identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
1F054220FFB5940042F9FD2DFC61FA9A.text	1F054220FFB5940042F9FD2DFC61FA9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palaeophilotes Forster 1938	<div><p>Borisinia Korb, 2013,  syn. nov. is junior objective synonym of</p><p>Palaeophilotes Forster, 1938</p><p>The genus  Borisinia was described by Korb (2013) to include a single species described earlier under the name  Lycaena triphysina Staudinger, [1892] . Korb assumed that the genus name  Palaeophilotes Forster, 1938, previously proposed for the same species, was unavailable under the Code of Zoological Nomenclature as having been described after 1931 without description and/or diagnosis. In our opinion, Forster's description (Forster 1938), although not ideal, ensures the availability of the genus name  Palaeophilotes .</p><p>As Article 13 of the Code states, names published after 1930 “must be accompanied by a description or definition that states in words characters that are purported to differentiate the taxon” (ICZN 1999). Such characters are indicated in the description. First, this is the structure of the genital apparatus of the males (“nach dem Bau des m# Genitals völlig isoliert”) (Forster 1938, page 105). Additionally, Forster states in words that the only species of the genus  Palaeophilotes ( Palaeophilotes triphysina) and the only species of the genus  Praephilotes ( Praephilotes anthracias) share such unique characters as the absence of blue color and androconia on the wings. Then, on the page 106 of the same article, Forster notes the unique feature of  Praephilotes anthracias (“Der viel gestrecktere Flügelschnitt,” thus completing the diagnosis of and the formal description to satisfy Art. 13.</p><p>Thus, taking into account the availability of the name  Palaeophilotes, the name  Borisinia is a junior objective synonym of  Palaeophilotes, since it is based on the same type species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1F054220FFB5940042F9FD2DFC61FA9A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lukhtanov, Vladimir A.;Makhov, Ilya A.;Gagarina, Anastasia V.;Romanovich, Anna E.	Lukhtanov, Vladimir A., Makhov, Ilya A., Gagarina, Anastasia V., Romanovich, Anna E. (2025): Taxonomy of the West Palaearctic butterfly genus Palaeophilotes Forster, 1938 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on combined analysis of COI barcodes and multilocus nuclear markers. Zootaxa 5584 (4): 570-580, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5584.4.8, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5584.4.8
1F054220FFB5940042F9FAC0FE22F8E6.text	1F054220FFB5940042F9FAC0FE22F8E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palaeophilotes triphysina (Staudinger 1892)	<div><p>Distribution range of  P. triphysina</p><p>The species is described from specimens collected by the famous collector Eugene Rückbeil (Novomodnyi &amp; Shergalin 2019) in western China in Kashgaria (“ von Rückbeil im Kaschgar-Gebiet gefangen”) (Staudinger 1892). All reliable indications of the presence of this species refer to the southern part of Xinjiang Province in western China (“ Kaschgar ”, “ Aksu ”, “ Xinjiang, Weili County ” ( Staudinger 1892,  Zhdanko 2000; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/nuccore/OQ311404, accessed on 23 August 2024; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/ ON437016, accessed on 23 August 2024) that is, to the territory known in historical geographical literature as Kashgaria.</p><p>There are indications of the presence of this species in the Ili River valley in southeastern Kazakhstan (Korb 2013; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/OQ311406, accessed on 23 August 2024) and northern Mongolia (Yakovlev &amp; Doroshkin 2004). A subspecies  P. triphysina lama Yakovlev &amp; Doroshkin, 2004 has even been described from northern Mongolia. We do not exclude that the indications for Kazakhstan and Mongolia are based on mislabeled and partly (Korb 2013) on misidentified specimens. At present, the butterfly faunas of Kazakhstan and Mongolia are relatively well studied (Tshikolovets et al. 2009, 2016); however, this species has not yet been found in these countries by other researchers.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1F054220FFB5940042F9FAC0FE22F8E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lukhtanov, Vladimir A.;Makhov, Ilya A.;Gagarina, Anastasia V.;Romanovich, Anna E.	Lukhtanov, Vladimir A., Makhov, Ilya A., Gagarina, Anastasia V., Romanovich, Anna E. (2025): Taxonomy of the West Palaearctic butterfly genus Palaeophilotes Forster, 1938 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on combined analysis of COI barcodes and multilocus nuclear markers. Zootaxa 5584 (4): 570-580, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5584.4.8, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5584.4.8
1F054220FFB6940342F9FF09FB43F969.text	1F054220FFB6940342F9FF09FB43F969.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palaeophilotes panope (Eversmann 1851)	<div><p>Palaeophilotes panope: DNA barcodes and the first record for the Kazakh Altai</p><p>Until now,  P. panope was known from four isolated areas: northwestern Kazakhstan (Dantchenko &amp; Tuzov 2000, Morgun 2013), southwestern Mongolia (Yakovlev 2003), eastern (Zhdanko 2004) and southeastern Kazakhstan (Lukhtanov and Gagarina, 2022) (Fig. 3, points 1-4). On April 26, 2019, it was first discovered by us, Vladimir (son) and Alexander (father) Lukhtanov, in the southern part of the Kazakhstan Altai during a survey of the mountaindesert region between the Takyr and Kaldzhir rivers (Kazakhstan, East Kazakhstan region, ca 48.18° N, 85.04° E) (Fig. 3, point 5)</p><p>Earlier, the populations from eastern Kazakhstan and Mongolia were described as separate species,  P. marina Zhdanko, 2004 and  P. svetlana Yakovlev, 2003, respectively. A detailed morphological analysis of the populations belonging to  P. panope,  P. marina and  P. svetlana was carried out by Morgun (2013). This author concluded that “all populations are the forms of one species with slightly different phenotypes, which may be due to adaptation (e.g., color, type of soil in inhabited biotopes, altitude above sea level)”. Tshikolovets et al. (2009, 2016) downgraded  P. marina and  P. svetlana to subspecies of  P. panope .</p><p>Analysis of DNA barcodes of samples obtained previously (Lukhtanov &amp; Gagarina 2022) and in this study (Table 1) showed that within  P. panope there are three haplotypes (pan1, pan2 and pan3). The haplotypes pan1 and pan2 differ by four nucleotide substitutions. The haplotypes pan1 and pan3 differ by a single nucleotide substitution. The most diverged haplotypes pan1 and pan2 were found in butterflies from the same population from northwestern Kazakhstan. Both haplotypes have a wide geographical distribution. The haplotype pan1 was found in the holotype of  P. marina and in the paratype of  P. svetlana as well as in several specimens of  P. panope from different localities. We believe that this pattern of haplotype distribution is additional evidence in favor of synonymization of  svetlana Yakovlev, 2003 and  marina Zhdanko, 2004 with  P. panope (Lukhtanov &amp; Gagarina 2022) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1F054220FFB6940342F9FF09FB43F969	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lukhtanov, Vladimir A.;Makhov, Ilya A.;Gagarina, Anastasia V.;Romanovich, Anna E.	Lukhtanov, Vladimir A., Makhov, Ilya A., Gagarina, Anastasia V., Romanovich, Anna E. (2025): Taxonomy of the West Palaearctic butterfly genus Palaeophilotes Forster, 1938 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on combined analysis of COI barcodes and multilocus nuclear markers. Zootaxa 5584 (4): 570-580, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5584.4.8, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5584.4.8
1F054220FFB6940D42F9F8CEFBB2FE62.text	1F054220FFB6940D42F9F8CEFBB2FE62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palaeophilotes jacuticus (Korshunov & Viidalepp 1980)	<div><p>Distribution range of  P. jacuticus</p><p>Palaeophilotes jacuticus is described from the vicinity of the city of Yakutsk in eastern Siberia (Korshunov &amp; Viidalepp 1980) and is known from central and southern Yakutia as well as from the Baikal region in southern Siberia, in particular from the Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia (Korshunov &amp; Gorbunov 1995, Gorbunov 2001, Tshikolovets et al. 2002, Gorbunov &amp; Kosterin 2003). The species is clearly distinguished from the closely related  P. vicrama by the structure of the male genitalia.  Palaeophilotes jacuticus has two protruding teeth at the apex of the valve (Fig. 4A,B), while  P. vicrama has one protruding tooth at the apex of the valve (Fig. 4C). In this respect,  P. jacuticus is close to the Western European  P. baton . It has even been suggested that  P. baton and  P. jacuticus are conspecific (Dantchenko &amp; Tuzov 2000). However, substantial differences in the valve proportion between  P. baton and  P. jacuticus do not allow them to be classified as conspecific populations (Gorbunov 2001).</p><p>We examined the genitals of two males from the Baikal region (Russia, Irkutskaya oblast, Olkhonsky distr., 15 km NE Yelantsy vill. Tazheranskaya steppe, salt lakes, 52.872°N, 106.591°E, 10 June 2000, I. Makhov leg.). Analysis of the genitals unambiguously identified the butterflies as  P. jacuticus (Fig. 4B), thus conforming the earlier reports (Korshunov &amp; Gorbunov 1995, Gorbunov 2001, Tshikolovets et al. 2002).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1F054220FFB6940D42F9F8CEFBB2FE62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lukhtanov, Vladimir A.;Makhov, Ilya A.;Gagarina, Anastasia V.;Romanovich, Anna E.	Lukhtanov, Vladimir A., Makhov, Ilya A., Gagarina, Anastasia V., Romanovich, Anna E. (2025): Taxonomy of the West Palaearctic butterfly genus Palaeophilotes Forster, 1938 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on combined analysis of COI barcodes and multilocus nuclear markers. Zootaxa 5584 (4): 570-580, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5584.4.8, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5584.4.8
1F054220FFB8940D42F9FCA6FD21FADD.text	1F054220FFB8940D42F9FCA6FD21FADD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palaeophilotes (Palaeophilotes) Forster 1938	<div><p>Subgenus  Palaeophilotes (Palaeophilotes Forster, 1938)</p><p>(=  Pseudophilotes Beuret, 1958,</p><p>TS:  Papilio baton Bergsträsser, [1779];</p><p>= Inderskia Korshunov, 2000,</p><p>TS:  Lycaena panope Eversmann, 1851;</p><p>=  Borisinia Korb, 2013,  syn. nov.,</p><p>TS:  Lycaena triphysina Staudinger, 1892)</p><p>P. (P.) abencerragus (Pierret, 1837)</p><p>P.  (P.) barbagiae (De Prins &amp; Poorten, 1982)</p><p>P.  (P.) panope (Eversmann, 1851) ( = svetlana Yakovlev, 2003,  = marina Zhdanko, 2004)  P. (P.) triphysina (Staudinger, [1892])</p><p>P.  (P.) panoptes (Hübner, [1813])</p><p>P.  (P.) baton (Bergsträsser, [1779])</p><p>P.  (P.) sinaicus (Nakamura, 1975)</p><p>P.  (P.) sinaicus sinaicus (Nakamura, 1975)</p><p>P.  (P.) sinaicus jordanicus (Benyamini, 2000) (no molecular data available)</p><p>P.  (P.) vicrama (Moore, 1865)</p><p>P.  (P.) jacuticus (Korshunov &amp; Viidalepp, 1980)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1F054220FFB8940D42F9FCA6FD21FADD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lukhtanov, Vladimir A.;Makhov, Ilya A.;Gagarina, Anastasia V.;Romanovich, Anna E.	Lukhtanov, Vladimir A., Makhov, Ilya A., Gagarina, Anastasia V., Romanovich, Anna E. (2025): Taxonomy of the West Palaearctic butterfly genus Palaeophilotes Forster, 1938 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on combined analysis of COI barcodes and multilocus nuclear markers. Zootaxa 5584 (4): 570-580, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5584.4.8, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5584.4.8
1F054220FFB8940D42F9FACAFDECFA21.text	1F054220FFB8940D42F9FACAFDECFA21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palaeophilotes (Rubrapterus) Korshunov 1987	<div><p>Subgenus  Palaeophilotes (Rubrapterus Korshunov, 1987)</p><p>P.  (R.) bavius (Eversmann, 1832)</p><p>P.  (R.) fatma (Oberthür, 1890)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1F054220FFB8940D42F9FACAFDECFA21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lukhtanov, Vladimir A.;Makhov, Ilya A.;Gagarina, Anastasia V.;Romanovich, Anna E.	Lukhtanov, Vladimir A., Makhov, Ilya A., Gagarina, Anastasia V., Romanovich, Anna E. (2025): Taxonomy of the West Palaearctic butterfly genus Palaeophilotes Forster, 1938 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on combined analysis of COI barcodes and multilocus nuclear markers. Zootaxa 5584 (4): 570-580, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5584.4.8, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5584.4.8
1F054220FFB8940D42F9FD52FDB9FC9D.text	1F054220FFB8940D42F9FD52FDB9FC9D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palaeophilotes Forster 1938	<div><p>Genus  Palaeophilotes Forster, 1938</p><p>(TS:  Lycaena triphysina Staudinger, 1892)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1F054220FFB8940D42F9FD52FDB9FC9D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lukhtanov, Vladimir A.;Makhov, Ilya A.;Gagarina, Anastasia V.;Romanovich, Anna E.	Lukhtanov, Vladimir A., Makhov, Ilya A., Gagarina, Anastasia V., Romanovich, Anna E. (2025): Taxonomy of the West Palaearctic butterfly genus Palaeophilotes Forster, 1938 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on combined analysis of COI barcodes and multilocus nuclear markers. Zootaxa 5584 (4): 570-580, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5584.4.8, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5584.4.8
