identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
E5BF36A8DE5A5E8AB9AADF1D00B9C2AB.text	E5BF36A8DE5A5E8AB9AADF1D00B9C2AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aetobatus ocellatus (Kuhl in Kuhl and van Hasselt 1823)	<div><p>Aetobatus ocellatus (Kuhl in Kuhl and van Hasselt, 1823)</p><p>IUCN standard name:: Spotted Eagle Ray Fig. 18, Table 2</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>UPVMI 3115, 574 mm DW, female, fish landing site, Sibunag, Guimaras Province, Philippines, 15 October 2020, coll. J. Fernandez.</p><p>Morphological description.</p><p>Body large; dorsal surface smooth; denticles and thorn absent from middle area; disc rhomboidal and broad, rather wide than long. Eyes moderately small and rounded; spiracles very large, located behind eye rather than below, and completely visible from dorsal view. Snout soft, large, protruding with blunt tip. Mouth moderately large. Nostrils large, partially covered by nasal flap; nasal flap moderately large, V-shaped, with posterior tips reaching lower jaw. Teeth plate on upper jaw rather wide than long in comparison to teeth plate on lower jaw; teeth on lower jaw elongated, extending beyond jaw, making it exposed when mouth is closed. Dorsal fin small, subtriangular with rounded apex. Pectoral fin very large, triangular with rounded apex, originating behind eye; anterior margin concave basally, becoming straight towards middle area, then convex towards rear; posterior margins concave in front, becoming straight towards rear; anterior edge entire or smooth and thick; posterior edge crenate and thin. Pelvic fin moderately elongated with rounded and crenate posterior margin. Tail tapering, very long, whip-like; dorsal and ventral folds absent; two spines positioned just behind dorsal fin; first spine was already removed upon purchase; second spine long, tapering with sharp, serrated margins. Gill slits located on underside short, with five on each side.</p><p>Color of fresh specimen. Dorsal area gray to black covered with small white spots; ventral area white with black fin edges; spots mostly concentrated on the pectoral and pelvic fins; few similar spots on the nape area; tail black.</p><p>Color of preserved specimen. Dorsal area dark brown; ventral area pale white; white spots still visible; tail black.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Tropical and warm temperate seas of the Indo-West Pacific. Red Sea, South Africa, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Hawaii, Japan, Philippines, and Australia (Last et al. 2010; de Carvalho and Soares 2022; this study).</p><p>DNA barcode.</p><p>The COI sequence of 617 bp was submitted to GenBank under accession number OR 614475.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Vulnerable.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Aetobatus ocellatus can grow to a disc width of 3000 mm (White et al. 2010) and is often found at depths of 20–25 m (Randall and Cea 2011).  Aetobatus ocellatus was categorized as “ uncertain (?) ” (Alava et al. 2014; Santos et al. 2017); however, the presently reported study confirms its occurrence in the country (see Table 3). The distribution of this species within Philippine waters should be verified, as previous reports on  Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790) from the Philippines may have referred to  A. ocellatus .</p><p>The presently reported specimen was identified as  A. ocellatus based primarily on its dark green to black dorsal surface, and the white spots, which were more restricted to the dorsal disc surface and did not extend to the head or eye regions. This identification was supported by molecular evidence (Fig. 12). On the other hand, color photographs provided by White et al. (2010), show that the white spots on the dorsal surface of  A. narinari are evenly distributed throughout the eye, head, and disc areas.</p><p>White et al. (2010) identified the major distinction between  A. ocellatus and  A. narinari as the background coloration on dorsal surface:  A. ocellatus exhibit dark greenish, grayish, or nearly blackish color, sometimes with a pinkish tinge, whereas  A. narinari is much paler yellowish-brown. Moreover, these two species show minor morphometric differences:  A. ocellatus has a mean total length (measured from snout tip to tip of tail) of 281 % DW and a mean tail length (from anteriormost edge of the cloaca to the tail tip) of 230 % DW, whereas  A. narinari measures a total length of 263 % and a tail length of 208 % DW. The Philippine specimen, with a total length of 271 % and a tail length of 219 % DW, is closer to  A. ocellatus (4 % difference) in total length, compared to  A. narinari (3 %). Both species show a similar 5 % difference in tail length relative to the Philippine specimen. Therefore, based on its dark green to black dorsal coloration, COI data, and total length, the Philippine specimen aligns more closely with  A. ocellatus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E5BF36A8DE5A5E8AB9AADF1D00B9C2AB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne;Penuela, Dianne Frances;Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S.;Babaran, Ricardo P.;Motomura, Hiroyuki;Malay, Maria Celia D.	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
46D3509CE82458A18608A90DFA84A1D4.text	46D3509CE82458A18608A90DFA84A1D4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atelomycterus marmoratus (Bennett 1830)	<div><p>Atelomycterus marmoratus (Bennett, 1830)</p><p>IUCN standard name:: Coral Catshark Fig. 6, Table 1</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>UPVMI 3129, 479 mm TL, female, fish landing sites, Sibunag, Guimaras Province, Philippines, longline, 23 November 2020, coll. M. Asgar.</p><p>Morphological description.</p><p>Body elongated, slender, and cylindrical. Head short, narrow, and slightly flattened from above. Eyes horizontally oval; spiracles small, situated just behind eyes. Snout short; tip blunt and slightly flattened from above. Mouth long, broadly ovate, with labial furrows extending on both upper and lower jaws. Nostrils large, usually covered by broad, triangular nasal flap extending to mouth. Teeth short, very sharp, tricuspid; central cusp twice length of cusplets on either side. Skin thick, covered with dermal denticles and very sharp to touch. Dorsal fins moderately small with concave posterior margins; first dorsal fin originating behind pelvic fins; second dorsal fin originating from midpoint of anal-fin base. Anal fins similar in shape to dorsal fins but smaller in size. Pectoral fins moderately large; posterior margin slightly convex. Pelvic fin smaller than pectoral fins. Caudal fin relatively short; posterior tip of upper lobe broad; lower lobe indistinct; ventral notch located near tip of upper lobe. Five small gill slits on both sides; last two gill slits situated just above pectoral-fin base.</p><p>Color of fresh specimen. Body brown, covered with white spots outlined in black; some spots merged into horizontal bars, notably around head area; underside white with small, faint, brown-black spots extending from the trunk area to caudal fin. Fin edges white with scattered, irregular white and brown-black spots.</p><p>Color of preserved specimen. Body brown; underside white. White spots scattered on the body and fins are still visible, but the black outlines have faded.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Indo – Pacific. Western Indian Ocean: Pakistan to southern India; western Pacific: Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan, and southern China (Human and Ebert 2022).</p><p>DNA barcode.</p><p>The COI sequence of 607 bp was submitted to GenBank under accession number OR 614478.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Near Threatened</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Atelomycterus marmoratus can reach a maximum total length of 700 mm (Compagno and Niem 1998 b) and is commonly found in coral reef habitats. The depth range of  A. marmoratus remains unclear, however, a specimen was recorded at a minimum depth of 40 m near Bolinao, Philippines (Compagno and Niem 1998 b; Compagno et al. 2005). There have been reports of this species in Philippine waters, including Cavite, Cebu, Manila, Negros Occidental (Bacolod), Negros Oriental (Dumaguete), Palawan (Busuanga), Pangasinan (Bolinao), and Sulu (Jolo) (Compagno et al. 2005; Gonzales 2013; Aquino et al. 2023).</p><p>The specimen collected for this study was identified as  A. marmoratus based on its combined characteristics, including a slender body covered with bordered white spots, two equal-sized dorsal fins, and a long labial furrow.  Atelomycterus erdmanni Fahmi et White, 2015 share similar characteristics with  A. marmoratus in having white spots on dorsal and lateral surfaces. However,  A. marmoratus can be distinguished by having more spots (vs. fewer spots in  A. erdmanni), as noted by Fahmi and White (2015). Although direct counts comparing the number of white spots between these two species were not provided, this study observed that the Philippine specimen has approximately five rows of white spots on dorsal view of the head (see Fig. 6 B), while the head spots of  A. erdmanni consist of about two rows (Fahmi and White 2015, figs. 1, 2). This feature should be confirmed in a larger number of specimens, including those of varying sizes, to verify its consistency across the species. The morphological identification of the Philippine specimen as  A. marmoratus is further supported by its COI data, as shown in the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 3), where the Philippine sequence clusters with that of  A. marmoratus and is clearly separated from the sequence of  A. erdmanni .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/46D3509CE82458A18608A90DFA84A1D4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne;Penuela, Dianne Frances;Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S.;Babaran, Ricardo P.;Motomura, Hiroyuki;Malay, Maria Celia D.	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
37801709BC615B1E960E8A228BBFF73E.text	37801709BC615B1E960E8A228BBFF73E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo 1827)	<div><p>Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827)</p><p>IUCN standard name:: Sandbar Shark Fig. 7, Table 1</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>UPVMI 3119, 391 mm TL, male, Iloilo Fish Port Complex, Iloilo City, Philippines, 15 July 2020, coll. R. Cabebe-Barnuevo, E. Delloro Jr., D. Mediodia, E. Obar, and N. Ylaron. UPVMI 3120, 363 mm TL, male, same data as preceding. UPVMI 3183, male, 370 mm TL, same data as preceding.</p><p>Morphological description.</p><p>Body moderately small and cylindrical. Head slightly depressed. Eyes large and rounded, spiracles absent. Snout short and relatively blunt; length of snout shorter than mouth width (8 % vs. 9 % TL, respectively). Mouth short and transversely curved. Nostril long with short nasal flap; nostril distance shorter than mouth width (6 % vs. 9 % TL, respectively). Teeth on upper jaw broadly triangular; teeth on lower jaw still not visible. First dorsal fin tall, height more than half of predorsal length (16 % vs. 27 % TL, respectively), originating over pectoral-fin insertion; second dorsal fin considerably smaller than first dorsal fin, originating slightly anterior to anal-fin insertion. Anal fin small, considerably same size with second dorsal fin; posterior margin concave. Pectoral fin large; posterior margin concave. Pelvic fin relatively smaller than pectoral fin. Caudal fin relatively long; posterior tip of upper lobe slightly narrow; lower lobe distinct, slightly triangular; ventral notch located near tip of upper lobe. Interdorsal-fin ridge present. Precaudal pits transverse.</p><p>Color of fresh specimen. Body and head dark gray; underside white; fins plain with dusky tip.</p><p>Color of preserved specimen. Body, head, and fins plain gray; underside portion of body white.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Wide-ranging in tropical through warm temperate areas, including Mediterranean Sea, but possibly not eastern Pacific. Extends from western central Pacific to Hawaii (Compagno and Niem 1998 c), and across western Indian Ocean from South Africa (eastern Cape), to the Red Sea, Gulf of Oman, Persian / Arabian Gulf, Pakistan, India, Socotra, Madagascar, Seychelles, Mauritius, and Lakshadweep (Winton and Ebert 2022).</p><p>DNA barcode.</p><p>COI sequences of 617 bp were submitted to GenBank with accession numbers OR 614473 (UPVMI 3119) and OR 614471 (UPVMI 3120).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Endangered</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>This is the first verified report of  Carcharhinus plumbeus from Philippine waters, as previous studies only reported a possible set of jaws that could not be confirmed (Compagno et al. 2005). Globally, populations of  C. plumbeus have declined by more than 50 % due to fisheries overexploitation and coastal habitat degradation (Rigby et al. 2021). The confirmed presence of small  C. plumbeus individuals (smaller than published size-at-birth estimates; Rigby et al. 2021) in Iloilo’s largest fish market indicates an urgent need to enact monitoring and management policies. The largest known specimen of  C. plumbeus measures 3 m TL (Soufi-Kechaou et al. 2018). Typically, this species is found at depths ranging from 20–60 m, although it can occasionally inhabit deeper waters up to 280 m (Compagno and Niem 1998 c; Last et al. 2010).</p><p>The specimens were identified as  C. plumbeus based on several morphological characteristics, including the presence of an interdorsal ridge, triangular upper jaw teeth, and first dorsal fin originating above pectoral fin, with its height exceeding half of the predorsal length (16 % vs. 27 % of TL, respectively). Serena (2005) noted that  C. plumbeus is frequently confused with  Carcharhinus altimus (Springer, 1950) and  Carcharhinus obscurus (Lesueur, 1818) . These three species exhibit similarities such as rounded snout, serrated upper teeth, presence of an interdorsal ridge, and fins with plain or dusky tips rather than conspicuously black-tipped fins. However,  C. plumbeus is distinguished from these two species by its tall first dorsal fin (vs. short dorsal-fin height, less than half of predorsal length) (Compagno and Niem 1998 c). Additionally,  C. plumbeus can be distinguished from  C. altimus by having a short snout, which is shorter than the mouth width (8 % vs. 9 % TL, respectively) (vs. long snout with a length equal to or greater than the mouth width in  C. altimus). Phylogenetic analysis further supports this identification, showing that  C. plumbeus is closely related to  C. altimus and  C. obscurus, with these three species forming a distinct clade separate from  Carcharhinus sorrah (Valenciennes, 1839) (Fig. 3). Moreover, COI barcoding results confirm the identification of the Philippine specimens as  C. plumbeus, as they cluster with other sequences of  C. plumbeus . The extended distribution in Philippine waters confirmed by this study will support efforts to assess and protect this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/37801709BC615B1E960E8A228BBFF73E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne;Penuela, Dianne Frances;Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S.;Babaran, Ricardo P.;Motomura, Hiroyuki;Malay, Maria Celia D.	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
35DC528F77D3548E8BAB2DC61A8FD367.text	35DC528F77D3548E8BAB2DC61A8FD367.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carcharhinus sorrah (Valenciennes 1839)	<div><p>Carcharhinus sorrah (Valenciennes, 1839)</p><p>IUCN standard name:: Spottail Shark Fig. 8, Table 1</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>UPVMI 3121, 582 mm TL, female, fish landing site, Roxas City, Capiz Province, Philippines, longline, 25 May 2021, coll. M. Batay.</p><p>Morphological description.</p><p>Body moderately stout and spindle shaped. Eyes moderately large and rounded. Snout long and rounded. Mouth short and transversely curved. Nostrils narrow; nasal flaps short. Teeth on both jaws sharp with strongly serrated cusps. First dorsal fin moderately large, originating behind pectoral free rear tip; apex rounded; posterior margin concave; free rear tip long; second dorsal fin very short and small, originating over anal-fin base; free rear tip long. Anal fin small and short, rounded apex; posterior margin concave; free rear tip long. Pectoral fin moderately large, falcate; apex narrow and rounded; posterior margin concave. Pelvic fin moderately small; anterior margin straight. Caudal fin long and smooth; posterior tip of upper caudal-fin lobe narrow; posterior margin of upper lobe concave; ventral notch deep; lower caudal-fin lobe short and triangular; posterior tip of lower lobe rounded. Interdorsal-fin ridge present. Precaudal pits transverse. Gill slits short, with five slits on both sides.</p><p>Color of fresh specimen. Body and head gray dorsally; white ventrally. Second dorsal fin, pectoral fins, and lower caudal-fin lobe with conspicuous black tips. First dorsal fin and upper caudal-fin lobe with black margins. Pelvic fins and upper caudal-fin lobe plain color. Posterior margin along apex of anal fin with black margins.</p><p>Color of preserved specimen. Body and head gray dorsally; white ventrally. Conspicuous spots, and black edges on fins still distinct.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Found in Indo – Pacific Region including western central Pacific from China southward to Indonesia, Philippines, and Australia (Compagno and Niem 1998 c; this study), also in Western Indian Ocean: Persian Gulf, Red Sea to South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal), Madagascar, Seychelles, Mascarenes, and Maldives (Winton and Ebert 2022).</p><p>DNA barcode.</p><p>The COI sequence of 617 bp was submitted to GenBank with accession number OR 614467.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Near Threatened</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Carcharhinus sorrah can grow to a maximum total length of 1600 mm (Allen and Erdmann 2012). This species is commonly found in coastal areas, including continental and insular shelves, both near the shore and at depths of up to 140 m (Compagno and Niem 1998 c), as well as in coral reef environments from 1 to 73 m deep (Allen and Erdmann 2012). There have been reports of its presence in Philippine waters, specifically in Cavite, Cebu, Manila Bay, Negros Occidental (Cadiz City, and Sagay), and Palawan (Compagno et al. 2005; Gonzales 2013; Aquino et al. 2023). The specimen was identified as  C. sorrah based on the presence of an interdorsal ridge between the dorsal-fin bases, a long and parabolic-shaped snout, strongly black-tipped fins (second dorsal, pectoral, and lower caudal fins), and an extremely low second dorsal fin with a long, attenuated rear tip (second dorsal-fin height 3 % TL vs. first dorsal-fin height 13 % TL, see Table 1). These features are consistent with the descriptions provided by Compagno and Niem (1998 c), and Choi et al. (1998). Additionally, COI barcoding confirms its identification as it forms a single clade with other sequences of  C. sorrah (Fig. 3).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/35DC528F77D3548E8BAB2DC61A8FD367	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne;Penuela, Dianne Frances;Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S.;Babaran, Ricardo P.;Motomura, Hiroyuki;Malay, Maria Celia D.	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
D5B01DA002C153CBBEDDA6BF46113EF3.text	D5B01DA002C153CBBEDDA6BF46113EF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chiloscyllium plagiosum (Bennett 1830)	<div><p>Chiloscyllium plagiosum (Bennett, 1830)</p><p>IUCN standard name:: Whitespotted Bambooshark Fig. 4, Table 1</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>UPVMI 3123, 441 mm TL, male, fish landing site, Cabalagnan, Nueva Valencia, Guimaras Province, Philippines, October 2021, coll. J. Tubillara.</p><p>Morphological description.</p><p>Body small, elongated, moderately slender, with lateral dermal ridges. Eyes relatively small without nictitating eyelids; spiracles large and located below eyes. Snout rounded and broad. Mouth small, positioned closer to eyes than to snout tip. Nostrils small, partially covered by broad nasal flap; nasal flap reaching mouth; sensory barbels on each nostril very short. Teeth on both jaws small with single small cusp. Both dorsal fins fully erect, equal in size; posterior margin straight; first dorsal fin originating behind pelvic-fin origin. Anal fin short, originating behind free rear tip of second dorsal fin; positioned just anterior to caudal-fin origin; anal-fin base length shorter than base of lower caudal-fin lobe (9 % vs. 16 % TL, respectively). Pectoral fin slightly larger than dorsal fins, originating just below third gill opening; posterior margin straight. Pelvic fin approximately similar in size to dorsal fins, located just behind pectoral fin and front of first dorsal fin insertion. Caudal fin asymmetrical; subterminal notch well developed; ventral lobe absent. Precaudal pits absent. Gill slits on both sides five, small; fourth and fifth gill slits situated extremely close to one another.</p><p>Color of fresh specimen. Body and head surface area light brown with darker transverse bands and covered of numerous white and black spots; underside light brown with numerous white spots and few black spots. Fins brown with numerous white spots.</p><p>Color of preserved specimen. Transverse dark brown bands, white and black spots still visible on the body, head, and fins.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Indo – Pacific. western Indian Ocean: Madagascar, India, and Sri Lanka; western Pacific: Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, and New Guinea (Human 2022).</p><p>DNA barcode.</p><p>The COI sequence of 617 bp was submitted to GenBank under accession number OR 614480.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Near Threatened</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Chiloscyllium plagiosum has a maximum recorded length of 950 mm (Compagno and Niem 1998 a). This species can be found at depths ranging from 0–50 m (Weigmann 2016). Sightings have been reported in Philippine waters, particularly in Cavite, Cebu, Guimaras Island, Manila Bay, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, Oriental Mindoro (Calapan), and Palawan (Compagno et al. 2005; Gonzales 2013).</p><p>The specimen was identified as  C. plagiosum based on its slender body and tail, anal-fin base shorter than the base length of lower caudal-fin lobe (9 % vs. 16 % TL, respectively), presence of lateral dermal ridges, transverse dark bands, and small white spots. According to Compagno and Niem (1998 a),  C. plagiosum is frequently misidentified as  Chiloscyllium griseum Müller et Henle, 1838,  Chiloscyllium hasselti Bleeker, 1852,  Chiloscyllium indicum (Gmelin, 1789), or  Chiloscyllium punctatum Müller et Henle, 1838 . These species all exhibit transverse dark bands on their bodies, especially when young, which often leads to misidentifications. However,  C. plagiosum can be distinguished from  C. indicum by its shorter anal-fin base compared to the base length of lower caudal-fin lobe (vs. base lengths of anal-fin and lower caudal fin lobe equal in  C. indicum) (Compagno and Niem 1998 a). Additionally,  C. plagiosum is differentiated from  C. griseum,  C. hasselti, and  C. punctatum by the presence of lateral dermal ridges (Fig. 4 B), which are absent in the latter three species (Compagno and Niem 1998 a). The identity of the collected specimen was further verified using COI data, which showed it forming a distinct clade with a sequence of  C. plagiosum, separate from the clades of the aforementioned closely related species (Fig. 3).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D5B01DA002C153CBBEDDA6BF46113EF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne;Penuela, Dianne Frances;Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S.;Babaran, Ricardo P.;Motomura, Hiroyuki;Malay, Maria Celia D.	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
EBBFAB524A345F7BB4E6EF5701D935DA.text	EBBFAB524A345F7BB4E6EF5701D935DA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chiloscyllium punctatum Muller et Henle 1838	<div><p>Chiloscyllium punctatum Müller et Henle, 1838</p><p>IUCN standard name:: Grey Carpetshark Fig. 5, Table 1</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>UPVMI 3124, 302 mm TL, male, fish landing site, Roxas City, Capiz Province, Philippines, trawl, November 2021, coll. M. Batay. UPVMI 3125, 536 mm TL female, same data as preceding. UPVMI 3122, 553 mm TL, male, fish market, Tangalan, Aklan Province, Philippines, 23 November 2020, coll. M. Macavinta.</p><p>Morphological description.</p><p>(based on UPVMI 3124): Body small and slender without lateral dermal ridges. Eyes relatively small and oval, without nictitating eyelids; spiracles moderately small, located below eyes. Snout rounded and broad. Mouth small, located closer to eyes than snout tip. Nostrils small and subterminal, partially covered by nasal flap; nasal flap broad just reaching mouth; sensory barbels on each nostril very short. Teeth on both jaws small with single small cusp. Dorsal fins fully erect, equal in size; first dorsal fin originating behind pelvic-fin origin; posterior margin concave. Anal fin moderately long, originating behind free rear tip of second dorsal fin; anal-fin base length shorter than base of lower caudal-fin lobe (9 % vs. 16 % of TL, respectively). Pectoral fin angular with rounded free rear tips, originating just below third gill opening. Pelvic fin slightly smaller than dorsal fins, located just behind pectoral fin. Caudal fin asymmetrical; subterminal notch well developed; ventral lobe absent; precaudal pits absent. Gill slits on both sides five, small; fourth and fifth gill slits situated extremely closed to one another, making fifth gill slit hardly noticeable.</p><p>Color of fresh specimens. UPVMI 3124 (smallest specimen): Body and head white with brown to black transverse bands, underside white; bands extending to anal, dorsal, and pectoral fins; pelvic fin white. UPVMI 3125 (medium sized): Body, head and fins brown with faint brown bands. UPVMI 3122 (largest specimen): Body, head, and fins uniformly brown, colored bands absent.</p><p>Color of preserved specimen. UPVMI 3124 and UPVMI 3125: Transverse dark brown bands still visible on the body, head, and fins; underside white.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Indo – Pacific. western Indian Ocean: Arabian Sea and southern India; western Pacific: Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, New Guinea, and Australia (Human 2022).</p><p>DNA barcode.</p><p>COI sequences of 617 bp were submitted to GenBank with the following accession numbers: OR 614477 (UPVMI 3124), OR 614474 (UPVMI 3125), and OR 614472 (UPVMI 3122).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Near Threatened</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Chiloscyllium punctatum can reach a maximum total length of 1050 mm and has been found in the intertidal zone at depths exceeding 85 m (Compagno 2001). There have been reports of occurrences in Philippine waters, specifically in Cebu (Cebu City, and Lapulapu), Kalinga (Pasil), Mindoro Island, Negros Oriental (Dumaguete), Palawan, and Zamboanga (Compagno et al. 2005; Gonzales 2013; Aquino et al. 2023).</p><p>The specimen was identified as  C. punctatum based on several combined characteristics, including a slender body and tail, absence of lateral dermal ridges on the body, a concave posterior margin of dorsal fins, and an anal-fin base shorter than the base length of the lower caudal-fin lobe (9 % of TL vs. 16 % of TL, respectively). As mentioned in the remarks under  C. plagiosum,  C. punctatum is often confused with this species, as well as with  C. griseum and  C. hasselti . In addition to the previous points of comparison,  C. punctatum can be distinguished from  C. griseum and  C. hasselti by the relative size of its dorsal fins, which are larger than the pelvic fins in  C. punctatum, but smaller in the other two species (Compagno and Niem 1998 a). The three specimens collected in this study consistently have first dorsal-fin heights (12 % or 16 % of TL, mean 13 % TL) and second dorsal-fin heights (11 % or 15 % TL, mean 12 % TL) larger than the pelvic-fin height (10 % TL). Additionally, the base lengths of the first (8 % or 12 % TL, mean 9 % TL) and second dorsal fins (9–12 % TL, mean 10 % TL) exceeded the pelvic-fin base (6 % or 7 % TL, mean 7 % TL) (see Table 1). The identification of these three specimens was further confirmed using COI data, which showed them forming a distinct clade with the sequence of  C. punctatum, separate from those of closely related species (Fig. 3).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EBBFAB524A345F7BB4E6EF5701D935DA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne;Penuela, Dianne Frances;Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S.;Babaran, Ricardo P.;Motomura, Hiroyuki;Malay, Maria Celia D.	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
F609978CDC315C52B1EAFF134A25999B.text	F609978CDC315C52B1EAFF134A25999B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chimaera phantasma Jordan et Snyder 1900	<div><p>Chimaera phantasma Jordan et Snyder, 1900</p><p>IUCN standard name:: Silver Chimaera Fig. 2, Table 1</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>UPVMI 3118, 889 mm TL (tail broken), female, fish market, Culasi, Antique Province, Philippines, 27 July 2020, coll. E. A. Obar.</p><p>Morphological description.</p><p>Body large, compressed, elongated, and tapering towards tail; lateral-line canals prominent and wavy. Head large; lateral-line canals straight rather than wavy. Eyes large, horizontally circular; spiracles absent. Snout short, rounded and very soft; tips gelatinous. Mouth small, connected to nostrils. Nostrils large and rounded. Tooth plates on upper jaw two (obviously separated), broad; tooth plate on lower jaw single, pointed, and curved. First dorsal fin tall with a single, erectile spine; first dorsal spine slender, smooth in front, sharply serrated behind; second dorsal fin short and spineless; dorsal-fin base long, extended to tail area. Anal fin short, deeply notched; anal-fin base small. Pectoral fin large, leaf-shaped; apex bluntly rounded. Pelvic fin small, broadly ovoid. Caudal fin elongated, tapering, lanceolate with distinct upper and lower lobes. Most of posterior portion of tail cut off, but remaining parts of tail narrow, rounded, with smooth edges, and whip-like.</p><p>Color of fresh specimen. Body surface silver, underside white; snout black; fin edges black.</p><p>Color of preserved specimen. Body surface and fins brown; underside dusky white to gray; snout surface area darker brown, underside white; dorsal-, anal-, and caudal-fin edges black.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>western Pacific. Japan, Philippines, Borneo, and Taiwan (Last et al. 2010; Ebert et al. 2013).</p><p>DNA barcode.</p><p>The COI sequence of 650 base pairs (bp) was submitted to GenBank under accession number OR 614464.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Vulnerable.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Chimaera phantasma can reach a maximum total length of 1 m and typically inhabits depths ranging from 90–540 m (Compagno 1999). There have been reports of occurrences in Philippine waters, including Batangas, Cebu, Negros Oriental (Dumaguete), Palawan, and Zamboanga Del Norte (Dapitan and Dipolog cities) (Compagno et al. 2005; Aquino et al. 2023).</p><p>The specimen collected in this study was identified as  C. phantasma based on its COI data (see Fig. 3) and morphological characteristics, including a silver, tapering body with a blunt, fleshy snout; a wavy lateral line; a long first dorsal spine extending beyond the fin apex; an anal fin separated from the caudal fin by a shallow notch; and grayish to blackish fins. These features match the description of  C. phantasma provided by Jordan and Snyder (1900), Last et al. (2008), and Finucci et al. (2018). Molecular data analysis suggests that  Chimaera argiloba Last, White et Pogonoski, 2008,  Chimaera ogilbyi Waite, 1898, and  C. phantasma are closely related species (Finucci et al. 2018). This relationship is also observed in the phylogenetic tree generated in this study (Fig. 3). However, according to Last et al. (2008),  C. phantasma can be distinguished from  C. argiloba by its uniformly gray to black first dorsal fin (vs. pale gray with a distinct white posterior margin in  C. argiloba), and black pectoral fins (vs. gray to brown). Furthermore,  C. phantasma can be easily distinguished from  C. ogilbyi by the presence of an anal fin (vs. absent in  C. ogilbyi) (Finucci et al. 2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F609978CDC315C52B1EAFF134A25999B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne;Penuela, Dianne Frances;Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S.;Babaran, Ricardo P.;Motomura, Hiroyuki;Malay, Maria Celia D.	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
6B1928976D3C5A10953DFE544418E389.text	6B1928976D3C5A10953DFE544418E389.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neotrygon orientalis Last, White et Seret 2016	<div><p>Neotrygon orientalis Last, White et Serét, 2016</p><p>IUCN standard name:: Oriental Bluespotted Maskray Fig. 16, Table 2</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>UPVMI 3113, 256 mm DW, female, fish market, Aklan Province, Philippines, 22 November 2020, coll. M. Macavinta.</p><p>Morphological description.</p><p>Body moderate in size; dorsal area with median row of small thorns located on center region; disc not greatly expanded, rhomboid. Eyes moderately large and elongated; spiracles very wide. Snout short, slightly angular with rounded tip. Mouth small. Nostrils moderately oval, partially covered with nasal flap; nasal flap skirt-shaped, slightly reaching mouth. Pectoral-fin apex angular; front margins convex; posterior margins straight. Pelvic fin short, subtriangular. Tail tapering, not whip-like; dorsal and ventral skin folds present; spine on caudal fin already removed upon purchase. Gill slits located on underside moderately short, with five slits on each side.</p><p>Color of fresh specimen. Dorsal area pale brown with light blue spots outlined with darker blue of various sizes; ventral area white, becoming brown on edges; faint brown band present across the eyes; eyes and spiracles surrounded with numerous, tiny black spots, with a few similar black spots widely scattered on the dorsal area; tail dark brown with irregular black and white bands.</p><p>Color of preserved specimen. Central region of the dorsal area dark brown to black; disc area light brown; blue spots transformed into dark brown; ventral area pale white, becoming brown on edges; tiny black spots still visible; black and white bands on tail still distinct.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Australia, New Guinea, Indonesia, Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines, and Taiwan (Last et al. 2016 b; Manjaji-Matsumoto 2017; Borsa et al. 2018)</p><p>DNA barcode.</p><p>The COI sequence of 617 bp was submitted to GenBank under accession number OR 614465.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Least Concern</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Neotrygon orientalis was originally described based on 12 specimens collected from Indonesia, with a size range of 145–343 mm DW, although it can reach a maximum DW of 380 mm (Last et al. 2016 b; Manjaji-Matsumoto 2017). This species is part of the broader  Neotrygon kuhlii (Müller et Henle, 1841) complex. In this study, the sequence generated from the Philippine specimen was compared to verified COI gene sequences of  Neotrygon spp. provided by Last et al. (2016 b) and Hata and Motomura (2024). Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the Philippine specimen clustered with the verified COI sequences of  N. orientalis (Fig. 12). Therefore, based on both morphological characteristics and COI data, the collected specimen was identified as  N. orientalis .</p><p>The precise distribution of  N. orientalis in Philippine waters remains unclear, as Last et al. (2016 b) noted that specimens from the Philippines previously identified as  N. kuhlii by Naylor et al. (2012) and Compagno et al. (2005) might, in fact, be  N. orientalis . Nonetheless, reports by Manjaji-Matsumoto (2017), and this study provide confirmed evidence of  N. orientalis from Panay Island, Philippines.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6B1928976D3C5A10953DFE544418E389	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne;Penuela, Dianne Frances;Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S.;Babaran, Ricardo P.;Motomura, Hiroyuki;Malay, Maria Celia D.	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
9FEE3585F5A257F983005260AC4AF592.text	9FEE3585F5A257F983005260AC4AF592.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plesiobatis daviesi (Wallace 1967)	<div><p>Plesiobatis daviesi (Wallace, 1967)</p><p>IUCN standard name:: Giant Stingaree Fig. 11, Table 2</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>UPVMI 3112, 368 mm DW, male, fish landing site, Roxas City, Capiz Province, Philippines, trawl, September 2021, coll. M. Batay.</p><p>Morphological description.</p><p>Body large and depressed, upper surface covered with small dermal denticles; trunk depressed; disc large. Head broad and depressed. Eyes horizontally enlarged, situated dorsolaterally on head; spiracles wide, bigger than eyes, and located just behind them. Snout moderately elongated and broadly pointed; smooth to touch. Mouth straight, and moderately broad. Nostrils extremely wide, circular, and located near mouth; nasal flap short, partially covering nostrils, and fused with broad, short nasal curtains extending to anterior corners of mouth. Teeth small, rounded oval, with 34 rows on both jaws. Pectoral fins very large, smooth, forming almost rounded disc. Pelvic fins small, angular rather than rounded. Gill slits located on underside small, with five on each side. Claspers short and broad. Tail was cut off upon purchase.</p><p>Color of fresh specimen. Dorsal area brown, underside white; rear edges of disc and pelvic fins black-brown; no spots or distinct markings observed.</p><p>Color of preserved specimen. Dorsal area brown; underside white; black edges on disc and pelvic fins still visible.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Indo – Pacific. western Indian Ocean: South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal) to southern Mozambique, and southern India to Sri Lanka; western Pacific: Philippines, Taiwan, Kyushu – Palau Ridge (Philippine Sea), Ryukyu Islands, Australia, and Hawaii (Ebert and Aschliman 2022).</p><p>DNA barcode.</p><p>The COI sequence of 613 bp was submitted to GenBank under accession number OR 614468.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Least Concern</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Plesiobatis daviesi is currently the only recognized valid species in the family  Plesiobatidae . This study confirms the occurrence of  P. daviesi in the Western Visayas region, adding to its previous records in Negros Oriental (Dumaguete), northern Luzon, and Zamboanga del Norte (Dapitan City) (Compagno and Last 1999; Compagno et al. 2005). Typically, this species is found on continental slopes at depths ranging from 275 to 680 m (Compagno and Last 1999; Last et al. 2010). It can reach a maximum total length of 2700 mm (Compagno and Last 1999), while Philippine records indicate a size range of 507–1550 mm in TL, and 288–800 mm in DW (Compagno et al. 2005). The collected specimen was identified as  P. daviesi based on its large body, pointed snout, soft and fleshy disc, and short, non-whiplike tail. The generated COI sequence formed a single clade with other sequences of  P. daviesi, supporting the morphological identification, as shown in Fig. 12.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9FEE3585F5A257F983005260AC4AF592	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne;Penuela, Dianne Frances;Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S.;Babaran, Ricardo P.;Motomura, Hiroyuki;Malay, Maria Celia D.	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
E4462BD2CC0556C1BB8692853287C8F0.text	E4462BD2CC0556C1BB8692853287C8F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pristiophorus lanae Ebert et Wilms 2013	<div><p>Pristiophorus lanae Ebert et Wilms, 2013</p><p>IUCN standard name:: Lana’s Sawshark Fig. 9, Table 1</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>UPVMI 3126, 700 mm TL, male, fish landing site, Roxas City, Capiz Province, Philippines, gillnet, 29 March 2021, coll. M. Batay.</p><p>Morphological description.</p><p>Body elongated and cylindrical. Head considerably depressed, not elongated. Eyes large, horizontally oval; spiracle large, oblique, located just behind eye. Snout long, flattened, surrounded with saw-like teeth. Mouth short and transversely curved. Pair of barbels present, located closer to mouth than rostral tip. Teeth on rostrum sharp with three distinct sizes; teeth on both jaws small; rows of teeth on upper jaw 35. Dorsal fins moderately large, fully erect, and of similar sizes; first dorsal fin originating posterior to rear tip of pectoral fin; second dorsal fin originating far beyond rear tip of pelvic fin. Anal fin absent. Pectoral fins extremely enlarged; posterior margin slightly concave. Pelvic fin same size as dorsal fins, originating posterior to rear tip of first dorsal fin; posterior margin straight. Caudal fin long, asymmetrical; subterminal notch on upper lobe deep; posterior tip angular. Claspers short and broad. Gill openings small, similar in sizes, with five gill slits on both sides.</p><p>Color of fresh specimen. Body and head above uniformly dark brown; underside lighter brown; rostrum brown with two longitudinal lines of darker color; pectoral- and pelvic- fin bases relatively darker brown, lightening towards rear end; no spots or distinct markings.</p><p>Color of preserved specimen. Body uniformly brown; underside light brown; longitudinal lines on rostrum still visible.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Philippines (Ebert and Wilms 2013; Koeda and Manjaji-Matsumoto 2017; Weigmann et al. 2020; this study).</p><p>DNA barcode.</p><p>The COI sequence of 617 bp was submitted to GenBank under accession number OR 614466.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Near Threatened</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Pristiophorus lanae was originally described based on specimens collected from various locations in the Philippines, including Batangas, Camarines Sur, Cebu, and Marinduque, at depths ranging from 229 to 593 m (Ebert and Wilms 2013). Additional reports have since been made from Panay Island (Koeda and Manjaji-Matsumoto 2017; Weigmann et al. 2020; Leeney et al. 2024; this study). This species is endemic to the Philippines, with the largest known specimen measuring 900 mm TL, as reported by Weigmann et al. (2020). The identification of the collected specimen was verified through its COI sequence data, which is identical with the other sequence of  P. lanae (Fig. 3).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E4462BD2CC0556C1BB8692853287C8F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne;Penuela, Dianne Frances;Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S.;Babaran, Ricardo P.;Motomura, Hiroyuki;Malay, Maria Celia D.	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
51FDF6387B3E5D1698BE68BB59CB3520.text	51FDF6387B3E5D1698BE68BB59CB3520.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinobatos whitei Last, Corrigan et Naylor 2014	<div><p>Rhinobatos whitei Last, Corrigan et Naylor, 2014</p><p>IUCN standard name:: Philippine Guitarfish Fig. 10, Table 2</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>UPVMI 3127, 234 mm DW, 702 mm TL, male, fish landing site, Roxas, City, Capiz Province, Philippines, trawl, September 2021, coll. M. Batay. UPVMI 3128, 43 mm DW, 136 mm TL, juvenile, same data as preceding.</p><p>Morphological description.</p><p>Body moderately elongated and medium-sized, covered with tiny dermal denticles; trunk depressed and flattened. Disc broad and wedge-shaped. Head large and depressed. Eyes large, oval and protruding; spiracles very large, located just behind eye. Snout relatively long; tip bluntly pointed; anterior margin concave; rostral cartilages well separated and converging towards front area. Mouth moderately wide and slightly arched. Nostrils large, elongated, oval rather than rounded; nasal flap very small, narrow, not covering nostrils. Teeth very small, rhomboid, very compact; upper jaw with 83 rows; lower jaw with 77 rows. Dorsal fins falcate, almost equal in size, posterior margin straight. Pectoral fins flat and very large. Pelvic fin short, angular and firm, originating just behind free rear tip of pectoral fins (in juvenile specimen, free rear tip of pectoral fins not reaching insertion of pelvic fins); apex bluntly rounded. Caudal fin moderately large, asymmetrical; lower caudal-fin lobe absent. Gill slits five on each side; fifth slit obviously smallest.</p><p>Color of fresh specimen. Adult specimen (UPVMI 3127): Body with dark-brown spots; underside white; dorsal fins with black free rear tip. Juvenile (UPVMI 3128): Body dorsal surface brown with numerous small, white and brown-black spots; underside white; dorsal fins with black free rear tip; pectoral- and pelvic-fin edges creamy white.</p><p>Color of preserved specimen. Adult: Body brown with numerous tiny pale white to gray spots, and large brown to light brown spots (spots more pronounced than in fresh specimen); dorsal and caudal fins with white free rear tip. Juvenile: Body light brown with numerous tiny white and brown spots; dorsal fins with black free rear tip.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Philippines (Last et al. 2014; Manjaji-Matsumoto 2017; this study).</p><p>DNA barcode.</p><p>COI sequences of 617 bp were submitted to GenBank under accession numbers OR 614481 (UPVMI 3127) and OR 614470 (UPVMI 3128).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Critically Endangered</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Rhinobatos whitei was originally described based on specimens collected from the markets in central and southern Philippines (specifically in Bacolod, Cebu, Dipolog, and Dumaguete), with a size range of 317–844 mm TL (Last et al. 2014). Subsequent records have identified this species from Panay Island, Philippines (Manjaji-Matsumoto 2017; this study), and to date, there have been no reports of its occurrence in other countries, affirming its status as a Philippine endemic.  Rhinobatos whitei has been assessed as critically endangered due to severe declines in ray populations throughout the Philippines, coupled with the highly restricted geographic range of the species (Dulvy et al. 2021). This study reports the first collection of a juvenile specimen, and knowledge on juveniles may be important in protecting the species.</p><p>Rhinobatos whitei and  Rhinobatos manai White, Last et Naylor, 2016 share the characteristic of having whitish spots, which distinguishes them from other congeners (White et al. 2016). However, the collected specimen was identified as  R. whitei based on its poorly defined white spots and presence of large, diffuse dusky and orange blotches as described by Last et al. (2014). In contrast,  R. manai is characterized by well-defined rusty brown spots and faint white spots with grayish edges, as described by White et al. (2016). Although no COI data are available for either species, the identification of the collected specimen was confirmed based on the morphological descriptions and coloration comparisons provided above.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/51FDF6387B3E5D1698BE68BB59CB3520	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne;Penuela, Dianne Frances;Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S.;Babaran, Ricardo P.;Motomura, Hiroyuki;Malay, Maria Celia D.	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
68CEF260E029597898A7B5034FD498B3.text	68CEF260E029597898A7B5034FD498B3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taeniura lymma (Forsskal 1775)	<div><p>Taeniura lymma (Forsskål, 1775)</p><p>IUCN standard name:: Bluespotted Lagoon Ray Fig. 17, Table 2</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>UPVMI 3114, 104 mm DW, female, fish landing site, Sibunag, Guimaras Province, Philippines, 17 October 2020, coll. J. Fernandez.</p><p>Morphological description.</p><p>Body small; disc oval. Eyes moderately large and protruding; spiracles large, located just behind eyes. Snout short and broadly angular. Mouth very small. Nostrils moderately short and narrow; nasal flap short, partially covering nostrils; posterior margin fringed, extending beyond mouth. Tooth rows on both jaws, pavement-like; 15 rows on upper jaw, 16 on lower jaw. Pectoral fin horizontally elongated with smooth, rounded margins. Pelvic fin angular. Tail short and stout; lower caudal-fin fold pronounced, reaching tail tip; single strong spine along midsection. Gill slits on underside small, with five slits on each side.</p><p>Color of fresh specimen. Dorsal body surface brown to olive-green; underside white; disc covered with bright, large blue spots. Fins brown; pectoral and pelvic fins with a few smaller, denser blue pots. Tail with a pair of black, parallel lines on its side; underside of tail white; caudal-fin fold edges brown.</p><p>Color of preserved specimen. Dorsal body surface brown; underside white. Blue spots on disc area and fins transformed into dark brown to black. Pair of black, parallel lines on tail still visible; caudal-fin fold edges dark brown.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Widely distributed in tropical to warm-temperate seas, including the Mediterranean Sea (Manjaji-Matsumoto et al. 2022).</p><p>DNA barcode.</p><p>The COI sequence of 617 bp was submitted to GenBank with accession number OR 614476.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Least Concern</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Taeniura lymma, known for its vibrant blue spots, can grow up to 750 mm in TL and 350 mm DW (Last et al. 2010). This coastal species is widely found throughout Philippine waters, inhabiting depths down to 20 m. It has a broad distribution and is the most common stingray in coral reef areas (Last and Compagno 1999; Manjaji-Matsumoto 2017). Reports of this species within the country include Cebu, Guimaras Island, Negros Oriental (Siaton), Panay Island, Palawan, Siquijor Island, Sulu (Jolo, Sibutu, Sitankai), and Zamboanga (Compagno et al. 2005; Gonzales 2013; Manjaji-Matsumoto 2017; Aquino et al. 2023). The collected specimen was easily identified as  T. lymma based on its broad tail with two stings, a pair of parallel black lines, and its smooth, oval disc profile covered with numerous vivid blue spots. This identification was confirmed by its COI data, which clustered with other sequences of  T. lymma (see Fig. 12).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/68CEF260E029597898A7B5034FD498B3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne;Penuela, Dianne Frances;Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S.;Babaran, Ricardo P.;Motomura, Hiroyuki;Malay, Maria Celia D.	Cabebe-Barnuevo, Roxanne, Penuela, Dianne Frances, Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Babaran, Ricardo P., Motomura, Hiroyuki, Malay, Maria Celia D. (2025): Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.55.139721
