture between margins and foveae interrupts in the center of mesoscutellum, giving a more elevated appearance. Scutellar foveae (Fig. 2 D) 0.4 × the length of mesoscutellum, relatively square and usually deep, without pubescence, separated by a carina on the posterior half. With well-separated transverse rugae of variable length in each fovea and smooth interspaces. Axillula large, pubescent, but with setae small and very sparse, revealing the shiny and almost smooth background, not very deep and with posterior margin scarcely defined. In lateral view (Fig. 2 E), the posterodorsal extension of the body of the subaxillular strip reaches one half of mesoscutellar height. Mesopleuron reticulate-rugose, pubescent, with rugae not as strong as in mesoscutum (Fig. 2 E). Mesopleural triangle is shinier than the rest of mesopleuron, especially compared to the immediate area of mesopleuron that borders it, which is an opaque black color. Posterior groove in mesopleural triangle present below the tegula; smooth, resembling the deepest region of mesopleural triangle that borders the rest of mesopleuron, quite deep and delimited at its edges by rugae that resemble carinae. Metanotum (Fig. 3 A): Metapectal-propodeal complex. Metapleural sulcus reaching the posterior margin of the mesopectus at approximately mid-height of the metapectal-propodeal complex. Metascutellum rugose and shiny. Metanotal trough pubescent. Propodeal area with irregular rugae. With pubescence, primarily on the sides; lateral propodeal carinae indistinct due to the rugae, but the reduced pubescence allows this area to appear shinier. Legs: Densely pubescent, particularly on the tibiae and tarsi; femora and tibiae robust. Metatibia 1.7 × as long as the metatarsus; apical margin of metatarsomeres 1 – 4 with long, strong, erect setae (Fig. 3 D). Metatarsal claws featuring prominent triangular basal lobes or teeth (Fig. 3 D). Fore wing (Fig. 5 C): slightly longer than the body. Radial cell 3.6 × longer than wide; open along the anterior margin. Areolet present. Veins M and Cu 1 nearly straight, not reaching the wing margin. Rs + M complete, reaching the basalis at half its length, but with one-third (rarely less) unpigmented at its junction with vein M. First abscissa of radius (2 r) curved, not projecting towards the radial cell. Vein Cu 1 not branched into two veins. Apical margin with a very short or obsolete hair fringe. A slight fading present in most specimens at the end of radial cell, which in darker specimens appears only faintly on vein R 1 and in a small area near the radial cell on the third cubital cell. The most densely pigmented regions are the basal cell and the first half of the radial cell, although in some specimens the pigmentation may be so intense that these regions are barely distinguishable from the rest of the pigmented band. Metasoma (Figs 3 B, C): in dorsal view 1.5 × as long as wide, in lateral view 1.3 × as long as high. Second metasomal tergum covering approximately 0.6 × the length of the metasoma; anterior half smooth and shining, posterior third with a band of micropunctures clearly visible. In the second metasomal tergum, anterior to the area of micropunctures, there is a region with coriaceous-alutaceous sculpture, almost exclusively on the dorsal part, following the anterior smooth area. It exhibits a pattern where the band of micropunctures is narrower in the center (somewhat inverse to the pattern of A. rulli), with an extension of the coriaceous-alutaceous sculpture towards the band of micropunctures. The punctate sculpture extends onto subsequent terga. Ventral area of the second metasomal tergum moderately pubescent. Projecting part of the hypopygial spine long (Fig. 3 B); 7.2 × as long as high in lateral view; ventrally tapering in width towards the apex, laterally with long setae that can reach the width of the ventral spine, not forming an apical patch. Male: 5.1 mm (n = 1). Differs from the female as follows: Metasoma (Fig. 4 E) smaller than the thorax (contrary in females). Antennae, legs, and wings longer relative to the body (Fig. 5 B). Antennae with 15 antennomeres (Fig. 3 E); F 1 slightly modified, flattened on the ventral side, with elongate placodeal sensillae visible in all flagellomeres. Clypeus shinier and smoother (Fig. 4 A). Mesoscutellum more widely and deeply emarginated on the posterior margin (Fig. 4 B – D), with the median longitudinal impression deeper and well-defined. Posterodorsal extension of the body of the subaxillular strip broader (Fig. 4 C). Lateral propodeal carinae distinct in the anterior part. Metasoma with less ventral pubescence and coriaceous-alutaceous sculpture slightly visible (Fig. 4 E). Metatibia 1.5 × as long as the metatarsus (Fig. 4 F). Fore wings more heavily infuscate across their entire surface, but the darker anterior band and unpigmented regions remain visible, retaining the same pattern as in the female (Fig. 5 D). Asexual generation female. 4.6 mm (n = 1). The paratype (1 f) collected from galls on Quercus cualensis in November 2017 corresponds to a completely different date compared to all wasps obtained from the type locality. According to Castillejos-Lemus et al. (2025), species delimitation analyses confirm that this wasp and those from the type locality form a single monophyletic lineage, supporting their status as the same species (Fig. 1). Differs from the sexual generation female as follows: Smaller in size compared to those of the sexual generation (Fig. 7 A), measuring 4.6 mm, comparable to smallest females of the sexual generation (uncommon). Posterior groove of the mesopleural triangle (Fig. 6 B, C), shallower. The notch delimiting mesopleural triangle, less pronounced (Fig. 6 B, C). Median longitudinal impression of the mesoscutellum (Fig. 6 A), narrow. No clear division between foveae. Posterior emarginations of mesoscutellum are almost imperceptible. Axilla, less shiny. Lateral propodeal carinae indiscernible (Fig. 6 A). Metatibia exhibits distinct morphology (Fig. 6 D): in sexual females, there is a gradual increase in width towards the distal part, whereas in asexual generation, this increase in width occurs at the end of the first third and is more pronounced. Radial cell (Fig. 7 C), 3 × as long as wide. Coriaceous-alutaceous sculpture is almost absent on the dorsal part of the metasoma, similar to that observed in the male (Fig. 6 E). Gall (Figs 5 E, F, 7 B): Two morphologies exist, corresponding to the two generations described for this species. The gall of the sexual generation (Fig. 5 E, F) exhibits intermediate characteristics between those typical of the clade (TMVB + south SMOc; Castillejos-Lemus et al. 2025) and the galls of A. oyamai. This is the largest gall recorded for a single Cynipini wasp in the American continent, reaching slightly over 11 cm in diameter in the most extreme cases. This size is comparable to that of A. magnigalla, but being spherical rather than spindle-shaped, it results in a much larger volume, rivalling tuberous galls of the genus Andricus Hartig, 1840 in Mexico (multilocular). They are regularly spherical with a spongy inner consistency. The surface is smooth and soft to the touch. They are monothalamic. When fresh, they exhibit a reddish coloration. Similar to the galls of A. oyamai, when fresh, they can be easily torn by touch. As is typical for galls of this clade, the galls of this species turn light brown when dry, but those of A. megalokokka retain some of the reddish coloration. The galls of this species become slightly more resistant to touch when dry, as in A. oyamai. The epidermis is thin and firmly attached to the internal spongy tissue when fresh. Internally, the spongy tissue occupies the entire space between the epidermis and the larval chamber. The average longitudinal diameter is 10.2 cm, and the average transversal diameter is 7.5 cm (longitudinal diameter ranging from 41 to 112 mm and transversal diameter from 42 to 114 mm; n = 43). The galls of the asexual generation are considerably smaller (Fig. 7 B). The average longitudinal diameter is 4.5 cm, and the average transversal diameter is 4.2 cm (longitudinal diameter ranging from 36 to 58 mm and transversal diameter from 35 to 47 mm; n = 6). This gall is similar to those described for other species of the same clade (TMVB + south SMOc; Castillejos-Lemus et al. 2025). Compared to the galls of the sexual generation, it is less smooth on the surface, with some scattered irregularities, and has a firmer consistency when fresh.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFC8FF96FF55F8A954240B27.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Amphibolips megalokokka was found in the Ejido El Cuale, in the municipality of Talpa de Allende, in Jalisco state, at elevations above 2000 meters above sea level (m a. s. l.). The approximate linear distance between the two sites is 9.6 km. Both locations are situated on the leeward side of the region, with an elevation difference of approximately 400 m a. s. l.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFC8FF96FF55F8A954240B27.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Both generations are known. The galls of the sexual generation develop on Quercus scytophylla, while those of the asexual generation develop on Q. cualensis. In both cases, they occur above 2,000 m a. s. l. The galls of the sexual generation were collected in April, and the insects emerged in April and May. The galls of the asexual generation were collected in November, and the insects emerged in February of the following year. Smaller galls typically do not yield adult Amphibolips due to parasitoid attacks or the presence of inquilines. As a result, the average measurements of the galls from the sexual generation are influenced by these factors.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFC8FF96FF55F8A954240B27.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This wasp is assigned to the TMVB + south SMOc clade (as defined in Castillejos-Lemus et al. 2025).	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFC1FF89FF55F97454240C83.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: A 9 C 73 B 13 - FA 9 E- 40 B 0 - A 90 B-B 14 AF 634 DE 93 Figs 8, 9	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFC1FF89FF55F97454240C83.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype. MEXICO • female; Michoacán state, Acuitzio; 19 ° 26.041 ’ N, 101 ° 17.994 ’ W; 2207 m a. s. l.; 5 Mar. 2018; D. Castillejos-Lemus leg.; ex gall on Quercus calophylla (Quercus sect. Lobatae), insect emerged 5 Apr. 2018; mounted on a card in MNCN. Paratypes. MEXICO • 1 f; same data as holotype; GenBank: SRX 25798192 (individual code Amphibolips _ sp _ nov _ Michoacan 231); mounted on stub for SEM observation in ENES-Morelia • 2 f; Mexico state, Sultepec; 18 ° 49.856 ’ N, 99 ° 58.088 ’ W; 2381 m a. s. l.; 21 Jun. 2017; D. Castillejos-Lemus leg.; ex gall on Quercus castanea (Quercus sect. Lobatae), insect emerged on 5 Jul. 2017; GenBank: SRX 25798236 (individual code Amphibolips _ sp _ nov _ Michoacan _ EdM 849); 1 f mounted on a card in MNCN and 1 f preserved in alcohol in ENES-Morelia. Additional material (only galls). MEXICO • 5 galls; same data as holotype; 2 dissected and 3 complete; in ENES-Morelia and CNIN • 15 galls; same data as the paratype from Sultepec; 2 dissected and 13 complete; in ENES-Morelia and CNIN • 3 galls; Michoacán state, Villa Madero; 19 ° 24 ’ 3.32 ’’ N, 101 ° 17 ’ 30.56 ’’ W; 2120 m a. s. l.; 30 Apr. 2022; D. Castillejos-Lemus leg.; ex gall on Quercus calophylla (Quercus sect. Lobatae); dissected; in ENES-Morelia and CNIN.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFC1FF89FF55F97454240C83.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named in honor of Dr. Ken Oyama, a distinguished ecologist renowned for his groundbreaking research on the genus Quercus. Dr. Oyama has not only significantly advanced our scientific understanding but has also played a pivotal role in mentoring and inspiring a new generation of Mexican scientists.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFC1FF89FF55F97454240C83.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species belongs to the same clade as A. megalokokka; therefore, its morphological comparisons follow the same framework (see Diagnosis for A. megalokokka). The fore wing pattern of the new species differs from that of all the referenced species. Amphibolips oyamai exhibits less pigmentation in the basal and first cubital cells compared to the radial cell and the anterior region of the third cubital cell, where the infuscated band is clearly visible in the other mentioned species (Fig. 9 B). However, these cells are slightly more pigmented than the rest of the wing, allowing the general pattern of the clade to be discerned. In the second metasomal tergum, anterior to the area of micropunctures, the area with weak coriaceous-alutaceous sculpture is present, as in other species in this group, but it is much narrower compared to the other species (Fig. 8 E). Another characteristic that readily distinguishes this species is its gall morphology (Fig. 9 C – E), which is most similar to that of A. zacatecaensis among the other species in the clade. However, the gall of A. oyamai has a whitish appearance when fresh on the tree (slightly more yellowish in A. zacatecaensis), with broad rugosities on the surface that give it a bumpy appearance at some edges (a feature absent in any other known species in this clade), and the texture of the gall is smooth to the touch. Unlike the galls of the other mentioned species, the gall of A. oyamai is very soft and can easily tear if not handled carefully when fresh. The epidermis of these galls is very delicate, a characteristic only comparable to the gall of A. megalokokka.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFC1FF89FF55F97454240C83.taxon	description	Description. Body length: 5.8 mm (n = 1) for females. Female (Fig. 9 A). Body almost black, but with a less intense black coloration compared to other species. The following structures are chestnut: scape, pedicel, terminal antennal segments, mandibles, metasoma ventrally near the hypopygium (with more extensive reddish coloration that includes the nucha, areas near segment 2 towards the nucha and its lateral parts, the tegula, and areas near the tegula in lateral view), hypopygium, ventral spine, leg joints, tarsomeres, and wing veins (the chestnut color of the wing veins is less evident). Fore wing (Fig. 9 B) with a dark band extending along the anterior margin, encompassing the basal cell, first cubital cell, radial cell, and anterior margin and junction with radial cell in the third cubital cell (a faint impression of this dark band visible along the entire margin of the third cubital cell in some specimens, giving it a curved termination at the end). The entire discoidal cell is colorless. In general, the costal cell and anal area are colorless. However, two small regions with very faint spots are visible in the costal cell, near the margin of vein R 1 + Sc, and in anal area, posterior to vein cu-a. Head: in dorsal view, 2.25 × wider than long. POL 1.2 × OOL and 2.3 × DOL. Head, in anterior view (Fig. 8 A), 1.2 × wider than high; gena slightly broadened behind the eye. Vertex, frons, lower face, and gena with strong reticulate-rugose sculpture; irradiating carinae from clypeus absent; head moderately pubescent, less pubescent on vertex and frons. Clypeus more or less hexagonal, ventral margin strongly projecting over the mandibles and sinuate on anterior margin. Anterior tentorial pits well visible; epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal lines weakly indicated. Malar space 0.6 × the height of the compound eye. Toruli situated at mid-height of compound eye; transfacial line 1.35 × the height of an eye; distance between antennal rim and compound eye shorter than the width of torulus including the rim. Ocellar plate raised. Mouthparts: Mandibles strong and exposed, with dense setae at the base. Cardo of maxilla not visible. Antenna (Fig. 8 B): of moderate length, 0.65 × as long as body length; with 13 antennomeres; flagellum not broadening towards apex; with relatively long, erect setae. Pedicel short, small, broader than long, 0.25 × as long as scape; F 1 1.6 × as long as F 2. F 7 – F 10 approximately as long as wide; F 11 2.5 × as long as wide and 2.2 × as long as F 10. Placodeal sensilla present on F 3 – F 11, arranged in dense rows of 5 – 8 sensilla, confined to dorsal half of each flagellomere. Mesosoma: in lateral view (Fig. 8 F), 1.2 × as long as high. Pronotum pubescent; lateral surface of pronotum with strong, irregular reticulate-rugose sculpture. Pronotum medially short; median pronotal length 0.25 × that of lateral pronotal length. Pronotal plate slightly distinct dorsally. Mesonotum: Mesoscutum (Fig. 8 C, F) pubescent, but setae are short and thin, making them inconspicuous. The sculpture is reticulate-rugose, more pronounced posteriorly; interspaces are smooth and shining, interrupted only by setae, primarily in the anterior part. Notauli obscured by coarse sculpture but discernible in posterior half; strongly convergent posteriorly, a feature which is particularly evident in these specimens. Longitudinal median impression not discernible. Anteroadmedian signa quite visible, extending back to near half of mesoscutum. Parapsidal signa distinct, extending halfway across the mesoscutum. Transscutal fissure narrow, almost straight. Mesoscutellum as long as wide, approximately 0.6 × as long as mesoscutum, rounded posteriorly. Scutellar foveae (Fig. 8 C, D) elongated towards the posterior margin, blending homogeneously with the rugose sculpture, giving them a subquadrate appearance; 0.5 × as long as mesoscutellum. A median carina divides the foveae. Sculpture of foveae is smooth with irregular, transverse rugae that increase in prominence towards the posterior margin. Carinae (extensions of these rugae) become very pronounced towards the posterior margin but do not clearly delimit the mesoscutellum. A moderate groove separates the mesoscutellum at the posterior margin. Axillula large, heavily pubescent, with distinct margins. In lateral view, the posterodorsal extension of the body of the subaxillular strip is short, not reaching half the height of the mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron reticulate-rugose, pubescent, with rugae not as strong as those on mesoscutum (Fig. 8 F). Metanotum (Fig. 8 D): Metapectal-propodeal complex. Metapleural sulcus reaching posterior margin of mesopectus at approximately mid-height of the metapectal-propodeal complex. Metascutellum somewhat rugose. Metanotal trough pubescent. Median propodeal area with irregular longitudinal and transverse rugae; without pubescence. Lateral propodeal carinae distinct, parallel anteriorly, slightly widening in the posterior half but maintaining the general distance between the carinae at the posterior margin .. Legs: Densely pubescent; femora and tibiae robust. Metatibia 1.5 × as long as metatarsus; apical margin of metatarsomeres 1 – 4 with long, strong, erect setae. Metatarsal claws featuring prominent triangular basal lobes or teeth. Fore wing (Fig. 9 B): as long as body; radial cell 3.2 × longer than wide; open along anterior margin; areolet present, clearly differentiated. Veins M and Cu 1 nearly straight, not reaching wing margin. Rs + M complete, reaching basalis at half its length. First abscissa of radius (2 r) curved, not projecting towards the radial cell. Vein Cu 1 not branched into two veins. Apical margin with a very short or obsolete hair fringe. Metasoma (Fig. 8 E): in dorsal view, 1.5 × as long as wide; in lateral view, 1.2 × as long as high. Second metasomal tergum covering approximately 0.6 × the length of metasoma; anterior two-thirds smooth and shining, posterior third with a clearly visible band of micropunctures. In the second metasomal tergum, anterior to the area of micropunctures, there is a narrow area with weak coriaceous-alutaceous sculpture, following the anterior smooth area. Punctate sculpture extends onto subsequent terga. Ventral area of second metasomal tergum moderately pubescent. Projecting part of hypopygial spine long; 6.5 × as long as high in lateral view; laterally with long setae, not forming an apical patch. Variation (Sultepec specimens): The following structures are chestnut: scape, pedicel, mandibles, metasoma ventrally near the hypopygium, hypopygium, ventral spine, leg joints, and only the distal tarsomeres. The terminal antennal segments are not distinctly chestnut, and the chestnut color of the wing veins is more evident than in the Michoacán specimens. The extensive reddish coloration on the nucha, near segment 2, and tegula (as described for the Michoacán population) is absent. Notauli convergent posteriorly (though this convergence is less pronounced than in the Acuitzio specimens). Transscutal fissure slightly sinuate. Mesoscutellum slightly wider than long, approximately 0.6 × as long as mesoscutum. Scutellar foveae deeper, with the median region of the scutellum slightly more elevated; appear elongated laterally with well-defined edges; 0.4 × as long as mesoscutellum. A median carina divides the foveae but is very short and less evident due to the depth and elevation. Sculpture of foveae is smooth with some irregular rugae (not prominently transverse). Axillula with deeper margins. In lateral view, the posterodorsal extension of the body of the subaxillular strip almost extends to the midpoint of the mesoscutellum height. Metascutellum almost smooth and wider than in the Acuitzio specimens. Median propodeal area smoother, with sparse pubescence. Lateral propodeal carinae remaining almost parallel throughout their length. Radial cell 3.5 × longer than wide; areolet completely absent. Projecting part of hypopygial spine 7.5 × as long as high in lateral view. Gall (Figs 9 C – E): Two gall morphologies exist, corresponding to two populations described for this species. Gall of Sultepec paratypes similar to those described for other species of the same clade (TMVB + south SMOc; Castillejos-Lemus et al. 2025). Large galls of oak apple type, irregularly spherical with a spongy inner consistency (some slightly elongated towards apex, but those from Sultepec not elongated). Galls from Acuitzio elongated towards apex (similar to gall of A. zacatecaensis). Difference in Acuitzio galls is that they have pronounced irregularities, which cause deformations on the general surface and form large protuberances in some irregularities. Surface smooth but somewhat rough in Acuitzio galls (due to their broad rugosities), while is smoother in Sultepec galls. They are monothalamic. When fresh, light green in color, but coloration is so faint that they appear whitish on the tree. When fresh, galls can be easily torn by touch, and is common for external texture to be damaged in Sultepec population due to the smaller size of their host species. As is typical for galls of this clade, galls of this species turn light brown when dry. Galls become slightly more resistant to touch when dry. Epidermis is thin, firmly attached to internal spongy tissue when fresh. Internally, spongy tissue occupies the entire space between epidermis and larval chamber. Average diameter of 60 mm and height of 79 mm (diameter ranging from 23 to 81 mm and height from 36 to 115 mm; n = 8) for Acuitzio galls. Average diameter of 45 mm and height of 46 mm (diameter ranging from 30 to 62 mm and height from 29 to 66 mm; n = 15) for Sultepec galls.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFC1FF89FF55F97454240C83.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Amphibolips oyamai was found in Acuitzio and Villa Madero, in Michoacán state, as well as in Sultepec, Mexico state. Dry galls have also been observed in southern Morelia, Michoacán state (south of Ichaqueo). In all cases, they occur at elevations above 2000 m a. s. l. It is likely that they exist in additional intermediate locations at high elevations.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFC1FF89FF55F97454240C83.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Only females are known for this species. Galls from Acuitzio develop on Quercus calophylla, while those from Sultepec develop on Q. castanea. In both cases occur above 2100 m a. s. l. Galls from Michoacán state were collected in March, and insects emerged in April. In some localities, Michoacán galls may be found on the same host trees as those of A. chilito. Galls from Mexico state were collected in June, and insects emerged in July.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFC1FF89FF55F97454240C83.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This wasp is assigned to the TMVB + south SMOc clade (as defined in Castillejos-Lemus et al. 2025).	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFDEFF8CFF55FD9655F00E47.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 946 FB 54 B- 350 B- 4 CC 2 - 99 FB- 2 FD 2649 C 09 AA Figs 10 – 12	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFDEFF8CFF55FD9655F00E47.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype. MEXICO • female; Oaxaca state, San Pedro Yaneri, San Juan Tepanzacoalco; 17 ° 23.992 ’ N, 96 ° 23.792 ’ W; 1784 m a. s. l.; 19 Apr. 2018; D. Castillejos-Lemus leg.; ex gall on Quercus scytophylla (Quercus sect. Lobatae), insect emerged on 17 May 2018; mounted on a card in MNCN. Paratypes. MEXICO • 2 m; same data as holotype; mounted on cards in MNCN • 1 m; same data as holotype; GenBank: SRX 25798190 (individual code Amphibolips _ sp _ nov 2 _ Oaxaca _ 252); mounted on stubs for SEM observation in ENES-Morelia • 1 f; Oaxaca state, San Andrés Yaá; 17 ° 17.415 ’ N, 96 ° 07.979 ’ W; 1723 m a. s. l.; 24 Apr. 2018; D. Castillejos-Lemus leg.; ex gall on Quercus sp, insect emerged on 3 May 2018; mounted on card in MNCN. Additional material (only galls). MEXICO • 19 galls; same data as holotype; 4 dissected and 15 complete; in ENES-Morelia and CNIN.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFDEFF8CFF55FD9655F00E47.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The epithet idiopteryx derives from the Greek idios (ἴδιος) meaning “ peculiar ” or “ distinct ”, and pteryx (πτέρυξ), meaning “ wing ”. The name refers to the unique fore wing morphology of this species.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFDEFF8CFF55FD9655F00E47.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species belongs to the group characterized by the presence of a dark, heavily infuscated band along the anterior region of the fore wing from Oaxaca (A. idiopteryx, A. zapoteco and A. darioi). Based on their geographical distribution and wing spot patterns, A. oaxacae likely belongs to the same clade. The affinity of A. nigrialatus is difficult to assign due to its absence in the phylogenetic study and its unique wing spot pattern. However, based on morphological and geographical evidence, we concluded that A. idiopteryx belongs to this clade. Amphibolips idiopteryx differs from A. zapoteco, as follows: the clear spot in the third cubital cell, present (Fig. 12 C); the proportion of smooth and shining areas on second metasomal tergum, greater (1 / 3); smooth depression below eyes, absent; pedicel longer relative to scape; malar space relative to the height of an eye, smaller; scutellar fovea relatively square and separated by a carina (Fig. 10 C, D); white coloration is usually predominant in mature galls of A. idiopteryx, whereas galls of A. zapoteco tend to be greener when mature. It differs from A. darioi as follows: vein R 1 in radial cell, present; pigmentation of anal and basal cells, more evident in A. idiopteryx (Fig. 12 C); unpigmented spot in third cubital cell always present; galls with pointed protuberances, evident (Fig. 12 F); white spots on gall surface evident; proportion of smooth and shining areas on second metasomal tergum, greater (1 / 3); two longitudinal carinae on face, absent; mesoscutellar groove, stronger (Fig. 10 B – D). It differs from A. oaxacae as follows: pigmentation of anal cell, not restricted to proximal half; unpigmented spot in third cubital cell always present (Fig. 12 C); basal cell of A. oaxacae lacks unpigmented spots (Fig. 18 F); galls with pointed protuberances, evident; proportion of smooth and shining areas on second metasomal tergum, smaller, and coriaceous-alutaceous sculpture, absent in A. oaxacae. It differs from A. nigrialatus as follows: A. nigrialatus has a generally darker coloration of fore wing; clear spot in A. idiopteryx restricted to third cubital cell (Fig. 12 C), whereas in A. nigrialatus, this spot extends from third cubital cell to the discoidal cell (Fig. 18 B); areolet present, absent in A. nigrialatus; galls with pointed protuberances, evident (Fig. 12 F); white spots on gall surface evident; proportion of smooth and shining areas on second metasomal tergum, smaller, 1 / 2 in A. nigrialatus; two longitudinal carinae on face are absent; malar space relative to the height of an eye, smaller.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFDEFF8CFF55FD9655F00E47.taxon	description	Description. Body length: 6.1 mm (n = 2) for females. Female (Fig. 12 A): Body almost black, particularly intense on the thorax, head, posterior part of metasoma, and first segments of legs. Distal part of antennal scape and pedicel usually have a chestnut region. Last flagellomeres chestnut ventrally and black dorsally. Mandibles chestnut. Tarsi typically range from light brown to dark brown from the anterior to posterior part. Metasoma slightly chestnut ventrally. First metasomal tergum and immediate anterior region of second metasomal tergum, near the first metasomal tergum, chestnut. Hypopygium and areas near hypopygium and ventral spine, chestnut, lighter on ventral spine. Fore wing (Fig. 12 C) with a dark band extending along anterior margin, encompassing the basal cell, first cubital cell, radial cell, costal cell, and anterior margin and junction with the radial cell in the third cubital cell. Most of the discoidal cell, colorless, except for the wing margin, which has a faint dark band. Costal cell has a less intensely pigmented area at the junction of vein Rs with vein R + Sc, extending towards the anterior margin of wing. Anal cell, usually colorless across most of its extent but exhibits two more heavily pigmented spots on the posterior margin of wing. The first basally positioned, before vein cu-a, apparently delimited anteriorly by vein 1 A. The second spot is at the posterior margin (posterior to vein cu-a) and continues with the pigmented band of discoidal cell. Veins R + Sc, Rs, M, and the first half of R 1, black. Remaining veins are chestnut or brown. Vein Rs + M has one-third of its length unpigmented at its junction with vein M. Veins M (at the margin of the third cubital cell) and Cu 1, light brown, are usually the lightest compared to other wing veins. In the distal third or third cubital cell, there is an unpigmented region that does not interrupt the anterior band but is highlighted by pigmentation of the distal region of the cell surrounding it. Head: in anterior view (Fig. 11 A), 1.2 × wider than high; gena slightly broadened behind the eye. Vertex, frons, lower face, and gena with strong reticulate-rugose sculpture. Irradiating carinae from the clypeus, absent. Head moderately pubescent, less pubescent on vertex and frons (Fig. 10 A, C, F). Clypeus more or less hexagonal, ventral margin strongly projecting over mandibles and sinuate on anterior margin. Anterior tentorial pits well visible; epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal lines, weakly indicated. Malar space 0.6 × the height of the compound eye. Toruli situated at mid-height of the compound eye. Transfacial line 1.5 × the height of an eye. Distance between antennal rim and compound eye, shorter than the width of the torulus including the rim. Ocellar plate slightly raised. Mouthparts: Mandibles strong and exposed, with dense setae at the base. Cardo of maxilla not visible. Apical peg of the last maxillary segment present. Antenna (Fig. 10 A): of moderate length, 0.5 × as long as body length; with 13 antennomeres. Flagellum not broadening towards apex, with short and erect setae. Pedicel short, small, as broad as long, 0.4 × as long as scape. F 1 1.7 × as long as F 2. F 7 – F 10 approximately as long as wide. Placodeal sensilla present on F 3 – F 11, arranged in dense rows of sensilla from F 4 onwards, confined to the ventral half of each flagellomere. Mesosoma: in lateral view (Fig. 10 B, F), 1.15 × as long as high. Pronotum pubescent; lateral surface of pronotum with strong, irregular reticulate-rugose sculpture. Pronotum, medially short but slightly larger than in other species; median pronotal length 0.3 × that of lateral pronotal length. Pronotal plate slightly distinct dorsally. Mesonotum: Mesoscutum (Fig. 10 B – D, F) pubescent, primarily in the anterior part, but setae are very short and thin, making them conspicuous only in the anterior region near the pronotum. The sculpture is reticulate-rugose, with smooth and shining interspaces. Notauli not discernible. Longitudinal median impression barely perceptible, only near the transscutal fissure. Anteroadmedian signa quite visible, extending back to near the midpoint of mesoscutum. Parapsidal signa obscured by sculpture but discernible up to the midpoint of mesoscutum. Transscutal fissure narrow, slightly sinuate. Mesoscutellum as wide as long, approximately 0.5 × as long as mesoscutum. Strongly coarsely rugose, pubescent, with a broad median longitudinal impression that makes mesoscutellum emarginate posteriorly (Fig. 10 B – D); median longitudinal impression extends anteriorly to scutellar foveae. Scutellar foveae (Fig. 10 D) 0.45 × as long as mesoscutellum, relatively square and deep, almost without pubescence, separated by a carina. With usually transverse rugae of variable length and smooth interspaces. Axillula, large, pubescent, but setae are small and sparse, not very deep, and with posterior margin not delimited. In lateral view, the posterodorsal extension of the body of the subaxillular strip reaches half the height of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron reticulate-rugose, pubescent, with rugae not as strong as those on mesoscutum (Fig. 10 F). Posterior groove of the mesopleural triangle present below the tegula but shallow. Metanotum: Metapectal-propodeal complex. Metapleural sulcus reaching the posterior margin of mesopectus at approximately mid-height of metapectal-propodeal complex. Metascutellum slightly rugose and shiny. Metanotal trough pubescent. Propodeal area with irregular rugae, with pubescence primarily on sides; lateral propodeal carinae barely distinct due to the rugae, but the sparse pubescence allows this area to be visible. Legs: Densely pubescent, particularly on tibiae and tarsi; femora and tibiae robust. Metatibia 1.7 x as long as metatarsus; apical margin of metatarsomeres 1 – 4 with long, strong, erect setae. Metatarsal claws with prominent triangular basal lobes or teeth. Fore wing (Fig. 12 C): slightly longer than the body. Radial cell 3.2 × longer than wide; open along anterior margin. Areolet present. Veins M and Cu 1 nearly straight, not reaching wing margin. Rs + M complete, reaching basalis at half its length, but half of its length unpigmented at its junction with vein M. First abscissa of radius (2 r) curved, slightly projecting towards the radial cell. Vein Cu 1 not branched into two veins. Apical margin with a very short or obsolete hair fringe. In the distal third of the third cubital cell, there is an unpigmented region that does not interrupt the anterior band but is highlighted by pigmentation of the distal region of the cell surrounding it. Most densely pigmented regions are the basal cell, distal half of the radial cell, and area of the third cubital cell near the radial cell. Metasoma (Fig. 10 E): in lateral view, 1.3 × as long as high. Second metasomal tergum covering approximately 0.6 × the length of metasoma; anterior one-third smooth and shining, posterior third with a clearly visible band of micropunctures. In the second metasomal tergum, anterior to the area of micropunctures, there is an area with coriaceous-alutaceous sculpture extending to sides, following the anterior smooth area. Punctate sculpture extends onto subsequent terga. Ventral area of second metasomal tergum moderately pubescent. Projecting part of hypopygial spine long; 7.8 × as long as high in lateral view; ventrally tapering in width towards apex, laterally with long setae, not forming an apical patch. Male (Fig. 12 B): Differs from female as follows: 5.1 mm (n = 3). Metasoma smaller than thorax (contrary in females). Antennae, legs, and wings longer relative to the body. Antennae with 15 antennomeres (Fig. 11 B); F 1 slightly modified (Fig. 11 D), flattened on ventral side, with elongate placodeal sensillae visible in all flagellomeres. Mesoscutellum more widely and deeply emarginated on posterior margin (Fig. 11 C). Posterodorsal extension of the body of the subaxillular strip slightly shorter (Fig. 11 F). Metatibia 1.4 × as long as metatarsus (Fig. 11 E). Fore wings more heavily infuscate across their entire surface, but darker anterior band and unpigmented regions remain visible, retaining the same pattern as in female (Fig. 12 D). Unpigmented region at the end of the third cubital cell, more reduced. Proximal half of the first cubital cell, as intensely pigmented as the radial cell, both darker than basal cell. Gall (Fig. 12 E, F): Galls are relatively spherical, with some protuberances (which may vary in size) randomly scattered across the smooth surface of the gall. Protuberances are less numerous and larger than in A. cibriani Pujade-Villar, 2018, and less pronounced and scattered than in A. oyamai. The surface is smooth, somewhat sticky, and firm to the touch. They are monothalamic. When fresh, the surface is green and white in color. There is no defined pattern in coloration; it appears as a somewhat random mixture of patches of two colors. Galls turn light brown when dry, but the white spots on gall surface remain visible, and they become more fragile to the touch. The epidermis is thin, firmly attached to internal spongy tissue when fresh. Internally, spongy tissue occupies the entire space between epidermis and larval chamber. Average longitudinal diameter is 4.7 cm, and average transversal diameter is 4 cm (longitudinal diameter ranging from 20 to 63 mm and transversal diameter from 19 to 54 mm; n = 19).	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFDEFF8CFF55FD9655F00E47.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Amphibolips idiopteryx was found in San Juan Tepanzacoalco and San Andrés Yaá, in Northern Oaxaca state, at an altitude of between 1723 and 1784 m a. s. l. The approximate linear distance between the two sites is 28 km. Both locations belong to the Papaloapan hydrological basin.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFDEFF8CFF55FD9655F00E47.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Only sexual generation is known. Smaller galls are typically those that do not yield adult Amphibolips due to parasitoid attacks or presence of inquilines. As a result, the average measurements of galls are influenced by these factors (we excluded five smallest galls from the average). Galls were collected in April, and insects emerged in May.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFDEFF8CFF55FD9655F00E47.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species belongs to the Oaxaca clade (as defined in Castillejos-Lemus et al. 2025),	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFDBFF87FF55FCEF53250A8F.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 49522 F 2 D- 070 C- 42 BF- 9 C 60 - 6 DB 9103135 C 1 Figs 13 – 15	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFDBFF87FF55FCEF53250A8F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype. MEXICO • female; Oaxaca state, San Pablo Macuiltianguis; 17 ° 32.296 ’ N, 96 ° 33.483 ’ W; 2172 m a. s. l.; 20 Apr. 2018; D. Castillejos-Lemus leg.; ex gall on Quercus sp (Quercus sect. Lobatae), insect emerged on 30 Apr. 2018; mounted on a card in MNCN. Paratypes. MEXICO • 1 f 4 m; same collection location; ex gall on Quercus crassifolia (Quercus sect. Lobatae), insects emerged on the same date and in 3 May 2018; GenBank: SRX 25798212 (individual code Amphibolips _ sp _ nov 3 _ Oaxaca _ 259); 1 f 1 m mounted on a stub for SEM observation at MNCN, 1 m mounted on a card in MNCN, 1 m mounted on a card in ENES-Morelia, 1 m in alcohol in ENES-Morelia (extracted dead from the gall on 6 Dec. 2024) • 3 f; same collection location; 17 ° 32.397 ’ N, 96 ° 31.839 ’ W; 2466 m a. s. l.; 26 Mar. 2017; D. Castillejos-Lemus leg.; ex gall on Quercus sp (Quercus sect. Lobatae), insects emerged on 4 – 5 Apr. 2017; 1 f mounted on a card in MNCN, 2 f in ENES-Morelia, one mounted on a card and the other preserved in alcohol • 1 f; Oaxaca state, Santa María Jaltianguis; 17 ° 21.506 ’ N, 96 ° 31.248 ’ W; 2326 m a. s. l.; 26 Mar. 2017; D. Castillejos-Lemus leg.; ex gall on Quercus scytophylla (Quercus sect. Lobatae), insect emerged on 4 Apr. 2017; GenBank: SRX 25798213 (individual code Amphibolips _ sp _ nov 3 _ Oaxaca _ 365); mounted on a card in ENES-Morelia • 1 f; Oaxaca state, Ixtlán de Juárez; 17 ° 19.316 ’ N, 96 ° 28.197 ’ W; 2230 m a. s. l.; 25 Mar. 2017; D. Castillejos-Lemus leg.; ex gall on Quercus crassifolia (Quercus sect. Lobatae), insect emerged on 24 Apr. 2017; GenBank: SRX 25798219 (individual code Amphibolips _ sp _ nov 3 _ Oaxaca _ 353); mounted on a card in MNCN • 2 f; Oaxaca state, Santiago Comaltepec; 17 ° 33.116 ’ N, 96 ° 33.923 ’ W; 2145 m a. s. l.; 22 Apr. 2018; D. Castillejos-Lemus leg.; ex gall on Quercus elliptica (Quercus sect. Lobatae), insect emerged on 30 Apr. 2018; GenBank: SRX 25798215 (individual code Amphibolips _ sp _ nov 3 _ Oaxaca _ 294 _ 2); 1 f mounted on a card in MNCN and 1 f preserved in alcohol in ENES-Morelia • 1 f; Oaxaca state, Santiago Comaltepec; 17 ° 33.537 ’ N, 96 ° 33.391 ’ W; 2051 m a. s. l.; 22 Apr. 2018; D. Castillejos-Lemus leg.; ex gall on Quercus sp (Quercus sect. Lobatae), insect emerged on 30 Apr. 2018; mounted on a card in ENESMorelia (remains of another individual extracted dead from its gall and preserved in alcohol on 9 Dic. 2024) • 1 m; Oaxaca state, Santiago Comaltepec; 17 ° 33.502 ’ N, 96 ° 33.199 ’ W; 2077 m a. s. l.; 26 Mar. 2017; D. Castillejos-Lemus leg.; ex gall on Quercus scytophylla (Quercus sect. Lobatae), insect emerged on 4 Apr. 2017; mounted on a card in ENES-Morelia • 1 m; Oaxaca state, Santiago Comaltepec; 17 ° 33.494 ’ N, 96 ° 32.244 ’ W; 2351 m a. s. l.; 22 Apr. 2018; D. Castillejos-Lemus leg.; ex gall on Quercus sp (Quercus sect. Lobatae), insect emerged on 30 Apr. 2018; mounted on a card in MNCN • 1 f; Oaxaca state, San Juan Quiotepec; 17 ° 35.055 ’ N, 96 ° 34.960 ’ W; 2123 m a. s. l.; 26 Mar. 2017; D. Castillejos-Lemus leg.; ex gall on Quercus crassifolia (Quercus sect. Lobatae), insect emerged on 17 Apr. 2017; GenBank: SRX 25798214 (individual code Amphibolips _ sp _ nov 3 _ Oaxaca _ Q 3); mounted on a card in ENES-Morelia • 3 m; Oaxaca state, Santiago Comaltepec; 17 ° 33.402 ’ N, 96 ° 33.819 ’ W; 2066 m a. s. l.; 22 Apr. 2018; D. Castillejos-Lemus leg.; ex gall on Quercus x dysophylla (Quercus sect. Lobatae), insects emerged on 30 Apr. – 1 May 2018; GenBank: SRX 25798191 (individual code Amphibolips _ sp _ nov 3 _ Oaxaca _ 293 _ 2); 2 m mounted on a card in MNCN and 1 m preserved in alcohol in ENES-Morelia • 1 f; Oaxaca state, San Juan Quiotepec; 17 ° 35.003 ’ N, 96 ° 34.964 ’ W; 2099 m a. s. l.; 26 Mar. 2017; D. Castillejos-Lemus leg.; ex gall on Quercus scytophylla (Quercus sect. Lobatae), insect emerged on Apr / 17 / 2017; mounted on a card in MNCN. Additional material (only galls). MEXICO • 40 galls; same data as the paratype from 2172 m a. s. l.; 3 dissected and 37 complete; in ENESMorelia and CNIN • 8 galls; same data as the paratype from 2466 m a. s. l.; 2 dissected and 6 complete; in ENESMorelia and CNIN • 7 galls; same data as holotype; 3 dissected and 4 complete; in ENES-Morelia and CNIN • 8 galls; same data as the paratype from 2051 m a. s. l.; 2 dissected and 6 complete; in ENES-Morelia and CNIN • 5 galls; same data as the paratype from 2351 m a. s. l.; 2 dissected and 3 complete; in ENES-Morelia and CNIN • 17 galls; same data as the paratype from 2066 m a. s. l.; 3 dissected and 14 complete; in ENES-Morelia and CNIN • 14 galls; same data as the paratype from 2145 m a. s. l.; 2 dissected and 12 complete; in ENES-Morelia and CNIN.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFDBFF87FF55FCEF53250A8F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet “ zapoteco ” refers to the Zapoteco people, an indigenous group native to the region of Mexico where this species was discovered. The name honors their rich cultural and historical heritage, as well as their deep connection to the natural landscapes of the area.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFDBFF87FF55FCEF53250A8F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Amphibolips zapoteco will be compared with other species from Oaxaca, following the same approach used for A. idiopteryx (see diagnosis of A. idiopteryx). Amphibolips zapoteco differs from A. idiopteryx, as follows: clear spot in the third cubital cell, absent (Fig. 15 C); proportion of smooth and shining areas on the second metasomal tergum, smaller (1 / 5); smooth depression below eyes, present (Fig. 13 A); pedicel shorter relative to scape (0.25), broader than long (Fig. 13 C); malar space relative to the height of an eye, larger; scutellar fovea ovoid and not separated by a carina (Fig. 13 B). It differs from A. darioi as follows: vein R 1 in the radial cell, present; clear spot in the third cubital cell, absent; pigmentation of the basal cell, more evident in A. zapoteco; galls with pointed protuberances, evident (Fig. 15 E); white spots on gall surface, evident; two longitudinal carinae on face, absent; smooth depression below eyes, present; pedicel shorter relative to scape (0.25), broader than long; malar space relative to the height of an eye, larger; scutellar fovea ovoid and not separated by a carina; mesoscutellar groove, deeper and broader. It differs from A. oaxacae as follows: pigmentation of anal cell, not restricted to the proximal half; galls with pointed protuberances, evident; proportion of smooth and shining areas on the second metasomal tergum, smaller, and coriaceous-alutaceous sculpture, absent in A. oaxacae; smooth depression below eyes, present; pedicel shorter relative to scape (0.25), broader than long; malar space relative to the height of an eye, larger; scutellar fovea ovoid and not separated by a carina. It differs from A. nigrialatus as follows: A. nigrialatus has a generally darker coloration of the fore wing; clear spot in A. zapoteco, absent in the third cubital cell, whereas in A. nigrialatus, this spot extends from the third cubital cell to discoidal cell (Fig. 18 B); areolet present, absent in A. nigrialatus; galls with pointed protuberances, evident; white spots on gall surface, evident; proportion of smooth and shining areas on the second metasomal tergum, smaller, 1 / 2 in A. nigrialatus; two longitudinal carinae on face, absent; smooth depression below eyes, present; pedicel shorter relative to scape (0.25), broader than long; scutellar fovea ovoid.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFDBFF87FF55FCEF53250A8F.taxon	description	Description. Body length: 5.7 mm average (n = 4; 5.4 mm / 5.8 mm) for females. Female (Fig. 15 A): Body almost entirely black. Basal and distal parts of the antennal scape and pedicel usually have a chestnut region. In some individuals, the last flagellomeres chestnut ventrally and black dorsally. Mandibles chestnut. Mesosoma entirely black. Tarsi dark brown. Metasoma black dorsally and chestnut ventrally. First metasomal tergum and immediate anterior region of the second metasomal tergum, near the first metasomal tergum, yellowish, giving the appearance of a ring alongside first metasomal tergum. Posterior margins of metasomal terga, posterior to the bands of micropunctures, chestnut. Hypopygium and areas near hypopygium and ventral spine, chestnut, lighter on ventral spine, almost yellow. Fore wing (Fig. 15 C) with a dark band extending along anterior margin, encompassing the basal cell, first cubital cell, radial cell, half of the costal cell (adjacent to first cubital cell), and anterior margin and junction with the radial cell in the third cubital cell. Entire discoidal cell is colorless, but some darker specimens have slight pigmentation along the margin of vein Cu 1 at mid-length. Anal cell, usually colorless across most of its extent but exhibits two more heavily pigmented spots on the posterior margin of wing. The first, basally positioned, before vein cu-a, apparently delimited anteriorly by vein 1 A. The second spot, at the posterior margin (posterior to vein cu-a) but does not extend towards the discoidal cell. Almost all veins are chestnut or unpigmented at the center. Darkest veins are the proximal half of R + Sc and veins Rs and M, which delimit basal cell, but in general, veins visible because exhibit some degree of color loss. Head: in dorsal view, 2.3 × wider than long. POL 0.9 × OOL and 2 × DOL. Head, in anterior view (Fig. 13 A), 1.25 × wider than high; gena slightly broadened behind the eye. Vertex, frons, lower face, and gena with strong reticulate-rugose sculpture. Irradiating carinae from clypeus absent. Head moderately pubescent, less pubescent on vertex and frons. Clypeus more or less hexagonal, ventral margin strongly projecting over mandibles and sinuate on anterior margin. Anterior tentorial pits, well visible; epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal lines, weakly indicated. Small protuberance present above the epistomal sulcus. Malar space 0.75 × the height of the compound eye. Toruli situated at mid-height of the compound eye. Transfacial line 1.6 × height of an eye. Distance between antennal rim and compound eye, shorter than the width of the torulus including rim. Ocellar plate slightly raised. Below the eye, there is a region with fewer rugosities, which in some specimens appears as a depression extending towards mandibles. Mouthparts: Mandibles, strong and exposed, with dense setae in base. Antenna (Fig. 13 C): of moderate length, 0.6 × body length; with 13 antennomeres. F 10 and F 11, distinctly separated. Flagellum not broadening towards apex, with short and erect setae. Pedicel short and small, 1.6 × wider than long, and 0.25 × length of the scape. F 1 1.6 × as long as F 2. F 7 – F 10 appear approximately as long as wide. F 11 1.5 × as long as wide and twice as long as F 10. Placodeal sensilla present on F 3 – F 11, arranged in dense rows starting from F 4, confined to the ventral half of each flagellomere. Mesosoma: in lateral view (Fig. 13 D), 1.2 × as long as high. Pronotum pubescent; lateral surface of pronotum with strong, irregular, reticulate-rugose sculpture. Pronotum, medially short, though slightly larger than in other species; median pronotal length 0.35 × that of lateral pronotal length. Pronotal plate slightly distinct dorsally. Central region of pronotum, smooth and shiny, quite conspicuous and broad compared to the rest of pronotum, which exhibits rugosities and pubescence; however, pubescence also present along edges within the shiny area. Mesonotum: Mesoscutum (Fig. 13 B) pubescent, primarily in the anterior region, but setae very short and thin, conspicuous only in anterior area near the pronotum. Sculpture, reticulate-rugose; interspaces, smooth and shining, interrupted only by the setae in the anterior region or by the reduced size of reticulae. Notauli not discernible. Longitudinal median impression barely perceptible, only noticeable next to the transscutal fissure. Anteroadmedian signa obscured by sculpture but still visible, extending backward to just before the midpoint of mesoscutum. Parapsidal signa obscured by sculpture but discernible up to mid-length of mesoscutum. Transscutal fissure narrow, almost straight, slightly sinuate. Mesoscutellum as wide as long, approximately 0.5 × as long as mesoscutum. Strongly and coarsely rugose, slightly pubescent, with a broad median longitudinal impression that makes the mesoscutellum emarginate posteriorly (Fig. 13 B); median longitudinal impression extends anteriorly to scutellar foveae and shares the same internal sculpture as foveae, appearing as an extension of foveae. Scutellar foveae (Fig. 13 B) 0.4 × as long as mesoscutellum, ovoid, relatively deep, lacking pubescence, and fused, not separated by a carina. With sparse rugae, generally transverse, well-separated, and of variable length; interspaces smooth. Axillula large, pubescent, and rugose, with shining interspaces, not very deep, and with the posterior margin not delimited. In lateral view, posterodorsal extension of the body of the subaxillular strip reaches half the height of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron reticulate-rugose, pubescent, with rugae similar to those of mesoscutum (Fig. 13 D). Mesopleural triangle, slightly shinier than the rest of mesopleuron. Posterior groove of the mesopleural triangle, present below tegula, with very faint rugae, shiny (similar to deeper region of mesopleural triangle that borders the rest of mesopleuron), and anteriorly delimited by a small carina. Metanotum (Fig. 14 F): Metapectal-propodeal complex. Metapleural sulcus reaching the posterior margin of mesopectus at approximately mid-height of metapectal-propodeal complex. Metascutellum rugose and slightly shiny. Metanotal trough pubescent and smooth, relatively shallow. Propodeal area with irregular rugae; pubescence present, primarily on sides. Lateral propodeal carinae, indistinct due to rugae, but the reduced pubescence and a slight depression allow this area to be distinguished. Legs: Densely pubescent, particularly on tibiae and tarsi; femora and tibiae robust. Metatibia 1.65 × as long as metatarsus; apical margin of metatarsomeres 1 – 4 with long, strong, erect setae. Metatarsal claws with strong, triangular basal lobes or teeth (Fig. 14 B). Fore wing (Fig. 15 C): 1.2 × as long as the body. Radial cell, approximately 3.25 × longer than wide; open along the anterior margin, including the strong reduction in length of vein R 1 (primarily visible due to the extension of pigmentation). Areolet present, although vein M in this cell may appear diffuse due to loss of pigmentation. Veins M and Cu 1 nearly straight, not reaching wing margin. Rs + M complete, reaching basalis at mid-length, but approximately a quarter of its length lacks pigmentation near its junction with vein M. First abscissa of radius (2 r) curved, slightly projected towards the radial cell. Vein Cu 1, not branched into two veins, but exhibits a pigmented spot in the hypothetical region of vein Cu 1 b, which in some specimens extends to the margin of anal cell. Apical margin with very short or obsolete hair fringe. Most densely pigmented regions are the radial cell, first cubital cell, and basal cell. Metasoma (Fig. 13 E): in dorsal view 1.6 × as long as wide; in lateral view, as long as high. Second metasomal tergum covering approximately 0.6 × the length of metasoma; anterior one-fifth smooth and shining, posterior third with a band of micropunctures clearly visible. Punctate sculpture extends onto subsequent terga. Second metasomal tergum, anterior to the area of micropunctures, there is a region with coriaceous-alutaceous sculpture, primarily on the dorsal part and extending laterally to the beginning of pubescence. Ventral area of second metasomal tergum pubescent, obscuring sculpture in this region. The combination of coriaceous-alutaceous sculpture and pubescence restricts the smooth and shining area to a very limited region. Projecting part of hypopygial spine long (Fig. 14 A); 7 × as long as high in lateral view; ventrally tapering in width towards apex, laterally with long setae that may exceed the width of ventral spine distally, not forming an apical patch. Male: Differs from female as follows: 5 mm (n = 2; 4.7 mm / 5.2 mm). Head (Fig. 14 D), in dorsal view, 2.15 × wider than long. POL 1.6 × the DOL. Transfacial line 1.4 × height of an eye. Clypeus shinier and less rugose. Antennae with 15 antennomeres (Fig. 14 C); F 1 slightly modified, flattened on ventral side; elongate placodeal sensillae visible on all flagellomeres. Antennae and legs longer relative to the body (Fig. 15 B). Mesoscutellum more widely and deeply emarginated on posterior margin (Fig. 14 E). Posterodorsal extension of the body of the subaxillular strip, shorter, not reaching half height of mesoscutellum. Metasoma smaller than thorax (contrary to females, Fig. 15 B). Metasoma (Fig. 14 G) with less ventral pubescence and less extensive coriaceous-alutaceous sculpture; smooth and shining sculpture covering one-third of second metasomal tergum. Metatibia 1.5 × as long as metatarsus. Metafemur more slender. Fore wings (Fig. 15 D) more heavily infuscate across their entire surface; darker anterior band remains visible and follows the same pattern as in female (Fig. 15 C). Vein R 1 in the radial cell more evident and longer. Vein 2 r less projected into radial cell. Gall (Fig. 15 E, F): The morphology of galls of this species is relatively variable due to their geographical distribution and number of host species within their range. Galls follow the general pattern for the genus, being regularly spherical with a spongy inner consistency. When fresh, the surface is rarely completely smooth and usually has a moist texture. In some cases, galls may be almost entirely smooth on the surface and feature a nipple at apex, slightly rugose across the entire surface without visible protuberances, or with small pointed protuberances scattered randomly (including the nipple at the apex of gall). Occasionally, the nipple at the apex is large. Typically, smooth galls correspond to those in growth phase or nearing full maturity, while rugose galls usually correspond to those that have stopped growing and begin to acquire coloration and characteristics of dry galls. They are monothalamic. Normally, light green in color with irregular white (or lighter green) spots scattered across the surface of gall. In some cases, coloration of the spots is difficult to discern but still present. When dry, turn light brown, although some may acquire a reddish hue. Even when dry, white spots on the surface are generally still visible. Galls of this species become fragile to the touch when dry. Epidermis is thin and firmly attached to the internal spongy tissue. Internally, a dense layer of pith surrounds the larval chamber, with looser fibrous tissue between this layer and the epidermis. Average longitudinal diameter is 5.66 cm, and average transversal diameter is 5.27 cm (longitudinal diameter ranging from 38 to 86 mm and transversal diameter ranging from 37 to 80 mm; n = 71).	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFDBFF87FF55FCEF53250A8F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Amphibolips zapoteco was found in the Sierra de Juárez, in northern Oaxaca State, between 2051 and 2466 m a. s. l.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFDBFF87FF55FCEF53250A8F.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Only the sexual generation is known. Galls are known to occur on three species of Quercus: Q. scytophylla, Q. crassifolia, and Q. elliptica. They have also been recorded on a recognized hybrid of Quercus: Q. x dysophylla. Additionally, many galls have been collected from species of Quercus in the section Lobatae, where it is not possible to determine exact host species. Galls were collected in March and April, and insects emerged in April and May. Smaller galls often fail to yield adult Amphibolips due to parasitoid attacks or presence of inquilines; thus, the average measurements of galls are influenced by these factors.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFDBFF87FF55FCEF53250A8F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Amphibolips zapoteco belongs to the same lineage as A. idiopteryx and A. darioi within the Oaxacan lineage (sensu Castillejos-Lemus et al., 2025).	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFD1FFB9FF55F90353220C37.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 0142 FEF 7 - 6 DCC- 4763 - A 471 - DA 7415 AAA 661 Figs 16, 17	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFD1FFB9FF55F90353220C37.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype. MEXICO • female; Oaxaca state, San Miguel Suchixtepec; 16 ° 06.968 ’ N, 96 ° 28.438 ’ W; 2704 m a. s. l.; 24 Mar. 2017; D. Castillejos-Lemus leg.; ex gall on Quercus sp (Quercus sect. Lobatae), insect emerged on 3 Apr. 2017; mounted on a card in MNCN. Paratypes. MEXICO • 3 m; same collection location; 16 ° 06.013 ’ N, 96 ° 28.199 ’ W; 2655 m a. s. l.; 24 Mar. 2017; D. Castillejos-Lemus leg.; ex gall on Quercus crassifolia (Quercus sect. Lobatae), insect emerged on 3 Apr. 2017; GenBank: SRX 25798217 (individual code Amphibolips _ sp _ nov 1 _ Oaxaca _ 341); 1 m mounted on a card in MNCN, 1 m mounted on a stub for SEM observation in ENES-Morelia, 1 m preserved in alcohol at ENES-Morelia • 2 m; same collection location; 16 ° 04.282 ’ N, 96 ° 28.873 ’ W; 2409 m a. s. l.; 24 Mar. 2017; D. Castillejos-Lemus leg.; ex gall on Quercus crassifolia (Quercus sect. Lobatae), insect emerged on 3 Apr. 2017; 1 m mounted on a card in ENES-Morelia and 1 m preserved in alcohol (extracted dead from the gall on 5 Dec. 2024). Additional material (only galls). MEXICO • 7 galls; same data as the paratype from 2655 m a. s. l.; 2 dissected and 5 complete; in ENES-Morelia and CNIN • 3 galls; same data as the paratype from 2409 m a. s. l.; 2 dissected and 1 complete; in ENES-Morelia and CNIN.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFD1FFB9FF55F90353220C37.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet " darioi " is dedicated to Darío Alejandro, the son of the lead author, in gratitude for his support during this project.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFD1FFB9FF55F90353220C37.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Amphibolips darioi will be compared with other species from Oaxaca, following the same approach used for A. idiopteryx (see diagnosis of A. idiopteryx). Amphibolips darioi differs from A. idiopteryx, as follows: vein R 1 in radial cell, absent; pigmentation of the anal and basal cells, more evident in A. idiopteryx; unpigmented spot in the third cubital cell (Fig. 17 B), clearly less extended than in A. idiopteryx; proportion of smooth and shining sculpture on second metasomal tergum, smaller (1 / 5); two longitudinal carinae on face, present (Fig. 16 C); emargination on mesoscutellum, less pronounced. Additionally, their galls lack pointed protuberances or have only a few as the white spots on gall surface are barely perceptible (Fig. 17 C). It differs from A. zapoteco as follows: vein R 1 in radial cell, absent; clear spot in the third cubital cell, present; pigmentation of basal cell, more evident in A. zapoteco; two longitudinal carinae on face, present; emargination on mesoscutellum, less pronounced; a smooth depression below eyes, absent; pedicel is longer relative to the scape, as wide as long; malar space relative to the height of an eye, smaller; foveae are square and separated by a carina (Fig. 16 B) and galls lack pointed protuberances or have only a few; white spots on gall surface, barely perceptible. It differs from A. oaxacae as follows: vein R 1 in radial cell, absent; clear spot in the third cubital cell, present; pigmentation of the basal cell, more homogeneous in A. oaxacae (Fig. 18 F); proportion of smooth and shining sculpture on the second metasomal tergum, smaller (1 / 5); two longitudinal carinae on face, present; emargination on mesoscutellum, less pronounced and white spots on gall surface, barely perceptible. It differs from A. nigrialatus as follows: A. nigrialatus has a generally darker pigmentation of fore wing; clear spot in A. darioi, present in the third cubital cell, whereas in A. nigrialatus this spot extends from the third cubital cell to discoidal cell (Fig. 18 B); areolet present, absent in A. nigrialatus; vein R 1 in radial cell, absent; malar space relative to the height of an eye, smaller; proportion of smooth and shining sculpture on the second metasomal tergum, smaller, 1 / 2 in A. nigrialatus; emargination on mesoscutellum, less pronounced.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFD1FFB9FF55F90353220C37.taxon	description	Description. Body length: 6 mm (n = 1) for females. Female (Fig. 17 A): Body almost entirely black, most intensely so on the thorax, head, metasoma, and most of the antennae and legs. Distal part of the antennal scape and pedicel usually have a chestnut-colored region. The last flagellomeres chestnut ventrally and black dorsally. Mandibles chestnut. Mesosoma usually black, with tegulae and posterior region of propodeum immediately adjacent to the nucha chestnut. Tarsi typically brown. Metasoma usually black dorsally and chestnut ventrally. First metasomal tergum and anterior region of the second metasomal tergum adjacent to the first tergum, chestnut. Posterior margins of metasomal terga, beyond the bands of micropunctures, chestnut. Hypopygium and areas near hypopygium and ventral spine, chestnut, lighter on ventral spine. Fore wing (Fig. 17 B) with a dark band extending along the anterior margin, covering the basal cell, first cubital cell, radial cell, costal cell, and anterior margin and junction with the radial cell in the third cubital cell. Entire discoidal cell, almost colorless, except in some cases where the edges of adjacent cells slightly invade its border, though this is barely noticeable. Costal cell has an unpigmented (or less intensely pigmented) area at the junction of vein Rs with vein R + Sc, which may in some cases extend towards the anterior margin of wing. Anal cell has little pigmentation but exhibits a more intensely pigmented spot along the posterior margin of wing, extending from the base of wing and ending before vein M + Cu 1; this also includes the distal edge of the cell. Veins R + Sc, Rs, and part of vein M that borders the basal cell are darkest, although in general, veins are visible due to some degree of color loss. Remaining veins are chestnut or light brown. Veins M (except in the basal cell) and Cu 1 are light brown and typically the lightest compared to the other veins of the wing. Head: in dorsal view, 2.5 × wider than long. POL 0.9 × OOL and 2 × DOL. Head, in anterior view (Fig. 16 C), 1.3 × wider than high; gena slightly broadened behind the eye. Vertex, frons, lower face, and gena with strong reticulate-rugose sculpture. Face with two longitudinal carinae visible, extending from the ventral margin of toruli and converging towards the anterior tentorial pits; well-defined but diminishing as they approach the anterior tentorial pits. Irradiating carinae from clypeus, absent. Head moderately pubescent, less pubescent on vertex and frons. Clypeus more or less hexagonal, ventral margin strongly projecting over mandibles and sinuate on anterior margin. Anterior tentorial pits, well visible; epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal lines, discernible. Above the epistomal sulcus, there is a protuberance that projects slightly over the clypeus (more evident in males; Fig. 16 C). Malar space 0.6 × the height of the compound eye. Toruli situated at the mid-height of the compound eye. Transfacial line 1.6 × the height of an eye. Distance between antennal rim and compound eye equal to the width of the torulus including rim. Ocellar plate slightly raised. Mouthparts: Mandibles, strong and exposed; with dense setae in base. Antenna: of moderate length, with 13 antennomeres. Flagellum not broadening towards apex, covered with short, erect setae. Pedicel short and small, as broad as long (Fig. 16 F). Mesosoma: in lateral view (Fig. 16 D), 1.15 × as long as high. Pronotum pubescent; lateral surface of pronotum with strong, irregular, reticulate-rugose sculpture. Pronotum medially short, though slightly larger than in other species; median pronotal length 0.3 × that of lateral pronotal length. Pronotal plate slightly distinct dorsally. Central region of the pronotum, smooth and shiny, quite conspicuous and broad compared to the rest of the pronotum, which exhibits rugosities and pubescence. Mesonotum (Fig. 16 A): Mesoscutum pubescent, primarily in the anterior region, but setae are very short and thin, making them conspicuous only in anterior area near the pronotum. Sculpture, reticulate-rugose; interspaces, smooth and shining. Notauli not discernible. Longitudinal median impression barely perceptible, only noticeable next to the transscutal fissure. Anteroadmedian signa scarcely visible, extending backward to near one-third of mesoscutum, almost obscured by reticulate-rugose sculpture. Parapsidal signa well discernible but shallow, reaching the mid-length of mesoscutum or slightly shorter. Transscutal fissure narrow, almost straight. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 16 B) as wide as long, approximately 0.45 × as long as mesoscutum. Strongly and coarsely rugose, slightly pubescent, with a median longitudinal impression that makes mesoscutellum emarginate posteriorly; median longitudinal impression extends anteriorly to the scutellar foveae. Scutellar foveae (Fig. 16 B) 0.4 × as long as mesoscutellum, relatively square and deep, lacking pubescence, separated by a carina that arises in the posterior half and diminishes towards anterior region. Each fovea exhibits well-separated transverse rugae of variable length, with smooth interspaces. Axillula large, pubescent but with small setae, allowing the shiny background to be visible; dorsal part exhibits transverse rugae, while ventral part has a reticulate-rugose sculpture; posterior margin not delimited. In lateral view, the posterodorsal extension of the body of the subaxillular strip reaches 0.4 × the height of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron reticulate-rugose, pubescent, with rugae not as strong as those on mesoscutum (Fig. 16 D). Mesopleural triangle, shallow, slightly shinier than the rest of mesopleuron, particularly when compared to the adjacent area of mesopleuron, which is dull black. Presence of a posterior groove in the mesopleural triangle below tegula, this groove is deep and exhibits rugae with smooth interspaces, much more pronounced than in other known species. Metanotum: Metapectal-propodeal complex. Metapleural sulcus reaching the posterior margin of mesopectus at approximately mid-height of metapectal-propodeal complex. Metascutellum rugose and broad. Metanotal trough pubescent, with the sculpture on the bottom smooth but not very shiny. Propodeal area with irregular rugae; pubescence present, primarily on sides. Lateral propodeal carinae, indistinct due to the rugae but weakly indicated due to reduced pubescence. Legs: Densely pubescent, particularly on tibiae and tarsi; femora and tibiae robust. Metatibia 1.7 × as long as metatarsus; apical margin of metatarsomeres 1 – 4 with long, strong, erect setae. Metatarsal claws with strong, triangular basal lobes or teeth (Fig. 16 E). Fore wing (Fig. 17 B): slightly longer than body. Radial cell, approximately 4 × longer than wide; open along anterior margin, including the complete absence of vein R 1. Areolet present, although vein M in this cell may appear diffuse due to loss of pigmentation. Veins M and Cu 1 nearly straight, not reaching wing margin. Rs + M complete, reaching basalis at mid-length, but slightly more than one-third of its length lacks pigmentation near its junction with vein M. First abscissa of radius (2 r) curved, projected towards the radial cell, but projection is short. Vein Cu 1, not branched into two veins, but exhibits a pigmented spot in the hypothetical region of vein Cu 1 b. Apical margin with very short or obsolete hair fringe. There is a small unpigmented spot at the end of the third cubital cell, very close to the anterior dark band; in some specimens, this spot is barely perceptible. Most densely pigmented regions are the costal cell, radial cell, and half of the basal cell adjacent to the costal cell. Metasoma: in dorsal view, 1.5 × as long as wide; in lateral view, 1.3 × as long as high. Second metasomal tergum covering approximately 0.6 × the length of metasoma; anterior one-fifth shining, partially smooth; posterior third with a band of micropunctures clearly visible. In the second metasomal tergum, anterior to the area of micropunctures, there is a region comprising one-third of tergum with coriaceous-alutaceous sculpture, almost exclusively on dorsal part, following the anterior smooth area, but with a mixture of less dense micropunctures than in posterior region, extending laterally. Punctate sculpture extends onto subsequent terga. Ventral area of second metasomal tergum pubescent, obscuring the sculpture in this region. Projecting part of hypopygial spine long, laterally with long setae, not forming an apical patch. Male: Differs from female as follows: 5.7 mm (n = 1). Metasoma smaller than thorax (contrary to females). Antennae, legs, and wings longer relative to the body. Antennae with 15 antennomeres; F 1 slightly modified (Fig. 16 F), flattened on ventral side; elongate placodeal sensillae visible on all flagellomeres. Protuberance arising from the epistomal sulcus and projecting over the clypeus, more pronounced (Fig. 16 C). Mesoscutellum, slightly more emarginated on posterior margin. Metasoma with sparse ventral pubescence and slightly visible coriaceous-alutaceous sculpture. Metatibia 1.4 × as long as metatarsus. Fore wings more heavily infuscate across their entire surface, but darker anterior band and unpigmented regions remain visible, following the same pattern as in female (Fig. 17 B). Radial cell 3.6 × as long as wide. Gall (Fig. 17 C, D): Gall is relatively spherical and exhibits typical characteristics of most Amphibolips species with similar galls. Surface, slightly rugose and smooth to the touch. They are monothalamic. When fresh, light green in color with small, faint white spots in areas that appear devoid of the green tone, which become difficult to discern when fully mature. As is typical for galls of this genus, galls of this species turn light brown when dry. The epidermis is thin and firmly attached to the internal spongy tissue when fresh. Internally, spongy tissue occupies the entire space between epidermis and larval chamber. When dry, galls become more fragile to the touch. Average longitudinal and transversal diameter is 6.6 cm (longitudinal diameter ranging from 42 to 73 mm and transversal diameter ranging from 46 to 79 mm; n = 10).	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFD1FFB9FF55F90353220C37.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Amphibolips darioi was found in the municipality of San Miguel Suchixtepec, in the Sierra Sur region of Oaxaca state, at elevations between 2400 and 2700 m a. s. l.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFD1FFB9FF55F90353220C37.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Only the sexual generation is known. Galls develop primarily on Q. crassifolia. They can be found at elevations between 2400 and 2700 m a. s. l. Galls were collected in March, and insects emerged in April.	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
301FA601FFD1FFB9FF55F90353220C37.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Amphibolips darioi belongs to the same lineage as A. idiopteryx and A. zapoteco within the Oaxacan lineage (sensu Castillejos-Lemus et al. 2025).	en	Castillejos-Lemus, Dohuglas Eliseo, Oyama, Ken, Zhang, Y. Miles, Valencia-A, Susana, Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis (2026): Five new Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) species from western and southern Mexico: expanding the diversity of oak gall wasps and revealing the largest oak apple gall in the Americas. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 1-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.1
