identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0D21198F774658F58EE9060D6632FB75.text	0D21198F774658F58EE9060D6632FB75.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Russula acrialbida Manz, F. Hampe & Yorou 2025	<div><p>Russula acrialbida Manz, F. Hampe &amp; Yorou, sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 4, 5, 6</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>Benin. Collines, Toui, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=2.6333332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.606667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 2.6333332/lat 8.606667)">Forêt de Toui-Kilibo</a>, co-ord. 8°36.4'N, 2°38.0'E, alt. 340 m, Sudanian woodland, under Isoberlinia doka, on sandy soil, 06. 07. 2021, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe, N. S. Yorou &amp; G. Abohoumbo, CM-21-093 (holotype B 70 0105401, isotype UNIPAR).</p><p>Additional material examined.</p><p>Benin. Borgou, Wari-Maro, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=2.2133334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.185" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 2.2133334/lat 9.185)">Forêt de Wari-Maro</a>, co-ord. 9°11.1'N, 2°12.8'E, alt. 280 m, Sudanian woodland, under I. doka, on sandy soil, 30.06 2021, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe, D. Dongnima &amp; S. Badou, CM-21-038 (paratype, B 70 0105402, UNIPAR) ; ibid. co-ord. 9°07.9'N, 2°07.5'E, alt. 340 m, Sudanian woodland, under I. doka, on sandy soil, 30.06 2021, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe, D. Dongnima &amp; S. Badou, CM-21-039 (paratype, B 70 0105403, UNIPAR); ibid. CM-21-041 (paratype, B 70 0105404, UNIPAR); ibid. co-ord. 9°11.0'N, 2°12.8'E, alt. 310 m, Sudanian woodland, under I. doka, on sandy soil, 25. 06. 2022, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe, S. Sarawi, A. Rühl &amp; D. Dongnima, CM-22-215 (paratype, B 70 0105405, UNIPAR); ibid. N’dail, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=2.6683333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.756667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 2.6683333/lat 9.756667)">Forêt de N’Dali</a>, co-ord. 9°45.4'N, 2°40.1'E, alt. 360 m, Sudanian woodland, under I. doka, on sandy soil, 01. 07. 2021, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe &amp; G. Abohoumbo, CM-21-049 (paratype, B 70 0105406, UNIPAR) ; ibid. Kpéssou, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=2.185&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.263333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 2.185/lat 9.263333)">Forêt de l’Ouémé Supérieur</a>, co-ord. 09°15.8'N, 002°11.1'E, alt. 330 m, Sudanian woodland, under I. doka, on sandy soil, 02. 07. 2021, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe, N. S. Yorou &amp; G. Abohoumbo, CM-21-053 (paratype, B 70 0105407, UNIPAR) ; ibid. CM-21-054 (paratype, B 70 0105408, UNIPAR); ibid. CM-21-062 (paratype, B 70 0105409, UNIPAR); ibid. co-ord. 9°45.6'N, 2°8.0'E, alt. 320 m, Sudanian woodland, under I. doka, Isoberlinia tomentosa &amp; Uapaca togoensis, 18. 07. 2021, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe, N. S. Yorou &amp; G. Abohoumbo, CM-21-138 (paratype, B 70 0105410, UNIPAR) ; ibid. Collines, Toui, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=2.5933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.628333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 2.5933332/lat 8.628333)">Forêt de Toui</a>, co-ord. 8°37.7'N, 2°35.6'E, alt. 320 m, Sudanian woodland, under I. doka, on sandy soil, 05. 07. 2021, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe, N. S. Yorou &amp; I. Oguchina, CM-21-083 (paratype, B 70 0105411, UNIPAR) ; ibid. Atakora, Natitingou, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=1.4433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.211667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 1.4433334/lat 10.211667)">Kota waterfalls</a>, co-ord. 10°12.7'N, 1°26.6'E, alt. 500 m, Sudanian woodland, under I. tomentosa, on rocky soil, 15. 06. 2022, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe, S. Sarawi, A. Rühl &amp; D. Dongnima, CM-22-175 (paratype, B 70 0105412, UNIPAR) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>One of the most common Russula species in Sudanian woodlands in Benin, characterised by large white basidiomata, pileus surface with fine cream-coloured patches, burning acrid taste, small spores with a nearly smooth surface, a trichodermal pileipellis with attenuated hyphal terminations embedded in a gelatinous matrix and cystidia rapidly staining black in sulphovanillin, occurring in savannah woodlands. Differs from R. roseovelata by the absence of large detaching areolae on the pileus surface.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Growth habit: basidiomata solitary or in groups of up to ten. Pileus: mostly large to very large, rarely medium-sized, 35–155 mm in diam., when young, hemispherical, apically truncated or sometimes even slightly depressed, with margins touching the stipe, in shape similar to a matchstick head, later expanding plane, centrally depressed; margin involuted and slightly remaining so even when mature, distinctly tuberculate-striate up to 10–15 mm, frequently radially cracked, regular or slightly undulate; cuticle smooth, dry or slightly greasy when wet, finely areolate, patched towards the pileus margin, peelable up to 1 / 2 – 3 / 4 of the pileus radius, colour white, yellowish-white (4 A 2), ivory (4 B 2) or cream (4 A 3), rarely with a faint pinkish-white (9 A 2) hue, near the centre also orange-white (5 A 2), patches near the margin grey orange (5 B 4-5), apricot yellow (5 B 6), pompeian yellow (5 C 6), cocoa brown (6 E 6), cognac brown (6 E 7) or rusty brown (6 E 8) on white background. Lamellae: 3–8 mm wide, 8–11 lamellae present along 1 cm near the pileus margin, narrowly adnate, first white, with maturity yellow white (4 A 2) to cream (4 A 3) coloured, with frequent furcations, especially near the stipe attachment, anastomoses absent, lamellulae usually absent, only few observed in one collection, edges entire, concolourous. Stipe: 55–110 × 15–35 mm, cylindrical or slightly tapering towards the base, frequently bumpy or with 2–4 irregular depressions or constrictions corresponding to the distinct chambers inside, smooth to slightly rugose or with slight longitudinal ridges, annulus absent, white; cottony stuffed, cavernate with 3–5 distinct chambers. Context: 3–10 mm thick at half pileus radius, white, parts damaged by insects turning brownish-orange, young firm, with maturity brittle, taste burning acrid after 2–3 seconds, odour inconspicuous or sometimes slightly fruity; macrochemical reactions: guaiac after 8–10 seconds strongly positive (+++) on both stipe and lamellae surfaces, FeSO 4 strong, deeply orange, sulphovanillin negative, sometimes bluish, KOH yellow on stipe surface and context, but negative on pileus surface, phenol negative. Spore print: cream (IIb-IIc).</p><p>Spores: (5.6 –) 6.2–6.6 – 7.1 (– 7.9) × (5.1 –) 5.4–5.7 – 6.1 (– 6.4) µm (n = 90), Q = (1.02 –) 1.1–1.15 – 1.21 (– 1.31), globose, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, surface almost smooth, ornamentation very inconspicuous, composed of elements hardly visible under light microscope, ornamentation approx. 0.1 µm high as estimated by SEM, very dense weakly amyloid lines and warts forming a complete reticulum as observed by SEM, density of the individual elements not quantifiable by light microscopy; suprahilar plage small, inamyloid, covered by minute wrinkles visible only by SEM. Basidia: (31.5 –) 35.5–40 – 44.5 (– 52) × (7 –) 8–8.5 – 9 (– 10) µm (n = 61), clavate to broadly clavate, 4 - spored; basidiola approx. 5–7 µm wide, cylindrical to clavate. Hymenial cystidia: on lamellae sides (56 –) 63–77 – 91 (– 117) × (7.5 –) 9–10 – 11 (– 14) µm (n = 60), moderately numerous, 1,200 –1,400 cystidia / mm 2, predominantly clavate, sometimes subcylindrical, frequently with a slightly curved base or slightly flexuose, originating in subhymenium and somewhat protruding over basidia, thin-walled, apically obtuse, usually with a 1.5–11 µm long appendage; heteromorphous contents dense, crystalline, dispersed over the entire cell, rapidly turning to dark black in sulphovanillin. Hymenial cystidia near the lamellae edges distinctly shorter and slightly narrower, (31.5 –) 40.5–49 – 57.5 (– 76) × (6.5 –) 8–9 – 10 (– 12) µm (n = 60), cylindrical to broadly clavate, occasionally with a 1–7 µm long appendage; heteromorphous contents similar to the one in hymenial cystidia on lamellae sides. Lamellae edges: fertile, with equal representation of cystidia, basidia, basidiola and marginal cells. Marginal cells: (13.5 –) 16.5–19.5 – 23 (– 29.5) × (2.5 –) 3.5–4.5 – 5 (– 7) µm (n = 62), not well differentiated, cylindrical to subclavate, sometimes slightly bent or with a secondary septum, similar to basidiola, optically empty, thin-walled. Pileipellis: orthochromatic in Cresyl blue, sharply delimited from the underlying context, 230–300 µm deep; suprapellis a trichoderm, 50–80 µm deep, composed of erect hyphal terminations embedded in a gelatinous matrix; gradually passing to a 170–220 µm deep, strongly gelatinised subpellis of more or less parallel, moderately dense, intricate, 2.5–3.5 µm wide hyphae and abundant cystidioid hyphae. Acid resistant incrustations absent. Hyphal terminations: near the pileus margin composed of (1 –) 2–4 unbranched cells, originating in intricate hyphae of the subpellis, thin-walled or with slightly thickened walls (up to 0.5 µm), terminal cells (10.5 –) 23.5–33.5 – 43.5 (– 57) × (2.5 –) 3–3.5 – 4 (– 5) µm (n = 90), mainly attenuated, less frequently cylindrical, apically obtuse; subterminal cells mainly shorter, 3.5–7 µm wide, cylindrical or ellipsoid. Hyphal terminations near the pileus centre of (1 –) 2–5 unbranched cells, thin-walled, terminal cells of similar dimensions compared to the ones near the pileus margin (11.5 –) 17.5–28.5 – 39.5 (– 57.5) × 2.5–3.5 – 4 (– 5) µm (n = 91), cylindrical, attenuated or subulate, often more distinctly base-inflated, sometimes apically acute; subterminal cells distinctly shorter, 3–7 µm wide, ellipsoid to ovoid, forming chains before branching. Pileocystidia: near the pileus margin (23.5 –) 32–42.5 – 53 (– 86.5) × (5.5 –) 7.5–9 – 10.5 (– 14) µm (n = 60), one-celled, one two-celled cystidium observed in one collection, broadly clavate, fusiform or lanceolate, originating in the suprapellis, thin-walled, apically mainly obtuse, sometimes acute, usually occasionally with a 2.5–8 µm long appendage; heteromorphous contents dense, crystalline or banded, rapidly turning to black in sulphovanillin. Pileocystidia near the pileus centre distinctly shorter, (11.5 –) 20–32.5 – 45 (– 62) × (4.5 –) 6.5–8.5 – 10 (– 13.5) µm (n = 71), globose, ovoid, ellipsoid, fusiform, clavate or lanceolate; contents similar to the one of pileocystidia near the pileus margin. Context: with dispersed, but distinct cystidioid hyphae, approx. 6–9.5 µm wide, sparsely septate, branched, contents dispersed or sometimes almost homogenous; oleiferous hyphae absent.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Referring to the strongly acrid taste and white colour of the basidiomata.</p><p>Distribution and ecology.</p><p>Only known from Sudanian woodlands dominated by Isoberlinia doka in Benin.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Russula acrialbida has spores with extremely low and fine ornamentation which is also present in R. roseovelata, a species with a pinkish pileipellis covered by large detaching rose-beige areolae (Fig. 7) and a pileus margin without striations (Buyck 1994). Microscopically, the latter species differs by slightly larger spores, hymenial cystidia that are up to 200 µm long and the presence of capitate terminal cells in the pileipellis with intracellular refringent transversal bands (Buyck 1994). Specimens very similar to R. acrialbida are illustrated and described in local African field guides as R. cf. roseovelata or R. roseovelata from Zambian miombo woodlands (Härkönen et al. 2015; Niemelä et al. 2021) or R. aff. roseovelata from Tanzania (Härkönen et al. 2003). It is likely that these records either represent R. acrialbida or a closely-related species, but probably not R. roseovelata s. str. because of the differences apparent in the field pictures. During our fieldwork in Benin, we encountered a man from the nearby village Wari-Maro collecting R. acrialbida as an edible fungus. According to him, the species would lose its acrid taste after soaking in an aqueous solution of baking soda overnight with subsequent boiling. Further studies are needed to confirm the suitability of the species for consumption as edible fungus. A similar-looking species from Tanzania identified as R. roseovelata is reported as edible after parboiling (Chelela et al. 2015). Russula albofloccosa, Russula ochrocephala Buyck and Russula terrena Buyck &amp; Sharp are tropical African species with pileus colours similar to R. acrialbida . Russula albofloccosa is known from Burundi and DRC and can be distinguished from R. acrialbida by smaller, much more fragile basidiomata, a weak reaction to FeSO 4, a mild to weakly acrid taste and larger more elliptical spores with a more prominent ornamentation (Buyck 1994). Russula ochrocephala is known from DRC and Senegal and differs by spores with a more prominent ornamentation and an amyloid suprahilar plage (Buyck 1997). Russula terrena is known from Zimbabwe and differs by its smaller basidiomata, weak FeSO 4 reaction, more prominent spore ornamentation and cystidia that are insensitive to sulphovanillin (Buyck and Sharp 2007). To our knowledge, R. acrialbida is the only species with burning acrid taste in Russula sect. Heterophyllae Fr.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0D21198F774658F58EE9060D6632FB75	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Manz, Cathrin;Amalfi, Mario;Buyck, Bart;Hampe, Felix;Yorou, Nourou S.;Adamčík, Slavomír;Piepenbring, Meike	Manz, Cathrin, Amalfi, Mario, Buyck, Bart, Hampe, Felix, Yorou, Nourou S., Adamčík, Slavomír, Piepenbring, Meike (2025): Just the tip of the iceberg: uncovering a hyperdiverse clade of African Russula (Basidiomycota, Russulales, Russulaceae) species with signs of evolutionary habitat adaptations. IMA Fungus 16: e 140321, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.140321
AF06685177A4565483067A2E141EF67B.text	AF06685177A4565483067A2E141EF67B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Russula beenkenii Manz, F. Hampe & M. Piepenbr. 2025	<div><p>Russula beenkenii Manz, F. Hampe &amp; M. Piepenbr., sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 8, 9, 10</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>Benin. Borgou, N’Dali, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=2.6683333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.756667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 2.6683333/lat 9.756667)">Forêt de N’Dali</a>, co-ord. 9°45.4'N, 2°40.1'E, alt. 360 m, Sudanian woodland, under Isoberlina doka, on sandy soil, 01. 07. 2021, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe &amp; G. Abohoumbo, CM-21-047 (holotype B 70 0105413, isotype UNIPAR).</p><p>Additional material examined.</p><p>Benin. Borgou, Parakou, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=2.7266667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.246667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 2.7266667/lat 9.246667)">Forêt d’Okpara</a>, co-ord. 9°14.8'N, 2°43.6'E, alt. 350 m, Sudanian woodland, under I. doka, Monotes kerstingii and Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh., on sandy soil, 16. 07. 2021, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe &amp; G. Abohoumbo, CM-21-132 (paratype, B 70 0105414, UNIPAR) ; ibid. Atakora, Natitingou, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=1.2016667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.165" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 1.2016667/lat 10.165)">Kossoucoingou</a>, co-ord. 10°9.9'N, 1°12.1'E, alt. 500 m, Sudanian woodland, under Isoberlinia tomentosa, on rocky soil, 20. 07. 2021, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe, G. Abohoumbo, T. C. Bogo, CM-21-152 (paratype, B 70 0105415, UNIPAR) ; ibid. co-ord. 10°9.5'N, 1°9.5'E, alt. 330 m, Sudanian woodland, under I. tomentosa, on rocky soil, 27. 06. 2022, leg. C. Manz, S. Sarawi &amp; A. Rühl, CM-22-232 (paratype, B 70 0105416, UNIPAR) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Basidiomata medium-sized, pileus surface whitish with a slightly pinkish hue, mild taste, spores with a very low ornamentation, cystidia not reacting in sulphovanillin, hyphal terminations near the pileus centre very variable and with striking patches of refractive inclusions arranged in horizontal bands, occurring in savannah woodlands. Differs from R. roseovelata by a smooth pileus cuticle without areolae.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Growth habit: basidiomata solitary or in small groups of up to five. Pileus: medium-sized, 35–75 mm in diam., when young convex, later expanding plane, slightly to distinctly centrally depressed; margin even or slightly involuted, finely striate up to 10 mm, frequently radially cracked, regular or slightly undulate; cuticle smooth, matt, peelable up to 1 / 2 – 3 / 4 of the pileus radius, colour near the centre white, yellowish-white (4 A 2), ivory (4 B 2) or with an orange white (5 A 2) hue, near the margin additionally frequently with a more or less distinct pinkish-white (10-11 A 2) hue. Lamellae: 3–6 mm wide, 8–13 lamellae present along 1 cm near the pileus margin, adnexed, sometimes even free, cream-coloured, with frequent furcations near the stipe attachment, anastomoses and lamellulae absent; edges entire, concolourous. Stipe: 30–80 × 10–20 mm, cylindrical, sometimes bent towards the base, occasionally with 2–3 constrictions corresponding to the chambers inside, smooth to slightly rugose, annulus absent, white; cottony stuffed, cavernate with 3–4 distinct chambers. Context: 1–2 mm thick at half pileus radius, white, unchanging when bruised, brittle, taste mild, odour inconspicuous, macrochemical reactions: guaiac after 8–10 seconds positive (++) on both stipe and lamellae surfaces, FeSO 4 distinctly salmon orange, sulphovanillin negative, KOH pale yellow on pileus and stipe surfaces, phenol negative. Spore print: not observed, but certainly not white, at least cream-coloured.</p><p>Spores: (5.8 –) 6.2–6.5 – 6.9 (– 7.5) × (4.8 –) 5.2–5.5 – 5.9 (– 6.4) µm (n = 120), Q = (1.07 –) 1.13–1.19 – 1.24 (– 1.35), subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, rarely ellipsoid; surface almost smooth, ornamentation very inconspicuous, composed of elements hardly visible by light microscopy, approx. 0.2 µm high as estimated by SEM, very dense weakly amyloid pustules and crests connected by numerous fine lines forming a complete reticulum, density of the individual elements not quantifiable by light microscopy; suprahilar plage small, inamyloid, partially covered by minute wrinkles only visible by SEM. Basidia: (24.5 –) 30.5–36 – 41.5 (– 49.5) × (6 –) 7.5–8.5 – 9.5 (– 10) µm (n = 60), narrowly clavate to subcylindrical, 4 - spored; basidiola approx. 4–7 µm wide, cylindrical to narrowly clavate. Hymenial cystidia: on lamellae sides (43 –) 63.5–74 – 84.5 (– 100) × (6 –) 7.5–9 – 10 (– 11.5) µm (n = 60), subcylindrical to slightly clavate or fusiform, frequently with a slightly curved base or slightly flexuose, originating in subhymenium and somewhat protruding over basidia, thin-walled, apically obtuse, rarely acute, with a 1.5–16 µm long appendage; heteromorphous contents dense, amorphous or crystalline, sometimes located only in the upper two thirds, not reacting to sulphovanillin. Hymenial cystidia near the lamellae edges distinctly shorter, (32 –) 37–42 – 47 (– 52) × (5 –) 6–7 – 8 (– 11) µm (n = 60), cylindrical to slightly clavate or fusiform, usually with one or sometimes two (2.5 –) 3.5–5.5 – 7.5 (– 12) µm long appendages; heteromorphous contents slightly less dense than in cystidia on lamellae sides. Lamellae edges: fertile with equal representation of cystidia, basidia, basidiola and marginal cells. Marginal cells: (12 –) 19–25 – 31 (– 42) × (3 –) 4–5 – 6 (– 9) µm (n = 64), fusiform, lanceolate or utriform, less frequently cylindrical or subclavate and then hard to distinguish from basidiola, optically empty, thin-walled. Pileipellis: orthochromatic in Cresyl blue, gradually passing to the underlying context, 95–110 µm deep; suprapellis a trichoderm, 25–35 µm deep, composed of erect hyphal terminations, gelatinised; gradually passing to a 65–80 µm deep subpellis of loosely interwoven, irregularly orientated, 2.5–3 µm wide hyphae, becoming denser and horizontally orientated near the context, gelatinised in the distal part, cystidioid hyphae present. Acid resistant encrustations absent. Hyphal terminations: near the pileus margin composed of 1–3 unbranched cells, thin-walled, with occasional refractive inclusions, terminal cells (10 –) 18.5–27.5 – 36.5 (– 47) × (2.5 –) 3.5–4 – 4.5 (– 6) µm (n = 92), cylindrical or slightly tapering towards the apex, apically obtuse; subterminal cells distinctly shorter, 3.5–10 µm wide. Hyphal terminations near the pileus centre very variable, composed of 1–5 unbranched cells, thin-walled, often with conspicuous refractive patches, frequently arranged in a horizontal band pattern, also frequently observed in hyphae of the subpellis, terminal cells distinctly longer and slightly narrower (8 –) 9–22 – 35 (– 77) × (2 –) 2.5–3.5 – 4 (– 6.5) µm (n = 94), cylindrical or tapering towards the apex; subterminal cells shorter, 3–8 µm wide. Pileocystidia: near the pileus margin (21 –) 23.5–29.5 – 35.5 (– 43.5) × 3.5–4.5 – 5 (– 7) µm (n = 61), one-celled, predominantly lanceolate, sometimes subcylindrical, originating in the suprapellis, thin-walled, apically obtuse, with a 1–3 µm long terminal knob; heteromorphous contents moderately dense, granulose, sometimes concentrated in the apical part, also frequent in subterminal cells, not reacting to sulphovanillin. Pileocystidia near the pileus centre similar in size, shape and contents to pileocystidia near the pileus margin (17 –) 24.5–33 – 41 (– 61.5) × (3 –) 3.5–4.5 – 5 (– 6) µm (n = 60). Context: without cystidioid hyphae, oleiferous hyphae frequent.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>After the German mycologist Ludwig Beenken, honouring his contribution to the knowledge on the diversity of the ECM morphology within the genus Russula .</p><p>Distribution and ecology.</p><p>Known from Sudanian woodlands dominated by Isoberlinia spp. in Benin. Distributed also in Zimbabwe.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Russula beenkenii has spores with extremely low ornamentation, as in R. roseovelata . The latter species can be distinguished by its distinctly rose coloured, areolate pileus, the absence of gelatinisation in the suprapellis, cystidia that are greying in sulphovanillin and distinctly wider pileocystidia (Buyck 1994).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AF06685177A4565483067A2E141EF67B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Manz, Cathrin;Amalfi, Mario;Buyck, Bart;Hampe, Felix;Yorou, Nourou S.;Adamčík, Slavomír;Piepenbring, Meike	Manz, Cathrin, Amalfi, Mario, Buyck, Bart, Hampe, Felix, Yorou, Nourou S., Adamčík, Slavomír, Piepenbring, Meike (2025): Just the tip of the iceberg: uncovering a hyperdiverse clade of African Russula (Basidiomycota, Russulales, Russulaceae) species with signs of evolutionary habitat adaptations. IMA Fungus 16: e 140321, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.140321
08D9464644E954C091C0DB47E15B08C6.text	08D9464644E954C091C0DB47E15B08C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Russula carmesina R. Heim	<div><p>Russula carmesina Heim, Rev. Mycol. (Paris) 34 (4): 347 (1970)</p><p>Figs 11, 12, 13, 14</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>Central African Republic. gallery forest along the Lobaye River, solitary, directly on the ground, 12. 05. 1968, leg. R. Heim, LM 3038 (PC 0798351).</p><p>Additional material examined.</p><p>Benin. Atakora, Natitingou, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=1.4466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.211667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 1.4466667/lat 10.211667)">Kota waterfalls</a>, co-ord. 10°12.7'N, 1°26.8'E, alt. 500 m, in a gallery forest, under Uapaca guineensis, directly along the riverside on bare sand, 11. 07. 2021, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe, N. S. Yorou &amp; G. Abohoumbo, CM-21-108 (B 70 0105417, UNIPAR) ; ibid. 19. 07. 2021, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe, N. S. Yorou, G. Abohoumbo &amp; D. Dongnima, CM-21-143 (B 70 0105418, UNIPAR); ibid. 05. 07. 2022, leg. C. Manz &amp; F. Hampe, CM-22-282 (B 70 0105419, UNIPAR); Guinea. Kankan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-10.463333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.246667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -10.463333/lat 10.246667)">National Park of Upper Niger</a>, co-ord. 10°14.8'N, 10°27.8'W, under Isoberlinia doka, Anthonotha fragrans (Baker f.) Exell &amp; Hillc., Anthonotha crassifolia (Baill.) J. Léonard &amp; Uapaca togoensis, 07. 08. 2022, leg. N. S. Yorou, SYN 5103 (UNIPAR) .</p><p>Short description.</p><p>Very small basidiomata, pileus surface bright red, lamellae edges partly reddish, stipe narrowing towards the frequently reddish base, pileipellis a hymeniderm, occurring in gallery forests.</p><p>Description based on material recently collected in Benin and Guinea.</p><p>Growth habit: basidiomata solitary or in small groups of approx. ten. Pileus: very small to small, 3–12 mm in diam., when young, hemispherical, later convex, expanding plane, centrally depressed; margin even, frequently finely radially cracked up to 3 mm, when young with a very fugitive, pale, veil-like overhanging membrane that is not reaching the stipe, when mature, visible as very fine scales, giving a slightly uneven appearance, never forming an annulus; cuticle smooth, matt, finely radially fibrous, somewhat velvety, peelable up to ½ of the pileus radius, partly descending on to the lamellae edges, colour when young, blood red (10 C 8), later cherry red (10 B 8), lake red (9 C 8) or lobster red (9 B 8), sometimes paler towards the margin: red (9 A 6) or pastel red (9 A 5). Lamellae: 1–2 mm wide, 10–11 lamellae present along 1 cm near the pileus margin, ventricose, adnexed, sometimes with a decurrent tooth, white, furcations, anastomoses and lamellulae absent, edges entire, white or frequently red near the pileus margin. Stipe: 5–15 × 2–3 mm, cylindrical or frequently narrowing towards the base; smooth to slightly rugose, annulus absent, white, covered partly also with a pastel red (9 A 4) hue at the base or the entire stipe; cottony stuffed. Context: only up to 0.5 mm thick at half pileus radius, white, unchanging when bruised, very fragile, taste mild, odour inconspicuous; macrochemical reactions: guaiac after 8–10 seconds negative (-) on both stipe and lamellae surfaces, sulphovanillin negative, FeSO 4, KOH and phenol not tested. Spore print: white (Ia).</p><p>Spores: (6.9 –) 7.9–8.4 – 8.8 (– 9) × (6.6 –) 7.5–7.9 – 8.4 (– 9) µm (n = 61), Q = (1 –) 1.02–1.05 – 1.09 (– 1.15), globose to subglobose; ornamentation of distant to moderately distant amyloid spines [2–4 (– 6) in a circle of 3 µm diam.], 1–2 µm high, connected by numerous lines [2–4 (– 5) in the circle] forming a complete reticulum, spines occasionally fused in pairs (0–2 fusions in the circle), tips frequently bifurcate as seen by SEM; suprahilar plage moderately large, inamyloid, without ornamentation. Basidia: (28 –) 33.5–37.5 – 41.5 (– 46) × (10 –) 11–12 – 13 (– 14.5) µm (n = 40), clavate to broadly clavate, 4 - spored; basidiola approx. 5–8 µm wide, cylindrical or clavate. Hymenial cystidia: on lamellae sides (51 –) 60–71 – 82 (– 88) × (8 –) 10–13 – 15 (– 20) µm (n = 40), widely dispersed, 60–130 / mm 2, narrowly to broadly clavate, rarely subcylindrical, originating in subhymenium and somewhat protruding over basidia, thin-walled, apically obtuse, with or without one or two 1.5–15 µm long appendages; heteromorphous contents abundant, crystalline to amorphous, mostly located in the upper half, turning distinctly greyish-black in sulphovanillin after 2–3 minutes. Hymenial cystidia near the lamellae edges distinctly shorter, (28.5 –) 32–37.5 – 43.5 (– 53.5) × (9 –) 10.5–11.5 – 12.5 (– 14) µm (n = 40), clavate to broadly clavate, rarely slightly constricted, occasionally with a 1.5–4 µm long appendage; heteromorphous contents similar to the one in hymenial cystidia on lamellae sides. Lamellae edges: fertile, with equal representation of cystidia, basidia, basidiola and marginal cells. Marginal cells: (11 –) 13–16.5 – 19.5 (– 26) × (5 –) 6–7.5 – 8.5 (– 10.5) µm (n = 40), predominantly fusiform with acute apex, sometimes ovoid with obtuse apex, optically empty, thin-walled. Pileipellis: orthochromatic in Cresyl blue, gradually passing to the underlying context, not gelatinised, 50–70 µm deep; suprapellis a hymeniderm or epithelium, 20–27 µm deep, composed of one or two layers of inflated terminal cells; sharply delimited from a 20–37 µm deep subpellis of moderately dense, horizontally orientated, 2.5–4 µm wide interwoven hyphae. Acid resistant encrustations absent. Hyphal terminations: near the pileus margin usually composed of single or sometimes two cells before branching, thin-walled; terminal cells (11.5 –) 14.5–18 – 21.5 (– 26.5) × (3.5 –) 7–9.5 – 12 (– 14.5) µm (n = 60), predominantly ovoid or clavate to broadly clavate with obtuse apex, frequently also fusiform with pointed apex, rarely cylindrical; subterminal cells distinctly shorter, more or less isodiametric, 3–10 µm wide, mainly branched. Hyphal terminations near the pileus centre similar to the ones near the pileus margin, terminal cells (7 –) 11–14 – 17 (– 21.5) × (5 –) 7–9.5 – 12 (– 17) µm (n = 60), globose to subglobose or ovoid with obtuse apex; subterminal cells almost exclusively branched. Pileocystidia: near the pileus margin (16.5 –) 17–22 – 27 (– 40.5) × (6 –) 7–8.5 – 9.5 (– 11.5) µm (n = 40), one-celled, cylindrical to broadly clavate, rarely base-inflated, originating in the suprapellis, thin-walled, apically obtuse, without appendages; heteromorphous contents dense, crystalline to amorphous, present in the entire cell, turning distinctly greyish-black in sulphovanillin after 2–3 minutes. Pileocystidia near the pileus centre distinctly shorter, (12 –) 15–19 – 23 (– 28.5) × (4 –) 6.5–8 – 9.5 (– 11.5) µm (n = 40), globose to ovoid, clavate or broadly cylindrical; contents similar to the one in pileocystidia near the pileus margin. Context: very thin in pileus, consisting of a layer only 1–2 sphaerocysts thick; cystidioid and oleiferous hyphae absent.</p><p>Distribution and ecology.</p><p>Known from gallery forests in Guinea, Benin and Central African Republic.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>In the past, Russula carmesina was placed in subsect. Pseudoepitheliosinae together with several other species with small basidiomata and a hymenidermal pileipellis structure, predominantly distributed in Africa (Buyck 1990 b). It is very similar to Russula parasitica (R. Heim) Buyck and Russula pseudocarmesina Buyck; however, these two species are distinctly annulate (Buyck 1994). In addition, R. pseudocarmesina has larger basidiomata with pileus diameters of 2–4 cm (Buyck 1994). Russula pseudoepitheliosa Buyck is a similar species without annulus, but also has larger basidiomata with purplish-violet pileus colours (Buyck 1994). In the original description of R. carmesina, Heim did not mention the presence of pileocystidia, although he was usually mentioning these elements in his other Russula descriptions when he observed them (Heim 1970). As the holotype material was lost for decades, R. carmesina was thought to be lacking pileocystidia and the placement in subsect. Pseudoepitheliosinae was uncertain (Buyck 1990 b). Fortunately, we were able to locate the type material. It was in a bad condition, since it was previously stored in ethanol which evaporated a long time ago, leaving a miniscule, blackish remnant of a basidioma encrusted by crystalline matter. However, by microscopic investigation, the presence of obvious pileocystidia in the material could be revealed (Fig. 14).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/08D9464644E954C091C0DB47E15B08C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Manz, Cathrin;Amalfi, Mario;Buyck, Bart;Hampe, Felix;Yorou, Nourou S.;Adamčík, Slavomír;Piepenbring, Meike	Manz, Cathrin, Amalfi, Mario, Buyck, Bart, Hampe, Felix, Yorou, Nourou S., Adamčík, Slavomír, Piepenbring, Meike (2025): Just the tip of the iceberg: uncovering a hyperdiverse clade of African Russula (Basidiomycota, Russulales, Russulaceae) species with signs of evolutionary habitat adaptations. IMA Fungus 16: e 140321, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.140321
85115E412F4D510F808A0366766FF7CB.text	85115E412F4D510F808A0366766FF7CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Russula coronata Manz & F. Hampe 2025	<div><p>Russula coronata Manz &amp; F. Hampe, sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 15, 16, 17</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Pileus surface violet-grey with fugitive jagged white remnants of a partial veil at the margin, taste mild, spore print white, marginal cells near lamella edges with finger-like projections and pileocystidia staining slightly violet-grey in sulphovanillin, occurring in gallery forests. Differs from Russula annulata R. Heim by white-coloured lamellae edges.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>Benin. Donga, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=1.6483333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.001667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 1.6483333/lat 9.001667)">Bassila</a>, co-ord. 9°0.1'N, 1°38.9'E, alt. 360 m, in a gallery forest, under Berlinia grandiflora, on sandy soil, 30. 06. 2022, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe, S. Sarawi, A. Rühl &amp; R. Dramani, CM-22-241 (holotype B 70 0105420, isotype UNIPAR).</p><p>Additional material examined.</p><p>Benin. Donga, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=1.6483333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.001667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 1.6483333/lat 9.001667)">Bassila</a>, co-ord. 9°0.1'N, 1°38.9'E, alt. 360 m, in a gallery forest, under B. grandiflora on sandy soil, 02. 07. 2022, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe, S. Sarawi, A. Rühl &amp; R. Dramani, CM-22-261 (paratype, B 70 0105421, UNIPAR) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Growth habit: basidiomata solitary or in groups of two. Pileus: medium-sized, 60–65 mm in diam., plane, slightly centrally depressed; margin even, distinctly striate up to 1 / 3 to ½ of the pileus radius, regularly shaped, sometimes slightly undulate, finely crenulate, when young, covered by a crown of fugitive, jagged, white partial veil remnants; cuticle smooth, matt, finely pruinose, not peelable, colour near the margin purplish-grey (13 B 2) or greyish-magenta (13 B 3, 14 D 3– 4,14E 3–4), near the centre greyish-magenta (13 C 3) or dark purple (14 F 3–4), sometimes with light milk-white (1 B 2) spots. Lamellae: 6–7 mm wide, 5–6 lamellae present along 1 cm near the pileus margin, narrowly adnate or emarginate, white, occasionally furcated near the stipe attachment, anastomoses and lamellulae absent; edges entire, concolourous. Stipe: 55–60 × 11–13 mm, cylindrical, sometimes narrowing towards the base, slightly bulging here and there; smooth to slightly rugose, annulus absent, white with a greyish-magenta (14 E 3) hue near the base; hollow to slightly cottony stuffed. Context: approx. 0.5 mm thick at half pileus radius, white, unchanging when bruised, brittle, taste mild, odour inconspicuous; macrochemical reactions: guaiac after 8–10 seconds negative on stipe and positive (++) on lamellae surfaces, FeSO 4 weak salmon orange, sulphovanillin negative, KOH negative, phenol negative. Spore print: white (Ia).</p><p>Spores: (7.3 –) 7.9–8.4 – 8.8 (– 9.4) × (6.9 –) 7.6–8.1 – 8.5 (– 9.2) µm (n = 60), Q = (1 –) 1.01–1.04 – 1.06 (– 1.09), globose to subglobose; ornamentation of large, distant, amyloid spines [(1 –) 2–3 ((– 4) in a circle of 3 µm diam.], 1.7–2.6 µm high, connected by numerous lines [(1 –) 2–4 (– 5) in the circle] forming a complete reticulum, isolated elements absent, spines and line connections with frequent secondary warts visible only by SEM; suprahilar plage small, inamyloid, without ornamentation. Basidia: (34 –) 37.5–43.5 – 49.5 (– 59) × (12.5 –) 14–15 – 16 (– 17) µm (n = 40), clavate to broadly clavate, 4 - spored; basidiola approx. 8–9 µm wide, clavate to subclavate. Hymenial cystidia: on lamellae sides (86 –) 93.5–99.5 – 106 (– 112) × (10 –) 12–14.5 – 16.5 (– 22) µm (n = 40), fusiform, originating in subhymenium and somewhat protruding over basidia, thin-walled, apically obtuse, with a 2–15 µm long appendage; heteromorphous contents amorphous, located in the upper half, not reacting to sulphovanillin. Hymenial cystidia near the lamellae edges shorter and narrower, (43 –) 54.5–65 – 75.5 (– 89.5) × (8 –) 9–11 – 12.5 (– 14) µm (n = 40), cylindrical or fusiform, sometimes slightly centrally constricted, with one or two 1–8 µm long terminal knobs; heteromorphous contents less dense, sometimes located only in the upper half. Lamellae edges: fertile, marginal cells intermixed with basidia and basidiola. Marginal cells: (19 –) 23–27 – 31.5 (– 36) × (4 –) 5–6.5 – 8.5 (– 10.5) (n = 40), variably shaped, coarsely diverticulate with several finger-like, irregular projections, optically empty, thin-walled. Pileipellis: orthochromatic in Cresyl blue, gradually passing to the underlying context, 170–300 µm deep; suprapellis a trichoderm, 25–45 µm deep, composed of erect hyphal terminations embedded in a gelatinous matrix; gradually passing to a 170–270 µm deep subpellis of loosely interwoven, irregularly orientated, strongly gelatinised, 2.5–3 µm wide hyphae, becoming denser and horizontally arranged near the context. Acid resistant incrustations absent. Hyphal terminations: near the pileus margin composed of 1–3 unbranched cells, thin-walled, terminal cells (13 –) 23.5–29.5 – 35.5 (– 44) × (3 –) 3.5–5 – 6 (– 7) µm (n = 60), predominantly subulate, rarely cylindrical, apically obtuse; subterminal cells distinctly shorter, 4–9 µm wide, ellipsoid or cylindrical. Hyphal terminations near the pileus centre of 2–4 (– 5) unbranched cells, thin-walled; terminal cells (9 –) 13–19.5 – 25.5 (– 36) × (2.5 –) 3.5–4 – 4.5 (– 6.5) µm (n = 60), subulate or cylindrical; subterminal cells 3–6 µm wide, mostly cylindrical, becoming barrel-shaped close to the subpellis. Pileocystidia: near the pileus margin (19.5 –) 23–30 – 37 (– 49.5) × (4 –) 4.5–5.5 – 6.5 (– 7) µm (n = 40), one-celled, usually lanceolate, sometimes subcylindrical, originating in the suprapellis or in upper part of the subpellis, thin-walled, apically obtuse, with a 4–7 µm long appendage or terminal knob; heteromorphous contents amorphous, turning slightly to violet-grey in sulphovanillin. Pileocystidia near the pileus centre similar in size, shape and heteromorphous contents to pileocystidia near the pileus margin, (18 –) 21.5–27 – 32.5 (– 44) × 3.5–4.5 – 5.5 (– 7) µm (n = 40). Context: without cystidioid hyphae, oleiferous hyphae frequent.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>corona = crown, referring to the jagged velar patches on the pileus margin.</p><p>Distribution and ecology.</p><p>Only known from the Bassila gallery forest in Benin.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Both collections of R. coronata showed serrated fragments of a partial veil on the pileus margin, for which we introduce the term “ crown ”. The presence of a partial veil is frequent in tropical African Russula species. In several species, the veil is very fugacious and remnants can be observed either as a ring attached to the stipe or the pileus margin or as a crown on the pileus margin or lost due to weather impacts. This feature should, therefore, be treated with caution when identifying R. coronata . Russula annulata is a violet-grey capped species described from Madagascar with an annulus or crown (Heim 1937). It shares the reticulate spore ornamentation and the trichodermal pileipellis with shorter ellipsoid to subglobose subterminal cells, but differs by a stipe entirely covered by vivid violet pustules, lamellae with a dark violet edge and violet-coloured context under the pileipellis (Heim 1937, 1938). The type specimen of R. annulata is lost (Buyck 1994) and, after reviewing the original description, we assume that it is based on a mixture of similar species due to the considerable morphological variations described by Heim. Therefore, the macromorphological comparison is based on the original aquarelle painting of the type specimen (Heim 1937). Russula annulatosquamosa Beeli and Russula annulatolutea Beeli are other annulate species which differ by olive yellow pileus colours and acrid taste (Beeli 1936). Russula acriannulata Buyck is an annulate species with ochre-brown pileus colours which shares the trichodermal pileipellis structure with single-celled pileocystidia, but differs by spores ornamented by isolated warts (Härkönen et al. 1993). Russula annulatobadia Beeli is an annulate species with wine-red pileus colours which shares the reticulate spore ornamentation, but differs by the absence of pileocystidia and the presence of filiform marginal cells (Buyck 1994). Russula acuminata Buyck is a species without remnants of a partial veil and with wine-red pileus colours which shares similar marginal cells and spores, but differs by strongly ramified hyphal terminations in the pileipellis (Buyck 1994).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/85115E412F4D510F808A0366766FF7CB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Manz, Cathrin;Amalfi, Mario;Buyck, Bart;Hampe, Felix;Yorou, Nourou S.;Adamčík, Slavomír;Piepenbring, Meike	Manz, Cathrin, Amalfi, Mario, Buyck, Bart, Hampe, Felix, Yorou, Nourou S., Adamčík, Slavomír, Piepenbring, Meike (2025): Just the tip of the iceberg: uncovering a hyperdiverse clade of African Russula (Basidiomycota, Russulales, Russulaceae) species with signs of evolutionary habitat adaptations. IMA Fungus 16: e 140321, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.140321
EAA8EEFA166459E29C0E442C4A589617.text	EAA8EEFA166459E29C0E442C4A589617.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Russula florae Manz & F. Hampe 2025	<div><p>Russula florae Manz &amp; F. Hampe, sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 18, 19, 20</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>Benin. Atakora, Natitingou, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=1.4466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.211667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 1.4466667/lat 10.211667)">Kota Waterfalls</a>, co-ord. 10°12.7'N, 1°26.8'E, alt. 500 m, in a gallery forest, under Uapaca guineensis on rocky soil, 10. 07. 2021, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe, CM-21-098 (holotype B 70 0105422, isotype UNIPAR).</p><p>Additional material examined.</p><p>Benin. Atakora, Natitingou, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=1.4466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.213333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 1.4466667/lat 10.213333)">Kota Waterfalls</a>, co-ord. 10°12.8'N, 1°26.8'E, alt. 500 m, in a gallery forest, under U. guineensis &amp; Berlinia grandiflora, directly along the riverside on bare sand, 11. 07. 2021, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe, N. S. Yorou, G. Abohoumbo &amp; D. Dongnima, CM-21-109 (paratype, B 70 0105423, UNIPAR) ; ibid. 14. 07. 2021, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe, N. S. Yorou, G. Abohoumbo &amp; D. Dongnima, CM-21-121 (paratype, B 70 0105424, UNIPAR); ibid. 19. 07. 2021, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe, N. S. Yorou, G. Abohoumbo &amp; D. Dongnima, CM-21-145 (paratype, B 70 0105425, UNIPAR); ibid. leg. N. S. Yorou, CM-21-160 / SYN 5074 (paratype, B 70 0105426, UNIPAR); ibid. co-ord. 10°12.7'N, 1°26.6'E, alt. 500 m, in a gallery forest, under U. guineensis &amp; B. grandiflora, directly along the riverside in between fine gravel, 15. 06. 2022, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe, S. Sarawi, A. Rühl &amp; D. Dongnima, CM-22-178 (paratype, B 70 0105427, UNIPAR) ; ibid. 17. 06. 2022, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe, S. Sarawi, A. Rühl &amp; D. Dongnima, CM-22-185 (paratype, B 70 0105428, UNIPAR); ibid. 06. 07. 2022, leg. C. Manz &amp; F. Hampe, CM-22-284 (paratype, B 70 0105429, UNIPAR) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Relatively small, pileus surface pinkish and cracking into fine areolae, stipe without annulus, context fragile, taste mild, hyphal terminations in pileipellis arranged in erect tufts, occurring in gallery forests. Differs from R. roseoalba by its negative reaction to guaiac.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Growth habit: basidiomata solitary or in small groups of up to five. Pileus: small to medium-sized, 10–40 mm in diam., when young hemispherical, truncated, with margins touching the stipe, later expanding plane, when mature, centrally depressed; margin even or slightly involute, distinctly tuberculate-striate up to ¾ of the pileus margin, frequently slightly to distinctly radially cracked up to ½ of the pileus radius, mostly crenulate, sometimes undulate, usually with crown of fugitive partial veil remnants; cuticle matt, very finely areolate, hardly peelable, colour near the margin white, pinkish-white (10-11 A 2) or reddish-grey (10 B 2), becoming gradually darker towards the centre, rosewood (9 D 5), dull red (10 B 3), brownish-red (10 C 6), reddish-grey (11 B 2) or violet brown (10 E 5), occasionally with greyish-green (30 B 4) spots. Lamellae: 2–3 mm wide, 6–7 lamellae present along 1 cm near the pileus margin, narrowly adnate, white, occasionally forked, low anastomoses only at the pileus margin, lamellulae absent; edges entire, concolourous. Stipe: 25–35 × 3–5 mm, cylindrical, somewhat bulging here and there, smooth to slightly rugose, annulus absent, white; hollow. Context: approx. 1 mm thick at half pileus radius, white, unchanging when bruised, brittle, taste mild, odour inconspicuous; macrochemical reactions: guaiac after 8–10 seconds negative on both stipe and lamellae surfaces, FeSO 4 salmon orange, sulphovanillin, KOH and phenol negative. Spore print: not observed, but probably white or cream.</p><p>Spores: (6.8 –) 7.2–7.6 – 8 (– 8.8) × (6.3 –) 6.8–7.2 – 7.6 (– 8.7) µm (n = 90), Q = (1 –) 1.02–1.06 – 1.09 (– 1.17), subglobose, rarely broadly ellipsoid; ornamentation of distant to moderately distant amyloid warts [(2 –) 3–5 (– 6) in a circle of 3 µm diam.], 1–1.8 µm high, connected by frequent to abundant lines [(1 –) 2–4 (– 5) in the circle] forming a complete reticulum, rarely fused (up to 1 fusion in the circle), warts frequently rimmed by additional smaller warts visible only by SEM; suprahilar plage small, inamyloid, without ornamentation. Basidia: (32 –) 35–39 – 43 (– 48) × (10 –) 11–12.5 – 14.5 (– 20) µm (n = 60), clavate to subclavate, 4 - spored; basidiola approx. 5–10 µm wide, cylindrical to clavate. Hymenial cystidia: on lamellae sides (61 –) 70.5–81 – 91.5 (– 114) × (7 –) 9.5–12 – 14.5 (– 20) µm (n = 61), predominantly fusiform, rarely subclavate, originating in subhymenium and somewhat protruding over basidia, thin-walled, usually with a 3–15 µm long appendage, rarely with 2 appendages; heteromorphous contents amorphous, mostly located in the upper third, not reacting to sulphovanillin. Hymenial cystidia near the lamellae edges distinctly shorter, (37.5 –) 44–51.5 – 59 (– 70.5) × (8 –) 10–11.5 – 13 (– 15) µm (n = 60), similar in shape to hymenial cystidia on lamellae sides; heteromorphous contents only located near the apex, distinctly less dense. Lamellae edges: fertile, with equal representation of cystidia, basidia, basidiola and marginal cells. Marginal cells: (10 –) 14.5–19.5 – 24 (32.5) × (4 –) 5.5–7 – 8.5 (– 11) µm (n = 60), not well differentiated, variable in shape, cylindrical, clavate, pyriform, utriform or fusiform, sometimes hard to distinguish from basidiola, optically empty, thin-walled. Pileipellis: orthochromatic in Cresyl blue, sharply delimited from the underlying context, 145–185 µm deep; suprapellis a trichoderm, 35–50 µm deep, not gelatinised, composed of erect hyphal terminations; well delimited from the 100–145 µm deep subpellis of loose, irregularly orientated, interwoven, strongly gelatinised, 4–9 µm wide hyphae, becoming denser and horizontally arranged near the context. Acid resistant encrustations absent. Hyphal terminations: near the pileus margin arranged in erect tufts corresponding to the fine, macroscopically visible areolae, composed of (1 –) 3–4 unbranched cells, thin-walled, terminal cells (15.5 –) 24.5–30 – 36 (– 44) × (3 –) 4–5 – 5.5 (– 6.5) µm (n = 90), subulate, rarely subcylindrical, apically obtuse; subterminal cells shorter, 3.5–9 µm wide, cylindrical or ellipsoid. Hyphal terminations near the pileus centre similar to the ones near the pileus margin, terminal cells shorter, (9.5 –) 15–22 – 29 (– 39) × (3 –) 4–4.5 – 5.5 (– 6.5) µm (n = 91), more frequently cylindrical; subterminal cells shorter, 3.5–8 µm wide, cylindrical or ellipsoid. Pileocystidia: near the pileus margin (23.5 –) 30.5–36 – 42 (– 53.5) × (2 –) 4–4.5 – 5 (– 5.5) µm (n = 29), rare, one-celled, predominantly fusiform, rarely cylindrical, originating in the suprapellis, thin-walled, apically obtuse, sometimes with a 1–3.5 µm long appendage; heteromorphous contents amorphous, sometimes only located in the apical part, clearly discernible in sulphovanillin, content insensitive, but cytoplasm turning to darker pink, also in the neighbouring cell. Pileocystidia near the pileus centre more frequent, similar in size, shape and heteromorphous contents to the ones near the pileus margin, (20.5 –) 32–39.5 – 47 (– 59) × (3 –) 4–4.5 – 5.5 (– 6.5) µm (n = 62). Context: without cystidioid and oleiferous hyphae.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>For Flora, the daughter of the authors of this species.</p><p>Distribution and ecology.</p><p>Only known from the Kota gallery forest in Benin.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Basidiomata of R. roseoalba without the fugitive fragile annulus are similar in field aspect to basidiomata of R. florae . The former species can be distinguished by its strongly positive reaction to guaiac and smooth pileipellis which is not regularly cracking in fine scales (Buyck 1994). Based on phylogenetic analyses, R. roseoalba is so far only known from the holotype collection. Russula acriuscula Buyck is another species with pinkish-white pileus colours, but, as a member of subgen. Russula (subsect. Echinospermatinae Buyck), it is unrelated to “ Afrovirescentinae ”. It can be distinguished from R. florae by its acrid taste, more robust basidiomata and spores with isolated spines and amyloid suprahilar spot. Russula pruinata Buyck has a red pileus surface, but it can have whitish-farinaceous scales (probably from veil remnants) and also differs by its distinctly yellowing stipe context when bruised (Buyck 1994).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EAA8EEFA166459E29C0E442C4A589617	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Manz, Cathrin;Amalfi, Mario;Buyck, Bart;Hampe, Felix;Yorou, Nourou S.;Adamčík, Slavomír;Piepenbring, Meike	Manz, Cathrin, Amalfi, Mario, Buyck, Bart, Hampe, Felix, Yorou, Nourou S., Adamčík, Slavomír, Piepenbring, Meike (2025): Just the tip of the iceberg: uncovering a hyperdiverse clade of African Russula (Basidiomycota, Russulales, Russulaceae) species with signs of evolutionary habitat adaptations. IMA Fungus 16: e 140321, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.140321
D39A9978234350C48022B2215086211D.text	D39A9978234350C48022B2215086211D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Russula hiemisilvae Buyck	<div><p>Russula hiemisilvae Buyck, Karstenia 33: 27 (1993)</p><p>Figs 21, 22, 23</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>Tanzania. Western Province, Kahama District, 30 km W of Kahama, Wendele, Forest Reserve (03 32 CB), alt. 1,200 m, on soil in Brachystegia Benth. - Combretum Loefl. woodland, 09. 12. 1991, leg. Saarimtiki et al. 1028 (H 7041854) .</p><p>Additional material examined.</p><p>Benin. Atakora, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=1.2016667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.165" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 1.2016667/lat 10.165)">Kossoucoingou</a>, co-ord. 10°9.9'N, 1°12.1'E, alt. 500 m, Sudanian woodland, under Isoberlinia tomentosa, on rocky soil, 20. 07. 2021, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe, G. Abohoumbo, T. C. Bogo, CM-21-150 (B 70 0105430, UNIPAR) .</p><p>Short description.</p><p>Russula hiemisilvae is a rather robust, mild, annulate species with a greyish-red pileus, stipe with rose hue and ellipsoid spores with a reticulate ornamentation with spines up to 1.5 µm high, occurring in savannah woodlands.</p><p>Description based on material recently collected in Benin.</p><p>Growth habit: basidiomata in small groups. Pileus: medium-sized, 50–55 mm in diam., plane, slightly centrally depressed; margin even, striate up to 15 mm, regularly shaped, finely crenulate; cuticle smooth, radially fibrous, slightly shiny, peelable up to ½ of the pileus radius, colour near the margin pinkish-white (11 A 2), pale red (11 A 3) or greyish-rose (11 B 3), near the centre, dull red (11 C 3–4), greyish-brown (11 D 3) or greyish-red (11 D 4), sometimes with lighter spots. Lamellae: 5–6 mm wide, 7–8 lamellae present along 1 cm near the pileus margin, narrowly adnate, white, furcations, anastomoses and lamellulae absent; edges, concolourous. Stipe: 40–45 × 12–15 mm, cylindrical, sometimes narrowing towards the base, slightly bulging here and there; smooth to slightly rugose, with a fugacious white and dull red (11 C 3–4) rimmed annulus, white with a rose hue; cottony stuffed. Context: 1 mm thick at half pileus radius, white, unchanging when bruised, brittle, taste mild, odour inconspicuous; macrochemical reactions: guaiac after 8–10 seconds positive (++) on both stipe and lamellae surfaces, FeSO 4 rose, sulphovanillin negative, KOH discolouring red parts to yellow, phenol negative. Spore print: not observed, but probably white or cream.</p><p>Spores: (8.3 –) 8.6–9 – 9.4 (– 9.9) × (7.3 –) 7.5–7.7 – 7.9 (– 8) µm (n = 30), Q = (1.08 –) 1.13–1.17 – 1.22 (– 1.26), subglobose to broadly ellipsoid; ornamentation of moderately distant amyloid spines [3–6 (– 7) in a circle of 3 µm diam.], 1.1–1.5 µm high, connected by abundant, distinct lines [3–6 (– 7) in the circle], forming a complete reticulum with regularly-shaped meshes, isolated elements absent; suprahilar plage small, inamyloid, without ornamentation, surrounded by small warts. Basidia: (41.5 –) 44.5–49 – 53.5 (– 59) × (12 –) 13–13.5 – 14 (– 14.5) µm (n = 20), subclavate to clavate, 4 - spored; basidiola approx. 7–9 µm wide, clavate to subclavate. Hymenial cystidia: on lamellae sides (70.5 –) 77–86 – 95.5 (– 101) × (11 –) 12–13.5 – 15 (– 16) µm (n = 20), widely dispersed, 27–82 / mm 2, cylindrical to subclavate, sometimes slightly constricted, originating in subhymenium and somewhat protruding over basidia, thin-walled, apically obtuse, with a 2–7 (– 9) µm long appendage; heteromorphous contents dense, amorphous, mostly located in the upper half, turning distinctly dark yellow-brown in sulphovanillin. Hymenial cystidia near the lamellae edges shorter and narrower, (52.5 –) 56–61 – 66.5 (– 73.5) × (9 –) 10–11.5 – 13 (– 14.5) µm (n = 20), predominantly fusiform, with a 1.5–8 µm long appendage; heteromorphous contents less dense and less frequently located in the upper half. Lamellae edges: fertile, marginal cells intermixed with basidia and basidiola. Marginal cells: (30 –) 33–38 – 43 (– 46) × (3.5 –) 5.5–6.5 – 8 (– 9) µm (n = 20), cylindrical to subclavate with frequent irregular constrictions, frequently flexuous, optically empty, thin-walled. Pileipellis: orthochromatic in Cresyl blue, well delimited from the underlying context, 135–200 mm deep; suprapellis 50–110 µm deep, of loose, irregularly orientated hyphal terminations embedded in a gelatinous matrix; sharply delimited from a 70–85 µm deep subpellis of dense, parallel, 2.5–4.5 µm wide hyphae, with cystidioid hyphae with crystalline contents. Acid resistant encrustations absent. Hyphal terminations: near the pileus margin composed of 1–2 (– 3) unbranched cells, thin-walled, terminal cells (16.5 –) 22–26 – 30 (– 33) × (3 –) 3.5–4 µm (n = 30), cylindrical or slightly narrowing towards the apex, rarely subcapitate, apically obtuse, rarely acute; subterminal cells shorter, sometimes isodiametric, 3–4.5 µm wide, cylindrical. Hyphal terminations near the pileus centre of 1 (– 2) unbranched cells, thin-walled, terminal cells (6.5 –) 12–19 – 26 (– 33) × (2.5 –) 3.5–4 – 5 (– 6) µm (n = 37), irregularly shaped, cylindrical or subulate, frequently with several constrictions or branched, apically obtuse; subterminal cells usually shorter, 3.5–7.5 µm wide, cylindrical or ellipsoid, often irregularly shaped and with lateral branches or nodes. Pileocystidia: near the pileus margin (21 –) 24–31.5 – 39 (– 45.5) × (3.5 –) 4–4.5 – 5.5 (– 6) µm (n = 20), one-celled, lanceolate, cylindrical or subclavate, originating in the suprapellis, thin-walled, occasionally with a 2–3 µm long appendage or terminal knob; heteromorphous contents amorphous, weakly turning grey-violet in sulphovanillin. Pileocystidia near the pileus centre similar in size and shape to the ones near the pileus margin, (21.5 –) 25.5–29.5 – 33.5 (– 39.5) × (3.5 –) 4.5–5.5 – 6.5 (– 7.5) µm (n = 20), more frequently with a 2–4 µm long appendage or terminal knob; heteromorphous contents similar. Context: without cystidioid and oleiferous hyphae.</p><p>Distribution and ecology.</p><p>Widely distributed in tropical African savannah woodlands. Known from Benin, Burundi, Madagascar, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The material of R. hiemisilvae from Benin was identified, based on type sequencing. The holotype material of R. hiemisilvae differs from our collection by the presence of refractive inclusions in the hyphal terminations in the pileipellis and the reddish to almost absent reaction of the cystidia to sulphovanillin (Härkönen et al. 1993). Russula annulata is a similar annulate species described from Madagascar, which differs from R. hiemisilvae by a stipe covered by vivid violet pustules, lamellae with dark violet edges and violet context under the cuticle (Heim 1937, 1938).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D39A9978234350C48022B2215086211D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Manz, Cathrin;Amalfi, Mario;Buyck, Bart;Hampe, Felix;Yorou, Nourou S.;Adamčík, Slavomír;Piepenbring, Meike	Manz, Cathrin, Amalfi, Mario, Buyck, Bart, Hampe, Felix, Yorou, Nourou S., Adamčík, Slavomír, Piepenbring, Meike (2025): Just the tip of the iceberg: uncovering a hyperdiverse clade of African Russula (Basidiomycota, Russulales, Russulaceae) species with signs of evolutionary habitat adaptations. IMA Fungus 16: e 140321, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.140321
4AE91A5285785ED29D803A153137D6A3.text	4AE91A5285785ED29D803A153137D6A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Russula inflata Buyck	<div><p>Russula inflata Buyck, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 58 (3–4): 470 (1988)</p><p>Figs 24, 25, 26, 27, 28</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>DRC. Kisangani; NNE van Batiabongena, primary rainforest under Gilbertiodendron dewevrei (De Wild.) J. Léonard, 05. 05. 1984, leg. B. Buyck, 1652 (holotype of R. inflata, BR 5020005254166) .</p><p>Synonym.</p><p>Russula intricata Buyck, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 58 (3–4): 470 (1988). Holotype – DRC. Luiswishi, dense forest, on ground, 20. 04. 1986, leg. J. Schreurs, 1778 (BR 5020005258201).</p><p>Additional material examined.</p><p>Benin. Atakora, Natitingou, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=1.4466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.211667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 1.4466667/lat 10.211667)">Kota Waterfalls</a>, co-ord. 10°12.7'N, 1°26.8'E, alt. 500 m, in a gallery forest, under Uapaca guineensis, directly along the riverside on bare sand, 14. 07. 2021, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe, N. S. Yorou, G. Abohoumbo &amp; D. Dongnima, CM-21-128 (B 70 0105431, UNIPAR) ; ibid. 19. 07. 2021, CM-21-144 (B 70 0105432, UNIPAR); ibid. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=1.1583333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.158334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 1.1583333/lat 10.158334)">Kossoucoingou</a>, co-ord. 10°9.5'N, 1°9.5'E, alt. 330 m, savannah woodland with dense undergrowth, under Uapaca sp., on rocky soil, 27. 06. 2022, leg. C. Manz, S. Sarawi, A. Rühl, CM-22-231 (B 70 0105433, UNIPAR) . DRC. Luiswishi, at the margin of a gallery forest, at the foot of an abandoned termite mound, 1990, leg. J. Degreef, 90 / 9 (as R. roseoalba, BR 5020005039923) ; ibid. South of firm Kimba, 18. 04. 1986, leg. J. Schreurs, 1738 (as R. roseoalba, BR 5020006035214) ; ibid. 19. 03. 1986, leg. J. Schreurs, 1415 (as R. roseoalba, BR 5020006037232) ; ibid. Muhulu de la Luiswishi, dense dry forest, 27. 12. 1971, leg. D. Thoen, 5209 (as R. roseoalba, BR 5020006031179) ; ibid. Kisangani; NNE van Batiabongena, primary rainforest under G. dewevrei, 05. 05. 1984, leg. B. Buyck, 1653 (BR 5020005255170) ; ibid. primary rainforest with G. dewevrei and Scaphopetalum Mast., 05. 05. 1984, leg. B. Buyck, 1560 (BR 5020005256184) . Senegal. Basse Casamance National Park, Guinean forest, 24. 08. 1986, leg. D. Thoen, 7647 (as R. roseoalba, BR 5020006032183) .</p><p>Short description.</p><p>Basidiomata small to medium-sized, pileus surface pinkish, stipe with fugitive annulus, hyphal terminations in the pileipellis of two types including presence of distinctly thick-walled, sparsely septate, very long hyphae repent over other elements of the suprapellis, occurring in gallery forests and savannah woodlands.</p><p>Description based on recent material from Benin.</p><p>Growth habit: solitary or gregarious. Pileus: small to medium-sized, 23–62 mm in diam., when young, convex, later expanding plane, centrally slightly to distinctly depressed; margin even or slightly involuted, distinctly tuberculate-striate up to 17 mm, crenulate, sometimes undulate or radially cracked; cuticle smooth, matt, sometimes with velar patches, distinctly radially cracked between the striations, sometimes easily and sometimes hardly peelable, colour near the margin pinkish-white (11–13 A 2), rose (11–12 A 3) or greyish-magenta (13 B 3, 13 D 3), near the centre, pinkish-white (11–12 A 2), dull red (11 B 3), greyish-ruby (12 C 4, 12 D 3–4), greyish-rose (12 B 4), but also yellowish-white (3 A 2). Lamellae: 3–4 mm wide, 4–8 lamellae present along 1 cm near the pileus margin, adnexed, white, furcations occasional near the stipe attachment, anastomoses and lamellulae absent; edges entire, concolourous. Stipe: 28–50 × 4–13 mm, cylindrical, sometimes clavate, smooth to slightly rugose, with a fugitive, white or rose (11 A 3) rimmed annulus that is sometimes attached to the pileus margin instead of the stipe, white or with a slight pinkish hue; cottony stuffed, with age becoming hollow. Context: up to 1 mm thick at half pileus radius, white, unchanging when bruised, brittle, taste mild, odour inconspicuous, macrochemical reactions: guaiac after 8–10 seconds weakly positive (+) or negative (-) on stipe and positive (++) on lamellae surfaces, FeSO 4 weak orange or pinkish, sulphovanillin negative, KOH discolouring yellowish on red cuticle parts, phenol negative. Spore print: not observed, but probably white or cream.</p><p>Spores: (6.9 –) 7.3–7.7 – 8.1 (– 8.9) × (6.6 –) 7–7.3 – 7.7 (– 8.4) µm (n = 90), Q = (1 –) 1.02–1.05 – 1.08 (– 1.13), globose to subglobose; ornamentation of distant to moderately distant amyloid warts [(2 –) 3–5 (– 7) in a circle of 3 µm diam.], 1–1.4 µm high, connected by abundant lines [(2 –) 3–5 (– 6) in the circle] forming a complete reticulum, isolated warts or fusions dispersed (up to 1 in the circle), lines frequently rimmed by additional smaller warts only visible by SEM; suprahilar plage small, inamyloid, without ornamentation. Basidia: (30 –) 34.5–39.5 – 45 (– 52) × (10.5 –) 11.5–12.5 – 13.5 (– 15.5) µm (n = 60), cylindrical, clavate to broadly clavate, 4 - spored; basidiola approx. 5–11 µm wide, cylindrical to subclavate. Hymenial cystidia: on lamellae sides (58 –) 65–72.5 – 80 (– 91) × (7 –) 9–11 – 13 (– 17) µm (n = 60), widely dispersed, 65–90 / mm 2, predominantly fusiform, rarely subclavate, sometimes slightly curved near the base, originating in subhymenium and somewhat protruding over basidia, thin-walled, apically acute, with a 2–10 (– 13) µm long appendage; heteromorphous contents dense, amorphous to crystalline, sometimes located only in the upper half, turning moderately, but distinctly greyish-black in sulphovanillin after 5–10 minutes. Hymenial cystidia near the lamellae edges shorter and narrower, (34 –) 41–46 – 51 (– 58) × (6 –) 7.5–9.5 – 11.5 (– 15) µm (n = 60), cylindrical to clavate, apically obtuse, without appendages, heteromorphous contents similar to those in hymenial cystidia on lamellae sides, but not crystalline. Lamellae edges: sterile, densely covered with marginal cells. Marginal cells: (19 –) 23–27 – 31 (– 36.5) × (6 –) 7–9 – 11.5 (– 15) µm (n = 60), fusiform or lageniform, acute or with a narrow appendage, frequently with a secondary septum, optically empty, thin-walled. Pileipellis: orthochromatic in Cresyl blue, sharply delimited from the underlying context, 65–120 µm deep; suprapellis a trichoderm, 30–70 µm deep, composed of predominantly erect, loose hyphal terminations embedded in a gelatinous matrix; gradually passing to a 25–50 µm deep subpellis, of dense, more or less parallel, not gelatinised, thin-walled, 4.5–9 µm wide hyphae with capitate and frequently forked terminations, not gelatinised. Acid resistant encrustations absent. Hyphal terminations: near the pileus margin dimorphic; mainly thin-walled, up to 50 µm long, composed of 1–2 (– 3) unbranched cells, terminal cells (9 –) 12.5–18.5 – 24.5 (– 31) × (2.5 –) 3.5–4.5 – 5 – (– 7) µm (n = 93), predominantly subulate with obtuse apex, less frequently cylindrical; subterminal cells shorter, 3.5–7 µm wide, cylindrical or ellipsoid; additionally mixed with dispersed, thick-walled, sparsely septate, filamentous, curved or bent, repent, up to 200 µm long hyphal terminations. Hyphal terminations near the pileus centre composed of equally represented thin and thick-walled forms, thin walled composed of (1 –) 2–3 unbranched cells, terminal cells (7 –) 9–16.5 – 24 (– 37) × (2.5 –) 3.5–4 – 5 (– 6.5) µm (n = 93), stout, cylindrical; subterminal cells similar, 3–6.5 µm wide; thick-walled ones similar to those near the pileus margin. Pileocystidia: near the pileus margin (15 –) 17–19.5 – 22.5 (– 26) × (3 –) 3.5–4 – 5 (– 6.5) µm (n = 60), one-celled, predominantly fusiform, sometimes subcylindrical, rarely curved, originating in the suprapellis, thin-walled, apically obtuse, with a 1–3 µm long terminal knob; heteromorphous contents amorphous, not reacting to sulphovanillin. Pileocystidia near the pileus centre longer, more abundant, (11.5 –) 18–26.5 – 35 (– 48) × (2.5 –) 3.5–4.5 – 5 (– 7) µm (n = 60), shape and heteromorphous contents similar to those in pileocystidia near the pileus margin. Context: without cystidioid and oleiferous hyphae.</p><p>Distribution and ecology.</p><p>Widely distributed in rainforests, gallery forests and savannah woodlands in tropical Africa. Associated with Asteropeia mcphersonii G. E. Schatz, M. Lowry &amp; A. - E. Wolf, Gilbertiodendron dewevrei and Uapaca spp. Known from Benin, Cameroon, DRC, Gabon, Madagascar and Senegal.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Russula inflata is the type species of the subsect. Inflatinae defined by a pileipellis composed of a dense layer of intricate hyphae with irregular orientation and frequently inflated hyphal terminations (Buyck 1994). Based on this pileipellis morphology, R. intricata and R. roseoalba were also placed in this subsection. Sequences (ITS) of both type specimens are available as a result of this study. Since phylogenetic and morphological differences are minor, we consider R. intricata as a synonym of R. inflata . The sequence variation of the R. inflata clade in the ITS phylogeny might be caused by intraspecific / intragenomic polymorphisms which seem rather common in fungi (Cedeño-Sanchez et al. 2024). Our observations proved that the species is morphologically more variable than previously thought, which explains why two different morphotypes of this species were described in the same publication as different species. The spore ornamentation is also variable and was up to 1.5 µm high in Benin material or up to 2.5 µm high in type material of R. inflata . We also observed variable marginal cells which were unbranched with secondary septa in material from Benin, rarely branched in type material of R. intricata or frequently branched in type material of R. inflata . The shape of the terminal cells in the pileipellis is distinctly different between the pileus centre and margin. The presence of thick-walled inflated hyphal terminations in the subpellis was underlined in the original description of R. inflata, but according to our observations, it is not a reliable character for the species identification because these elements can sometimes be thin-walled, subcapitate and not distinctly inflated. To understand these variations in morphology and sequence polymorphisms, sampling covering the entire ecological and geographical range of the lineage and providing better quality for performing a multi-loci analysis is essential. Russula roseoalba is a species with similar field appearance due to which it was frequently confused with R. inflata and, because of that, several collections identified as this species by Buyck (1994) had ITS sequences matching R. inflata . Russula roseoalba can be distinguished by the absence of the striking thick-walled, up to 200 µm long pileipellis hyphae.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4AE91A5285785ED29D803A153137D6A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Manz, Cathrin;Amalfi, Mario;Buyck, Bart;Hampe, Felix;Yorou, Nourou S.;Adamčík, Slavomír;Piepenbring, Meike	Manz, Cathrin, Amalfi, Mario, Buyck, Bart, Hampe, Felix, Yorou, Nourou S., Adamčík, Slavomír, Piepenbring, Meike (2025): Just the tip of the iceberg: uncovering a hyperdiverse clade of African Russula (Basidiomycota, Russulales, Russulaceae) species with signs of evolutionary habitat adaptations. IMA Fungus 16: e 140321, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.140321
73625515B6BD5E4FBD61564B4A1C38BB.text	73625515B6BD5E4FBD61564B4A1C38BB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Russula mollicula	<div><p>Russula mollicula nom. prov.</p><p>Figs 29, 30, 31</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Benin. Donga, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=1.6483333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.001667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 1.6483333/lat 9.001667)">Bassila</a>, co-ord. 9°0.1'N, 1°38.9'E, alt. 360 m, in a gallery forest, under Berlinia grandiflora, on sandy soil, 30. 06. 2022, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe, S. Sarawi, A. Rühl &amp; R. Dramani, CM-22-244 (B 70 0105434, UNIPAR) .</p><p>Short description.</p><p>Basidiomata small and ephemerous, pileus surface whitish to pale pinkish, pileocystidia distinctly inflated, broadly fusoid with dense crystalline contents and pileipellis a trichoderm composed of long, narrowly lanceolate terminal cells on top of short and inflated subterminal cells, occurring in gallery forests.</p><p>Growth habit: basidiomata solitary. Pileus: small, 20 mm in diam., plane, centrally deeply depressed; margin uplifted, strongly tuberculate-striate up to ½ of the pileus radius, somewhat undulate and slightly crenulate; cuticle smooth, matt, not peelable, colour near the margin white, near the centre pinkish-white (10 A 2). Lamellae: approx. 2 mm wide, 8–9 lamellae present along 1 cm near the pileus margin, narrowly adnate, white, furcations, anastomoses and lamellulae absent; edges entire, concolourous. Stipe: 27 × 4 mm, cylindrical, bulging here and there, smooth, annulus absent, white; hollow. Context: approx. 0.5 mm thick at half pileus radius, white, unchanging when bruised, brittle, taste mild, odour inconspicuous, macrochemical reactions not observed. Spore print: not observed, probably white or cream.</p><p>Spores: (9.4 –) 9.9–10.3 – 10.8 (– 11.3) × (9.1 –) 9.4–9.8 – 10.3 (– 10.7) µm (n = 30), Q = (1 –) 1.02–1.05 – 1.08 (– 1.11), globose to subglobose, ornamentation of distant amyloid spines (1–3 in a circle of 3 µm diam.), 1.8–2.6 µm high, abundantly connected by distinct lines [1–3 (– 5) in the circle] forming a complete reticulum, isolated elements absent, spines and line connections with frequent secondary warts only visible by SEM, suprahilar plage medium-sized, with a distinct central amyloid spot. Basidia: (32.5 –) 36–41.5 – 46.5 (– 49.5) × (12 –) 13–14 – 15 (– 16) µm (n = 20), broadly clavate, 4 - spored; basidiola approx. 9–12 µm wide, clavate. Hymenial cystidia: on lamellae sides (83 –) 91.5–99.5 – 107.5 (– 109.5) × (13 –) 15–17 – 18.5 (– 21.5) µm (n = 20), widely dispersed, 100–135 / mm 2, fusiform, originating in subhymenium and somewhat protruding over basidia, thin-walled, apically obtuse, with a 4–10 (– 15) µm long appendage; heteromorphous contents predominantly densely crystalline, turning dark grey violet in sulphovanillin. Hymenial cystidia near the lamellae edges distinctly shorter and narrower, (47.5 –) 51–63 – 75 (– 88) × (10 –) 11–12.5 – 14.5 (– 15.5) µm (n = 20), shape and heteromorphous contents similar to the one on hymenial cystidia on lamellae sides. Lamellae edges sterile, densely covered with marginal cells. Marginal cells: (19 –) 20–32.5 – 45 (– 67) × (6 –) 7.5–8.5 – 9.5 (– 11) µm (n = 20), fusiform or lanceolate, sometimes with long appendages, optically empty, thin-walled. Pileipellis: orthochromatic in Cresyl blue, sharply delimited from the underlying context, 80–105 µm deep; suprapellis a trichoderm, 23–38 µm deep, composed of a thin layer of erect, not gelatinised hyphal terminations arranged in tufts; well delimited from the 55–73 µm deep subpellis, of loose, gelatinised, interwoven, irregularly orientated, 3–5 µm wide hyphae, becoming denser and horizontally arranged towards the context. Acid resistant encrustations absent. Hyphal terminations: near the pileus margin composed of (1 –) 2 unbranched cells, thin-walled, terminal cells (18.5 –) 27.5–37 – 46.5 (– 63.5) × (2.5 –) 3–3.5 – 4 (– 5) µm (n = 30), attenuated, subulate, slender, slightly flexuous, apically obtuse; subterminal cells distinctly shorter, 3.5–6.5 µm wide, cylindrical, ellipsoid or subglobose. Hyphal terminations near the pileus centre composed of up to 3 unbranched cells, terminal cells (15 –) 26.5–36 – 45.5 (– 56.5) × (2.5 –) 3–3.5 – 4.5 (– 5.5) µm (n = 30), similar in shape to the ones near the pileus margin; subterminal cells shorter, 3.5–10 µm wide, inflated, ellipsoid to subglobose. Pileocystidia: near the pileus margin (28 –) 30–39.5 – 49 (– 66) × (11 –) 12.5–14.5 – 16.5 (– 18) µm (n = 20), one-celled, inflated, broadly fusiform, originating in the suprapellis, thin-walled, apically obtuse, with a 3–16 µm long finger-like appendage; heteromorphous contents dense, crystalline, turning to grey, surrounding cytoplasm to dark pink in sulphovanillin. Pileocystidia near the pileus centre similar in size and shape to those near the pileus margin (25 –) 27.5–39 – 50 (– 66) × (11 –) 12–14 – 16.5 (– 19.5) µm (n = 20), with a single or rarely two, 3–18 µm long appendages; heteromorphous contents similar. Context: without cystidioid and oleiferous hyphae.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>molliculus (lat.) = dainty, tender. Referring to the small and tender habit of the basidiomata of this species.</p><p>Distribution and ecology.</p><p>Only known from the Bassila gallery forest in Benin.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>So far, R. mollicula nom. prov. is the only “ Afrovirescentinae ” species with a consistently and distinctly amyloid spot on the suprahilar plage. Despite this striking diagnostic character and well-defined position in our phylogeny (Fig. 1), we refrain from formally describing it as a new species because we only studied a single collection. As the specimen was collected under very moist weather conditions, we were not certain if the species has a partial veil and we were unable to document the macrochemical reactions and the variability of the pileus colours. Russula roseoalba is very similar in field aspect, but differs by more slender pileocystidia with less crystalline contents and hyphal terminations in the pileipellis composed of longer chains of cells.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73625515B6BD5E4FBD61564B4A1C38BB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Manz, Cathrin;Amalfi, Mario;Buyck, Bart;Hampe, Felix;Yorou, Nourou S.;Adamčík, Slavomír;Piepenbring, Meike	Manz, Cathrin, Amalfi, Mario, Buyck, Bart, Hampe, Felix, Yorou, Nourou S., Adamčík, Slavomír, Piepenbring, Meike (2025): Just the tip of the iceberg: uncovering a hyperdiverse clade of African Russula (Basidiomycota, Russulales, Russulaceae) species with signs of evolutionary habitat adaptations. IMA Fungus 16: e 140321, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.140321
8AA73A2EBA0C5857BFD857D4BAAAF95C.text	8AA73A2EBA0C5857BFD857D4BAAAF95C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Russula spectabilis Manz, F. Hampe & Buyck 2025	<div><p>Russula spectabilis Manz, F. Hampe &amp; Buyck, sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 32, 33, 34</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>Benin. Atakora, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=1.2016667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.165" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 1.2016667/lat 10.165)">Kossoucoingou</a>, co-ord. 10°9.9'N, 1°12.1'E, alt. 500 m, Sudanian woodland, under Isoberlinia tomentosa, on rocky soil, 20. 07. 2021, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe, G. Abohoumbo, T. C. Bogo, CM-21-154 (holotype B 70 0105435, isotype UNIPAR).</p><p>Additional material examined.</p><p>Benin. Atakora, Natitingou, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=1.4466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.211667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 1.4466667/lat 10.211667)">Kota Waterfalls</a>, co-ord. 10°12.7'N, 1°26.8'E, alt. 500 m, Sudanian woodland, under I. tomentosa, on rocky soil, 12. 07. 2021, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe, N. S. Yorou &amp; G. Abohoumbo, CM-21-116 (paratype, B 70 0105436, UNIPAR) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Basidiomata relatively robust, pileus surface yellow-orange, taste mild, terminal cells of the pileipellis hyphae lanceolate near the pileus margin and narrowly cylindrical near the pileus centre, occurring in savannah woodlands. Differs from Russula aureola Buyck by a lower spore ornamentation.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Growth habit: basidiomata solitary. Pileus: medium-sized to large, 80–90 mm in diam., soon expanding plane, centrally depressed; margin even, finely tuberculate-striate up to 10 mm, regularly shaped; cuticle smooth, matt, peelable up to ¾ of the pileus radius, colour butter yellow (4 B 5), near the margin pale orange (5 A 3) or light orange (5 A 4), near the centre, melon (5 A 6) or golden yellow (5 B 7). Lamellae: 6–7 mm wide, 8–9 lamellae present along 1 cm near the pileus margin, narrowly adnate, white to pale cream, furcations frequent at the stipe attachment, anastomoses absent, lamellulae occasionally present; edges entire, concolourous. Stipe: 90–100 × 18–22 mm, cylindrical, smooth to slightly rugose, annulus absent, white; cottony stuffed, cavernate with 2–3 distinct chambers. Context: 6–7 mm thick at half pileus radius, white, unchanging when bruised, brittle, taste mild, odour inconspicuous to pleasant, macrochemical reactions: guaiac after 8–10 seconds (++) on stipe and weakly positive (+) on lamellae surfaces, FeSO 4 weak salmon orange, sulphovanillin negative, KOH negative or slightly discolouring on the pileipellis, phenol negative. Spore print: not observed, probably white or cream.</p><p>Spores: (6.9 –) 7.4–7.7 – 8.1 (– 8.7) × (6.1 –) 6.4–6.7 – 7 (– 7.4) µm (n = 60), Q = (1.03 –) 1.10–1.15 – 1.20 (– 1.26), subglobose to broadly ellipsoid; ornamentation of moderately distant, dense to very dense, pustules [(5 –) 6–9 (– 12) in a circle of 3 µm diam.], not well defined, by light microscopy up to 0.5 µm high, connected by abundant, short lines [(2 –) 3–6 (– 8) in the circle] forming a complete reticulum, isolated or partially connected elements very rare to absent, occasionally to frequently fused (approx. 1–4 fusions in the circle); suprahilar plage small, inamyloid, without ornamentation. Basidia: (36.5 –) 42–47.5 – 53 (– 58) × (9 –) 10–11 – 12 (– 12.5) µm (n = 40), narrowly to broadly clavate, 4 - spored; basidiola approx. 5–8 µm wide, cylindrical to clavate. Hymenial cystidia: on lamellae sides (60.5 –) 71–83.5 – 95.5 (– 114) × (8.5 –) 9.5–10.5 – 11.5 (– 12.5) µm (n = 40), predominantly lanceolate, sometimes with slight moniliform constrictions, originating in subhymenium and somewhat protruding over basidia, thin-walled, apically obtuse, usually with a 2–13 µm long appendage; heteromorphous contents moderately dense, mostly amorphous, rarely crystalline, mostly located in the upper two-thirds, not reacting to sulphovanillin. Hymenial cystidia near the lamellae edges distinctly shorter and narrower, (38.5 –) 42.5–51 – 60 (– 70) × (6 –) 6.5–7.5 – 9 (– 11) µm (n = 40), lanceolate or rarely cylindrical, apically predominantly mucronate, with broad, 2.5–11 µm long appendages; heteromorphous contents similar to the one in hymenial cystidia on lamellae sides, but less dense. Lamellae edges: sterile, consisting of cystidia and marginal cells. Marginal cells: (23.5 –) 27.5–32.5 – 38 (– 48.5) × (4 –) 4.5–5.5 – 6.5 (– 8) µm (n = 40), narrowly utriform, lageniform or lanceolate, rarely cylindrical with slight constrictions, sometimes with a forked apex, optically empty, thin-walled. Pileipellis: orthochromatic in Cresyl blue, gradually passing to the underlying context, 125–165 µm deep; suprapellis a trichoderm, 30–40 µm deep, composed of erect hyphal terminations; gradually passing to a 95–130 µm deep subpellis of loose, strongly gelatinised, intricate, irregularly orientated, 1.5–4 µm wide hyphae, becoming denser and horizontally arranged near the context. Acid resistant incrustations absent. Hyphal terminations: near the pileus margin composed of 1–4 unbranched cells, thin-walled, frequently covered with a glutinous coating well visible in Congo red, terminal cells (8 –) 11.5–19.5 – 27 (– 40) × (2 –) 2.5–3 – 3.5 (– 4.5) µm (n = 60), predominantly lanceolate or subulate, rarely cylindrical, apically obtuse or acute; subterminal cells usually shorter, 3–6 µm wide, cylindrical or slightly inflated, branched or not. Hyphal terminations near the pileus centre composed of 1–3 unbranched cells, thin-walled, terminal cells shorter, (6.5 –) 9–13 – 17 (– 26) × 2–2.5 – 3 (– 3.5) µm (n = 61), slender, straight, cylindrical; subterminal cells equally long, 2–3.5 µm wide. Pileocystidia: near the pileus margin (15 –) 27–37.5 – 47.5 (– 55.5) × (3 –) 3.5–4.5 – 5.5 (– 7.5) µm (n = 44), one-celled, cylindrical or clavate to subcapitate, rarely lanceolate, flexuous, slightly moniliform, originating in the suprapellis, thin-walled, occasionally with a 2–3 µm long appendage; heteromorphous contents amorphous, not reacting to sulphovanillin. Pileocystidia near the pileus centre similar in size, shape and heteromorphous contents to those near the pileus margin, (24.5 –) 32–40 – 48.5 (– 55) × (4 –) 4.5–5 – 5.5 (– 6.5) µm (n = 40). Context: without cystidioid hyphae, oleiferous hyphae dispersed.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Reference to the African plant Costus spectabilis (Fenzl) K. Schum., the flower of which is similarly coloured.</p><p>Distribution and ecology.</p><p>Only known from the Sudanian woodlands in Atakora in Benin.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Russula aureola, Russula bonii Buyck and Russula singeri R. Heim, are other tropical African species with similar orange pileus colours. Russula aureola has more slender basidiomata and was described from Gilbertiodendron dewevrei forests in the DRC, differing by a high spore ornamentation of 2 µm long spines and a pileipellis with attenuated terminal cells on top of a chain- of barrel-shaped subterminal cells (Buyck 1994). Russula bonii has relatively robust basidiomata with low spore ornamentation. It is known from miombo woodland in Zambia (Buyck 1995). It was placed in subsect. Amoeninae Singer ex Buyck because of the absence of both hymenial cystidia and pileocystidia (Buyck 1995). Russula singeri is a mild species with white spore print which differs by a relatively tough, greying stipe and spores with an amyloid suprahilar plage (Heim 1937, 1938). Russula tenuithrix Buyck has a similar pileipellis structure and low spore ornamentation of up to 0.5 µm height, but differs by its greenish-grey pileus colours (Harkönen et al. 1993). Based on type sequencing, it is not related to R. spectabilis and probably belongs to Russula subgen. Malodorae Buyck &amp; V. Hofstetter. The type sequence of R. tenuithrix will be published in a future study on subgen. Malodorae.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8AA73A2EBA0C5857BFD857D4BAAAF95C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Manz, Cathrin;Amalfi, Mario;Buyck, Bart;Hampe, Felix;Yorou, Nourou S.;Adamčík, Slavomír;Piepenbring, Meike	Manz, Cathrin, Amalfi, Mario, Buyck, Bart, Hampe, Felix, Yorou, Nourou S., Adamčík, Slavomír, Piepenbring, Meike (2025): Just the tip of the iceberg: uncovering a hyperdiverse clade of African Russula (Basidiomycota, Russulales, Russulaceae) species with signs of evolutionary habitat adaptations. IMA Fungus 16: e 140321, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.140321
71F274E852F95A86A66B5632167A28A7.text	71F274E852F95A86A66B5632167A28A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Russula sublaevis (Buyck) Buyck	<div><p>Russula sublaevis (Buyck) Buyck, Karstenia 33: 34 (1993)</p><p>Figs 35, 36, 37</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>DRC. Haut-Katanga, Lubumbashi; 14 km from l’Bashi, at the roadside in open forest, 02. 02. 1986, leg.: J. Schreurs, Schreurs 985 (BR 5020005285474).</p><p>Basionym.</p><p>Russula roseoviolacea f. sublaevis Buyck, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 60: 204 (1990).</p><p>Additional material examined.</p><p>Benin. Atakora, Natitingou, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=1.4466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.213333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 1.4466667/lat 10.213333)">Kota Waterfalls</a>, co-ord. 10°12.8'N, 1°26.8'E, alt. 500 m, Sudanian woodland, under Isoberlinia tomentosa, on rocky soil, 19. 07. 2021, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe, N. S. Yorou, G. Abohoumbo &amp; D. Dongnima, CM-21-148 (B 70 0105437, UNIPAR) ; ibid. co-ord. 10°12.7'N, 1°26.6'E, alt. 500 m, Sudanian woodland, under I. tomentosa, on rocky soil, 26. 06. 2022, leg. C. Manz, F. Hampe, S. Sarawi, A. Rühl &amp; D. Dongnima, CM-22-219 (B 70 0105438, UNIPAR) ; ibid. 05. 07. 2022, leg. C. Manz &amp; F. Hampe, CM-22-281 (B 70 0105439, UNIPAR); ibid. co-ord. 10°12.4'N, 1°26.9'E, alt. 470 m, in a gallery forest, under Berlinia grandiflora &amp; Isoberlinia doka, on the ground, 08. 06. 2002, leg. A. De Kesel, ADK 3317 (BR 5020152205127) .</p><p>Short description.</p><p>Russula sublaevis is a species with medium-sized basidiomata, a bright yellow pileus, white stipe, mild taste and cream-coloured spore print. Microscopically, the small subglobose spores with a very low ornamentation are noticeable.</p><p>Description based on material recently collected Benin.</p><p>Growth habit: solitary or in groups of two. Pileus: medium-sized, 50–70 mm in diam., slightly convex to plane, centrally with a low shallow depression; margin even, finely striate up to 15 mm, regularly shaped; cuticle smooth, pruinose all over, under a magnifying glass with fine, whitish areolae, peelable up to ¾ of the pileus radius, colour yellow to bright yellow (3 A 2), becoming paler with age, near the centre sometimes slightly paler or darker. Lamellae: 5–6 mm wide, 8–9 lamellae present along 1 cm near the pileus margin, adnexed, at first white, then becoming pale cream, furcations and anastomoses absent, sometimes with dispersed lamellulae; edges entire, concolourous. Stipe: 35–45 × 8–10 mm, cylindrical, somewhat bulging here and there, smooth to slightly rugose, annulus absent, white; cottony stuffed, cavernate, with 2–3 distinct chambers. Context: 4–5 mm thick at half pileus radius, white, unchanging when bruised, brittle, taste mild, odour inconspicuous. Macrochemical reactions: guaiac after 8–10 seconds weakly positive (+) or negative (-) on stipe and positive (++) on lamellae surfaces; FeSO 4 salmon orange, sulphovanillin negative; KOH negative; phenol negative. Spore print: cream (IIc).</p><p>Spores: (5.4 –) 6–6.3 – 6.7 (– 7.1) × (4.5 –) 5.1–5.4 – 5.6 (– 6) µm (n = 90), Q = (1.06 –) 1.12–1.18 – 1.24 (– 1.31), subglobose to broadly ellipsoid; surface almost smooth, ornamentation very inconspicuous, composed of very dense, weakly amyloid pustules and crests hardly visible under light microscope, ornamentation approx. 0.1 µm high as estimated by SEM, abundantly connected by fine lines forming a complete reticulum; few scattered isolated warts only visible by SEM; suprahilar plage small, inamyloid, partially covered by even lower ornamentation only visible by SEM. Basidia: (28.5 –) 33.5–37 – 40.5 (– 46.5) × (7.5 –) 8–8.5 – 9 (– 10.5) µm (n = 60), subcylindrical to narrowly clavate, 4 - spored; basidiola approx. 4–6.5 µm wide, cylindrical to narrowly clavate. Hymenial cystidia: on lamellae sides (54.5 –) 60.5–69.5 – 78 (– 88.5) × (8 –) 9–11 – 13 (– 17) µm (n = 60), narrowly to distinctly clavate, rarely fusiform, sometimes slightly curved or bent at the base, originating in subhymenium and somewhat protruding over basidia, thin-walled, apically obtuse, sometimes with a 2.5–12 µm long appendage; heteromorphous contents amorphous, mostly located in the upper half, not reacting to sulphovanillin. Hymenial cystidia near the lamellae edges shorter and narrower, (39 –) 45.5–51.5 – 58 (– 67) × (7 –) 8.5–9.5 – 10.5 (– 12.5) µm (n = 60), narrowly to distinctly clavate, with a 2.5–13 µm long appendage, missing in some specimens; heteromorphous contents sparse, located in the apical part. Lamellae edges: fertile, with equal representation of cystidia, basidia, basidiola and marginal cells. Marginal cells: (15.5 –) 21.5–28 – 35 (– 42) × (3 –) 4–5 – 5.5 (– 7) µm (n = 60), predominantly fusiform, sometimes cylindrical or clavate, optically empty, thin-walled. Pileipellis: orthochromatic in Cresyl blue, sharply delimited from the underlying context, 200–300 µm deep; suprapellis a trichoderm, 40–50 µm deep, composed of erect, somewhat gelatinised hyphal terminations; gradually passing to a 160–250 µm deep, strongly gelatinised subpellis of loose, intricate, irregularly orientated, 2–3 µm wide hyphae, becoming gradually denser and horizontally arranged near the context. Acid resistant encrustations absent. Hyphal terminations: near the pileus margin composed of 2–4 unbranched cells, thin-walled, terminal cells (6 –) 20–32 – 44 (– 78.5) × (2.5 –) 3–4 – 5 (– 7) µm (n = 94), mainly subulate rarely cylindrical, apically obtuse; subterminal cells shorter, 3.5–4.5 µm wide, cylindrical. Hyphal terminations near the pileus centre similar to the ones near the pileus margin, terminal cells slightly narrower, (10.5 –) 16.5–29.5 – 43 (– 71) × (1.5 –) 2.5–3.5 – 4.5 (– 6) µm (n = 91); subterminal cells shorter, 2–5.5 µm wide, cylindrical. Pileocystidia: near the pileus margin (42 –) 48.5–59 – 69 (– 84.5) × (3.5 –) 4.5–5.5 – 6.5 (– 7.5) µm (n = 60), one-celled, predominantly lanceolate, sometimes subcylindrical, originating in the suprapellis, thin-walled, apically obtuse, with a 2–12 µm long appendage; heteromorphous contents amorphous, sometimes located only in the apical part, not reacting to sulphovanillin. Pileocystidia near the pileus centre slightly shorter, (34 –) 42–52 – 62 (– 75) × (3.5 –) 4.5–5.5 – 6.5 (– 8.5) µm (n = 60), similar in shape and heteromorphous contents to pileocystidia near the pileus margin. Context: without cystidioid hyphae, oleiferous hyphae frequent.</p><p>Distribution and ecology.</p><p>Widely distributed in Sudanian woodlands in tropical Africa. Kown from Benin, DRC and Zimbabwe.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Here we provide the first detailed description of R. sublaevis, based on our recent collections from Benin which represent the first record of this species for the country. The identity of this material is confirmed by ITS sequences that are very similar to those of the holotype (Fig. 2). Morphologically, the Beninese collections differ from the holotype description by spores that are, on average, 1 µm shorter (Buyck 1994). Originally, R. sublaevis was described as a colour form of R. roseoviolacea with lower spore ornamentation, emphasising the similarity of pileipellis elements (Buyck 1990; Buyck 1994). Härkönen et al. (1993) formally combined the taxon to species rank on the occasion of a recent find from Tanzania. Buyck and Sharp (2007) reported the species from Zimbabwe from mixed miombo woodlands with Julbernardia globiflora (Benth.) Troupin and Brachystegia spiciformis Benth., Monotes A. DC. The occurrence of R. sublaevis in Zimbabwe is also confirmed by a sequenced specimen (UDB 07672946) collected in the Matobo National Park by Cathy Sharp. Further records of R. sublaevis from Tanzania, Togo and Malawi (https://www.gbif.org/ accessed on 30. 06. 2024, Härkönen et al. (1993)) remain unverified due to a lack of confirmation by corresponding sequence data and / or sufficient morphological descriptions. The species is widely distributed in sub-Saharan Africa in savannah habitats from western to eastern parts of the continent, in association with various host trees from the Fabaceae family.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/71F274E852F95A86A66B5632167A28A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Manz, Cathrin;Amalfi, Mario;Buyck, Bart;Hampe, Felix;Yorou, Nourou S.;Adamčík, Slavomír;Piepenbring, Meike	Manz, Cathrin, Amalfi, Mario, Buyck, Bart, Hampe, Felix, Yorou, Nourou S., Adamčík, Slavomír, Piepenbring, Meike (2025): Just the tip of the iceberg: uncovering a hyperdiverse clade of African Russula (Basidiomycota, Russulales, Russulaceae) species with signs of evolutionary habitat adaptations. IMA Fungus 16: e 140321, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.140321
