identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
2455C75DFFCD103AF10C852EFAC0FE0B.text	2455C75DFFCD103AF10C852EFAC0FE0B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bruguiera rhynchopetala N. C. Duke	<div><p>Bruguiera × rhynchopetala N.C.Duke, Australia’s Mangroves 122–123. 2006., nom. nud. Fig. 2</p><p>Evergreen trees with columnar branched stem, flat fin-like buttresses at base. Pneumatophores knee-like, exposed, often with flaking bark. Stem with large corky lenticels, each 1–2 cm diam., more on buttresses. Stipules interpetiolar, paired, enclosing terminal bud, to 7 cm long, lanceolate, green with pinkish tinge. Leaf scars prominent on twig stems of leafy shoot, below apical shoot. Leafy shoot with 8–12 leaves in clusters. Leaf simple, opposite, bijugate; petioles 2.8–4.5 cm long; laminae elliptic, 11–21 × 4–7 cm, 2.8–3.5 times longer than wide, petiolate, base cuneate, margins entire, apex acute, blade glossy green. Inflorescence axillary, 1-flowered; buds generally nodding, maturing within leafy rosette; peduncles green, 6–12 × 2–3 mm. Mature flower bud placed at 1–2 internodal segments below apical shoot, 35–40 mm long, distal tip acute, green to yellow. Calyx mostly ribbed; lobes 11–12, longer than tube, slender and pointed, margins slightly raised. Petals bilaterally folded, bilobed, creamy white in immature bud, becoming orange when mature; outer margins glabrous or with sparsely distributed hairs, tuft of hairs at base; lobe tip rounded with two unequal bristles (larger one 1–1.2 mm long) near apex, rarely one. Anthers linear, in pairs, creamy pale yellow turning brown at anthesis. Style filiform, centrally placed, 3–4 lobed at tip, smooth, pale green. Fruit cryptic in calyx tube. Mature hypocotyls at 4–6 internodal segments below apical shoot, cigar-shaped, stout, slightly ribbed longitudinally, distal end blunt, green; plumule 2–3 mm long; calyx lobes slightly reflexed.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering is observed throughout the year. Peak flowering period is recorded between September and December. Mature propagules are observed throughout the year but peak during December to March.</p><p>Habitat: Bruguiera × rhynchopetala occurs in low salinity backwater zones like Vembanad lake where it co-exists with B. gymnorhiza and B. sexangula .</p><p>Distribution: This taxon occurs from Hainan Island (southern China) to the Solomon Islands and north-eastern Australia at its eastern limit, extending west to India. In India, the taxon is known only from Kerala.Knowledge of any wider distribution of this taxon at this revised range limit in the Indian region appears incomplete.</p><p>Specimens examined: Bruguiera × rhynchopetala: INDIA, Kerala, Alappuzha district, Sreekanta mangalam vicinity, near high intertidal edge of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.36&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.66" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.36/lat 9.66)">Vembanad lake</a>, N 9.66°, E 76.36°, 21.03.2019, Prasanna Rajan 11014 (CATH); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.36&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.66" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.36/lat 9.66)">Ernakulam district</a>, mangroves near high intertidal edge of</p><p>Vembanad lake, N 10.00°, E 76.22°, 27.03.2019, Prasanna Rajan 11019 (CATH); Kottayam district, Thalayazham vicinity, mangroves near high intertidal edge of Vembanad lake, N 9.69°, E 76.41°, 18.03.219, Prasanna Rajan 11008 (CATH); T.V. Puram vicinity, mangroves near high intertidal edge of Vembanad lake, N 9.70°, E 76.39°, 18.03.2019, Prasanna Rajan 11013 (CATH).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2455C75DFFCD103AF10C852EFAC0FE0B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	P., Rajan;N. C., Duke;S., Mathew;Cherian, E.	P., Rajan, N. C., Duke, S., Mathew, Cherian, E. (2022): Bruguiera × rhynchopetala (Rhizophoraceae) newly reported in India, far west of south-east Asian, east Asian and western Pacific regions. Rheedea 32 (2): 109-119, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2022.32.02.01
2455C75DFFCC1036F1078571FD56FE43.text	2455C75DFFCC1036F1078571FD56FE43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bruguiera cylindrica	<div><p>Bruguiera cylindrica: INDIA, Kerala, Ernakulam district, mangroves near high intertidal edge of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.22&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.22/lat 10.0)">Vembanad lake</a>, N 10.00°, E 76.22°, 27.03.2019, Prasanna Rajan 11020 (CATH) .</p><p>Bruguiera gymnorhiza: INDIA, Kerala, Alappuzha district, Sreekantamangalam vicinity, near high intertidal edge of Vembanad lake, N 9.66°, E 76.36°, 21.03.2019, Prasanna Rajan 11015 (CATH); Ernakulam district, mangroves near high intertidal edge of Vembanad lake, N 10.00°, E 76.22°, 27.03.2019, Prasanna Rajan 11017 (CATH); Kottayam district, Thalayazham vicinity, mangroves nearhigh intertidal edge of Vembanad lake, N 9.69°, E 76.41°, 18.03.2019, Prasanna Rajan 11010 (CATH); T.V. Puram vicinity, mangroves near high intertidal edge of Vembanad lake, N 9.70°, E 76.39°, 18.03.2019, Praanna Rajan 11011 (CATH).</p><p>Bruguiera sexangula: INDIA, Kerala, Alappuzha district, Sreekantamangalam vicinity, near high intertidal edge of Vembanad lake, N 9.66°, E 76.36°, 21.03.2019, Prasanna Rajan 11016 (CATH); Ernakulam district, mangroves near high intertidal edge of Vembanad lake, N 10.00°, E 76.22°, 27.03.2019, Prasanna Rajan 11018 (CATH); Kottayam district, Thalayazham vicinity, mangroves near high intertidal edge of Vembanad lake, N 9.69°, E 76.41°, 18.03.2019, Prasanna Rajan 11009 (CATH); T.V.</p><p>Puram vicinity, mangroves near high intertidal edge of Vembanad lake, N 9.70°, E 76.39°, 18.03.2019, Prasanna Rajan 11012 (CATH). Key to Bruguiera taxa in mainland India genetic traits, comparing populations across their</p><p>1. Flowers in inflorescence, always less than 2 cm global range.</p><p>in length; hypocotyl widest diameter less than In eastern populations of B. sexangula, there</p><p>1 cm .................................................................. 2 were comparatively short bristles reported on</p><p>1. Flowers solitary, always greater than 3 cm petal lobes (Duke &amp; Ge, 2011) matching those in</p><p>in length; hypocotyl widest diameter greater Indian populations. In addition, B. sexangula had</p><p>than 1 cm ........................................................ 3 hairs fringing petal margins, petal bristles were</p><p>2. Calyces with reflexed lobes reflexed in fruit ...... absent or singular if present, with lengths less than</p><p>.......................................................... B. cylindrica 1 mm or minute, petal lobe tips obtuse, and calyx</p><p>2. Calyces with completely adpressed lobes in lobes slightly reflexed on mature hypocotyls.</p><p>mature hypocotyls ........................ B. parviflora In Indian sites, B. gymnorhiza had acute petal lobe</p><p>3. Petals with margins fringed with hairs, lobe tips, petals with two or three bristles greater than</p><p>apices glabrous or if bristles present, equal to 2 mm long, with margins mostly glabrous or</p><p>or less than 1 mm in length ........... B. sexangula sparsely hairy. To the east, the petal margin</p><p>3.</p><p>Petals with margins without fringed hairs, lobe character was reported as variable often with</p><p>apices with 1–3 bristles, greater than 1 mm in fringing hairs (Sheue et al., 2005; Duke &amp; Ge, 2011; Ragavan et al., 2016). These observations identified</p><p>length .............................................................. 4</p><p>an apparent difference in diagnostic characters</p><p>4. Petals with 2–3 bristles, greater than 2 mm in between regions. But, as shown in the MDS</p><p>length .......................................... B. gymnorhiza plot (Fig. 1b), there appeared to be only</p><p>4. Petals with 1–2 bristles, less than 2 mm in minor variation in overall characters where B. ×</p><p>length ..................................... B. × rhynchopetala rhynchopetala specimens were positioned more or less equidistant between B.</p><p>sexangula and B. gymnorhiza (similar to that</p><p>DiScuSSion shown by Duke &amp; Ge, 2011). Based on</p><p>Of primary note, B. × rhynchopetala reported in current evidence, we conclude that the intermediate</p><p>the present study was not fully consistent with taxon is most likely to be the hybrid B. ×</p><p>descriptions of this taxon from the western rhynchopetala, positioned between its putative</p><p>Pacific (Sheue et al., 2005, Duke &amp; Ge, 2011;). parent species, B. sexangula and B. gymnorhiza .</p><p>Differences were observed in various characters Although, as noted, the later taxon had distinct</p><p>notably with regard to the petal margins morphological differences from populations in the</p><p>being mostly glabrous in Indian material instead east.</p><p>of having fringing hairs along the margins. In We are aware of other potentially diagnostic</p><p>addition, petals in Indian specimens had two characters, like the colleters at the base of the</p><p>unequal bristles instead of 2–3 bristles, while the conspicuous interpetiolar stipules of this genus</p><p>calyces were ribbed instead of being variable. (Hou, 1958; Sheue et al., 2013). However, for</p><p>While these differences were notable, they were this assessment, we have relied on morphological</p><p>not considered sufficient for further specific characters known to be diagnostic for comparable</p><p>differentiation based on current collections at this taxa within this genus worldwide (Duke &amp; Ge,</p><p>newly established western limit. It was further 2011; Cooper et al., 2016; Duke &amp; Kudo, 2018).</p><p>relevant that the intermediate taxon, B. ×</p><p>rhynchopetala was located in close proximity to In summary, B. × rhynchopetala differs from</p><p>both B. gymnorhiza and B. sexangula . Additional B. sexangula but is similar to B. gymnorhiza</p><p>studies could contribute to further elucidating the in not having fringed hairs at the petal lobe</p><p>morphological differences amongst Indian margin, similar length of the petal lobe and</p><p>collections of B. gymnorhiza a nd B. sexangula, petal lobe tip shape. While the hybrid is similar to B.</p><p>as well as presenting an evaluation of possible sexangula but differs from B. gymnorhiza in having ribbed calyx tubes, fewer calyx lobes that are slightly reflexed in mature hypocotyls.</p><p>Reports until now revealed the existence of a hybrid intermediate only in countries in the eastern portion of the parental overlap zone in both northern and southern hemispheres like southern China, Malesia, Papua New Guinea and northern Australia (Duke &amp; Ge, 2011; Muhamad et al., 2016; Tomlinson, 2016; Duke, 2017). This observation led to a working view that B. gymnorhiza and B. sexangula populations in the west (southern India and Sri Lanka) may have greater genetic separation, as an explanation for the apparent lack of hybrids in the western part of the range (Sheue et al., 2005; Duke &amp; Ge, 2011). With this new observation of a distant population of B. × rhynchopetala beyond its known south-eastern Asian, eastern Asian and western Pacific distribution (Fig. 3), we raise important questions about the description and identification of Bruguiera taxa throughout the region. Such questions warrant further investigations across the region to develop a clearer understanding of morphological and genetic differences between eastern and western populations.</p><p>The distribution of B. sexangula appears limited further to comparatively lower salinity backwater zones, while B. gymnorhiza occurs naturally in a their possible niche separation (Duke, 2006). The hybrid was observed mostly in back water zones where B. sexangula was more abundant than B. gymnorhiza (also consider Zhou et al., 2008).</p><p>In addition, as well as being of great biogeographical and socio-economic significance, the Vembanad wetland ecosystem is facing notable threats from environmental degradation (Asha et al., 2014). The mangrove forests of Kerala are now only a remnant of their past extent (Mini et al., 2014). During the last three decades, the Kerala coast has lost a significant proportion of its mangrove forests (Sreelekshmi et al., 2020), the destruction is much higher in the Ernakulam district with remaining mangrove and natural estuarine areas located mostly around the Vembanad lake (Rani et al., 2018; Sreelekshmi et al., 2020). During the period between 1973 and</p><p>2015, there were losses of 6.93% (~ 12.28 km ²)</p><p>(Parvathy &amp; Babu, 2016). Accordingly, our current observations not only update the distribution status of B. × rhynchopetala, but they also emphasise the great need for urgent conservation of these valued but threatened ecosystems of south-western India.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2455C75DFFCC1036F1078571FD56FE43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	P., Rajan;N. C., Duke;S., Mathew;Cherian, E.	P., Rajan, N. C., Duke, S., Mathew, Cherian, E. (2022): Bruguiera × rhynchopetala (Rhizophoraceae) newly reported in India, far west of south-east Asian, east Asian and western Pacific regions. Rheedea 32 (2): 109-119, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2022.32.02.01
