identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
274A8789FF887426FF64DFB7FEE0FAF0.text	274A8789FF887426FF64DFB7FEE0FAF0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cymothoa Fabricius 1793	<div><p>Genus Cymothoa Fabricius, 1793</p><p>Restricted synonymy. Fabricius, 1793: 503.– Milne Edwards, 1840: 264–269.– Schioedte &amp; Meinert, 1884: 223.– Kussakin, 1979: 289.– Brusca, 1981: 185.– Brusca &amp; Iverson, 1985: 45.– Trilles, 1994: 137.– Hadfield, Bruce &amp; Smit, 2011: 58; 2013: 2.</p><p>Type species. Oniscus oestrum Fabricius, 1793; by subsequent designation (Kussakin, 1979).</p><p>Remarks. Cymothoa is most easily identified by the strongly vaulted body; widely separated antennal and antennular bases; cephalon deeply immersed in pereonite 1; pereonite 1 anterolateral angles encompassing the cephalon; pereonite 7 extends past pleonite 1; a large blade-like carina on the basis of pereopods 5–7; pleonite 1 not abruptly narrower than other pleonites; uropod rami shorter than the pleotelson and large fleshy fold on pleopods 3–5 (Hadfield et al., 2013).</p><p>Generic diagnoses were provided by Brusca (1981) and Brusca &amp; Iverson (1985). Recent diagnoses have been given by Hadfield et al. (2011, 2013). Despite this recent work Cymothoa still remains one of the least understood genera (Brusca, 1981; Hadfield et al., 2013) with many species in need of redescription (Hadfield et al., 2013). Schotte et al. (2008) list 47 species of Cymothoa worldwide including two nomen dubia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/274A8789FF887426FF64DFB7FEE0FAF0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bruce, Niel L.;Martin, Melissa B.;Hadfield, Kerry A.;Nowak, Barbara F.	Bruce, Niel L., Martin, Melissa B., Hadfield, Kerry A., Nowak, Barbara F. (2016): Redescription of the fish parasitic “ tongue biter ” Cymothoa rhina Schioedte & Meinert, 1884 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cymothoidae) from Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 34: 331-342, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20252541
274A8789FF8B742EFF5ADBB7FDC6FDF3.text	274A8789FF8B742EFF5ADBB7FDC6FDF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cymothoa rhina Schioedte & Meinert 1884	<div><p>Cymothoa rhina Schioedte &amp; Meinert, 1884</p><p>(Figs. 1–8)</p><p>Cymothoa rhina Schioedte &amp; Meinert, 1884: 253, tab. X (Cym. XXVIII), figs. 1–4.</p><p>Cymothoa rhina .— Nierstrasz, 1915: 93; 1931: 136.— Trilles, 1994: 148.— Trilles &amp; Bariche, 2006: 228.</p><p>Material examined. Neotype: here designated, ♀ (21 mm ovig.), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.85132&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.2186" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.85132/lat -1.2186)">St John’s Island</a>, Singapore, 1°13.116’S, 103°51.079’E; SS0841, RMBR 11189; SW104; from mouth of Lutjanus carponotatus, coll. D. Uyeno (ZRC 2014.0118). Non-type — ♂ (7 mm), associated with female, same data (ZRC 2014.0119).</p><p>Description. Female: Body 2.0 times as long as greatest width, smooth and polished in appearance, widest at pereonites 5 and 6, narrowest at pereonite 1. Cephalon 0.5 times longer than wide, subtriangular, visible in dorsal view. Frontal margin acute, not folded. Eyes indistinct. Pereonite 1 smooth with slight indentations produced posteriorly, anterolateral projections extending half length of cephalon. Pereonites 1–6 increasing in length and width; pereonite 7 shorter and narrower than pereonite 6; pereonites 5–7 arched posteriorly. Coxae 2–3 posteroventral margins rounded, 4–7 without distinct point. Pleonites 1–5 progressively wider, similar in length, smooth and flat posteriorly, lateral margins slightly rounded posteriorly; pleonite 1 partially visible in dorsal view, posterior margins smooth; pleonite 5 with posterolateral margins not overlapped by lateral margins of pleonite 4, posterior margin not bisinuate. Pleotelson 0.5 times as long as anterior width; posterior margin subtruncate; dorsal surface without sub-medial depressions; lateral margins convex.</p><p>Antennula comprised of 8 articles; peduncle articles 1 and 2 distinct and articulated; article 2 0.8 times as long as article 1; article 3 0.5 times as long as combined lengths of articles 1 and 2, 1.4 times as long as wide. Antenna comprised of 10 articles; peduncle article 3 1.5 times as long as article 2, 1.5 times as long as wide; terminal article without setae, extending to posterior margin of cephalon. Labrum lateral margins concave, without median point. Maxillule simple, with 4 terminal RS. Maxilla mesial lobe with 2 recurved RS, partly fused to lateral lobe with 2 recurved RS. Maxilliped oostegite lobe lamellar. Maxilliped article 3 with 5 curved RS. Oostegite smooth, with marginal setae.</p><p>Pereopod 1 basis 1.5 times as long as greatest width; ischium 0.5 times as long as basis; merus proximal margin without bulbous protrusion; carpus with straight proximal margin; propodus 1.7 times as long as wide; dactylus slender, 1.3 as long as propodus, 3 4.times as long as basal width. Pereopod 2 propodus 1.4 times as long as wide; dactylus 1.5 times as long as propodus; similar to pereopod 3. Pereopod 6 basis 1.2 times as long as greatest width; ischium 0.5 times as long as basis; propodus 1.0 as long as wide; dactylus 1.5 times as long as propodus. Pereopod 7 basis 1.3 times as long as greatest width; ischium 0.9 times as long as basis, with large proximal bulbous protrusion; merus proximal margin with slight protrusion, 0.4 times as long as ischium, 0.7 times as long as wide; carpus without bulbous protrusion; propodus 0.5 times as long as ischium, 1.0 times as long as wide; dactylus slender, 2.2 times as long as propodus, 3.5 times as long as basal width.</p><p>Pleopods without setae, lobes increasing in size from pereonite 1 to 5, exopod larger than endopod. Pleopod 1 exopod 0.9 times as long as greatest width, lateral margin distally concave, distally broadly rounded, mesial margin straight, strongly oblique; endopod 1.2 times as long as wide, lateral margin convex, distally narrowly rounded, mesial margin straight; peduncle 3.1 as wide as long. Pleopods 1–5 endopod proximal borders increasing in size, with fleshy folds and medial lobes present and increasing in size.</p><p>Uropod as long as pleotelson; peduncle 0.5 times longer than rami; lateral margins without setae. Endopod apically rounded, 3.4 times as long as greatest width, lateral margin weakly convex, mesial margin weakly convex. Exopod not extending to end of endopod, 3.5 times as long as greatest width, without setae.</p><p>Description. Male: Similar to female except body oval. Cephalon 0.6 times as long as wide. Frontal margin subacute. Eyes distinct, 0.3 as wide as cephalon. Pereonite 1 without anterolateral projections extending half length of cephalon; pereonites 2–4 similar in width. Pleonites 1–5 similar in width, pleonite 5 posterior margin weakly bisinuate. Pleotelson 0.4 times as long as anterior width; subacute; lateral margins convex, posterior margin evenly rounded, with weak median point. Maxillule simple with 3 terminal robust RS. Maxilliped article 3 with 3 curved RS. Pereopod 6 and 7 basis weakly carinate; ischium with weak bulbous protrusion. Pleopod 2 with appendix masculine, distally acute, 0.9 times as long as endopod, distally acute.</p><p>Colour. Ivory white. Male with pigments lightly scattered on pleotelson and pleon.</p><p>Size. Present material: non-ovigerous female 21 mm, male 7 mm. Other reports include ovigerous female: 23.5–32 mm; non ovigerous female 26 mm; male 11–19 mm (Schioedte &amp; Meinert 1884; Nierstrasz, 1915).</p><p>Hosts. From Lutjanus carponotatus (Richardson, 1842) ( Lutjanidae), the Spanish flag snapper; present material. Previously reported from mangrove red snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskål, 1775) [as Mesoprion gembra (Bloch &amp; Schneider, 1801)] and the dory snapper Lutjanus fulviflamma (Forsskål, 1775); see Schioedte &amp; Meinert, 1884].</p><p>Distribution. Central Indo-Pacific; present material from Singapore. Previous records are from the Philippines (Schioedte &amp; Meinert, 1884) and Palau (Nierstrasz, 1915).</p><p>Remarks. Cymothoa rhina Schioedte &amp; Meinert, 1884 is one of the eight Cymothoa species known from the Indo-Malaysian region (Trilles, 1994) and is distinctive within the genus in being the only species with a triangular anterior margin to the cephalon in the adult female. Cymothoa rhina is identified by the following characters: subtriangular cephalon, eyes indistinct, anterolateral projections on pereonite 1 extending half the length of the cephalon, subtruncate pleotelson posterior margin, uropod rami not extending beyond pleotelson, pleon narrower than pereonite 7, pereopod 7 ischium inferior margin with bulbous protrusion and the superior margin of the pereopod 7 basis with a distinct carina. The female differs slightly from Schioedte &amp; Meinert’s (1884) figures by having a more rounded pleotelson. The male has distinct eyes, acute anterolateral projections of pereonite 1, a rounded pleotelson with a weak apical point and chromatophores lightly scattered over the dorsal surfaces of pereonite 1, pleon and pleotelson. The male specimens from Singapore agree well with Schioedte &amp; Meinert’s (1884) figure.</p><p>Cymothoa truncata Schioedte &amp; Meinert, 1884 and Cymothoa eremita (Brünnich, 1783) both occur in the general region, but can be distinguished by having a subtruncate anterior cephalic margin. C. truncata also differs from C. rhina by the uropodal rami not extending to the pleotelson posterior margin, the rounded pleotelson posterior margin and pereonite 1 with blunt and broad anterolateral projections. C. eremita differs from C. rhina in having uropods that are well short of the posterior margin of the pleotelson (extend to pleotelson posterior margin C. rhina), and the anterolateral margins of pereonite project anteriorly and are apically narrowly rounded (not projecting and blunt in C. rhina).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/274A8789FF8B742EFF5ADBB7FDC6FDF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bruce, Niel L.;Martin, Melissa B.;Hadfield, Kerry A.;Nowak, Barbara F.	Bruce, Niel L., Martin, Melissa B., Hadfield, Kerry A., Nowak, Barbara F. (2016): Redescription of the fish parasitic “ tongue biter ” Cymothoa rhina Schioedte & Meinert, 1884 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cymothoidae) from Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 34: 331-342, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20252541
