identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
E752C13B23F55DC6A1FB6A00ACAE2504.text	E752C13B23F55DC6A1FB6A00ACAE2504.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Emertonella Bryant 1945	<div><p>Genus Emertonella Bryant, 1945</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Emertonella emertoni (Bryant, 1933) from USA.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Emertonella is similar to Euryopis in the absence of conductor, but can be distinguished from Euryopis by the male palpal cymbium without projection or with a small lamellar projection (vs cymbium with a wide projection, almost half as wide as cymbium); for females, the two genera are difficult to distinguish.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America, and New Guinea.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Yoshida (2002) proposed that the distinction between Emertonella and Euryopis lies in the absence of the cymbial projection. However, Em. deplanata (Schenkel, 1936), comb. nov. and Em. taczanowskii (Keyserling, 1886) exhibit a small lamellar cymbial projection. Accordingly, we re-define Emertonella as above.</p><p>Yoshida (2002) suggested that species of the emertoni group should be placed in Emertonella; however, no formal taxonomic transfers were made (Levi 1954). Herein, 14 species of the emertoni group are formally transferred from Euryopis to Emertonella: Em. californica (Banks, 1904), comb. nov., Em. coki (Levi, 1954), comb. nov., Em. formosa (Banks, 1908), comb. nov., Em. funebris (Hentz, 1850), comb. nov., Em. lineatipes (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1893), comb. nov., Em. mulaiki (Levi, 1954), comb. nov., Em. pepini (Levi, 1954), comb. nov., Em. quinquemaculata (Banks, 1900), comb. nov., Em. scriptipes (Banks, 1908), comb. nov., Em. spinigera (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1895), comb. nov., Em. spiritus (Levi, 1954), comb. nov., Em. tavara (Levi, 1954), comb. nov., Em. texana (Banks, 1908), comb. nov., and Em. varis (Levi, 1963), comb. nov.</p><p>In addition, based on original illustrations and descriptions that conform to the delimitation of Emertonella, 16 species previously placed in Euryopis are herein transferred to Emertonella: Em. boliviensis (Rodrigues, Marta &amp; Figueiredo, 2021), comb. nov., Em. camis (Levi, 1963), comb. nov., Em. catarinensis (Rodrigues, Marta &amp; Figueiredo, 2021), comb. nov., Em. cobreensis (Levi, 1963), comb. nov., Em. cyclosisa (Zhu &amp; Song, 1997), comb. nov., Em. emiliae (Lecigne, 2023), comb. nov., Em. episinoides (Walckenaer, 1847), comb. nov., Em. mallah (Zakerzade, Moradmand &amp; Jäger, 2022), comb. nov., Em. nasuta (Rodrigues, Marta &amp; Figueiredo, 2021), comb. nov., Em. nigra (Yoshida, 2000), comb. nov., Em. pickardi (Levi, 1963), comb. nov., Em. quinqueguttata (Thorell, 1875), comb. nov., Em. sexmaculata (Hu, 2001), comb. nov., Em. spinifera (Mello-Leitão, 1944), comb. nov., Em. talaveraensis (González, 1991), comb. nov., and Em. weesei (Levi, 1963), comb. nov. (Levi 1963; González 1990, 1991; Heimer and Nentwig 1991; Zhu 1998; Yoshida 2000; Hu 2001; Chen et al. 2017; Rodrigues et al. 2021; Zakerzade et al. 2022; Lecigne 2023). However, due to unclear illustrations (e. g., Eu. elegans Keyserling, 1890), or misplacements (e. g., Eu. galeiforma Zhu, 1998, belonging to Theridiinae, Liu et al. 2025), sufficient information is lacking to confidently determine their generic placement (Hickman 1967; Rodrigues et al. 2021; Shi et al. 2025). These species are therefore retained in their current placements.</p><p>Euryopis mingyaoi Yin, 2012 fits the diagnostic characteristics of Physcoa Thorell, 1895 in possessing a prolateral-distal cymbial projection and a retrolaterally positioned paracymbium (cymbial hood). It is similar to Physcoa oxycera (Zhu &amp; Song, 1993) in the shape of the median apophysis, conductor, embolus, and overall habitus colouration. In addition, the presence of two promarginal cheliceral teeth (cf. Yin et al. 2012: fig. 142 a – f and Hu et al. 2026: figs 8 A – D, 13 A, G) indicates this species does not belong to Hadrotarsinae . However, as the holotype of this species appears to be lost, we were unable to study its detailed morphology. Nevertheless, based on the available evidence, we transfer Eu. mingyaoi to Physcoa as a new combination, Physcoa mingyaoi (Yin, 2012), comb. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E752C13B23F55DC6A1FB6A00ACAE2504	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hu, Changhao;Zhang, He;Jiang, Minjia;Liu, Fengjie	Hu, Changhao, Zhang, He, Jiang, Minjia, Liu, Fengjie (2026): Re-delimitation of the genus Emertonella (Araneae, Theridiidae, Hadrotarsinae) and taxonomic notes on Euryopis and Phycosoma from China. ZooKeys 1270: 285-305, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1270.175743
BF89599762D1585EAA4B1E309D2AA38F.text	BF89599762D1585EAA4B1E309D2AA38F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Emertonella deplanata (Schenkel 1936) Hu & Zhang & Jiang & Liu 2026	<div><p>Emertonella deplanata (Schenkel, 1936) comb. nov.</p><p>Figs 1 A – C, 2 A – D, 3 A, 3 B, 4</p><p>Euryopis deplanata Schenkel, 1936: 45, fig. 13 (holotype: female, China, Sichuan Province, Hsin-lung-chang; elev. 450 m; 11 May 1930; Hummel leg.; depository institution unknown; not examined); Song et al. 1999: 123 (may be a synonym of Em. taczanowskii, rejected here).</p><p>Euryopis taczanowskii Zhu, 1998: 37, fig. 17 A – C (female, misidentified); Song et al. 1999: 123, fig. 63 C, D (female, misidentified).</p><p>Emertonella taczanowskii Yin et al., 2012: 329, fig. 130 a – e (female, misidentified); Rajoria 2015: 46, figs 5–8 (female, misidentified).</p><p>Emertinella taczanowskii Khan et al., 2025: 135, figs 14, 15 (female, misidentified).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China • 1 male (LJ 202001181); Henan Province, Xinyang City, Xin County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.7861&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.6528" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.7861/lat 31.6528)">Liankangshan</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.7861&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.6528" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.7861/lat 31.6528)">Laomiao Village</a>; 31.6528°N, 114.7861°E; elev. 230 m; 10 July 2020; Fengjie Liu leg. • 2 males, 1 female (LJ 202001603, 202001623, 202001629); Henan Province, Xinyang City, Jingangtai, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.555/lat 31.75)">Donghe Village</a>; 31.7500°N, 115.5550°E; elev. 480 m; 19 July 2020; Fengjie Liu leg. • 1 female (LJ 202001744); Henan Province, Xinyang City, Shangcheng County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.5331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.8703" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.5331/lat 31.8703)">Fengji Town</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.5331&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.8703" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.5331/lat 31.8703)">Huangwan</a>; 31.8703°N, 115.5331°E; elev. 120 m; 20 July 2020; Fengjie Liu leg. • 1 male, 2 females (LJ 202001787, 202001798, 202001857); Henan Province, Xinyang City, Huangchuan County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.1028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.9506" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.1028/lat 31.9506)">Sili Village</a>; 31.9506°N, 115.1028°E; elev. 90 m; 22 July 2020; Fengjie Liu leg. • 1 male (LJ 202001826); Henan Province, Xinyang City, Guangshan County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.6803&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.96" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.6803/lat 31.96)">Luochen Town</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.6803&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.96" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.6803/lat 31.96)">Qianchengwan</a>; 31.9600°N, 114.6803°E; elev. 70 m; 22 July 2020; Fengjie Liu leg. • 2 females (LJ 202001855, 202001873); Henan Province, Xinyang City, Luoshan County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.4967&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.9158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.4967/lat 31.9158)">Luzhai Village</a>; 31.9158°N, 114.4967°E; elev. 90 m; 22 July 2020; Fengjie Liu leg. • 1 female (LJ 202001908); Henan Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.3517&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.3192" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.3517/lat 32.3192)">Nanyang City</a>, Tongbai County; 32.3192°N, 113.3517°E; elev. 280 m; 23 July 2020; Fengjie Liu leg. • 1 female (LJ 202002090); Henan Province, Nanyang City, Tongbai County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.2744&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.4161" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.2744/lat 32.4161)">Huaiyuan Village</a>; 32.4161°N, 113.2744°E; elev. 260 m; 26 July 2020; Fengjie Liu leg. • 3 females (LJ 202002127, 202002155, 202002158); Henan Province, Nanyang City, Tongbai County, Dujuanyuan; elev. 810 m; 27 July 2020; Fengjie Liu leg. • 1 male (LJ 202002184); Henan Province, Nanyang City, Baotianman, Pingfang; elev. 1340 m; 28 July 2020; Fengjie Liu leg.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Emertonella deplanata (Schenkel, 1936), comb. nov. is similar to Chinese Em. taczanowskii (cf. Figs 1 A – C, 2 A – D, 3 A, 3 B, 4 and Figs 1 D – F, 2 E, 2 F, 3 C, 3 D, 5), but can be distinguished by: 1. dorsal opisthosoma with two black anterior markings (vs with a black triangular marking), 2. embolic spire broad and curved (vs needle like and straight), 3. atrium triangular (vs rounded), and 4. interdistance between anterior spermathecae obviously shorter than that between the posterior pair (vs almost as long as that between the posterior pair).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male (LJ 202001623): Total length 2.00. Carapace 0.68 long, 0.67 wide. Opisthosoma 1.16 long, 0.88 wide. Eyes: AME 0.08, ALE 0.05, PME 0.05, PLE 0.05, AME – AME 0.15, AME – ALE 0.09, PME – PME 0.12, PME – PLE 0.12, AME – PME 0.10, ALE – PLE 0.02. Measurements of legs: I 2.05 (0.62, 0.21, 0.48, 0.40, 0.34), II 2.09 (0.60, 0.20, 0.45, 0.64, 0.20), III 1.82 (0.58, 0.16, 0.37, 0.50, 0.21), IV 2.27 (0.65, 0.21, 0.52, 0.62, 0.27). Leg formula: IV-II-I-III.</p><p>Palp (Figs 1 A – C, 2 A – D): Tibia ~ 1 / 4 length of cymbium. Cymbium oval, with a small lamellar projection. Cymbial hook triangular, situated anterior margin of alveolus. Subtegulum bowl like. Tegulum quadrangular. Median apophysis triangular in prolateral view. Theridiid tegular apophysis sclerotized, anterior margin with denticles (arrow in Fig. 1 A) and distal part with two tiny denticles. Embolic spire semicircular, broad, and directed anticlockwise, arising dorsally from embolic base.</p><p>Colouration (Fig. 4 A – C): Carapace, sternum, endites and labium black. Palps and legs yellow with black markings and rings. Dorsal opisthosoma yellow, with white patches and black flecks, anteriorly with two black markings; venter black, posterior part of genital groove with three white spots, anterior part of spinnerets with a white line. Spinnerets black.</p><p>Female (LJ 202001798): Total length 2.64. Carapace 0.89 long, 0.86 wide. Opisthosoma 1.89 long, 1.47 wide. Eyes: AME 0.08, ALE 0.07, PME 0.07, PLE 0.07, AME – AME 0.12, AME – ALE 0.05, PME – PME 0.12, PME – PLE 0.06, AME – PME 0.10, ALE – PLE 0.05. Measurements of legs: I 2.57 (0.77, 0.29, 0.57, 0.58, 0.36), II 2.69 (0.66, 0.25, 0.72, 0.66, 0.40), III 2.48 (0.68, 0.30, 0.49, 0.59, 0.42), IV 3.10 (0.95, 0.24, 0.52, 0.87, 0.52). Leg formula: IV-II-I-III.</p><p>Epigyne (Fig. 3 A, B): Epigyne with a triangular atrium, with slight septum; anterior margins of atrium as thick as posterior margins. Copulatory openings unobvious, situated anterior atrium. Copulatory ducts and subcopulatory ducts fused and unobvious. Posterior spermathecae spherical. Anterior spermathecae spherical, ~ 1.5 × wider than posterior pair. Fertilization ducts curved, arising from posterior part of anterior spermathecae.</p><p>Colouration (Fig. 4 D – F): As in male, but generally lighter. Median part of dorsal opisthosoma with a V-shaped black marking.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Henan, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan), India, Pakistan.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>This species was originally described based on a female specimen collected from Sichuan Province, China, with only illustrations of the opisthosoma and ventral epigyne provided (Schenkel 1936). The presence of two black markings on the anterior dorsal opisthosoma and the triangular epigynal atrium clearly supports the accuracy of our identification (cf. Figs 3 A, 4 D, 4 E and Schenkel 1936: fig. 13). The congruent opisthosomal pattern and the fact that males and females were collected together confirm the correct sex association. In addition, the male palp of this species exhibits the diagnostic characteristic of Emertonella as defined above. Therefore, we transfer this species from Euryopis to Emertonella as a new combination.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BF89599762D1585EAA4B1E309D2AA38F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hu, Changhao;Zhang, He;Jiang, Minjia;Liu, Fengjie	Hu, Changhao, Zhang, He, Jiang, Minjia, Liu, Fengjie (2026): Re-delimitation of the genus Emertonella (Araneae, Theridiidae, Hadrotarsinae) and taxonomic notes on Euryopis and Phycosoma from China. ZooKeys 1270: 285-305, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1270.175743
1BC710A1C60852288D90CA18D95C88C4.text	1BC710A1C60852288D90CA18D95C88C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Emertonella taczanowskii (Keyserling 1886)	<div><p>Emertonella taczanowskii (Keyserling, 1886)</p><p>Figs 1 D – F, 2 E, 2 F, 3 C, 3 D, 5</p><p>Euryopis taczanowskii Keyserling, 1886: 47, pl. 12, fig. 160 (holotype: female, PERU, Tumbes; deposited in Polish Academy of Sciences; not examined); Levi 1963: 132, fig. 10 (synonym of Eu. floricola, Eu. nigripes and Eu. rosascostai); Levi 1967: 178, figs 37–41 (male and female); Yoshida 1992: 139, figs 1–4 (male); Zhu 1998: 37, fig. 17 D (male, republication of the original figure); Song et al. 1999: 123, fig. 63 G (male, republication of the original figure).</p><p>Euryopis floricola Keyserling, 1886: 261, pl. 21, fig. 309 (female).</p><p>Euryopis nigripes Banks, 1929: 86, pl. 3, fig. 47, pl. 4, fig. 60 (female); Levi 1954: 24, figs 38–52 (male and female, synonym of Eu. dentata).</p><p>Euryopis dentata Gertsch &amp; Mulaik, 1936: 6, figs 10, 11 (male and female).</p><p>Euryopis rosascostai Mello-Leitão, 1944: 325, fig. 6 (female).</p><p>Emertonella taczanowskii Yoshida, 2002: 17, figs 31–34 (male and female, transfer from Euryopis); Yoshida 2003: 187, figs 524–527 (male and female); Yoshida 2009: 393, figs 357–359 (male and female); Yin et al. 2012: 329, fig. 130 f (male, republication of the original figure); Almaraz-López et al. 2025: 139, fig. 5 a, b, l (female).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China • 1 male (LJ 201903893); Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Xishuangbanna Botanical Garden, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.2558&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.9281" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.2558/lat 21.9281)">Tropical Rainforest</a>; 21.9281°N, 101.2558°E; elev. 550 m; 22 September 2019; Jian Chen et al. leg . • 1 female (LJ 201903320); Yunnan Province, Puer City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.9842&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.7897" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.9842/lat 22.7897)">Ximahe Park</a>; 22.7897°N, 100.9842°E; elev. 1340 m; 19 September 2019; Jian Chen et al. leg . • 1 female (LJ 202003300); Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Xishuangbanna Botanical Garden; 21 July 2020; collector unknown .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Emertonella taczanowskii is similar to Em. nasuta (Rodrigues, Marta &amp; Figueiredo, 2021), comb. nov. in having a needle like embolic spire pointing to 1: 30 o’clock position (cf. Figs 1 D – F, 3 C, 3 D, 5 and Rodrigues et al. 2021: figs 3, 4, 8 B, 9 C, D), but can be distinguished by: 1. opisthosoma triangular (vs oval), 2. theridiid tegular apophysis ox horn shaped in ventral view (vs triangular), 3. atrium larger than spermathecae (vs smaller than spermathecae), and 4. anterior spermathecae larger than the posterior pair (vs smaller than the posterior pair).</p><p>Redescription.</p><p>Male (LJ 201903893): Total length 1.93. Carapace 0.72 long, 0.67 wide. Opisthosoma 1.25 long, 1.05 wide. Eyes: AME 0.05, ALE 0.06, PME 0.05, PLE 0.06, AME – AME 0.13, AME – ALE 0.09, PME – PME 0.12, PME – PLE 0.08, AME – PME 0.11, ALE – PLE 0.02. Measurements of legs: I 1.73 (0.57, 0.22, 0.45, 0.27, 0.22), II 2.03 (0.52, 0.27, 0.45, 0.50, 0.29), III 1.88 (0.59, 0.19, 0.38, 0.48, 0.24), IV 2.63 (0.80, 0.26, 0.55, 0.64, 0.38). Leg formula: IV-II-III-I.</p><p>Palp (Figs 1 D – F, 2 E, 2 F): Tibia ~ 1 / 5 length of cymbium. Cymbium oval, with a small lamellar projection. Cymbial hook triangular, situated anterior margin of alveolus. Subtegulum bowl-like. Tegulum quadrangular. Median apophysis triangular in prolateral view. Theridiid tegular apophysis sclerotized, dorsally with a hump and denticles (arrow in Fig. 2 F), distal part with three denticles. Embolic base swollen; embolic spire needle like.</p><p>Colouration (Fig. 5 A – C): Carapace and sternum brownish-black. Legs yellow to brown. Dorsal opisthosoma with white patches, medially with a triangular black marking, laterally with black spots; venter dark brown, anterior part of spinnerets with a white line. Spinnerets brown.</p><p>Female (LJ 201903320): Total length 3.02. Carapace 0.92 long, 0.92 wide. Opisthosoma 2.01 long, 1.68 wide. Eyes: AME 0.10, ALE 0.09, PME 0.08, PLE 0.07, AME – AME 0.12, AME – ALE 0.10, PME – PME 0.16, PME – PLE 0.12, AME – PME 0.13, ALE – PLE 0.04. Measurements of legs: I 3.15 (0.84, 0.35, 0.67, 0.84, 0.45), II 3.47 (0.89, 0.37, 0.68, 0.97, 0.56), III 3.33 (0.98, 0.31, 0.71, 0.81, 0.52), IV 4.06 (0.98, 0.37, 0.92, 1.31, 0.48). Leg formula: IV-II-III-I.</p><p>Epigyne (Fig. 3 C, D): Epigyne with a rounded atrium, anterior margins of atrium thinner than posterior margins. Copulatory openings unobvious, situated anterior atrium. Copulatory ducts and subcopulatory ducts fused and unobvious. Posterior spermathecae spherical. Anterior spermathecae spherical, ~ 1.5 × wider than posterior pair. Fertilization ducts curved, arising from posterior part of anterior spermathecae.</p><p>Colouration (Fig. 5 D – F): as in male, but generally darker.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Yunnan), Japan, New Guinea, Sri Lanka, USA to Argentina (WSC 2026).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Levi (1954) considered this species to be polytypic, exhibiting two pattern phases and slight variations in theridiid tegular apophysis and epigyne (e. g., Keyserling 1886: pl. 12 fig. 160, pl. 21 fig. 309, Levi 1954: figs 39–41, 45–48, 50–52; Yoshida 1992: figs 1–4). During the study of publications referring to “ Em. taczanowskii ”, we found that female specimens from China, India, and Pakistan were characterized by a triangular atrium, the interdistance between the anterior spermathecae clearly shorter than that between the posterior pair, and two black markings on the anterior dorsal opisthosoma (fig. Zhu 1998: 17 A – C; Song et al. 1999: fig. 63 C, D; Yin et al. 2012: fig. 130 a, b, d, e; Rajoria 2015: figs 5–8; Khan et al. 2025: figs 14, 15) conform well to Eu. deplanata (fig. 13 in Schenkel 1936, transfer to Emertonella in the current paper) in the morphology of the epigyne and opisthosoma. Notably, no matching males were examined in these studies. We therefore consider that the specimens reported in the aforementioned publications were misidentified and should be referred to Em. deplanata (Schenkel, 1936), comb. nov.</p><p>In the current study, specimens collected from Yunnan, China, exhibit an epigyne with a rounded atrium and the interdistance between the anterior spermathecae almost as wide as that between the posterior pair, fully matching the illustrations provided by Levi (Levi 1954: figs 50–52). Accordingly, the identification of our specimens as Em. taczanowskii is confirmed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1BC710A1C60852288D90CA18D95C88C4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hu, Changhao;Zhang, He;Jiang, Minjia;Liu, Fengjie	Hu, Changhao, Zhang, He, Jiang, Minjia, Liu, Fengjie (2026): Re-delimitation of the genus Emertonella (Araneae, Theridiidae, Hadrotarsinae) and taxonomic notes on Euryopis and Phycosoma from China. ZooKeys 1270: 285-305, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1270.175743
95DB8C9B47C153B6B2B099A4AF9607DA.text	95DB8C9B47C153B6B2B099A4AF9607DA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phycosoma O. Pickard-Cambridge 1880	<div><p>Genus Phycosoma O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1880</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Phycosoma oecobioides O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1880 from New Zealand.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Phycosoma can be distinguished from other Hadrotarsinae genera by the following combination of characteristics: 1. male with high carapace (cylindrical in many species) and slightly raised cephalic region, 2. median apophysis large, with S-shaped sperm duct (except Phycosoma corrugum Gao &amp; Li, 2014, Phycosoma ripa (Zhu, 1998), and Phycosoma turriceps (Schenkel, 1936)), 3. embolus with a wide base situated anterior position of tegulum, embolic spire small, 4. theridiid tegular apophysis and conductor small, situated anterior distal part of bulb, 5. posterior part of epigyne with a scape, copulatory opening posteriorly situated (except Phycosoma turriceps) (Gao and Li 2014; Liu et al. 2025).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Worldwide.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Phycosoma stigmosum Yin, 2012 was originally described based on a male specimen from Hunan, China. The morphology of the palp shows that the embolus lacks a wide base, a characteristic feature of the genus Lasaeola Simon, 1881, especially of the castrata group (Liu et al. 2025). However, as the holotype of this species appears to be lost, we were unable to study its detailed morphology. Nevertheless, based on the available evidence, we transfer Phycosoma stigmosum to Lasaeola as a new combination: L. stigmosum (Yin, 2012), comb. nov.</p><p>Yoshida reported two species from Japan, Pholcomma japonicum Yoshida, 1985 and Pho. amamiense Yoshida, 1985, and subsequently transferred both species to Dipoena Thorell, 1869 (Yoshida 1985, 1991). Paik (1996) described D. kayaensis Paik, 1996 from Korea. Yoshida and Ono (2000) considered D. kayaensis to be a junior synonym of D. japonica (now Phycosoma japonicum), and Marusik and Koponen (2000) regarded D. kayaensis as a junior synonym of D. amamiensis (now Phycosoma amamiense). Yoshida and Ono (2000) proposed that the distinction between the two species lies only in habitus length. Basen on morphological comparison, we found that the two species share a same sclerotized plate on the anterior dorsal opisthosoma of the male, the identical sperm duct configuration inside the tegulum, median apophysis, and embolic base, and congruent structures of the embolus and vulva (Yoshida 1985, 1989, 1991, 2002, 2003, 2009; Zhu 1992, 1998; Paik 1995, 1996; Kim and Kim 1997; Song et al. 1999; Marusik and Koponen 2000; Yoshida and Ono 2000; Fitzgerald and Sirvid 2004; Zhu and Zhang 2011; Yin et al. 2012; Kim 2021; Xie et al. 2021; Suzuki et al. 2023, 2025; Hino 2024; Suzuki and Hisasue 2024; Hidaka and Eto 2025). Accordingly, we consider Phycosoma amamiense (Yoshida, 1985), syn. nov. to be a junior synonym of Phycosoma japonicum (Yoshida, 1985) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/95DB8C9B47C153B6B2B099A4AF9607DA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hu, Changhao;Zhang, He;Jiang, Minjia;Liu, Fengjie	Hu, Changhao, Zhang, He, Jiang, Minjia, Liu, Fengjie (2026): Re-delimitation of the genus Emertonella (Araneae, Theridiidae, Hadrotarsinae) and taxonomic notes on Euryopis and Phycosoma from China. ZooKeys 1270: 285-305, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1270.175743
44D99A00103A5555B3DB04295F986537.text	44D99A00103A5555B3DB04295F986537.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phycosoma ripa (Zhu 1998)	<div><p>Phycosoma ripa (Zhu, 1998)</p><p>Figs 6, 7, 8</p><p>Dipoena ripa Zhu 1998: 233, 376, fig. 152 A – D (holotype: female, CHINA, Hubei Province: Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hefeng County; 29°48'N, 110°00'E; 30 May 1989; Mingsheng Zhu leg.; deposited in the Museum of Hebei University, Hebei University, examined); Song et al. 1999: 112, fig. 56 C, D (female).</p><p>Phycosoma ripa Liu et al., 2025: 325 (transfer from Dipoena).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China • 1 male, 2 females (QZMS 00175, 00706, 00707; Hubei Province, Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Xuan’en County, Shadaogou Town, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.736&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.9238" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.736/lat 29.9238)">Longtan Village</a>; 29.6953°N, 109.6628°E; elev. 637 m; 17 July 2023; Changhao Hu and Mian Wei leg. • 1 male, 1 female (QZMS 04197, 04198); Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Xuan’en County, Shadaogou Town, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.736&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.9238" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.736/lat 29.9238)">Baishuihe Village</a>; 29.9238°N, 109.7360°E; elev. 843 m; 23–24 July 2023; Changhao Hu and Mian Wei leg.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The male of Phycosoma ripa is similar to Phycosoma corrugum Gao &amp; Li, 2014 (cf. Figs 6 A – C, 7 and Gao and Li 2014: figs 51 A, B, 52, 54) in having a parallel sperm duct inside median apophysis, and curved conductor in ventral view, but can be distinguished by: 1. sperm duct inside retrolateral part of tegulum S-shaped (vs U-shaped), and 2. embolic base and sperm duct almost triangular (vs quadrangular). The female of Phycosoma ripa is similar to Phycosoma hainanense (Zhu, 1998) (cf. Fig. 6 E, F and Zhu 1998: fig. 153 B, C) in having a labiate scapus, rounded sclerotized part around copulatory opening, and the copulatory duct connecting to interior part of spermatheca, but can be distinguished by: 1. the whole carapace brownish-green (vs lateral part of carapace yellow, median part brownish-black), 2. scapus ~ 3 × wider than long (vs ~ 1.5 × wider than long), and 3. copulatory opening heart-shaped (vs rounded).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male (QZMS 00175): Total length 1.73. Carapace 0.89 long, 0.78 wide. Opisthosoma 0.92 long, 0.70 wide. Eyes: AME 0.08, ALE 0.05, PME 0.07, PLE 0.06, AME – AME 0.10, AME – ALE 0.02, PME – PME 0.06, PME – PLE 0.07, AME – PME 0.04, ALE – PLE 0.00. Measurements of legs: I 2.22 (0.72, 0.24, 0.51, 0.44, 0.31), II 1.96 (0.63, 0.21, 0.43, 0.39, 0.30), III 1.85 (0.59, 0.20, 0.39, 0.35, 0.32), IV 2.25 (0.68, 0.23, 0.57, 0.44, 0.33). Leg formula: IV-I-II-III.</p><p>Palp (Figs 6 A – D, 7): Tibia ~ 1 / 3 length of cymbium, with distal part ~ 4 × wider than proximal part in ventral view; retrolateral part with a trichobothrium. Cymbium oval, distally with a short spine; tarsal organ ~ 2 × larger than setal sockets; cymbial hook almost triangular. Subtegulum bowl-like. Tegulum retrolaterally with S-shaped sperm duct. Median apophysis apically with a projection (arrows in Figs 6 A, 7 B), sperm duct parallel inside median apophysis; median apophysis hood triangular. Conductor curved in ventral view, dorsally slightly sclerotized and ventrally strongly sclerotized. Embolic base almost triangular, with sperm duct looping triangularly; embolic projection long knife like, ~ 2 / 5 the length of bulb; embolic spire needle like, almost half the length of embolic projection.</p><p>Colouration (Fig. 8 A – C): Carapace and sternum brownish-green, with black margins. Chelicerae pale brown. Endites brownish-green. Legs orange to dark brown. Opisthosoma black. Spinnerets dark brown.</p><p>Female (QZMS 00706): Total length 1.90. Carapace 0.74 long, 0.75 wide. Opisthosoma 1.09 long, 0.96 wide. Eyes: AME 0.09, ALE 0.06, PME 0.08, PLE 0.06, AME – AME 0.07, AME – ALE 0.01, PME – PME 0.06, PME – PLE 0.06, AME – PME 0.06, ALE – PLE 0.02. Measurements of legs: I 2.04 (0.66, 0.21, 0.46, 0.41, 0.30), II 2.02 (0.67, 0.23, 0.46, 0.34, 0.32), III 1.89 (0.59, 0.23, 0.37, 0.39, 0.31), IV 2.37 (0.73, 0.27, 0.55, 0.47, 0.35). Leg formula: IV-I-II-III.</p><p>Epigyne (Fig. 6 E, F): Epigyne posteriorly with a labiate scapus. Copulatory opening heart-shaped, with a rounded sclerotized part. Copulatory ducts straight, almost half the width of the sclerotized part and almost as long as the sclerotized part. Posterior spermathecae spherical, membranous. Subcopulatory ducts slightly curved, almost as long as copulatory ducts and almost half the width of the copulatory ducts. Anterior spermathecae spherical, almost half the width of posterior spermathecae. Fertilization duct curved, arising from posterior part of anterior spermathecae.</p><p>Colouration (Fig. 8 D – F) as in male, but generally paler.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Hubei).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>After comparison between our female specimens with the holotype of Phycosoma ripa, no differences were found, indicating that our identification is correct. The congruent habitus colouration and the fact that males and females were collected together confirm the correct sex association.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/44D99A00103A5555B3DB04295F986537	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hu, Changhao;Zhang, He;Jiang, Minjia;Liu, Fengjie	Hu, Changhao, Zhang, He, Jiang, Minjia, Liu, Fengjie (2026): Re-delimitation of the genus Emertonella (Araneae, Theridiidae, Hadrotarsinae) and taxonomic notes on Euryopis and Phycosoma from China. ZooKeys 1270: 285-305, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1270.175743
