identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
92D656833CFB5892BFCF62A43CE5006B.text	92D656833CFB5892BFCF62A43CE5006B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Imperata brasiliensis Trin.	<div><p>1. Imperata brasiliensis Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. - Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math. 2 (3): 331. 1832.</p><p>Figs 1, 2 A, B</p><p>Type.</p><p>Brazil • Minas Gerais: Serra da Lapa, Nov. 1823, L. Riedel 1016 (lectotype, designated by Pinto et al. 2023: LE [LE 00000639, digital image!]; isolectotype: K [K 000632954!]) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Plants perennial, (21 –) 32–95 (– 120) cm tall. Culms erect; nodes glabrous; internodes hollow. Leaf sheaths glabrous. Ligules membranous-ciliate, 1–2.5 (– 3) mm long. Leaf blades (6.5 –) 13–49 (– 58) × 0.2–1.5 (– 2.1) cm, linear-lanceolate, rarely lanceolate, pseudopetiolate, with pseudopetiole generally not reduced to the leaf midrib; abaxial surface glabrous; adaxial surface pilose, with a higher concentration of trichomes in the basal region and tufts of trichomes near the ligule; margins with prickle-hairs. Inflorescences 4–16 (– 18) cm long, contracted; basal branches (0.5 –) 0.9–3.5 (– 4.5) cm long, appressed to the main axis. Rachis tough, bearing pairs of spikelets, both pedicellate, with pedicels of unequal length. Spikelets (2.1 –) 2.3–5.2 mm long, muticous, with long silky white trichomes; lower glume (2 –) 2.3–4 (– 4.8) mm long; upper glume (2.1 –) 2.8–4.5 (– 5.1) mm long. Lower floret sterile; lower lemma 1–3.5 mm long; lower palea absent. Upper floret bisexual; upper lemma 0.5–1.1 mm long; upper palea 0.6–1.4 mm long. Stigmas 2, vinaceous, 2–5 mm long. Stamen 1; anther (1.3 –) 2–3.2 (– 4) mm long, yellow to orange-brown. Caryopsis 0.9–2 mm long.</p><p>Distribution and habitat.</p><p>Widely distributed from the United States of America to Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil (Filgueiras 2003; Scrivanti et al. 2012). In Brazil, the species occurs throughout most of the country (Fig. 3 A), especially in wet sandy fields, secondary dunes, and marshlands, occasionally in disturbed areas. It is particularly frequent in recently burned areas.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Imperata brasiliensis exhibits considerable morphological variation, ranging from very small individuals to much larger plants. The species is very similar to I. tenuis due to its contracted inflorescences with appressed basal branches. These two species have traditionally been distinguished based on plant height and inflorescence length, both of which are generally greater in I. tenuis (Gabel 1982; Flores 2001; Welker and Longhi-Wagner 2012; Peichoto and Welker 2023). In addition, I. brasiliensis typically has shorter and broader leaf blades than I. tenuis, with a less conspicuous pseudopetiole. However, individuals with intermediate morphological characteristics occur in populations of both species. Considering that polyploidy events are extremely common in Andropogoneae, and that at least one-third of the speciation events in the tribe have resulted from allopolyploidization (Estep et al. 2014; Welker et al. 2015, 2016), it is possible that the intermediate individuals represent natural hybrids between the two Imperata species. This hypothesis, however, requires testing through population-level molecular studies.</p><p>Field observations also suggest differences in growth habit between the species. Imperata brasiliensis tends to occur as sparsely distributed individuals connected by long rhizomes (Fig. 2 A), whereas I. tenuis usually forms dense clumps (Fig. 2 C). However, this feature is generally not evident in herbarium specimens because clumps are often disaggregated during preparation, as previously noted by Welker and Longhi-Wagner (2012).</p><p>The anatomical data presented here provide additional diagnostic characters for distinguishing the two species, as dumbbell-shaped guard cells on the adaxial leaf blade surface were observed only in I. brasiliensis . Moreover, cushion-hairs are present on both leaf surfaces in I. brasiliensis, but are absent in I. tenuis (see Comparative anatomy and micromorphology section below).</p><p>Selected specimens examined.</p><p>Brazil • Bahia: Itapebi, Rodovia Itapebi-Belmonte, 28 Sep. 1979, L. A. M. Silva &amp; J. L. Hage 623 (CEN, RB) . Distrito Federal: Brasília, Reserva Ecológica do IBGE, 27 Jul. 1994, F. C. A. Oliveira &amp; M. L. Fonseca 36 (SP) . Espírito Santo: Conceição da Barra, 04 Dec. 2014, S. Rigo s. n. (RB 657509) . Goiás: Goiatuba, BR- 153, 07 Sep. 1998, R. Farias 112 (CEN) . Maranhão: Monção, Basin of the Rio Turiaçu, Ka’apor Indian Reserve, 20 Jan. 1985, W. L. Balée &amp; B. G. Ribeiro 784 (K) . Mato Grosso: Cáceres, Porto Limão, 19 Oct. 2005, M. A. Carniello et al. 1002 (FLOR, HUFU) . Mato Grosso do Sul: Miranda, Fazenda Bodoquena, 26 Oct. 1978, A. C. Allem et al. 2167 (CEN, ICN) . Minas Gerais: Marliéria, Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, Trilha para a lagoa Carioca, 18 Sep. 1998, J. A. Lombardi 2407 (BHCB) . Paraná: Guaraqueçaba, PR- 405, 21 Dec. 2011, C. A. D. Welker 381 (ICN) . Pernambuco: Recife, Jan. 1975, T. Sendulsky 1433 (SP) . Rio de Janeiro: Mangaratiba, Ilha da Marambaia, Trilha para praia do Sino, 17 Aug. 2009, C. Silva 101 (ICN) . Rio Grande do Sul: Balneário Pinhal, Praia do Pinhal, 19 Jan. 2010, C. A. D. Welker 287 (ICN) . Rondônia: Porto Velho, Estação Experimental do Ministério da Agricultura, 27 Aug. 1970, J. F. M. Valls 1213 (ICN) . Santa Catarina: Garopaba, Porto da Cidade, 21 Oct. 1970, R. M. Klein &amp; A. Bresolin 8826 (FLOR, HUFU) . São Paulo: Águas de Santa Bárbara, Estação Ecológica de Santa Bárbara, 13 Oct. 2016, G. B. Assis et al. 276 (CEN, RB) . Tocantins: Goiatins, BR- 010, Alto Lindo-Goiatins, km 14, 21 Sep. 2009, G. Pereira-Silva 14628 (CEN) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/92D656833CFB5892BFCF62A43CE5006B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Pinto, Bianca L. S.;Welker, Cassiano A. D.;Marzinek, Juliana	Pinto, Bianca L. S., Welker, Cassiano A. D., Marzinek, Juliana (2026): Anatomy and micromorphology of Imperata (Poaceae, Andropogoneae) from Brazil and their taxonomic significance. PhytoKeys 279: 155-178, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.279.207098
9F80ACFBB9ED5E76BC7D0A0226C0F5D5.text	9F80ACFBB9ED5E76BC7D0A0226C0F5D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Imperata contracta (Kunth) Hitchc.	<div><p>2. Imperata contracta (Kunth) Hitchc., Rep. (Annual) Missouri Bot. Gard. 4: 146. 1893.</p><p>Fig. 4</p><p>Basionym.</p><p>Saccharum contractum Kunth in Humb., Bonpl. &amp; Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 182. 1816.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Colombia • [Crescit in humidis, calidissimis Regni Novogranatensis in ripa fluvii Magdalenae: item in temperatis montosis propter Cocollar, Turumiquiri et Caripe Cumanensium, alt. 450 hexap.], May – Sep., F. W. H. A. Humboldt &amp; A. J. A. Bonpland 1600 (lectotype, designated here: P [P 00669468 digital image!]; isolectotypes: BAA [BAA 00002807 digital image!, fragm. ex P], P [P 00128966 digital image!, P 00128967 digital image!]) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Plants perennial, (85 –) 104–186 cm tall. Culms erect; nodes glabrous; internodes hollow. Leaf sheaths glabrous. Ligules membranous-ciliate, 0.5–2 mm long. Leaf blades (11 –) 16–85.5 × (0.4 –) 0.6–1.3 cm, linear-lanceolate, pseudopetiolate, with pseudopetiole reduced or not to the leaf midrib; abaxial surface glabrous; adaxial surface pilose, usually with tufts of trichomes near the ligule and occasionally with isolated trichomes along the blade; margins with prickle-hairs. Inflorescences (12 –) 24–51 cm long, subcontracted; basal branches (3.5 –) 4.7–10.1 cm long, divergent from the main axis. Rachis tough, bearing pairs of spikelets, both pedicellate, with pedicels of unequal length. Spikelets (2.1 –) 2.3–4 (– 4.3) mm long, muticous, with long silky white or pinkish-silvery trichomes; lower glume (1.8 –) 2–3.2 (– 3.6) mm long; upper glume (2 –) 2.1–3.3 (– 3.9) mm long. Lower floret sterile; lower lemma 1.3–2.4 mm long; lower palea absent. Upper floret bisexual; upper lemma 0.6–1.3 (– 1.5) mm long; upper palea 0.8–2.1 mm long. Stigmas 2, vinaceous, 1.3–3 mm long. Stamen 1; anther 1.2–2 mm long, yellow to orange-brown. Caryopsis 2–3 mm long.</p><p>Distribution and habitat.</p><p>Widely distributed from Mexico to Argentina and Brazil (Filgueiras 2003; Scrivanti et al. 2012). The species occurs mainly from central to southern Brazil (Fig. 3 B), inhabiting wet grasslands, marshlands, and disturbed areas, and is occasionally invasive in plantations.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Saccharum contractum, the basionym of Imperata contracta, was described by Kunth (1816), based on material collected by Friedrich W. H. A. von Humboldt and Aimé J. A. Bonpland in the Americas. However, the specimens analyzed were not explicitly cited in the protologue. According to Taxonomic Literature II (Stafleu and Cowan 1979: 693), “ the Humboldt, Bonpland and Kunth types are mainly at P [Herbarium] ”. Three specimens of the gathering Humboldt &amp; Bonpland 1600 were found at the Herbarium of Paris (P) and are treated here as original material of Saccharum contractum . Therefore, a lectotype designation is required under Art. 9.3 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN; Turland et al. 2025). We hereby designate the specimen Humboldt &amp; Bonpland 1600 (P 00669468) as the lectotype of Saccharum contractum, as it conforms to the original description and bears the label “ Herbier Humboldt &amp; Bonpland. Amérique Équatoriale ”.</p><p>Imperata contracta is the most readily recognizable of the Brazilian species due to its large subcontracted inflorescences with divergent basal branches. These branches are usually longer and more conspicuous than in I. brasiliensis and I. tenuis, providing a consistent macromorphological character for identification. In anatomical terms, I. contracta differs from the other Brazilian species in the morphology of its leaf epidermal long and short cells (see details below), which provides additional support for its recognition.</p><p>Selected specimens examined.</p><p>Brazil • Bahia: Ilhéus, Área do CEPEC, 01 Jul. 1981, J. L. Hage &amp; H. S. Brito 1022 (CEPEC, K) . Minas Gerais: Marliéria, Parque Florestal Estadual do Rio Doce, 18 May 1982, E. F. Almeida 185 (K, MBM) . Paraná: Morretes, Jacarehy, 10 May 1915, P. Dusén 17024 (K) . Piauí: Parnaguá, Rio São Joãozinho, 24 Apr. 1980, G. Hatschbach et al. 42979 (MBM) . Rio de Janeiro: Baixada de Jacarepaguá, à beira da Lagoa de Marapendi, 09 Apr. 1976, D. Araújo 1076 (K, NY) . Rio Grande do Sul: Taquara, 1 km em direção a Lageadinho, 08 Jul. 1973, J. F. M. Valls 2667 (ICN) . Santa Catarina: São Pedro de Alcântara, 14 May 1990, M. H. Queiroz 217 (FLOR) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9F80ACFBB9ED5E76BC7D0A0226C0F5D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Pinto, Bianca L. S.;Welker, Cassiano A. D.;Marzinek, Juliana	Pinto, Bianca L. S., Welker, Cassiano A. D., Marzinek, Juliana (2026): Anatomy and micromorphology of Imperata (Poaceae, Andropogoneae) from Brazil and their taxonomic significance. PhytoKeys 279: 155-178, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.279.207098
D9283ADA95FD583AAF51C8C811933E67.text	D9283ADA95FD583AAF51C8C811933E67.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Imperata tenuis Hack.	<div><p>3. Imperata tenuis Hack., Monogr. Phan. 6: 689. 1889.</p><p>Figs 2 C, 2 D, 5</p><p>Type.</p><p>Brazil • Minas Gerais: São João del-Rei, 1888, A. F. M. Glaziou 17442 (lectotype, designated here: W [W 1916-0034901 digital image!]; isolectotypes: K [K 000632952!, K 000632953!], P [P 00740687 digital image!, P 00740688 digital image!, P 00740689 digital image!], US [US 2942435!]) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Plants perennial, (66 –) 81–177 cm tall. Culms erect; nodes glabrous; internodes hollow. Leaf sheaths glabrous. Ligules membranous-ciliate, 1–3 mm long. Leaf blades (11 –) 24–93 (– 97) × 0.1–0.6 (– 0.9) cm, linear, pseudopetiolate, with pseudopetiole generally reduced to the leaf midrib; abaxial surface glabrous; adaxial surface pilose, with a higher concentration of trichomes toward the apex and occasionally with tufts of trichomes near the ligule; margins with prickle-hairs. Inflorescences (10 –) 14–27 cm long, contracted; basal branches 1–5 (– 5.5) cm long, appressed to the main axis. Rachis tough, bearing pairs of spikelets, both pedicellate, with pedicels of unequal length. Spikelets 3–5 mm long, muticous, with long silky white trichomes; lower glume (2 –) 2.5–4.5 mm long; upper glume (2.7 –) 2.9–4.8 mm long. Lower floret sterile; lower lemma (1.5 –) 2–3 (– 3.6) mm long; lower palea absent. Upper floret bisexual; upper lemma 1–1.2 mm long; upper palea 0.9–1.5 mm long. Stigmas 2, vinaceous, (1 –) 2–3.5 (– 5) mm long. Stamen 1; anther (1.5 –) 2–3 mm long, yellow to orange-brown. Caryopsis 0.7–1.2 mm long.</p><p>Distribution and habitat.</p><p>Distributed in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, and Peru (Filgueiras 2003; Peichoto 2013). The species occurs mainly from central to southern Brazil (Fig. 3 C), inhabiting wet grasslands, marshlands, and along watercourses and roadsides.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Hackel (1889) described Imperata tenuis and cited the collection Glaziou 17442 from Minas Gerais, Brazil, without indicating the herbarium where the material was deposited. As multiple duplicates of the gathering Glaziou 17442 were found in the K, P, US, and W herbaria, all these specimens should be considered syntypes under Art. 9.6 of the ICN (Turland et al. 2025). We designate here the specimen deposited in the W herbarium (W 1916-0034901) as the lectotype of I. tenuis, because it agrees with the original description of the species and its label bears the annotation “ Ex herb. E. Hackel ”.</p><p>Imperata tenuis is morphologically very similar to I. brasiliensis, and the overlap in plant height and inflorescence length has long complicated species delimitation (see comments under the latter species). Nevertheless, I. tenuis generally comprises taller plants with longer inflorescences and narrower leaves with a more conspicuous pseudopetiole, usually reduced to the midrib. The absence of cushion-hairs in the leaf epidermis provides an additional character that distinguishes I. tenuis from the other Brazilian species.</p><p>Selected specimens examined.</p><p>Brazil • Goiás: Santa Rita do Araguaia, on Rio Araguaia, 15 Apr. 1930, A. Chase 12033 (RB, US) . Mato Grosso: Poconé, Fazenda do Macaco, 07 Jun. 1992, M. Schessl 107.4 (CEN) . Mato Grosso do Sul: Corumbá, 6, 6 km ao sul da Curva Leque e 14, 6 km do rio Abobral, 27 Oct. 1986, J. F. M. Valls 10353 (CEN) . Minas Gerais: Uberlândia, Reserva Ecológica do Panga, 26 Jun. 2023, B. L. S. Pinto &amp; C. A. D. Welker 06 (HUFU) . Paraná: rodovia 373, a 11 km de Guarapuava, 10 Dec. 1992, Z. Rúgolo et al. 1655 (ICN) . Rio Grande do Sul: São Gabriel, BR- 290, próximo ao km 451, 15 Dec. 2009, C. A. D. Welker 219 (HUCS, ICN, SMDB) . Santa Catarina: Florianópolis, Ilha de Santa Catarina, Pântano do Sul, 23 Nov. 2009, B. Toncic &amp; A. Zanin 286 (FLOR) . São Paulo: Votuporanga, Bairro Viradouro, 28 Jan. 1997, A. D. Faria et al. 97 / 278 (ICN) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D9283ADA95FD583AAF51C8C811933E67	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Pinto, Bianca L. S.;Welker, Cassiano A. D.;Marzinek, Juliana	Pinto, Bianca L. S., Welker, Cassiano A. D., Marzinek, Juliana (2026): Anatomy and micromorphology of Imperata (Poaceae, Andropogoneae) from Brazil and their taxonomic significance. PhytoKeys 279: 155-178, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.279.207098
