identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
207C878F7E04FF901C2CFD23BB6EFDF2.text	207C878F7E04FF901C2CFD23BB6EFDF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gobiodon Bleeker 1856	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Gobiodon Bleeker, 1856</p>
            <p> Gobiodon (Bleeker, 1856) (separation from  Gobius Linnaeus, 1758 , as type species  Gobiodon heterospilus ) </p>
            <p> Ellerya (Castelnau, 1873b) (as a new genus, type species  Ellerya unicolor , by monotypy) </p>
            <p> Pseudogobiodon (Bleeker, 1874) (as a new genus, type species being  Gobius citrinus ) </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Laterally compressed deep body with thickened epidermal mucus layer. Head scaleless. Body generally naked with some squamation on caudal peduncle in some species. Dorsal-fin rays VI, I,9–13; pectoral-fin rays 16–21; anal-fin rays I,8–11; pelvic-fin rays I,5. Upper procurrent caudal-fin rays 4–6; lower procurrent caudal-fin rays 4–6; principal caudal-fin rays 7–8 + 9–10 (all segmented rays branched). Vertebra 25–27 including hypural plate. First dorsal fin varied in length. Second dorsal fin similar in length to first. Pelvic fins connected ventrally by membrane. Dentary bone triangular or elongate. Uniform or varying sized teeth. Post-symphysial canine teeth may be present.</p>
            <p>Description. Dorsal-fin rays VI, I,9–11; pectoral-fin rays 16–21, typically 19–20. Anal-fin rays I,8–10. Pelvic-fin rays I,5. Upper unsegmented caudal fin rays 4–6. Lower unsegmented caudal fin rays 4–6. Upper segmented branched caudal fin rays 8–9. Lower segmented branched caudal fin rays 7–9. Vertebrae 25–27 including hypural plate.</p>
            <p> Body laterally compressed, deeper than wide or somewhat fusiform. Ground colour during life variable, ranging from green/blue, yellow, brown, red, orange, black or grey. Ground colour once preserved often brown, beige, or yellow, with variation depending on preservation method. Live colouration markings when present usually as spots, lines, or ripples, occasionally restricted to the head as facial pigment bars. Small black spot on upper opercular margin in some species. Body of most species naked. When present, squamation is minimal and restricted to the caudal peduncle, e.g.,  Gobiodon aoyagii . Body covered in thick epidermal mucus layer. </p>
            <p>Anterior head profile steep and blunt. Groove between isthmus and interopercle typically either deep or absent. Interopercle shallow and lance-like, deep sub-elliptical or anteriorly elongated and expanded. Metapterygoid deep or shallow in form. Lacrimal elongate and narrow, broadly spatulate or ventrally expanded, triangular or quadrilateral in shape. Interhyal basally expanded and triangular or dorsal/ ventral extremities equal width.</p>
            <p>Dentary bone triangular or elongate and recurved. Jaw teeth uniform in appearance or varying size with rows. Post symphysial canine teeth present in some species. Variation in protractor hyoidei muscle attachment process on ventral lower jaw.</p>
            <p> Cephalic sensory system composed of anterior naris, posterior naris, six anterior oculoscapular canal pores, and three preopercular canal pores. Facial papillae equal width/ length or longer than wide. Facial papillae reduced compared to related genera, e.g.,  Paragobiodon . Pit organs on head adjacent to lips, nostril, orbits and opercular margin. </p>
            <p>Dorsal fin with varied configuration, some species having signature configurations, including varied length of rays to form a ‘sail’ or ‘squared’ shape. First and second dorsal fins attached by membrane. May appear with clear separation, with sixth spine of first dorsal shorter than first spine of second. In a small number of species first dorsal sixth spine length may be equal to second dorsal first spine, appearing more fused. Pelvic fin connected by a membrane, producing a fin capable of generating suction. All other fins share common shape throughout genus, with some variation of caudal and pectoral fins.</p>
            <p> Species known to undergo bi-directional sex change (Nakashima et al., 1996; Munday et al., 1998; Munday et al., 2010). Difference between male and female  Gobiodon present in the genitalia shape, with no known sexual dimorphism (Nakashima et al., 1996; Munday et al., 1998; Shibukawa et al., 2013). </p>
            <p> Etymology. The commonly accepted source for  Gobiodon comes from the Latin ‘gobius’ meaning gudgeon and the Greek ‘odous’ meaning teeth. </p>
            <p> Habitat and biology.  Gobiodon are small (20–70 mm SL) cryptobenthic coral-associated reef fish from family  Gobiidae . Typically, they are observed deep within a coral colony, living between the branches. Basic body plan seen in Fig. 2. Their diet is debated, but is typically thought to include plankton, small invertebrates, algae, and occasionally tissue from the coral host (Brooker et al., 2010). Members can be observed living solitarily, in pairs, or in groups, but most frequently as pairs (Hing et al., 2019). They are known to be highly specialised for life amongst the branches of their mutualist partner cnidarians, typically from the genus  Acropora , but have also been seen living in  Echinopora ,  Hydnophora ,  Stylophora , and  Pocillopora , and are typically found at depths of 1– 10 m. Their distribution is widespread, occurring where their host coral species can be found, throughout the Indo-Pacific from the Pacific Islands, GBR and Japan, through the Indian Ocean into the Red Sea. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/207C878F7E04FF901C2CFD23BB6EFDF2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hildebrandt, Courtney A.;, Catheline Y. M. Froehlich;, Ole B. Brodnicke;, O. Selma Klanten;, Peter R. Møller;Wong,;Marian Y. L.	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., , Catheline Y. M. Froehlich, , Ole B. Brodnicke, , O. Selma Klanten, , Peter R. Møller, Wong,, Marian Y. L. (2024): Two new species of Gobiodon (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Indo-Pacific, with notes on South Pacific and Indian Ocean populations of Gobiodon spadix. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 72: 488-510, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2024-0036
207C878F7E05FF9D1DDCFDA3BC37F812.text	207C878F7E05FF9D1DDCFDA3BC37F812.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gobiodon bicalvolineatus Hildebrandt &  &  &  &  & Wong & Marian Y. L. 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Gobiodon bicalvolineatus ,  new species</p>
            <p>English name: Speckle-Lined Coral Goby (Figs. 3, 4; Tables 2, 3)</p>
            <p> Gobiodon sp. B (Munday et al., 1999; Munday et al., 2004; Harold et al., 2008; Duchene et al., 2013; Herler et al., 2013)  Gobiodon new species (Munday et al., 2004) </p>
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                  Holotype. AMS I.51465-001, 20.8 mm SL,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.2892/lat -9.541862)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.2892&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.541862">Loloata Island</a>
                 , PNG, Indo-Pacific (9°32′30.7″S, 147°17′21.1″E), depth unknown, collected by P. Munday, 2002. 
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                  Paratypes. 4 specimens, all from PNG collected by P. Munday in 2002. AMS I.51464-001, 17.6 mm SL,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.2892/lat -9.541862)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.2892&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.541862">Loloata Island</a>
                 , (9°32′30.7″S, 147°17′21.1″E), depth unknown; AMS I.51464-002, 15.6 mm SL,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.2892/lat -9.541862)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.2892&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.541862">Loloata Island</a>
                 ; QM I.41386, 19.2 mm SL, Loloata Island; AMS I.51464-005, 11.2 mm SL (juvenile), Loloata Island  . 
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                 Comparative material.  Gobiodon aoyagii :   AMS I.27364-003 (2 specimens), 20.7–28.0 mm SL, Coast of Amitori,  Ryukyu Islands , Japan, collected by H. Kishimoto  ,   1977. AMS I.46140-001 (1 specimen), Sakinome Beach, Oshima Straits,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.26666/lat 28.186666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.26666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.186666">Amami Island</a>
                 ,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.26666/lat 28.186666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.26666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.186666">Amami Group of Ryukyu Islands</a>
                 , Japan (28°11.2′N, 129°16′E), 2–3 m depths, 12 September 1989, collected by M. Aizawa.   AMS I.1944 -076-1 (2 specimens), 18.3–30.2 mm SL,  Eagle Island , GBR, Australia, collected by AMS Lizard Island Team, 1975. AMS I.22953-006 (2 specimen), 23.2–26.5 mm SL, Cebu Aquatics (Aquarium specimens), Philippines, collected by E. Murdy  , 1982. 
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            <p> Gobiodon brochus :   AMS I.22186-001 (1 specimen), 25.0 mm SL,  Palfrey Island , GBR, Australia, collected by D. Hoese  ,   1975. AMS I.46739 (1 specimen), 21.0 mm SL,  Ona Island , Tonga, collected by S. E. Reader  ,  2015. AMS I.35854-003 (2 specimen), 19.0- 19.3 mm SL, Madang, PNG, collected by K. Cole ,   1994. AMS I.22187-001 (1 specimen), 23.8 mm SL,  Palfrey Island , GBR, Australia, collected by D. Hoese  ,   1975. AMS I.22579-072, 18.5 mm SL,  Escape Reef , GBR, Australia, collected by D. Hoese  , 1981. </p>
            <p> Gobiodon histrio :   AMS I.35859-006 (1 specimen), 23.9 mm SL,  Massao Island PNG, collected by K. Cole  ,   1994. AMS IA.2026 (1 specimen), 22.5 mm SL,  Hayman Island , GBR, Australia, collected by E. H. Rainford  ,  2018. AMS I. 35906-001 (2 specimens), 30.6–31.4 mm SL, Riau Islands, Indonesia, collected by P. Ng ,   1993. AMS I.21578-001 (2 specimens), 32.6–34.0 mm SL,  Lizard Island , GBR, Australia, collected by D. Hoese   and party, 1978. AMS I.20793-079 (1 specimen), 25.1 mm SL,  Clack Island , Cape York, Australia, collected by Australian Institute   of Marine Science Team, 1979. AMS I.22224-001 (1 specimen),  Lizard Island , GBR, Australia, collected by D. Hoese  ,   1975. AMS I.11773-001 (1 specimen), 33.6 mm SL,  Murray Island , Torres Strait, Australia, collected by Hedly and McCulloch  , 1907. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Dorsal-fin rays VI, I,10; anal-fin rays I,9–10; head and majority of body naked with some squamation on caudal peduncle; body slightly laterally compressed (body depth at pelvic-fin origin 40.6–45.3% SL), typically dorsal ventrally symmetrical, head rounded; mouth small with pronounced recurved lips; groove between isthmus and interopercle present; caudal peduncle relatively deep (15.5–18.6% SL); caudal fin long (22.1–29.3% of SL). Post symphysial teeth absent, triangular dentary with various sizes of jaw dentition. Elongate cheek papillae length exceeding width. Adults with blue-green base colouration and red markings on the face and body. Facial markings as vertical bars on cheek, small spots on dorsal surface of head and unbroken horizontal lines along the length of the body beginning post pectoral fin (Fig. 2).</p>
            <p>Description. Dorsal-fin rays VI, I,10; pectoral-fin rays 19; pelvic-fin rays I,5; anal-fin rays I,9–10 (I,9). Caudal-fin principal rays 9+8 or 9+9 (9+9), all branched and segmented; 6 procurrent caudal-fin rays above and below branched (all unbranched and unsegmented) (Fig. 3). Vertebral count 26.</p>
            <p>Head and body deep, ovoid, highly laterally compressed. Body depth maximum at pelvic fin origin. Reduced body depth at opercular margin and anal fin origin. Dorsal profile of head steep, strongly convex. Curved profile upon approach of lips. Snout protrudes beyond upper lip, produced curved head appearance of dorsal profile. Eyes positioned dorso-laterally. Interorbital width narrow with high variation (14.0–33.2% of HL). Cheek papillae longer than wide. No visible dark pigmentation on upper opercular margin. Pigmentation of interorbital region uniform. Deep groove between isthmus and interopercle present. Anterior margin of interopercle prolonged. Interopercle attach to retroarticular by short ligament. Interopercle shallow spear-like appearance. Dentary elongate and recurved. Jaw dentition consists of two or three sizes. Post-symphysial canine teeth absent. Multiple rows of teeth of varying sizes. Lacrimal shape elongate-narrow. Gill opening relatively narrow.</p>
            <p>First dorsal fin origin located above or slightly anterior to the uppermost point of pectoral fin base. Posterior end of first dorsal fin base above anus. Second dorsal fin origin just behind posterior most point of first dorsal fin, connected via low membrane. Second dorsal fin not quite reaching caudal fin. Anal fin origin posterior to urogenital papilla. Pectoral fins elongate and obliquely pointed to dorsal surface. Pelvic fins cup shaped, fused medially with well-developed connecting membrane. Pelvic fin posterior to pectoral fin base. Posterior point of pelvic fin not reaching behind anus. Caudal fin rounded but more elongate than congeners. Head scaleless. Body mostly naked. Squamation present on caudal peduncle, large weakly ctenoid or cycloid shaped in rows (1–3 rows).</p>
            <p> Cephalic sensory system standard for  Gobiodon (Fig. 4). Consisting of anterior naris, posterior naris, first dorsal oculoscapular canal, second dorsal oculoscapular canal, three non-dorsal oculoscapular canals and three preopercular canals. </p>
            <p> Colouration in life.  Gobiodon bicalvolineatus is light blue-green with red vertical bars on the face, red spots and lighter diagonal bars on the dorsal surface of the head, oblique pale patch on cheek, and red thin unbroken horizontal lines along the length of the body. No black spot on opercular margin. </p>
            <p>Colouration post preservation. All colouration lost upon preservation, with no remnants of the previously displayed colour. Uniformly light or dark brown. Lines on body and face are no longer visible (Fig. 4).</p>
            <p> Genetic analysis. Previous genetic analyses have shown  G. bicalvolineatus to be a distinct species, with its sister species being  G. aoyagii (Munday et al., 2004; Duchene et al., 2013; Herler et al., 2013; Shibukawa et al., 2013).  Gobiodon bicalvolineatus and  G. aoyagii consistently form a clade, but neighbouring species on the phylogenetic tree can change depending on the genetic markers used. When only mitochondrial rRNA 12S and 16S markers are used, the pair fall out alongside  G. fulvus and the clade containing  G. ater ,  G. axillaris , and  G. fuscoruber (Herler et al., 2013) . With the addition of cytochrome b (mtDNA) and nDNA S711 to the original mitochondrial markers, the pair now fall in a clade with  G. brochus and  G. cobenjaminsis (Duchene et al., 2013) . Unfortunately, the DNA sample used in our genetic analysis did not yield sufficient results for the COI gene for the species to be included in the current phylogenetic tree. However, the previous analyses do strongly confirm this species′ position within a clade including  G. aoyagii ,  G. brochus , and  G. cobenjaminsis (Duchene et al., 2013) . </p>
            <p> Haplotype analyses have also been conducted comparing the networks seen in  G. bicalvolineatus ,  G. aoyagii ,  G. brochus ,  G. erythrospilus , and  G. histrio (Munday et al., 2004) . Ten individuals from each species were genetically analysed to view the haplotype network present.  Gobiodon bicalvolineatus was observed with only two present haplotypes, compared to the five seen in sister species  G. aoyagii and even greater variation seen in the other species. The lack of genetic variation was hypothesised to be due to a strong genetic bottleneck that may have resulted from a founder event from a coral host shift in a small population (Munday et al., 2004). The low genetic diversity is not seen in the sister species  G. aoyagii despite it also only occupying a single coral species,  Acropora tenuis (Dana, 1846) . However, the distribution of  G. aoyagii and its host coral are considerably larger with better coverage density (Munday et al., 2004). </p>
            <p> Habitat.  Gobiodon bicalvolineatus has only been recorded inhabiting the branching coral  Acropora caroliniana Nemenzo, 1976 , making it highly specialised (Munday et al., 1999). Up to ten juveniles and adults have been observed living in the same coral colony at once (Munday et al., 2004). </p>
            <p>Distribution. The species have been primarily recorded in waters surrounding Motupore and Loloata Islands in Bootless Bay in Papua New Guinea (Munday et al., 1999; Munday et al., 2004). There was previously quite a large population recorded within this area (Munday et al., 2004), but the current population numbers are unknown. An image of an individual observed in Kranket Lagoon in the Madang region of Papua New Guinea during an expedition in 1987 was also identified. However, the specimen could not be confirmed.</p>
            <p>Etymology. The name is derived from the Latin for ‘two,’ ‘bald’ and ‘lined’, representing the two pale patches at the back of the head imitating baldness and the prominent lined pattern on the body.</p>
            <p> Remarks.  Gobiodon bicalvolineatus shares physical characteristics with several species within genus  Gobiodon , sharing a relatively common appearance of a teal/green/ blue base colour with red markings with  G. aoyagii ,  G. histrio , and  G. erythrospilus . Despite this commonality in appearance, only  G. aoyagii is a close genetic relative within the genus phylogeny. There are both obvious and discrete differences between the two sister species. Whilst the markings of  G. bicalvolineatus are relatively regular lines,  G. aoyagii has a completely opposing set of markings, with the majority being cleanly broken circular patterns. More discrete differences can be seen with  G. bicalvolineatus having a less pronounced and shallower interopercle than  G. aoyagii . The cheek papillae are also significantly more elongated on  G. bicalvolineatus specimens. The distinct differences between  G. bicalvolineatus and  G. aoyagii were also identified and highlighted by Shibukawa et al. (2013) in the formal description of the latter species. </p>
            <p> The horizontal red lines seen on  G. bicalvolineatus are thinner and unbroken compared to those seen in  G. histrio . Additionally, the absence of spots or dots amongst broken lines separates them from  Gobiodon erythrospilus .  Gobiodon bicalvolineatus also lacks the black spot on the opercular margin seen in  G. histrio . The oblique pale patch on the cheek, faint pale lines on dorsal surface of head, and recurved lower lip are shared with  G. brochus . However, the lack of red markings on  G. brochus makes them easily distinguishable.  Gobiodon bicalvolineatus has only been observed occupying a single species of host coral,  Acropora caroliniana , and only within a very limited geographic location. Individuals matching the description have not been identified in any other location, further suggesting a very limited range. Surveys of cryptobenthic fish species have not been recently conducted within the known geographic range of this species, and thus very little is known about the population condition. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/207C878F7E05FF9D1DDCFDA3BC37F812	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hildebrandt, Courtney A.;, Catheline Y. M. Froehlich;, Ole B. Brodnicke;, O. Selma Klanten;, Peter R. Møller;Wong,;Marian Y. L.	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., , Catheline Y. M. Froehlich, , Ole B. Brodnicke, , O. Selma Klanten, , Peter R. Møller, Wong,, Marian Y. L. (2024): Two new species of Gobiodon (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Indo-Pacific, with notes on South Pacific and Indian Ocean populations of Gobiodon spadix. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 72: 488-510, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2024-0036
207C878F7E0AFF991DF2FF42BC16FED2.text	207C878F7E0AFF991DF2FF42BC16FED2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gobiodon cobenjaminsis Hildebrandt &  &  &  &  & Wong & Marian Y. L. 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Gobiodon cobenjaminsis ,  new species</p>
            <p>English name: Russet Coral Goby (Figs. 5, 6; Tables 4, 5)</p>
            <p> Gobiodon sp. C (Munday et al., 1999; Harold et al., 2008; Duchene et al., 2013; Herler et al., 2013) </p>
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                  Holotype. AMS I.51465-001, 16.0 mm SL,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 150.0898/lat -5.292861)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=150.0898&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.292861">Shuman Island</a>
                 , PNG (5°17′34.3″ S, 150°05′23.3″ E), depth unknown, collected by P. Munday, 1998. 
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                  Paratypes. 6 specimens from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 150.49004/lat -5.3506665)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=150.49004&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.3506665">Wulai Island</a>
                 , PNG (5°21′02.4″S, 150°29′24.1″E) collected by P. Munday in 2002. AMS I.51466-001, 18.0 mm SL, depth unknown. AMS I.51466-002, 17.7 mm SL, depth unknown. AMS I.51466-003, 19.2 mm SL, depth unknown. AMS I.51466- 004, 17.7 mm SL, depth unknown. AMS I.51466-005, 17.7 mm SL, depth unknown. QM I.41387, 15.3 mm SL, depth unknown  .   2 specimens from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 150.49106/lat -5.2151666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=150.49106&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.2151666">Kimbe Bay</a>
                 , PNG (5°12′54.6″ S, 150°29′27.8″ E) collected by P. Munday in 1998. AMS I.51467-001, 19.2 mm SL, depth unknown. AMS I.51467- 002, 19.2 mm SL, depth unknown  . 
            </p>
            <p> Comparative material.  Gobiodon brochus :   AMS I.22186- 001 (1 specimen), 25.0 mm SL,  Palfrey Island , GBR, Australia, collected by D. Hoese  ,   1975. AMS I.46739 (1 specimen), 21.0 mm SL,  Ona Island , Tonga, collected by S. E. Reader  ,  2015. AMS I.35854-003 (2 specimens), 19.0- 19.3 mm SL, Madang, PNG, collected by K. Cole ,   1994. AMS I.22187-001 (1 specimen), 23.8 mm SL,  Palfrey Island , GBR, Australia, collected by D. Hoese  ,   1975. AMS I.22579-072, 18.5 mm SL,  Escape Reef , GBR, Australia, collected by D. Hoese  , 1981. </p>
            <p> Gobiodon bicalvolineatus : AMS I.51465-001, 20.8 mm SL, Loloata Island, PNG, collected P. Munday, 2002. AMS I.51464-001, 17.6 mm SL, Loloata Island, PNG, collected P. Munday, 2002. AMS I.51464-002, 15.6 mm SL, Loloata Island, PNG, collected P. Munday, 2002. QM I.41386, 19.2 mm SL, Loloata Island, PNG, collected P. Munday, 2002. AMS I.51464-005, 11.2 mm SL (juvenile), Loloata Island, PNG, collected P. Munday, 2002. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Dorsal-fin rays VI, I,10; anal-fin rays I,10; head and body naked; obvious groove between the isthmus and interopercle; body compressed and deep (depth at pelvic fin origin 39.4–45.0% of SL); head rounded in adults; dorsal fins fused with membrane. Caudal peduncle relatively deep (15.5–18.7% of SL); caudal fin long (22.2–29.3% of SL). Post symphysial teeth absent, dentary elongate and recurved; teeth of two to three various sizes in several rows. Cheek papillae elongate. Adult orange-brown in colour with black margins on all fins except pectoral fins. Black spot on the upper opercular margin (Fig. 5). Fins lighter in colour than body, with lighter oblique patch on cheek and 3–4 lighter bands on facial area.</p>
            <p>Description. Dorsal-fin rays VI, I,10; pectoral-fin rays 19; pelvic-fin rays I,5; anal-fin rays I, 10. Caudal-fin principal rays 9+9 or 8+8 (9+9), all branched and segmented; 5-6</p>
            <p>procurrent rays above and below branched (all unbranched and unsegmented). Vertebrae count 26.</p>
            <p>Head and body deep, ovoid, highly laterally compressed. Body depth maximum at pelvic fin origin. Reduced body depth at opercular margin and anal fin margin. Dorsal profile of head rounded and moderately steep. Eyes positioned dorso-laterally. Cheek papillae longer than wide. Visible dark pigmentation spot on upper opercular margin. Pigmentation of interorbital region uniform. Deep groove between isthmus and interopercle. Anterior margin of interopercle prolonged. Interopercle attached to retroarticular by short ligament. Interopercle shallow spear-like appearance. Dentary elongate recurved. Jaw dentition consists of two or three sizes. Post symphysial canine teeth absent. Multiple rows of teeth of varying sizes. Lacrimal shape elongate-narrow. Gill opening relatively narrow.</p>
            <p>First dorsal fin origin located above or slightly anterior/ posterior to uppermost point of pectoral fin base. Posterior end of first dorsal fin base above anus. Second dorsal fin origin just behind posterior point of first dorsal fin. Dorsal fins connected via a high membrane, fused appearance. Second dorsal fin not quite reaching caudal fin. Anal fin origin posterior to urogenital papilla. Pectoral fins rounded. Pelvic fins cup shaped, fused medially with well-developed membrane. Pelvic fin posterior to pectoral fin base. Posterior point of pelvic fin not reaching behind anus. Caudal fin rounded. Head and body scaleless.</p>
            <p> Cephalic sensory system standard for  Gobiodon (Fig. 6), consisting of anterior naris, posterior naris, first dorsal oculoscapular canal, second dorsal oculoscapular canal, three non-dorsal oculoscapular canals and three preopercular canals. </p>
            <p> Colouration in life.  Gobiodon cobenjaminsis is orange-brown in colouration during life. There are three to four lighter bands on the facial area. Pale oblique patch on cheek. Fins are slightly lighter in colour than the main body colour with a black margin and a pale line along the base of the dorsal fins. Black spot on the upper opercular margin. </p>
            <p>Colouration post preservation. All colouration is lost upon preservation, with no remnants of the previously displayed colour. Uniformly light or dark brown. The only remaining colouration is seen in the preserved black spot on the upper opercular margin and the darker colouration on the edge of the fins (Fig. 5).</p>
            <p> Genetic analysis. The genetic analysis for this species has been conducted twice prior to this study. Depending on the genetic markers that were used to produce the phylogenetic tree,  G. cobenjaminsis was placed in different clades within the genus. When 12S and 16S rRNA mitochondrial genes were used,  G. cobenjaminsis is sister to the clade including  G. okinawae ,  G. acicularis ,  G. ceramensis , and  G. citrinus (Herler et al., 2013) . However, with the addition of cytochrome b (mtDNA) and nDNA s711, the placement of  G. cobenjaminsis differed (Duchene et al., 2013). The closest sister species to  G. cobenjaminsis is now  G. brochus ,  G. aoyagii , and  G. bicalvolineatus , in the same clade, while a separate adjacent clade contains the above-mentioned species seen in the Herler et al. (2013) analysis. </p>
            <p> In this study, unfortunately  G. bicalvolineatus could not be included in our phylogenetic analysis, so further confirmation of the phylogenetic relationship between  G. cobenjaminsis and  G. bicalvolineatus was not possible. However, our analysis does confirm the relatedness between  G. cobenjaminsis and  G. aoyagii /  G. brochus , confirming the strong genetic signal between these species across genetic markers. </p>
            <p> Habitat.  Gobiodon cobenjaminsis has only been recorded inhabiting the coral  Acropora elseyi (Brook, 1892) , making the species highly specialised (Munday et al., 1999). </p>
            <p>Distribution. This species has only been recorded in the Kimbe Bay area of Papua New Guinea (Munday et al., 1999).</p>
            <p>Etymology. The name was chosen with the Latin “co” for ‘with’ or ‘together’ and the “benjaminsis”, with the “-sis” component derived from the Greek for a process or action, to honour the actions of the Benjamin family under the request of the specimen collector Phil Munday, especially Max Benjamin. This is due to their contribution in research, field station set-up, and marine conservation in Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea, that resulted in the observation and collection of this species.</p>
            <p> Remarks. Whilst this species is closely related to  G. brochus genetically, they only share limited physical characteristics and vary largely in colouration.  Gobiodon cobenjaminsis has a dark pigmentation spot on the upper opercular margin, a key method for differentiation of the two species. This can be utilised for preserved specimens as the black spot on the upper opercular margin remains after the preservation process. The other major distinguishing feature is the differences in lacrimal shape; where  G. cobenjaminsis is elongate and narrow,  G. brochus has a more ventrally expanded lacrimal that is often triangular to quadrilateral in shape. The only other species that is known to occupy  A. elseyi is  G. brochus , which can be easily distinguished from  G. cobenjaminsis . </p>
            <p> This species can be easily distinguished from other genus members  G. axillaris and  G. atrangulatus , which may appear similar in base colouration to  G. cobenjaminsis on occasion, by the lack of red markings on the face and at the base of the dorsal fins, the presence of distinctive black fin margins, fused first and second dorsal fin, and distinctive recurved lower lip observed in  G. cobenjaminsis (De Vis, 1884; Garman, 1903; Munday et al., 1999; Harold et al., 2008). </p>
            <p> Gobiodon cobenjaminsis has a very limited range and restricted habitat niche, as it has only been observed in  Acropora elseyi in Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea. The reasons for the limited distribution of  G. cobenjaminsis are unknown, unlike its congener  G. bicalvolineatus which has had genetic studies conducted focused on it (Munday et al., 2004). Individuals matching the description of this species have not been identified elsewhere in the world. The combination of these factors makes estimating the species’ population status and relative rarity hard to determine. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/207C878F7E0AFF991DF2FF42BC16FED2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hildebrandt, Courtney A.;, Catheline Y. M. Froehlich;, Ole B. Brodnicke;, O. Selma Klanten;, Peter R. Møller;Wong,;Marian Y. L.	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., , Catheline Y. M. Froehlich, , Ole B. Brodnicke, , O. Selma Klanten, , Peter R. Møller, Wong,, Marian Y. L. (2024): Two new species of Gobiodon (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Indo-Pacific, with notes on South Pacific and Indian Ocean populations of Gobiodon spadix. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 72: 488-510, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2024-0036
207C878F7E0CFF851E51FEC3BC1DFBF3.text	207C878F7E0CFF851E51FEC3BC1DFBF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gobiodon spadix Sato & Motomura 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Gobiodon spadix Sato &amp; Motomura, 2024</p>
            <p>English Name: Akane Coral Goby Japanese Name: Akane koban-haze (Figs. 7–9; Tables 6, 7)</p>
            <p>
                 Materials examined. South Pacific:   3 specimens from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 152.08809/lat -23.4963)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=152.08809&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.4963">One Tree Island</a>
                 , GBR (23°29.778′ S, 152°05.285′ E), collected at 1–2m depth by C. Froehlich and C. Hildebrandt in 2022. AMS I.51468-001, 32.5 mm SL. AMS I.51468-002, 36.1 mm SL. I.51468-003, 27.5 mm SL  .   3 specimens from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 152.08809/lat -23.4963)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=152.08809&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.4963">One Tree Island</a>
                 , GBR (23°29.778′ S, 152°05.285′ E), collected at 1–2m depth by C. Hildebrandt and S. O’Hea Miller in 2023. AMS I.51469-001, 30.2 mm SL. AMS I.51470-001, 38.3 mm SL. QM I.41388, 38.2 mm SL  . 
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            <p>  Japan: AMS I.51370-001 (Paratype), 33.0 mm SL, Ohto Beach, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, collected by M. Sato, 2022. KAUM I.156336, 37.0 mm SL, Take-shima [=Island], Kagoshima, collected by M. Matsuoka et al, 2021. KAUM I.168009, 25.7 mm SL, Take-shima, Kagoshima, collected by M. Matsuoka et al., 2022. KAUM I.163955, Mageshima [=Island], Kagoshima, collected by M. Yamada et al., 2021. KAUM I.99082, 29.7 mm SL, Akuseki-jima [=Island], Tokara Islands, Kagoshima, collected by Y. Fukui et al., on RV Nansei-maru, 2017. KAUM I.166757, 15.5 mm SL, Satsuma Peninsula, Bonotsu, Kagoshima, collected by M. Sato, 2022. KAUM I.184177, 35.1 mm SL, Yudomari, Yakushima [=Island], Kagoshima, collected by Y. Dewa, 2023. KAUM I.186861, 27.3 mm SL, Take-shima, Kagoshima, collected by A. Higuchi, 2023. OMNH-P 43085, Ryukyu Islands, Okinawa, Japan, T. Suzuki, 2015. OMNH-P 430086,  Ryukyu Islands , Okinawa,  Japan , T.  Suzuki , 2015  . </p>
            <p> Maldives: 8 specimens from Kandahalagalaa, Maldives, collected by O. Brodnicke, P. R. Møller and K. Worsaae, 2021. ZMUC P2398073, 21.3 mm SL. ZMUC P2398100, 25.7 mm SL. ZMUC P2398511, 28.3 mm SL. ZMUC P2397923, 32.2 mm SL. ZMUC P2398072, 24.0 mm SL. ZMUC P2397997, 22.3 mm SL. ZMUC P2398558, 29.3 mm SL. ZMUC P2397939, 32.1 mm SL .  2 specimens from Tilla, Maldives, collected by O. Brodnicke, P. R. Møller and K. Worsaae, 2021. ZMUC P2398287, ZMUC P2398283, 22.7 mm SL . </p>
            <p> The original description of  Gobiodon spadix suggests that the individuals of similar appearance originally described in Munday et al. (1999) as  Gobiodon sp. D from Papua New Guinea and the Great Barrier Reef are members of this species (Sato &amp; Motomura, 2024). Our measurements and analysis of individuals from the southern Great Barrier Reef at One Tree Island (6 specimens) (Fig. 7, 8), compared with a paratype held at the Australian Museum (1 specimen) and loaned specimens from Kagoshima University Museum (7 specimens) and Osaka Natural History Museum (2 specimens), confirm this distribution pattern. We provide the following additional measurements as representations of the South Pacific Ocean population for the summary diagnosis and additional remarks about differences seen in the southern population not included in the original description. Comparisons to similar-appearing individuals from the Maldives were also conducted but were inconclusive as they did not agree with previously conducted genetic analyses (Sato &amp; Motomura, 2024). </p>
            <p> Summary diagnosis.  Gobiodon spadix was originally described with the following characteristics: “dorsal-fin rays VI-I, 9–11 (modally 9); anal-fin rays I, 8 or 9 (8); pectoral-fin rays 19–21 (20); body depth at pelvic-fin origin 32.4–38.3% (mean 36.0%) of SL; distance between first dorsal-fin origin to dorsal-most point of pectoral-fin base 50.4–64.8% (55.2%) of HL; pectoral fin relatively long, length 90.6–112.5% (100.8%) of HL; groove between isthmus and interopercle absent; when alive or freshly collected, body uniformly reddish-brown; coloration of all fins darker than that of body; 5 vertical narrow bluish stripes on lateral surface of head.” (Sato &amp; Motomura, 2024). </p>
            <p>The South Pacific Ocean population does display minor differences to their northern Pacific Ocean counterparts. Described from specimens collected from the southernmost extent of the Great Barrier Reef at One Tree Island, southern population measurement variations can be included in the diagnosis characteristics: dorsal fin rays VI –I, 9–10 (modally 10); pectoral fin rays 19–20 (modally 20); body depth at pelvic fin 34.9–40.8% of SL, pectoral fin relatively long, length 69.5%–93.9% of HL (average 85.2%). Additionally, some measurements have been provided in the common alternative format as percentages of standard length rather than head length: distance between first dorsal fin origin to dorsalmost point of pectoral fin base 13.2–17.5% of SL and pectoral fin length long at 19.5–30.1% of SL.</p>
            <p> Supplementary details include absent post-symphysial canine teeth, triangular dentary shape of two to three sizes in several rows, short cheek papillae, and the presence of two additional pale blue lines behind the pectoral fin but not extending beyond this point as seen in other species such as  G. rivulatus . Photographs and radiographs of a representative specimen from the South Pacific Ocean population can be seen in Fig. 7. Papillae and pore maps can be seen in Fig. 8. Summaries of the morphological measurements and meristics can be found in Tables 6 and 7 respectively. </p>
            <p> Remarks. There are slight differences in the host coral choices between the two populations.  Gobiodon spadix was described in Sato &amp; Motomura (2024) as being hosted by the corals  Acropora solitaryensis Veron &amp; Wallace, 1984 and  A. japonica Veron, 2000 (in Veron &amp; Stafford, 2000). However, members of the species have been seen being hosted by  Acropora divaricata (Dana, 1846) and  Acropora solitaryensis in the South Pacific Ocean (Munday et al., 1999, Hildebrandt, pers. obs.). Whilst the distribution of  A. divaricata does include the areas of Japan where  G. spadix can be observed, it is not a dominant coral seen in Japanese coral reefs (Veron et al., 1976).  Acropora japonica is, however, a dominant component of coral reef communities within the Northern Pacific Ocean surrounding Japan, though it is not commonly found outside this region (Veron et al., 1976). Therefore, these differences in coral distribution could explain the differences seen in host coral between the populations of  G. spadix . However,  A. japonica does have a significantly different growth form when compared to the more bush-like structures of  A. solitaryensis and  A. divaricata . The table-like growth form seen in  A. japonica has been known to host  Gobiodon species , with corals such as  Acropora gemmifera (Brook, 1892) ,  Acropora digitifera (Dana, 1846) , and  Acropora humilis (Dana, 1846) frequently hosting  G. rivulatus ,  G. quinquestrigatus , and  G. fuscoruber (Munday et al., 1999; Untersteggaber et al., 2014; Wehrberger &amp; Herler, 2014). </p>
            <p>There are also several small morphometric differences between the two populations. However, these are not different enough to delineate them as separate species. Noticeable differences can be seen in the head length and depth measurements, with members from the South Pacific Ocean population typically displaying reduced head depth and increased head length compared to the Japanese population. Some minor meristic counts differ too, with the second dorsal fin ray count being slightly higher, modally 10 in the South Pacific Ocean population compared to 9 in the Japanese population. Whilst not major differences, they are points of interest that should be observed to monitor the differences between the two populations of this species.</p>
            <p> Individuals of the South Pacific Ocean population have a smaller pectoral fin length (69.5%–93.9% of HL, average 85.2%) than the Japanese individuals (91.4–104.4% of HL, average 95.9%) measured in this analysis.  Gobiodon quinquestrigatus measured in this study displayed highly similar ranges (78.4–99.8% of HL, average 84.2%) to members of  G. spadix in the South Pacific Ocean. Therefore, pectoral fin length as a proportion of head length may not be a suitable distinguishing feature between  G. spadix and  G. quinquestrigatus . However, the two species differ in interorbital width, snout length, and snout to pelvic length. Additionally, when the overall set of morphological measurements are combined in a PCA, there are sufficient differences between  G. spadix and  G. quinquestrigatus to confirm their status as separate species. This has been previously suggested by their physical appearance and genetics (Munday et al., 1999; Duchene et al., 2013; Herler et al., 2013; Hing et al., 2019). </p>
            <p> Individuals with a similar description to  G. spadix have also been observed in the central Indian Ocean on reefs surrounding the Maldives. Genetic testing conducted by Sato &amp; Motomura (2024) suggest that these individuals are placed somewhere between  G. spadix and  G. quinquestrigatus when analysed using 16S rRNA. Sato &amp; Motomura (2024) assigned these individuals the holding name  Gobiodon sp. A . This separation between similar-appearing individuals from the Pacific Ocean and Maldives was also detected in an analysis of 12S and 16S rRNA conducted by Herler et al. (2013). The observed proportional morphometrics of the individuals originating from the Maldives displayed slightly larger variation than that seen between the Japanese and GBR specimens (Fig. 9). However, there was still considerable overlap of the 95% confidence intervals and individuals of all three groups intermixed in the central area of the principal coordinates analysis (PCoA). Both the morphometrics conducted here and the previously conducted genetic analyses suggest that further research will need to be conducted to determine the relationship between the individuals observed in the Maldives and the recently described  G. spadix . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/207C878F7E0CFF851E51FEC3BC1DFBF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hildebrandt, Courtney A.;, Catheline Y. M. Froehlich;, Ole B. Brodnicke;, O. Selma Klanten;, Peter R. Møller;Wong,;Marian Y. L.	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., , Catheline Y. M. Froehlich, , Ole B. Brodnicke, , O. Selma Klanten, , Peter R. Møller, Wong,, Marian Y. L. (2024): Two new species of Gobiodon (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Indo-Pacific, with notes on South Pacific and Indian Ocean populations of Gobiodon spadix. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 72: 488-510, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2024-0036
