taxonID	type	description	language	source
E5BF36A8DE5A5E8AB9AADF1D00B9C2AB.taxon	description	IUCN standard name :: Spotted Eagle Ray Fig. 18, Table 2	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
E5BF36A8DE5A5E8AB9AADF1D00B9C2AB.taxon	description	Morphological description. Body large; dorsal surface smooth; denticles and thorn absent from middle area; disc rhomboidal and broad, rather wide than long. Eyes moderately small and rounded; spiracles very large, located behind eye rather than below, and completely visible from dorsal view. Snout soft, large, protruding with blunt tip. Mouth moderately large. Nostrils large, partially covered by nasal flap; nasal flap moderately large, V-shaped, with posterior tips reaching lower jaw. Teeth plate on upper jaw rather wide than long in comparison to teeth plate on lower jaw; teeth on lower jaw elongated, extending beyond jaw, making it exposed when mouth is closed. Dorsal fin small, subtriangular with rounded apex. Pectoral fin very large, triangular with rounded apex, originating behind eye; anterior margin concave basally, becoming straight towards middle area, then convex towards rear; posterior margins concave in front, becoming straight towards rear; anterior edge entire or smooth and thick; posterior edge crenate and thin. Pelvic fin moderately elongated with rounded and crenate posterior margin. Tail tapering, very long, whip-like; dorsal and ventral folds absent; two spines positioned just behind dorsal fin; first spine was already removed upon purchase; second spine long, tapering with sharp, serrated margins. Gill slits located on underside short, with five on each side. Color of fresh specimen. Dorsal area gray to black covered with small white spots; ventral area white with black fin edges; spots mostly concentrated on the pectoral and pelvic fins; few similar spots on the nape area; tail black. Color of preserved specimen. Dorsal area dark brown; ventral area pale white; white spots still visible; tail black.	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
E5BF36A8DE5A5E8AB9AADF1D00B9C2AB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Tropical and warm temperate seas of the Indo-West Pacific. Red Sea, South Africa, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Hawaii, Japan, Philippines, and Australia (Last et al. 2010; de Carvalho and Soares 2022; this study).	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
46D3509CE82458A18608A90DFA84A1D4.taxon	description	IUCN standard name :: Coral Catshark Fig. 6, Table 1	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
46D3509CE82458A18608A90DFA84A1D4.taxon	description	Morphological description. Body elongated, slender, and cylindrical. Head short, narrow, and slightly flattened from above. Eyes horizontally oval; spiracles small, situated just behind eyes. Snout short; tip blunt and slightly flattened from above. Mouth long, broadly ovate, with labial furrows extending on both upper and lower jaws. Nostrils large, usually covered by broad, triangular nasal flap extending to mouth. Teeth short, very sharp, tricuspid; central cusp twice length of cusplets on either side. Skin thick, covered with dermal denticles and very sharp to touch. Dorsal fins moderately small with concave posterior margins; first dorsal fin originating behind pelvic fins; second dorsal fin originating from midpoint of anal-fin base. Anal fins similar in shape to dorsal fins but smaller in size. Pectoral fins moderately large; posterior margin slightly convex. Pelvic fin smaller than pectoral fins. Caudal fin relatively short; posterior tip of upper lobe broad; lower lobe indistinct; ventral notch located near tip of upper lobe. Five small gill slits on both sides; last two gill slits situated just above pectoral-fin base. Color of fresh specimen. Body brown, covered with white spots outlined in black; some spots merged into horizontal bars, notably around head area; underside white with small, faint, brown-black spots extending from the trunk area to caudal fin. Fin edges white with scattered, irregular white and brown-black spots. Color of preserved specimen. Body brown; underside white. White spots scattered on the body and fins are still visible, but the black outlines have faded.	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
46D3509CE82458A18608A90DFA84A1D4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Indo – Pacific. Western Indian Ocean: Pakistan to southern India; western Pacific: Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan, and southern China (Human and Ebert 2022).	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
37801709BC615B1E960E8A228BBFF73E.taxon	description	IUCN standard name :: Sandbar Shark Fig. 7, Table 1	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
37801709BC615B1E960E8A228BBFF73E.taxon	description	Morphological description. Body moderately small and cylindrical. Head slightly depressed. Eyes large and rounded, spiracles absent. Snout short and relatively blunt; length of snout shorter than mouth width (8 % vs. 9 % TL, respectively). Mouth short and transversely curved. Nostril long with short nasal flap; nostril distance shorter than mouth width (6 % vs. 9 % TL, respectively). Teeth on upper jaw broadly triangular; teeth on lower jaw still not visible. First dorsal fin tall, height more than half of predorsal length (16 % vs. 27 % TL, respectively), originating over pectoral-fin insertion; second dorsal fin considerably smaller than first dorsal fin, originating slightly anterior to anal-fin insertion. Anal fin small, considerably same size with second dorsal fin; posterior margin concave. Pectoral fin large; posterior margin concave. Pelvic fin relatively smaller than pectoral fin. Caudal fin relatively long; posterior tip of upper lobe slightly narrow; lower lobe distinct, slightly triangular; ventral notch located near tip of upper lobe. Interdorsal-fin ridge present. Precaudal pits transverse. Color of fresh specimen. Body and head dark gray; underside white; fins plain with dusky tip. Color of preserved specimen. Body, head, and fins plain gray; underside portion of body white.	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
37801709BC615B1E960E8A228BBFF73E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Wide-ranging in tropical through warm temperate areas, including Mediterranean Sea, but possibly not eastern Pacific. Extends from western central Pacific to Hawaii (Compagno and Niem 1998 c), and across western Indian Ocean from South Africa (eastern Cape), to the Red Sea, Gulf of Oman, Persian / Arabian Gulf, Pakistan, India, Socotra, Madagascar, Seychelles, Mauritius, and Lakshadweep (Winton and Ebert 2022).	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
35DC528F77D3548E8BAB2DC61A8FD367.taxon	description	IUCN standard name :: Spottail Shark Fig. 8, Table 1	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
35DC528F77D3548E8BAB2DC61A8FD367.taxon	description	Morphological description. Body moderately stout and spindle shaped. Eyes moderately large and rounded. Snout long and rounded. Mouth short and transversely curved. Nostrils narrow; nasal flaps short. Teeth on both jaws sharp with strongly serrated cusps. First dorsal fin moderately large, originating behind pectoral free rear tip; apex rounded; posterior margin concave; free rear tip long; second dorsal fin very short and small, originating over anal-fin base; free rear tip long. Anal fin small and short, rounded apex; posterior margin concave; free rear tip long. Pectoral fin moderately large, falcate; apex narrow and rounded; posterior margin concave. Pelvic fin moderately small; anterior margin straight. Caudal fin long and smooth; posterior tip of upper caudal-fin lobe narrow; posterior margin of upper lobe concave; ventral notch deep; lower caudal-fin lobe short and triangular; posterior tip of lower lobe rounded. Interdorsal-fin ridge present. Precaudal pits transverse. Gill slits short, with five slits on both sides. Color of fresh specimen. Body and head gray dorsally; white ventrally. Second dorsal fin, pectoral fins, and lower caudal-fin lobe with conspicuous black tips. First dorsal fin and upper caudal-fin lobe with black margins. Pelvic fins and upper caudal-fin lobe plain color. Posterior margin along apex of anal fin with black margins. Color of preserved specimen. Body and head gray dorsally; white ventrally. Conspicuous spots, and black edges on fins still distinct.	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
35DC528F77D3548E8BAB2DC61A8FD367.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Indo – Pacific Region including western central Pacific from China southward to Indonesia, Philippines, and Australia (Compagno and Niem 1998 c; this study), also in Western Indian Ocean: Persian Gulf, Red Sea to South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal), Madagascar, Seychelles, Mascarenes, and Maldives (Winton and Ebert 2022).	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
D5B01DA002C153CBBEDDA6BF46113EF3.taxon	description	IUCN standard name :: Whitespotted Bambooshark Fig. 4, Table 1	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
D5B01DA002C153CBBEDDA6BF46113EF3.taxon	description	Morphological description. Body small, elongated, moderately slender, with lateral dermal ridges. Eyes relatively small without nictitating eyelids; spiracles large and located below eyes. Snout rounded and broad. Mouth small, positioned closer to eyes than to snout tip. Nostrils small, partially covered by broad nasal flap; nasal flap reaching mouth; sensory barbels on each nostril very short. Teeth on both jaws small with single small cusp. Both dorsal fins fully erect, equal in size; posterior margin straight; first dorsal fin originating behind pelvic-fin origin. Anal fin short, originating behind free rear tip of second dorsal fin; positioned just anterior to caudal-fin origin; anal-fin base length shorter than base of lower caudal-fin lobe (9 % vs. 16 % TL, respectively). Pectoral fin slightly larger than dorsal fins, originating just below third gill opening; posterior margin straight. Pelvic fin approximately similar in size to dorsal fins, located just behind pectoral fin and front of first dorsal fin insertion. Caudal fin asymmetrical; subterminal notch well developed; ventral lobe absent. Precaudal pits absent. Gill slits on both sides five, small; fourth and fifth gill slits situated extremely close to one another. Color of fresh specimen. Body and head surface area light brown with darker transverse bands and covered of numerous white and black spots; underside light brown with numerous white spots and few black spots. Fins brown with numerous white spots. Color of preserved specimen. Transverse dark brown bands, white and black spots still visible on the body, head, and fins.	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
D5B01DA002C153CBBEDDA6BF46113EF3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Indo – Pacific. western Indian Ocean: Madagascar, India, and Sri Lanka; western Pacific: Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, and New Guinea (Human 2022).	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
EBBFAB524A345F7BB4E6EF5701D935DA.taxon	description	IUCN standard name :: Grey Carpetshark Fig. 5, Table 1	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
EBBFAB524A345F7BB4E6EF5701D935DA.taxon	description	Morphological description. (based on UPVMI 3124): Body small and slender without lateral dermal ridges. Eyes relatively small and oval, without nictitating eyelids; spiracles moderately small, located below eyes. Snout rounded and broad. Mouth small, located closer to eyes than snout tip. Nostrils small and subterminal, partially covered by nasal flap; nasal flap broad just reaching mouth; sensory barbels on each nostril very short. Teeth on both jaws small with single small cusp. Dorsal fins fully erect, equal in size; first dorsal fin originating behind pelvic-fin origin; posterior margin concave. Anal fin moderately long, originating behind free rear tip of second dorsal fin; anal-fin base length shorter than base of lower caudal-fin lobe (9 % vs. 16 % of TL, respectively). Pectoral fin angular with rounded free rear tips, originating just below third gill opening. Pelvic fin slightly smaller than dorsal fins, located just behind pectoral fin. Caudal fin asymmetrical; subterminal notch well developed; ventral lobe absent; precaudal pits absent. Gill slits on both sides five, small; fourth and fifth gill slits situated extremely closed to one another, making fifth gill slit hardly noticeable. Color of fresh specimens. UPVMI 3124 (smallest specimen): Body and head white with brown to black transverse bands, underside white; bands extending to anal, dorsal, and pectoral fins; pelvic fin white. UPVMI 3125 (medium sized): Body, head and fins brown with faint brown bands. UPVMI 3122 (largest specimen): Body, head, and fins uniformly brown, colored bands absent. Color of preserved specimen. UPVMI 3124 and UPVMI 3125: Transverse dark brown bands still visible on the body, head, and fins; underside white.	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
EBBFAB524A345F7BB4E6EF5701D935DA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Indo – Pacific. western Indian Ocean: Arabian Sea and southern India; western Pacific: Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, New Guinea, and Australia (Human 2022).	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
F609978CDC315C52B1EAFF134A25999B.taxon	description	IUCN standard name :: Silver Chimaera Fig. 2, Table 1	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
F609978CDC315C52B1EAFF134A25999B.taxon	description	Morphological description. Body large, compressed, elongated, and tapering towards tail; lateral-line canals prominent and wavy. Head large; lateral-line canals straight rather than wavy. Eyes large, horizontally circular; spiracles absent. Snout short, rounded and very soft; tips gelatinous. Mouth small, connected to nostrils. Nostrils large and rounded. Tooth plates on upper jaw two (obviously separated), broad; tooth plate on lower jaw single, pointed, and curved. First dorsal fin tall with a single, erectile spine; first dorsal spine slender, smooth in front, sharply serrated behind; second dorsal fin short and spineless; dorsal-fin base long, extended to tail area. Anal fin short, deeply notched; anal-fin base small. Pectoral fin large, leaf-shaped; apex bluntly rounded. Pelvic fin small, broadly ovoid. Caudal fin elongated, tapering, lanceolate with distinct upper and lower lobes. Most of posterior portion of tail cut off, but remaining parts of tail narrow, rounded, with smooth edges, and whip-like. Color of fresh specimen. Body surface silver, underside white; snout black; fin edges black. Color of preserved specimen. Body surface and fins brown; underside dusky white to gray; snout surface area darker brown, underside white; dorsal-, anal-, and caudal-fin edges black.	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
F609978CDC315C52B1EAFF134A25999B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. western Pacific. Japan, Philippines, Borneo, and Taiwan (Last et al. 2010; Ebert et al. 2013).	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
6B1928976D3C5A10953DFE544418E389.taxon	description	IUCN standard name :: Oriental Bluespotted Maskray Fig. 16, Table 2	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
6B1928976D3C5A10953DFE544418E389.taxon	description	Morphological description. Body moderate in size; dorsal area with median row of small thorns located on center region; disc not greatly expanded, rhomboid. Eyes moderately large and elongated; spiracles very wide. Snout short, slightly angular with rounded tip. Mouth small. Nostrils moderately oval, partially covered with nasal flap; nasal flap skirt-shaped, slightly reaching mouth. Pectoral-fin apex angular; front margins convex; posterior margins straight. Pelvic fin short, subtriangular. Tail tapering, not whip-like; dorsal and ventral skin folds present; spine on caudal fin already removed upon purchase. Gill slits located on underside moderately short, with five slits on each side. Color of fresh specimen. Dorsal area pale brown with light blue spots outlined with darker blue of various sizes; ventral area white, becoming brown on edges; faint brown band present across the eyes; eyes and spiracles surrounded with numerous, tiny black spots, with a few similar black spots widely scattered on the dorsal area; tail dark brown with irregular black and white bands. Color of preserved specimen. Central region of the dorsal area dark brown to black; disc area light brown; blue spots transformed into dark brown; ventral area pale white, becoming brown on edges; tiny black spots still visible; black and white bands on tail still distinct.	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
6B1928976D3C5A10953DFE544418E389.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Australia, New Guinea, Indonesia, Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines, and Taiwan (Last et al. 2016 b; Manjaji-Matsumoto 2017; Borsa et al. 2018)	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
9FEE3585F5A257F983005260AC4AF592.taxon	description	IUCN standard name :: Giant Stingaree Fig. 11, Table 2	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
9FEE3585F5A257F983005260AC4AF592.taxon	description	Morphological description. Body large and depressed, upper surface covered with small dermal denticles; trunk depressed; disc large. Head broad and depressed. Eyes horizontally enlarged, situated dorsolaterally on head; spiracles wide, bigger than eyes, and located just behind them. Snout moderately elongated and broadly pointed; smooth to touch. Mouth straight, and moderately broad. Nostrils extremely wide, circular, and located near mouth; nasal flap short, partially covering nostrils, and fused with broad, short nasal curtains extending to anterior corners of mouth. Teeth small, rounded oval, with 34 rows on both jaws. Pectoral fins very large, smooth, forming almost rounded disc. Pelvic fins small, angular rather than rounded. Gill slits located on underside small, with five on each side. Claspers short and broad. Tail was cut off upon purchase. Color of fresh specimen. Dorsal area brown, underside white; rear edges of disc and pelvic fins black-brown; no spots or distinct markings observed. Color of preserved specimen. Dorsal area brown; underside white; black edges on disc and pelvic fins still visible.	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
9FEE3585F5A257F983005260AC4AF592.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Indo – Pacific. western Indian Ocean: South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal) to southern Mozambique, and southern India to Sri Lanka; western Pacific: Philippines, Taiwan, Kyushu – Palau Ridge (Philippine Sea), Ryukyu Islands, Australia, and Hawaii (Ebert and Aschliman 2022).	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
E4462BD2CC0556C1BB8692853287C8F0.taxon	description	IUCN standard name :: Lana’s Sawshark Fig. 9, Table 1	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
E4462BD2CC0556C1BB8692853287C8F0.taxon	description	Morphological description. Body elongated and cylindrical. Head considerably depressed, not elongated. Eyes large, horizontally oval; spiracle large, oblique, located just behind eye. Snout long, flattened, surrounded with saw-like teeth. Mouth short and transversely curved. Pair of barbels present, located closer to mouth than rostral tip. Teeth on rostrum sharp with three distinct sizes; teeth on both jaws small; rows of teeth on upper jaw 35. Dorsal fins moderately large, fully erect, and of similar sizes; first dorsal fin originating posterior to rear tip of pectoral fin; second dorsal fin originating far beyond rear tip of pelvic fin. Anal fin absent. Pectoral fins extremely enlarged; posterior margin slightly concave. Pelvic fin same size as dorsal fins, originating posterior to rear tip of first dorsal fin; posterior margin straight. Caudal fin long, asymmetrical; subterminal notch on upper lobe deep; posterior tip angular. Claspers short and broad. Gill openings small, similar in sizes, with five gill slits on both sides. Color of fresh specimen. Body and head above uniformly dark brown; underside lighter brown; rostrum brown with two longitudinal lines of darker color; pectoral- and pelvic- fin bases relatively darker brown, lightening towards rear end; no spots or distinct markings. Color of preserved specimen. Body uniformly brown; underside light brown; longitudinal lines on rostrum still visible.	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
E4462BD2CC0556C1BB8692853287C8F0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Philippines (Ebert and Wilms 2013; Koeda and Manjaji-Matsumoto 2017; Weigmann et al. 2020; this study).	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
51FDF6387B3E5D1698BE68BB59CB3520.taxon	description	IUCN standard name :: Philippine Guitarfish Fig. 10, Table 2	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
51FDF6387B3E5D1698BE68BB59CB3520.taxon	description	Morphological description. Body moderately elongated and medium-sized, covered with tiny dermal denticles; trunk depressed and flattened. Disc broad and wedge-shaped. Head large and depressed. Eyes large, oval and protruding; spiracles very large, located just behind eye. Snout relatively long; tip bluntly pointed; anterior margin concave; rostral cartilages well separated and converging towards front area. Mouth moderately wide and slightly arched. Nostrils large, elongated, oval rather than rounded; nasal flap very small, narrow, not covering nostrils. Teeth very small, rhomboid, very compact; upper jaw with 83 rows; lower jaw with 77 rows. Dorsal fins falcate, almost equal in size, posterior margin straight. Pectoral fins flat and very large. Pelvic fin short, angular and firm, originating just behind free rear tip of pectoral fins (in juvenile specimen, free rear tip of pectoral fins not reaching insertion of pelvic fins); apex bluntly rounded. Caudal fin moderately large, asymmetrical; lower caudal-fin lobe absent. Gill slits five on each side; fifth slit obviously smallest. Color of fresh specimen. Adult specimen (UPVMI 3127): Body with dark-brown spots; underside white; dorsal fins with black free rear tip. Juvenile (UPVMI 3128): Body dorsal surface brown with numerous small, white and brown-black spots; underside white; dorsal fins with black free rear tip; pectoral- and pelvic-fin edges creamy white. Color of preserved specimen. Adult: Body brown with numerous tiny pale white to gray spots, and large brown to light brown spots (spots more pronounced than in fresh specimen); dorsal and caudal fins with white free rear tip. Juvenile: Body light brown with numerous tiny white and brown spots; dorsal fins with black free rear tip.	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
51FDF6387B3E5D1698BE68BB59CB3520.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Philippines (Last et al. 2014; Manjaji-Matsumoto 2017; this study).	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
68CEF260E029597898A7B5034FD498B3.taxon	description	IUCN standard name :: Bluespotted Lagoon Ray Fig. 17, Table 2	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
68CEF260E029597898A7B5034FD498B3.taxon	description	Morphological description. Body small; disc oval. Eyes moderately large and protruding; spiracles large, located just behind eyes. Snout short and broadly angular. Mouth very small. Nostrils moderately short and narrow; nasal flap short, partially covering nostrils; posterior margin fringed, extending beyond mouth. Tooth rows on both jaws, pavement-like; 15 rows on upper jaw, 16 on lower jaw. Pectoral fin horizontally elongated with smooth, rounded margins. Pelvic fin angular. Tail short and stout; lower caudal-fin fold pronounced, reaching tail tip; single strong spine along midsection. Gill slits on underside small, with five slits on each side. Color of fresh specimen. Dorsal body surface brown to olive-green; underside white; disc covered with bright, large blue spots. Fins brown; pectoral and pelvic fins with a few smaller, denser blue pots. Tail with a pair of black, parallel lines on its side; underside of tail white; caudal-fin fold edges brown. Color of preserved specimen. Dorsal body surface brown; underside white. Blue spots on disc area and fins transformed into dark brown to black. Pair of black, parallel lines on tail still visible; caudal-fin fold edges dark brown.	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
68CEF260E029597898A7B5034FD498B3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Widely distributed in tropical to warm-temperate seas, including the Mediterranean Sea (Manjaji-Matsumoto et al. 2022).	en	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
