identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
2968DC09FFC2BD51FF54D57AFEAFF9C6.text	2968DC09FFC2BD51FF54D57AFEAFF9C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cymbella compactiformis B. Liu & D. M. Williams 2020	<div><p>Cymbella compactiformis B. Liu &amp; D.M. Williams</p><p>(Figs. 1-17)</p><p>Reference. Liu et al., 2020, p. 101, figs. 31-57.</p><p>Description. Valves moderately to strongly dorsiventral, semi-lanceolate in outline, but semi-rhomboidal in smaller specimens, dorsal margin strongly arched, and ventral margin with slightly tumid middle portion. Apices broadly rounded to subrostrate, and somewhat protracted. Valves 40-109 μm long, 14-21 μm wide. Raphe lateral, reverse-lateral near the proximal end and the distal ends. Striae 6-9 in 10 μm in the middle, and areolae on a stria apically elongated or lineate, 16-20 in 10 μm. Isolated stigmata 2-5 in the middle of the ventral side of the valve.</p><p>Diagnoses. In C. compactiformis, the valve outline is not cymbiform. Additionally, the apices of the valve are thick and the valve is notably wider than those of other species in its vicinity. This species exhibits morphological similarities with those of C. compacta Østrup (Krammer, 2002) and C. paenetruncata Li &amp; Gong (Gong et al., 2013). However, it differs from C. compacta in terms of valve width (14-21 vs. 11-15 μm) and stria density (6-9 vs. 10-14 in 10 μm). Furthermore, it is significantly distinct from C. paenetruncata in its valve dimensions of length and width. Cymbella compactiformis occurred in South Korea has a significantly lower density of areolae compared to Chinese specimens (16-20: 19-22 in 10 μm).</p><p>Occurrence. Cymbella compactiformis was frequently observed as periphytic and benthic diatoms in the Korean fresh water: the mid-reach of the Namhan River in Danyang, and the Bukhan River in Gapyeong, the mid-stream of the Ian Stream in Sangju, the upper-reaches of the Dongchang Stream in Cheongdo, Lake Bomun in Gyeongju, and Lake Jangseong in Jangseong. Among the seven species, it exhibited the highest frequency of observation and a broad distribution. This species was initially designated in a river in the Hunan Province of the subtropical climate zone of China (Liu et al., 2020), and it was also recently reported in some rivers in Japan (Izumino et al., 2023). This species appears to be endemic, being restricted to the region of Northeast Asia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2968DC09FFC2BD51FF54D57AFEAFF9C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Joh, Gyeongje	Joh, Gyeongje (2025): The seven species of the genus Cymbella (Bacillariophyta), previously unknown from the inland water of South Korea. Journal of Species Research 14 (1): 6-19, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2025.14.1.006
2968DC09FFC2BD51FF54D22FFA18FB0B.text	2968DC09FFC2BD51FF54D22FFA18FB0B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cymbella distalebiseriata B. Liu & D. M. Williams	<div><p>Cymbella distalebiseriata B. Liu &amp; D.M. Williams</p><p>(Figs. 18-23)</p><p>Reference. Liu et al., 2018, p. 41, figs. 1-40.</p><p>Description. Valves moderatelyly dorsiventral, dorsal margin moderately arched, the ventral margins slightly convex to tumid. The ends of valve either rounded or somewhat pointed in smaller forms, appearing to be slightly protract- ed. Valves 40-58 μm long, 11-13 μm wide. Raphe lateral, becoming reverse-lateral near the proximal ends and filiform near the distal ends. Striae uniseriate in most areas of the valve, but biseriate at the apices, 5-8 in 10 μm in the middle, and 8-11 in 10 μm in the apices. In some specimens, striae on the entire valve surface biseriate (eg., Fig. 18). Areolae on a stria apically elongated or lineate, 24- 26 in 10 μm. Stigmata 2-3 in the middle of the ventral side of the valve.</p><p>Diagnoses. Cymbella distalebiseriata and C. liyangensis exhibit similarities in valve morphology, with many overlapping characteristics. However, they exhibit difference in areolar density. The former possesses 25-30 areolae in 10 μm, whereas C. distalebiseriata has 19-22 (Liu et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2018). Even during their collection in Japan, it was reported that the two species exhibited comparable valve morphologies (Ohtsuka et al., 2021). Consequently, these two species were regarded as species complex rather than distinct entities in Japan, given that the only distinguishing factor between them was the variation in areola density. Additionally, it was observed that the density of striae displayed continuous variations within the samples. However, C. distalebiseriata has protracted apices that is somewhat subrostrate, making it different from C. liyangensis, which simply has round apices, making it difficult to regard the two species as the same entity.</p><p>Occurrence. In South Korea, this species was discovered in the mid-stream of the Ian Stream, a tributary of the Nakdong River in Sangju, and in the lower Danyang Stream in Danyang, which serves as a tributary of the Namhan River. The specimens were derived from filamentous chlorophytes as epiphytes and epilithons. Cymbella distalebiseriata was initially identified in the Shenxi River in Hunan, China (Liu et al., 2018), and has also been documented in two rivers located in western Japan (Ohtsuka et al., 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2968DC09FFC2BD51FF54D22FFA18FB0B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Joh, Gyeongje	Joh, Gyeongje (2025): The seven species of the genus Cymbella (Bacillariophyta), previously unknown from the inland water of South Korea. Journal of Species Research 14 (1): 6-19, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2025.14.1.006
2968DC09FFC2BD56FCEDD172FE08F978.text	2968DC09FFC2BD56FCEDD172FE08F978.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cymbella excisa Kutzing	<div><p>Cymbella excisa Kützing var. excisa (Figs. 24-34)</p><p>Synonyms. Cymbella affinis f. excisa (Kützing) Grunow 1882; Cymbella affinis sensu Reimer in Patrick and Reimer 1975 (excluding synonyms and morphometrical values); Cymbella affinis sensu Krammer and Lange-Bertalot 1986 .</p><p>Non synonym. Cymbella affinis Hustedt 1930 .</p><p>Reference. Krammer, 2002, p. 26, pl. 5, fig. 1, pl. 8, figs. 1-26, pl. 9, figs. 19-25, pl. 12, fig. 7.</p><p>Description. Valves moderately dorsiventral, dorsal margin strongly arched, ventral margin straight to weakly convex or tumid, or frequently sunken in the center. The ends of valve subrostrate to rostrate. Valves 24-35 μm long, 8-9 μm wide. Raphe lateral, becoming reverse-lateral near the proximal ends of the raphe and near the distal ends. Striae 9-12 in 10 μm in the center, areolae 26-30 in 10 μm. Isolated and large one stigma in the middle of the ventral side.</p><p>Diagnoses. Cymbella excisa was described as a scientific name by Kützing (1844), but Krammer (2002) emended it taxonomically by organizing the morphological range of February 2025 Joh. The previously unknown species of the genus Cymbella 9 the species and establishing its relationship or boundary with other neighboring taxa. This species is similar to several taxa belonging to the excisa/parva group defined by Krammer (2002) in the genus Cymbella in terms of the outline and dimensions of valve, and its morphology. Cymbella excisiformis Krammer is very similar to C. excisa in the outline of the valve and the shape of apices, but differs in the dimensions of the valve. In the ratio of the length and width of the valve in the former species ranges from 4.2 to 5.3, which is greater than that of the latter (from 2.9 to 4.1). Cymbella excisa resembles to the smallsized ones among C. parva Krammer (Krammer, 2002), but the latter is distinguished from the former in that the apices of the valve is not protracted. Cymbella perparva Krammer also differs from C. excisa in the shape of the apices. On the other hand, C. exigua Krammer differs from C. excisa in that the density of striae is relatively dense, at 15-17 in 10 μm.</p><p>1 2 3 6 8 7 4 5 9 10</p><p>Occurrence. Cymbella excisa was found frequently at the two places through this study, the reach of the Namhan River in Danyang and the Ian Stream in Sangju. In addition, this species has observed commonly in the flowing sections of streams and rivers in other regions. It is cosmopolitan worldwide as the epilithon and epiphyton in stagnant and flowing inland waters, and abundant in the mountain (Krammer, 2002).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2968DC09FFC2BD56FCEDD172FE08F978	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Joh, Gyeongje	Joh, Gyeongje (2025): The seven species of the genus Cymbella (Bacillariophyta), previously unknown from the inland water of South Korea. Journal of Species Research 14 (1): 6-19, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2025.14.1.006
2968DC09FFC5BD55FF6AD2C1FF41F8F2.text	2968DC09FFC5BD55FF6AD2C1FF41F8F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cymbella maggiana Krammer 2002	<div><p>Cymbella maggiana Krammer (Figs. 35-43)</p><p>References. Krammer, 2002, p. 62, pl. 45, figs. 6-13; Le Cohu and Azémar, 2011, p. 139, figs. 31-39; Bahls, 2016a in Diatoms of North America.</p><p>Description. Valves moderately dorsiventral, semi-lanceolate in outline, dorsal margin moderately arched, ventral margin straight or weakly tumid in the central portion. Valves 50-57 μm long, 11-13 μm wide. Raphe slightly lateral, becoming reverse-lateral near the proximal ends. Striae, 7-9 in 10 μm in the middle, areolae on a stria slitlike, 19-21 in 10 μm. Isolated stigmata 2-3 in the middle of the ventral side.</p><p>Diagnoses. Cymbella maggiana can be differentiated from C. vulgata Krammer and C. pervarians Krammer within the same group based on its coarse areolae, presence of multiple stigmata in the central area, and bluntly rounded ends of the valve (Krammer, 2002). This species exhibits distinct dissimilarities when compared with C. diversa Krammer, as it does not possess the cymbiform outline.</p><p>Occurrence. In South Korea, this species was obtained from the Ian Stream located in Sangju. Morphological characteristics of the specimens collected at the local site closely corresponded with those described by Krammer (2002) and Le Cohu and Azémar (2011). The species occurred frequently in the Ian Stream, Sangju, and in various other sections of the upper stream. However, it was found very rarely in each sample.</p><p>Cymbella maggiana was initially documented in the Maggia River, which is situated in a mountainous area of Switzerland (Krammer, 2002). It has also been reported from a lake abundant in organic matter in the Pyrenees region of France (Le Cohu and Azémar, 2011), as well as in a mountainous area of Northwest Montana, USA (Bahls, 2016a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2968DC09FFC5BD55FF6AD2C1FF41F8F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Joh, Gyeongje	Joh, Gyeongje (2025): The seven species of the genus Cymbella (Bacillariophyta), previously unknown from the inland water of South Korea. Journal of Species Research 14 (1): 6-19, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2025.14.1.006
2968DC09FFC6BD5AFF54D33BFE1EFCCF.text	2968DC09FFC6BD5AFF54D33BFE1EFCCF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cymbella neoleptoceros var. tenuistriata Krammer 2002	<div><p>Cymbella neoleptoceros var. tenuistriata Krammer</p><p>(Figs. 44-53)</p><p>Reference. Krammer, 2002. p. 135, pl. 160, figs. 1-6.</p><p>Description. Valves slightly dorsiventral, semi-lanceolate in larger forms or semi-rhomboidal in smaller ones in outline, ventral margin convex in small forms and tumid in the middle portion in large forms. Valves 18-46 μm long, 7-10 μm wide. Raphe lateral, filiform far from the proximal ends and from distal ends. Striae narrower than the interstrial width in the central parts of the valve, 8-11 in 10 μm in the middle, areolae on a stria lineate, 20-23 in 10 μm. Stigma lacking.</p><p>Diagnoses. First of all, this variety contrasts with the nominate variety, C. neoleptoceros, in terms of the width of the striae and the costae between the striae. The variety is differentiated in that the interstriae are broader than</p><p>14 JOURNAL OF SPECIES RESEARCH Vol. 14, No. 1</p><p>48 49 45 46 44 50 47 52 51 53</p><p>striae, and the nominate is differentiated in that the striae are wider. It is clear in SEM images, and can be identified even under LM by adjusting the microscopic focus. Other than this, it is not easy to find differences in the valve morphology. Neighboring species that are very similar in valve morphology to the two aforementioned species include C. subleptoceros Krammer and C. stigmaphora Østrup. Cymbella subleptoceros differs from C. neoleptoceros in that its valve width is narrower (7.5-10 vs. 8-12 μm) and the outline of the valve is much slender (Krammer, 2002; Bahls, 2016b). Cymbella stigmaphora is characterized by a wide valve width of more than 10 μm and axial area is linear and very wide (Krammer, 2002).</p><p>Occurrence. This variety was observed in several places in the Ian Stream in Sangju, South Korea, and also appeared in the Gapyeong section of the middle stream in the Bukhan River.</p><p>The variety and nominate variety, Cymbella neoleptoceros, are reported to be widespread, sometimes occurring in large numbers, in brooks and lakes in the mountains of the Alps and the Balkans (Krammer, 2002). In the United States, the nominate was concentrated in two lakes near the northwest border (Bahls, 2016b), and was recently discovered from Lake Tahoe (Noble et al., 2023). Except for the two regions mentioned above, its distribution area is quite limited. Cymbella neoleptoceros has been reported from rivers along the Mediterranean coast of Italy, and Japan, and has also been found as a few fossils (Ohtsuka et al., 2007; Tanaka et al., 2011; Falasco et al., 2016; Mutlu et al., 2022). However, the variety has only been reported from sediments in the Arctic region since Krammer’s designation as a new species. When looking at the reported cases, it seems that the variety and the nominate are not strictly distinguished taxonomically, but has been reported as C. neoleptoceros .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2968DC09FFC6BD5AFF54D33BFE1EFCCF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Joh, Gyeongje	Joh, Gyeongje (2025): The seven species of the genus Cymbella (Bacillariophyta), previously unknown from the inland water of South Korea. Journal of Species Research 14 (1): 6-19, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2025.14.1.006
2968DC09FFC9BD5AFF6AD736FAAEFDAE.text	2968DC09FFC9BD5AFF6AD736FAAEFDAE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cymbella subcistula Krammer 2002	<div><p>Cymbella subcistula Krammer (Figs. 54-63)</p><p>Reference. Krammer, 2002, p. 93, pl. 83, figs. 1-9, pl. 84,</p><p>figs. 1-9, pl. 85, figs. 5-8.</p><p>Description. Valves strongly dorsiventral, dorsal margin highly arched, ventral margin nearly straight to slightly concave with slightly tumid middle portion. Apices broadly rounded. Valves 34-83 μm long, 13-17 μm wide. Raphe nearly in midline, lateral, becoming slightly reverse-lateral near the proximal ends and filiform near the distal ends. Striae, 8-9 in 10 μm in the middle, and areolae on a stria 18-23 in 10 μm. Isolated stigmata 2-3 in the central parts of the ventral side of the valve.</p><p>Diagnoses. Cymbella subcistula exhibits a close relationship in valve dimension and morphology with those of both C. neocistula Krammer and C. cymbiformis C. Agardh. Although variations exist in raphe and central area morphology, as well as in the density of striae and strial areolae, between C. neocistula and other species (Krammer, 2002; White, 2011), distinguishing between them is challenging because of overlapping ranges. Cymbella neocistula exhibits a lower number of stigmata than that of C. cymbiformis . Additionally, the stigmata of C. neocistula are positioned in proximity to the central striae, and its valve width tapers significantly towards the apices (Krammer, 2002). In addition to morphological variations, the extent of the dorsal curvature of the valve was assessed. Cymbella subcistula exhibited a pronounced taper towards the apices of the valve, which was more robust than that of C. neocistula . The central area on the dorsal side of C. cymbiformis exhibited notable differences compared with those of the other species. In C. cymbiformis, the central area is not well-developed and the areolae on each stria are more densely packed. Additionally, C. cymbiformis typically has a higher number of stigmata, with 2-3 observed, whereas other species mostly have only one.</p><p>Occurrence. In the present survey, Cymbella subcistula was frequently observed as periphytons in the Ian Stream located in Sangju. This species was originally described in West Germany by Krammer (2002). It is occasionally abundant in the mesotrophic waters of temperate zones; however, to date, there have been a limited number of documented occurrences. It has been found in aquatic habitats in the mountainous regions of Macedonia (Levkov et al., 2005), mountain lakes in China (Liu et al., 2007), and reservoirs in Ukraine (Genkal et al., 2020).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2968DC09FFC9BD5AFF6AD736FAAEFDAE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Joh, Gyeongje	Joh, Gyeongje (2025): The seven species of the genus Cymbella (Bacillariophyta), previously unknown from the inland water of South Korea. Journal of Species Research 14 (1): 6-19, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2025.14.1.006
2968DC09FFC9BD5FFC83D617FE7DFD6E.text	2968DC09FFC9BD5FFC83D617FE7DFD6E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cymbella tropica var. tenuipunctata Krammer 2002	<div><p>Cymbella tropica var. tenuipunctata Krammer</p><p>(Figs. 64-72)</p><p>Reference. Krammer, 2002. p. 61, pl. 49, figs. 12, 13.</p><p>Description. Valves slightly dorsiventral, semi-ellipticallanceolate in outline, dorsal margin strongly arched, ventral margin convex. Valves 30-37 μm long, 9-12 μm wide. Raphe lateral, reverse-lateral near the proximal ends and filiform near the distal ends. Striae 10-12 in 10 μm in the middle, areolae on a stria, 25-27 in 10 μm. Only one large stigma in the central parts of the ventral side.</p><p>Diagnoses. This variety differs from the nominate variety in areola density on a stria (25-28 vs. 21-24 in 10 μm) (Krammer, 2002) and the ends of the valve weakly subrostrate, but thinner than that of the nominate variety.</p><p>Occurrence. This variety occurred together with C. tropica and mainly appeared in the Ian Stream in Sangju, and was also rarely found in some sections of the middle reaches of the Namhan River.</p><p>Among the seven species, significant variations in valve size were observed in three taxa: Cymbella compactiformis, C. neoleptoceros var. tenuistriata, and C. subcistula . The valve length of C. compactiformis ranged from 40 μm to 109 μm, with frequent occurrences of its early life cycle stages. This taxon, identified in China by Liu et al. (2018) and in Japan by Izumino et al. (2023), exhibit- ed noticeable size variations, with specimens from Korea showing a wider range. Variability in valve size and morphology has been well-documented in the genus Cymbella like C. cistula (Ehrenberg) Kirchner, C. microcephala Grunow, and C. delicatula Kützing. Specifically, C. cistula exhibited valve lengths ranging from 35 μm to 180 μm in Hustedt (1930). The valve length varies from 24 μm to 120 μm in Hufford and Collins (1972) and from 35 μm to 120 μm in Krammer and Lange-Bertalot (1986), exhibiting significant diversity in valve morphology. The extensive morphological variability led to the classification of numerous infraspecific taxa, resulting in challenges in accurate identification (Fukushima et al., 1989). Some of these taxa have been further classified into distinct species. Krammer (2002), for instance, classified C. cistula into C. neocistula Krammer and C. subcistula, designating them as new species. The Cymbella subcistula reported in this study also displayed significant variability in valve dimensions.</p><p>Cymbella microcephala displays a wide range of variations in valve morphology, with differences in size and overall forms linked to its geographical distribution (Ohtsuka et al., 1991). Hufford and Collins (1972) noted that in C. cistula population, the epiphytic assemblages were significantly smaller than those found on alternative substrates like stone or the bottom. However, this study did not find any differences based on substrates. In the indoor culture of freshwater diatoms, it has been reported that the size of the valve surface in xenic cultures is significantly larger, attributed to the presence of bacteria, compared to axenic cultures (Windler et al., 2014).</p><p>On the contrary, C. maggiana, C. tropica var. tenuipunctata, and C. excisa showed limited variations in valve size. These three taxa were infrequently encountered in this survey, unlike the previously mentioned taxa. It is expected that populations with broader distribution areas and higher observation frequencies would display increased morphological diversity.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2968DC09FFC9BD5FFC83D617FE7DFD6E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Joh, Gyeongje	Joh, Gyeongje (2025): The seven species of the genus Cymbella (Bacillariophyta), previously unknown from the inland water of South Korea. Journal of Species Research 14 (1): 6-19, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2025.14.1.006
