identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
250587CCFFABFF82EEBBFE4E228EFD44.text	250587CCFFABFF82EEBBFE4E228EFD44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhipidandrus LeConte 1862	<div><p>Key to adult Rhipidandrus species in China</p><p>1. Pronotum bearing polygonal punctures; female frontoclypeus with a smooth, impunctate area. Distributed in China (Taiwan), Japan (Ryukyu Is.), Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Thailand, W Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia (Borneo, Sumatra, Sulawesi), Micronesia (Guam, Mariana, Palau, Ponape), Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Australia (Queensland).............................................................................................. Rhipidandrus speculifrons (Gebien, 1922)</p><p>-. Pronotum with longitudinally elongate punctures on anterior half; both sexes with polygonal punctures and two tubercles on clypeus. Distributed in China (Shaanxi)................................. Rhipidandrus longipunctatus Zhang sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/250587CCFFABFF82EEBBFE4E228EFD44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Heng;Ye, Yingying;Wang, Mengyue;Wei, Zhaoming	Zhang, Heng, Ye, Yingying, Wang, Mengyue, Wei, Zhaoming (2025): A new species of the genus Rhipidandrus LeConte, 1862 from China, with description of the immature stages (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Bolitophagini). Zootaxa 5729 (4): 590-598, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5729.4.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5729.4.7
250587CCFFABFF84EEBBFC8F24A7F9A6.text	250587CCFFABFF84EEBBFC8F24A7F9A6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhipidandrus longipunctatus Zhang 2025	<div><p>Rhipidandrus longipunctatus Zhang sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F74A094F-F524-4776-A703-C1CBB32C4602</p><p>Chinese Common Name: ẗ刻ÊAEm</p><p>(Figs 1A–J, Figs 2A–G, Figs 3A–F, Figs 4C–H)</p><p>Diagnosis. Rhipidandrus longipunctatus Zhang sp. nov. is readily distinguished from congeners by two diagnostic traits: 1. Clypeal tubercles: Both sexes bear two tubercles on the clypeus (male tubercles more acute); whereas in other species, tubercles occur at most only on male clypeus, never on female ones. 2. Pronotal punctation: Anterior half of pronotum with longitudinally elongate punctures transitioning posteriorly to polygonal punctures (often somewhat stretched longitudinally), a pattern absent in all congeners except Rhipidandrus crowsoni Merkl &amp; Kompantzeva, 1996 and Rhipidandrus simpsoni (Waterhouse, 1894), which exhibit longitudinally elongate punctures solely on lateral pronotal areas (Merkl &amp; Kompantzeva 1996). Sexual dimorphism is less pronounced in this new species compared to the marked dimorphism typical of most congeners; sexes were confirmed after dissection of genitalia.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet combines longi- and -punctatus, indicating the new species diagnostic feature: conspicuously longitudinally elongated punctures on the pronotum.</p><p>Type Material. Holotype: China: Shaanxi: Foping County: ♂ (SNNU), labeled: “ 2024.XII.08, Heng Zhang leg. Sanguanmiao to Luomadian, 33.6741°N, 107.8261°E, 1690m ” . Paratypes: China: Shaanxi: Foping County: 1♂, 1♀ (SNNU): “ 2024.VII.03, Heng Zhang at light. Sanguanmiao, 33.6542°N, 107.8111°E, 1530m ”; 3♂♂, 3♀♀ (SNNU): “ 2024.XII.07, Heng Zhang leg. Sanguanmiao to Donggou, 33.6689°N, 107.8346°E, 1784m ”; 4♂♂, 7♀♀ (SNNU): Same data as Holotype; 2♂♂, 1♀ (in ethanol) (SNNU): “ 2025.VI.03, Heng Zhang leg. Sanguanmiao to Erting, 33.6802°N, 107.8420°E, 1835m ”; 29♂♂, 43♀♀ (in ethanol) (SNNU): “ 2025.VI.13, Heng Zhang leg. Sanguanmiao to Daxiaowangou, 33.6288°N, 107.8213°E, 1764m ”; 1♂, 2♀♀ (in ethanol) (SNNU): “ 2025.VI.15, Heng Zhang leg. Sanguanmiao to Xiaoyangpo, 33.6247°N, 107.7846°E, 1890m ”; 20♂♂, 25♀♀ (SNNU): “ 2025.VII.23, Heng Zhang leg. Sanguanmiao to Daxiaowangou ” ; 3♂♂, 4♀♀ (SNNU): “ 2025.VII.23, Heng Zhang leg. Sanguanmiao to Xiaoyangpo ” ; 28♂♂, 29♀♀ (FNNR): “ 2025.VII.23, Heng Zhang leg. Sanguanmiao to Luomadian ” .</p><p>Additional materials. China: Shaanxi: Foping County: Larvae: 3 ex. in ethanol (SNNU): “ 2025. VI.03, Heng Zhang leg. Sanguanmiao to Erting”; 21 ex. in ethanol (SNNU): “ 2025.VI.13, Heng Zhang leg. Sanguanmiao to Daxiaowangou”; 8 ex. in ethanol (SNNU): “ 2025.VI.15, Heng Zhang leg. Sanguanmiao to Xiaoyangpo”; 3 ex. in ethanol (SNNU): “ 2025.VII.23, Heng Zhang leg. Sanguanmiao to Daxiaowangou”; 10 ex. in ethanol (FNNR): “ 2025.VII.23, Heng Zhang leg. Sanguanmiao to Luomadian” .</p><p>Pupa: 1 ex. in ethanol (SNNU): “ 2025.VI.03, Heng Zhang leg. Sanguanmiao to Erting”; 6 ex. in ethanol (SNNU): “ 2025.VI.13, Heng Zhang leg. Sanguanmiao to Daxiaowangou”; 1 ex. in ethanol (SNNU): “ 2025.VI.15, Heng Zhang leg. Sanguanmiao to Xiaoyangpo”; 1 ex. in ethanol (SNNU): “ 2025.VII.23, Heng Zhang leg. Sanguanmiao to Daxiaowangou”; 13 ex. in ethanol (FNNR): “ 2025.VII.23, Heng Zhang leg. Sanguanmiao to Luomadian” .</p><p>Egg: 1 ex. in ethanol (SNNU): “ 2025.VI.15, Heng Zhang leg. Sanguanmiao to Xiaoyangpo”; 22 ex. in ethanol (SNNU): “ 2025.VII.23, Heng Zhang leg. Sanguanmiao to Luomadian” .</p><p>Description. Adults: Male. (Figs 1A–C). Body length 3.5–3.8 mm. Ellipsoidal in outline, strongly convex dorsally; integument uniformly dark brown.</p><p>Head short.Frons with polygonal punctures;frontoclypeal suture darkened, impressed as shallow groove.Clypeus trapezoidal, medially raised, bearing fine punctures and short setae; central portion with paired conical tubercles (Fig. 1D). Occipital region with sparse fine punctures. Mandibles dark brown, bidentate apically (teeth subequal). Maxillary and labial palps brown, apical palpomeres with short setae. Antennae brown, distal antennomeres slightly expanded. Scape and pedicel with sparse yellow short setae; flagellomeres bearing dense yellowish-white short setae. Antennal segment L/W ratios: 1.73, 1.33, 1.50, 0.93, 0.89, 0.85, 0.76, 0.63, 0.50, 0.46, 0.84.</p><p>Thorax. Pronotum strongly convex, lateral margins slightly raised, forming a continuous rim around disc. Disc with conspicuously longitudinally elongated punctures anteriorly, transitioning to polygonal punctures posteriorly; laterally, punctures become confluent due to partial effacement of interpunctural margins (Fig. 1D). Prosternum finely sculptured, bearing sparse pale-yellow setae; prosternal process strongly projecting ventrally, lateral outline prosternal process subparallel in ventral view (Fig. 1C).</p><p>Elytra with 9 striae; stria 10 obsolete in most specimens, occasionally vestigial and very short (e.g., holotype; Fig. 1B). Interstriae each bearing two interlaced arrangement rows of shallow foveae, each fovea containing one short seta. Humeri weakly raised, rounded; striae indistinct on humeri. Epipleura not laterally expanded, margined with short setae. Meso- and metaventrite dark brown near coxal cavities, otherwise brown, with short setae (Fig. 1C).</p><p>Legs short; femora just reaching body outline. Procoxa conical, elevated with prosternal process; profemur flattened, ventrally smooth and lustrous; protibia narrow basally, gradually expanding apically, with 4–5 denticles on lateral apex; mesal surface and tarsi bearing dense short setae. Claws simple, lunate; empodium small, bisetose. Meso- and metafemora with sparse fine punctures and short setae, weakly swollen medially; apices expanded, with increasingly denticulate lateral carinae toward apex. Meso- and metatarsi similar to protarsi. Tarsal formula 4-4-4. Ratios of femur length/width, tibia length/width: foreleg: 3.02, 3.63; midleg: 3.59, 3.88; hindleg: 3.29, 3.57.</p><p>Abdomen with five visible ventrites, dark brown, bearing sparse punctures. Ventrites IV and V with anterior marginal depressions, forming two distinct transverse grooves (Fig. 1C).</p><p>Aedeagus short, uniformly brown. Basale elongate-flattened; apicale sub-trapezoidal, weakly expanded laterally at base. Distal part of apicale bearing a pair of erect setae (Figs 1G, H).</p><p>Female. General morphology closely resembling the male (Figs 1I, J), differing primarily in two features: (1) clypeal tubercles less strongly projecting (Figs 1C, J); (2) lateral apices of mid and hind tibiae forming an acute angle, versus a right angle in the male (Figs 1E, F). Body length 3.8–4.0 mm. Antennal segment L/W ratios: 1.85, 1.30, 1.44, 1.00, 0.94, 0.78, 0.68, 0.54, 0.50, 0.44, 0.76. Ratios of femur length/width, tibia length/width: foreleg: 3.34, 3.84; midleg: 3.65, 3.03; hindleg: 3.33, 3.09.</p><p>Larvae. Body length 2.0- 6.2 mm. Final instar larva approximately 6.0 mm long (Fig. 2A). General coloration creamy white. Ecdysial line on head capsule extending in a Y-shaped pattern. Head capsule width 1.0 mm; frontoclypeal area yellowish, a band near clypeus on frons, clypeus, mandibles and labrum dark brown. Two pairs of stemmata present (Figs 2C, F, G). Antennae 3-segmented: segments I-II short and stout, yellowish basally; segment III elongate-cylindrical, apex bearing two subequal sensilla, the inner sensillum subconical, outer sensillum subcylindrical, with one sensory seta apically. Mandibular dorsum with one tubercle at base, slightly darker than surrounding cuticle. Clypeus subtrapezoidal with rounded lateral projections. Labrum semicircular, medially paler, margin bearing approximately 8 straight setae (Fig. 2G). Maxillary and labial palps light brown, apical segment digitiform (Fig. 2F). Head capsule surface sparsely covered with long setae.</p><p>The prothorax bears a light brown anteromedial band.The prothorax is the longest segment, while the metathorax is the broadest (Fig. 2E), measuring 1.5 mm in width. The thoracic tergal discs bear long setae. Legs well-developed and simple, translucent, only the claw apices darken to brown. Abdominal terga each with a median longitudinal band of long setae; laterotergites each bearing a tubercle equipped with setae (Fig. 2D). The ninth abdominal tergum bears a pair of posteriorly directed urogomphi with light brown apices (Fig. 2B).</p><p>Diagnosis. Within the genus, only Rhipidandrus crenipennis (Motschulsky, 1858) has been described (Kompantzeva 1995). The new species differs morphologically in three key aspects: 1. Seta length on lateral antennal sensillum: Seta length subequal to that of the bearing sensillum in Rhipidandrus longipunctatus Zhang sp. nov., whereas in R. crenipennis the seta exceeds 1.5 times the sensillum length; 2. Urogomphi: Processes generally posteriorly directed in Rhipidandrus longipunctatus Zhang sp. nov. vs. distinctly dorsally curved in R. crenipennis; 3. Antennal segment II proportions: Length and width approximately equal in Rhipidandrus longipunctatus Zhang sp. nov. contrasting with R. crenipennis where length exceeds width by 1.5 times.</p><p>Pupa. Length 6.6 mm, width 1.9 mm, generally translucent (Figs 3A, B). Late-stage specimens exhibit darkened apices of elytra, pronotum, and mouthparts. Caudal processes conical with faint sigmoid curvature medially; surface microsculptured, grading from base to dark brown apex (Figs 3D, E). Abdominal tergites I–VI each bear a transverse band of long setae along the posterior tergal disc margin, slightly projecting rounded lateral margins with minute denticles (more densely arranged anteriorly), and several long setae on mid-posterior margins (Figs 3C, F). Sternites with posterior transverse setal bands; laterosternites each featuring a tubercle bearing long setae.</p><p>Diagnosis. No public pupal descriptions exist for any Rhipidandrus species to date. The new species differs from other Bolitophagini pupae (Daggy 1946, Wagner &amp; Gosik 2016) in two key aspects: 1. The lateral margins of the abdominal tergites are rounded and denticulate, whereas in species of other Bolitophagini genera, the margins are not rounded and bear fewer, larger teeth; 2. The urogomphi are proportionally larger relative to the overall body size of the pupa than those of other Bolitophagini genera.</p><p>Egg. Length 1.2–1.3 mm, width 0.6–0.7 mm; subellipsoidal, white, surface smooth and lustrous (Figs 4C–E).</p><p>Ecology. The earliest specimens were collected by light trapping at approximately 1530 m elevation (two individuals), indicating positive phototactic behavior. During winter collections, adults were obtained directly from host fungus. Observations confirm Rhipidandrus longipunctatus Zhang sp. nov. overwinters within fungal galleries (Fig. 4C). Egg chambers–each containing a single egg–were dissected laterally from female galleries (Figs 4C, D), suggesting oviposition occurs from autumn to winter. These chambers constitute pits excavated laterally into gallery walls, likely made by adult mouthparts, and are backfilled with fungal debris after oviposition to level the surface (Figs 4D, E).</p><p>Laboratory rearing confirms spring oviposition with progressive moulting during April–June. Winter eggs failed to hatch, likely due to chamber disruption causing desiccation. Dissection on 20 May revealed coexisting eggs and larvae exhibiting developmental gradation (Fig. 4E): Chamber 1 contained an egg; Chambers 2–4 held neonate first-instar larvae (creamy white, exhibiting minimal locomotory activity); Chamber 5 housed a secondinstar larva with translucent body showing brown gut contents (presumably ingested fungal tissue), sclerotized head capsule, dark brown mandibular apices, and adjacent first-instar exuviae; Chamber 6 displayed dark brown frass indicating defecation onset; Chamber 7 showed larval tunneling into fungus with frass and fungal debris at the gallery entrance. First instars remain non-feeding for 3–4 days before moulting to feeding second instars.</p><p>Larvae commenced pupation on 3 June, with final instars excavating elliptical pupal chambers (ca. 5 mm long and 4 mm wide) where their bodies whitened (Fig. 4F) and pupation occurred (Fig. 4G); adults eclosed after approximately 10 days (Fig. 4H). Dissection on 23 July revealed most pupae had eclosed, with a minority of adults initiating oviposition and minimal egg hatching; the absence of large larvae in fungal substrates suggests the species had likely entered its second generation.</p><p>Collection sites comprise mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forests with Tsuga chinensis (Franch.) E. Pritz. and Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata Maxim. dominating the canopy layer, while understory vegetation featured Fargesia qinlingensis T. P.Yi &amp; J. X. Shao and Arundinaria fargesii E. G. Camus (Fig. 4A). Host polypore specimens exhibit a white, densely matte ventral surface (Fig. 4B), revealing brown tissue when scraped; dorsal surfaces typically appear grayish-white or buff with distinct growth zones. Morphological identification confirmed the host as Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat., 1889, found predominantly on deadwood of Betula spp. and Pterocarya macroptera var. insignis (Rehder &amp; E.H. Wilson) W.E. Manning at collection sites (Fig. 4A).</p><p>Remarks. Rhipidandrus longipunctatus Zhang sp. nov. exhibits host specificity for fungi of the genus Ganoderma, similar to Old World Rhipidandrus congeners (Merkl &amp; Kompantzeva 1996). Although Rhipidandrus beetles may colonize other diverse macrofungi, the new species has been observed exclusively utilizing Ganoderma applanatum as its sole host to date.</p><p>Rhipidandrus species are primarily distributed across tropical and subtropical regions. In the Old World, the previously documented northern limit was the Ryukyu Islands of Japan (Chûjô 1985, Merkl &amp; Kompantzeva 1996). The Qinling discovery (a transitional subtropical-temperate montane region, with winter minima reaching −20°C) thus establishes a new northern boundary for the genus.</p><p>Absence of winter-collected larvae suggests overwintering occurs primarily in the adult and egg stages.Activity likely resumes in spring to autumn, encompassing growth, reproduction, and dispersal. After potentially undergoing two generations, adults excavate pre-hibernation galleries and oviposit.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/250587CCFFABFF84EEBBFC8F24A7F9A6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Heng;Ye, Yingying;Wang, Mengyue;Wei, Zhaoming	Zhang, Heng, Ye, Yingying, Wang, Mengyue, Wei, Zhaoming (2025): A new species of the genus Rhipidandrus LeConte, 1862 from China, with description of the immature stages (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Bolitophagini). Zootaxa 5729 (4): 590-598, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5729.4.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5729.4.7
