identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
291F8784FFA0FFF30A15FBE1EAE15253.text	291F8784FFA0FFF30A15FBE1EAE15253.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apiomerus luctuosus Lima, Seabra & Hathaway 1951	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Apiomerus luctuosus Costa Lima, Seabra &amp; Hathaway, 1951 </p>
            <p> Apiomerus luctuosus was described based on specimens from the Brazilian and Peruvian Amazon (Costa Lima et al. 1951). Gil-Santana et al. (2006) synonymized under it five other species of  Apiomerus described by Costa Lima et al. (1951), upon considering them color morphs of the same taxon. Gil-Santana et al. (2006) based their assertion not only on the examination of type specimens, but mainly on a group of specimens collected from the same population in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso, with specimens showing the whole range of color variation that previously separated the six species which are now  Ap. luctuosus . According to the literature, individuals of  Ap. luctuosus have, in general, a total length of approximately 15-20 mm (females), 14-17 mm (males) (from the frons to tip of the hemelytra), with a blackish to dark general coloration. The corium of the hemelytra is variably paler, as well as basal portions of the legs, variable in location and extension among individuals (Fig. 3A) (Gil-Santana et al. 2006). Recently, this reduviid was reported as a predator of  Euglossa spp. (  Apinae :  Euglossini ) orchid bees in the Brazilian Amazon (Marsaro Júnior et al. 2022). </p>
            <p> Species of  Apiomerus Hahn, 1831 prey upon insects of diverse orders (Marques et al. 2003), but most predation activity seems to occur on bees (  Hymenoptera :  Apidae ). This fact has conferred them the title of “bee assassins” (Gil-Santana et al. 2003; Marques et al. 2003). Synopsis of  Apiomerus spp. general predation reports were provided by Gil-Santana (2002). Summaries on their predation on bees can be found in Marques et al. (2003) and Gil-Santana et al. (2015). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Bolivia, Peru, Brazil (states of Amazonas, Bahia, EspÍrito Santo, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rio de Janeiro and Rondônia) (Costa Lima et al. 1951); Brazil (state of Rio Grande do Sul, new state record); Nicaragua (Bérenger 1995).</p>
            <p> Harpactorini</p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/291F8784FFA0FFF30A15FBE1EAE15253	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marsaro Júnior, Alberto Luiz;Gil-Santana, Hélcio Reinaldo;Moura, Luciano de A.	Marsaro Júnior, Alberto Luiz, Gil-Santana, Hélcio Reinaldo, Moura, Luciano de A. (2024): Species of Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) associated with a canola crop (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera; Brassicales: Brassicaceae) in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Revista Chilena de Entomología (Rev. Chil. Entomol.) 50 (3): 535-548, DOI: 10.35249/rche.50.3.24.14, URL: https://doi.org/10.35249/rche.50.3.24.14
291F8784FFA1FFF30AE2FED4EC3250F2.text	291F8784FFA1FFF30AE2FED4EC3250F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arilus carinatus (Forster 1771)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Arilus carinatus (Forster, 1771)</p>
            <p> Because of the outstanding shape of their pronotum and large size, species of  Arilus Hahn, 1831 stand out for laymen. However, the species included in this genus need revision. The species separation is still based on old compilations of short diagnoses, such as that of Stål (1872). </p>
            <p> Arilus carinatus is frequently found on vegetation; their early instar nymphs have a blackish head and the pronotum, legs and abdomen mostly reddish, while the coloration of last instar nymphs is more similar to the adults, but with a flat pronotum. The characteristically enlarged, rounded, subhemispherical and denticulated dorsal protusion of the pronotum (in lateral view) is present in the adults only (Fig. 3C). The general coloration of the latter is dark brownish, with variable reddish tinge on the femora, the tibiae being paler. Larger individuals may reach about 30 mm in length (Figs. 3 B-C). The species of  Arilus are generalist insect predators (see Laiton-J. et al. 2021 for a synthesis of the literature). A female of  Ar. carinatus was recorded preying on a specimen of  Nezara viridula (Linnaeus, 1758) (  Hemiptera :  Pentatomidae ) (Figs. 3 D-E). It should be pointed out that  N. viridula is one of the principal phytophagous  Heteroptera associated with canola plantations in Brazil (Marsaro Júnior et al. 2017; Bianchi et al. 2019). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Brazil, Ecuador, Peru (Maldonado Capriles 1990), Paraguay (Michel 1993).</p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/291F8784FFA1FFF30AE2FED4EC3250F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marsaro Júnior, Alberto Luiz;Gil-Santana, Hélcio Reinaldo;Moura, Luciano de A.	Marsaro Júnior, Alberto Luiz, Gil-Santana, Hélcio Reinaldo, Moura, Luciano de A. (2024): Species of Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) associated with a canola crop (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera; Brassicales: Brassicaceae) in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Revista Chilena de Entomología (Rev. Chil. Entomol.) 50 (3): 535-548, DOI: 10.35249/rche.50.3.24.14, URL: https://doi.org/10.35249/rche.50.3.24.14
291F8784FFA1FFF30A68FC34EC285652.text	291F8784FFA1FFF30A68FC34EC285652.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrachelus cinereus subsp. crassicornis (Burmeister 1835)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Atrachelus cinereus crassicornis (Burmeister, 1835)</p>
            <p>This is a species of small reduviids, with about 7 to 8 mm in length. Their dorsal body surface is mostly brownish with several small pale markings, mainly on the legs. Males are recognized by the enlargement of the third antennal segment (first flagellomere) (Fig. 3F). Michel (1993) stated that the species is common in cotton plantations, and it was already recorded in rice crops too (Souza et al. 2015).</p>
            <p>Distribution. It is a species of wide geographical distribution which extends from Southern (Neotropical) part of Mexico to Argentina (Elkins 1954; Maldonado and Brailovsky 1985).</p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/291F8784FFA1FFF30A68FC34EC285652	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marsaro Júnior, Alberto Luiz;Gil-Santana, Hélcio Reinaldo;Moura, Luciano de A.	Marsaro Júnior, Alberto Luiz, Gil-Santana, Hélcio Reinaldo, Moura, Luciano de A. (2024): Species of Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) associated with a canola crop (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera; Brassicales: Brassicaceae) in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Revista Chilena de Entomología (Rev. Chil. Entomol.) 50 (3): 535-548, DOI: 10.35249/rche.50.3.24.14, URL: https://doi.org/10.35249/rche.50.3.24.14
291F8784FFA1FFF00ACDFAD4EC4D5392.text	291F8784FFA1FFF00ACDFAD4EC4D5392.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cosmoclopius annulosus Stal 1872	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Cosmoclopius annulosus Stål, 1872</p>
            <p> Cosmoclopius Stål, 1866 currently includes eight species and is largely distributed from Curaçao to Argentina, including Brazil (Cobben and Wygodzinsky 1975; Melo and Coscarón 2004; Varela and Melo 2021). </p>
            <p> The specimens of  C. annulosus measure about 12 mm in length (Stål 1872), and display a mostly pale coloration (yellowish, greenish or reddish) with several dark rings on the legs, which are less marked on the fore femora (Fig. 3G). </p>
            <p> The species of this genus are polyphagous predators. While there are several records of prey of  C. nigroannulatus Stål, 1872 summarized by authors such as Jahnke et al. (2002) and Marques et al. (2006), there is a lack of information about  C. annulosus , which has only been recorded preying on  Ceratina rupestris Holmberg, 1884 bees (  Apinae :  Xylocopini : Ceratinina) (Marsaro Júnior et al. 2022). </p>
            <p> Distribution.  Cosmoclopius annulosus was described from specimens from Santa Catarina, Brazil (Stål 1872). It has also been recorded to Argentina (Melo and Coscarón 2004) and recently to the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Marsaro Júnior et al. 2022). </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/291F8784FFA1FFF00ACDFAD4EC4D5392	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marsaro Júnior, Alberto Luiz;Gil-Santana, Hélcio Reinaldo;Moura, Luciano de A.	Marsaro Júnior, Alberto Luiz, Gil-Santana, Hélcio Reinaldo, Moura, Luciano de A. (2024): Species of Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) associated with a canola crop (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera; Brassicales: Brassicaceae) in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Revista Chilena de Entomología (Rev. Chil. Entomol.) 50 (3): 535-548, DOI: 10.35249/rche.50.3.24.14, URL: https://doi.org/10.35249/rche.50.3.24.14
291F8784FFA2FFF00AB6FF15EB685192.text	291F8784FFA2FFF00AB6FF15EB685192.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Harpactor tuberculosus Stal 1872	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Harpactor tuberculosus Stål, 1872</p>
            <p> Wygodzinsky (1947) provided a synopsis of  Harpactor Laporte, 1832 and a key to its species along with summarized information about them. Among its four species, prey and biology records exist only for  H. angulosus (Lepeletier &amp; Serville, 1825) , as summarized by Costa et al. (2022). </p>
            <p> Harpactor tuberculosus Stål, 1872 usually has a length of 20 mm and may be recognized, among other characteristics, by the process on the median portion of the collar of the pronotum fore lobe (Wygodzinsky 1947) and the shape of the connexivum (Fig. 3H). In the present study, an individual of  Astylus (Astylus) quadrilineatus (Germar, 1825) (  Coleoptera :  Melyridae ) was recorded being preyed by a female of  H. tuberculosus (Figs. 4 A-B). Adults of  A. (A.) quadrilineatus are pollinators, and have hairy bodies to which pollen adheres, aiding in its transport from flower to flower. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Argentina and Brazil (Wygodzinsky 1947).</p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/291F8784FFA2FFF00AB6FF15EB685192	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marsaro Júnior, Alberto Luiz;Gil-Santana, Hélcio Reinaldo;Moura, Luciano de A.	Marsaro Júnior, Alberto Luiz, Gil-Santana, Hélcio Reinaldo, Moura, Luciano de A. (2024): Species of Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) associated with a canola crop (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera; Brassicales: Brassicaceae) in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Revista Chilena de Entomología (Rev. Chil. Entomol.) 50 (3): 535-548, DOI: 10.35249/rche.50.3.24.14, URL: https://doi.org/10.35249/rche.50.3.24.14
291F8784FFA2FFF00A21FD14EC7C57B2.text	291F8784FFA2FFF00A21FD14EC7C57B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Isocondylus elongatus (Lepeletier & Serville 1825)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Isocondylus elongatus (Lepeletier &amp; Serville, 1825)</p>
            <p> Isocondylus elongatus is the only species of  Isocondylus Amyot &amp; Serville, 1843 , and both were redescribed by Coscarón et al. (2008). Both the genus and the species are recognized by generic characteristics such as the short postantennal tubercles, an unarmed hind lobe disk in the pronotum (Stål 1872) and a flat scutellum (Coscarón et al. 2008). Additionally, the elongated body, measuring about 20 to 30 mm in length (Coscarón et al. 2008; HRG-S pers. obs.) and the general coloration and structure make its identification easy (Fig. 4C). As a result of field observations, Gil-Santana and Zeraik (2003) suggested that adults of  I. elongatus , when disturbed, vibrate their wings and abdomen, similarly to the behavior of wasps occurring in the same region [e.g.,  Apoica pallens (Fabricius, 1804) ;  Hymenoptera :  Vespidae ]. They stated that similarities of the coloration seemed to reinforce the apparent mimicry. No record of prey of this species was found in the literature. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Argentina, Brazil and Bolivia (Maldonado Capriles 1990), Colombia (Forero 2006), Venezuela (Coscarón et al. 2008) and French Guiana (Gil-Santana 2022).</p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/291F8784FFA2FFF00A21FD14EC7C57B2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marsaro Júnior, Alberto Luiz;Gil-Santana, Hélcio Reinaldo;Moura, Luciano de A.	Marsaro Júnior, Alberto Luiz, Gil-Santana, Hélcio Reinaldo, Moura, Luciano de A. (2024): Species of Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) associated with a canola crop (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera; Brassicales: Brassicaceae) in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Revista Chilena de Entomología (Rev. Chil. Entomol.) 50 (3): 535-548, DOI: 10.35249/rche.50.3.24.14, URL: https://doi.org/10.35249/rche.50.3.24.14
291F8784FFA2FFFF0AF1FAF5EC2E5592.text	291F8784FFA2FFFF0AF1FAF5EC2E5592.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Repipta flavicans (Amyot & Serville 1843)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Repipta flavicans (Amyot &amp; Serville, 1843)</p>
            <p> Repipta Stål, 1859 was revised by Martin-Park et al. (2012), with the redescription of its species, including  R. flavicans , a somewhat common reduviid in many Neotropical countries. Gaméz-Virués et al. (2003) described the immature stages and life cycle of  R. flavicans . The specimens of  R. flavicans measure approximately between 10 to 12 mm in length, with wide variation in color (Martin-Park et al. 2012), although the pronotum hind lobe usually presents a pale longitudinal medial area (HRG-S pers. obs.) (Fig. 4D). In this study, this species was observed in the field preying on an adult of  Diabrotica limitata (Sahlberg, 1823) (  Coleoptera :  Chrysomelidae :  Galerucinae :  Luperini ).  Diabrotica Chevrolat, 1837 encompasses more than 300 species (Wilcox 1972) of essentially polyphagous beetles, that is, they feed on various families and species of plants (Jolivet 1987);  D. limitata is no different – it feeds on many host plants, several of which are crops. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Colombia, Cuba, Guatemala, French Guiana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay and Uruguay (Martin-Park et al. 2012).</p>
            <p> We observed that  At. cinereus crassicornis was the most abundant species in the experimental canola plantation studied. It must be, therefore, the leading species contributing to pest control in this context. This species has already been recorded in cotton and rice crops (Michel 1993; Souza et al. 2015). Hence, the presence of this reduviid in canola shows it can contribute to the pest control of plants cultivated both in the hottest and coldest seasons, as is the case of canola in South Brazil. </p>
            <p> The second most abundant species found,  C. annulosus , should also be an important predator in canola plantations. Species of this genus are generalist predators, and studies with  C. nigroannulatus revealed that this species stood out as a predator of several pests in tobacco plantations (Jahnke et al. 2002; Marques et al. 2006). </p>
            <p> As earlier stated, the canola plantation exhibits a considerable diversity of predaceous true bugs (  Pentatomidae -  Asopinae and  Reduviidae ) which prey on both beneficial insects (pollinators such as bees) and pests, having a crucial role in the control of the latter. Therefore, it is vital that the plantation management (especially regarding the use of pesticides) is done carefully to cause as little damage as possible to these biological control agents. This would guarantee the preservation of these insects not only in canola plantations, but also in others crops which integrate the diverse agroecosystems found in Brazil. </p>
            <p> Taking into account the diversity of species of  Reduviidae and their role in the predation of pests in canola crops, and also because there is currently no sufficient scientific knowledge in Neotropics about the biology, behavior and predation efficiency of these true bugs to allow the rearing, augmentation and release in under field conditions, it is extremely important that farmers adopt practices that aim to preserve them in agroecosystems. Among these practices, we can highlight the maintenance of the native vegetation, legal reserves, areas of permanent preservation (“APPs”) and riparian forests. These spots of natural vegetation besides providing shelter and preys to reduviids during agricultural off-season periods, may allow them to remain close to the crops, ensuring their role as biological pest control agents. </p>
            <p>As reported, canola plants are visited by a large diversity of arthropods (phytophagous, pollinators and predators) throughout their development. Among the predators, studies have revealed an increasing number of species associated with this plant species, as reported here for true bugs. It is likely that canola plantations house other species of predaceous true bugs still unreported. Thus, further studies are needed to understand more precisely their real diversity associated with canola and how exactly each of these species interact with the other arthropods visiting the plantations.</p>
            <p>Furthermore, more studies are needed to understand the population dynamics of reduviids in canola plantations, as well as the biotic and abiotic factors that affect their populations throughout the crop cycle.</p>
            <p> In summary, the present work recorded the occurrence of seven species of  Reduviidae in a canola crop (with larger abundance of  Atrachelus cinereus crassicornis ), expanded the knowledge about the geographic distribution of these species, reported predation of three reduviid species and presented management strategies aimed to the preservation, conservation and maintenance of these predators in agroecosystems. </p>
            <p>The results obtained is a contribution to the knowledge about the diversity and ecology of reduviid species that occur in canola crop, including the choosing of preys by them as well as their climatic adaptability taking into account that the species were collected both in cold and warmer months.</p>
            <p> On the other hand, in spite of the relevance of the results presented in this study, the small number of samples and short survey period seem not to be enough to express the full diversity of reduviids that may be potentially present in a canola crop. Therefore, more exhaustive surveys are necessary, including larger areas and different cultivation regions, to record which are the most common and abundant species of  Reduviidae that live in the canola agrosystem. Furthermore, future studies can investigate the pest predation capacity of reduviid species occurring in canola and which may be useful for biological control programs. In the latter case, possibly for future mass releases of these predators in the field. </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/291F8784FFA2FFFF0AF1FAF5EC2E5592	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marsaro Júnior, Alberto Luiz;Gil-Santana, Hélcio Reinaldo;Moura, Luciano de A.	Marsaro Júnior, Alberto Luiz, Gil-Santana, Hélcio Reinaldo, Moura, Luciano de A. (2024): Species of Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) associated with a canola crop (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera; Brassicales: Brassicaceae) in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Revista Chilena de Entomología (Rev. Chil. Entomol.) 50 (3): 535-548, DOI: 10.35249/rche.50.3.24.14, URL: https://doi.org/10.35249/rche.50.3.24.14
