taxonID	type	description	language	source
1F64E0117131E604FC983A0CFCECFDBB.taxon	description	However & if the middle of the 19 TH ceftury & the Ifdiaf Parkia roxburghii was oftef coffused with the Africaf P. biglobosa HASSKARL (1844) BACKER (1911) BURKILL (1935) CORNER (1940) HEYNE (1950) YUSUF & ZUHUD (2001) “ kadawoeng ” “ kedawung ” “ kadhaboeng ” “ kĕdahung ” Java “ puntoi ” – “ kĕdawoeng ” [Javanese] “ peundeuy ” Indonesia “ kedahoeng ” “ kĕdawung ” [Sundanese] “ kedaoeng ” Sumatra – – – – – “ alai ” “ kĕdaung ” “ kĕdawang ” “ kadaong ” Peninsular – – – “ kĕdahoeng ” “ petai kerayong ” “ gĕdayong ” Malaysia “ gedayang ” “ kĕrayong ” Sabah – – – – – “ kupang ” Sarawak – – – – – “ kedaung ” “ kupang ” [Filipino] Philippines – – – – – – “ amarang ” [Palawano] Singapore – – – – “ kerayong ” – – “ kariang ” “ riang ” Thailand – – – – – – [Peninsular] [Commelin, Horti medici amstelodamensis, tab. 106, 1697; © Missouri Botanical Garden / BHL (www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 15229 # page / 324)] (P. biglobosa sefsu stricto) despite clear differefces if their leaves & capitula afd fruits. Dof cited “ Inga biglobosa Roxb. ” as a syfofym of the Ifdiaf tree although ROXBURGH (1832: 551) himself had referred to his plaft as Mimosa biglobosa Jacq. & which is the basiofym of the Africaf species. The illustratiof from his Icones (? ig. 3) repeated this together with the fame Parkia africana & afd this is also how the plaft was referred to if the catalogue of Roxburgh’s paiftifgs at Kew (SEALY & 1956). Roxburgh’s fame has subsequeftly beef cited as Mimosa biglobosa Roxb. to distifguish his cofcept from the Africaf species but the fame is misapplied. DON (1832) ifdicated that the flowers of Parkia roxburghii were vermilliof rather thaf yellow & further muddlifg the Africaf tree with the Ifdiaf ofe. The coffusiof was coftifued by BENTHAM (1841) & who ifcluded ufder the fame Parkia biglobosa what he later treated as three separate species & two from Asia (P. roxburghii & P. biglandulosa OEight & Arf.) afd ofe from Africa (P. africana & with P. biglobosa cited as a syfofym) (BENTHAM & 1875). Taxofomic works for Malesia that have used ofe of these Africaf fames for P. þimoriana ifclude HASSKARL (1844) & MIQUEL (1855) & who also ifcluded P. speciosa Hassk. ufder the fame P. africana & afd KOORDERS & VALETON (1894). To further complicate matters & the Africaf P. biglobosa sefsu stricto is cultivated if the botafical gardef (Hortus Botaficus & fow Kebuf Raya) if Bogor & Ifdofesia (e. g. Wiriadinaþa 2425 [K 000564038] & De Wiþ [L. 2031692] & Durand 1979 [L. 2031689]). This species is also reported as cultivated if Tamil Nadu state if Ifdia (SANJAPPA & 1992 & as P. clapperþoniana; repeated by KUMAR & SANE & 2003 ufder the fame P. biglobosa) but this requires coffirmatiof because fo specimefs were cited. The coffusiof of fames has also meaft that if publicatiofs of ecofomic botafy & uses of the Africaf P. biglobosa sefsu stricto are sometimes reported if error for P. þimoriana if Malesia (e. g. QUISUMBING & 1978). Dof based the fame Parkia roxburghii of material from the herbarium amassed by Nathafiel OEallich (1786 – 1854) at the Botafical Gardef of the British East Ifdia Compafy (EIC) if Calcutta. This gardef was foufded if 1787 by Colofel Robert Kyd at Shibpur & if the city of Howrah & which lies of the opposite bafk of the River Hooghly from Calcutta (fow Kolkata) & afd of Kyd’s death & OEilliam Roxburgh (1751 – 1815) became its first paid superiftefdeft if 1793 (ROBINSON & 2008). Roxburgh’s specimefs are kfowf from various herbaria & ifcludifg BM & E & G & K afd LINN-HS (? ORMAN & 1997) but fo material of Parkia has beef located by us. Roxburgh was succeeded as superiftefdeft of the gardef by OEallich & from 1815 uftil 1846 & afd with the EIC’s permissiof & OEallich brought his large herbarium from Calcutta to Lofdof whef he was of furlough there & arrivifg if 1828 (KRIEGER & 2023). OEallich’s material was if sets of fumerous duplicates which were thef distributed widely afd worked of by various botafists & ifcludifg Robert Graham for the legumes. OEallich’s persofal set of material is if the EIC or OEallich herbarium at Kew (K-OE) (STAFLEU & COWAN & 1988). If the lithographed catalogue for this collectiof (OEALLICH & 1831) & the ofly eftry for Parkia is “ P. brunonis Grah. fo. 5288 & Mimosa biglobosa Roxb. & A Sillet? D & B HBC ” but Graham’s fame for this species is ifvalid because fo descriptiof was ever published. Wallich 5288 is ifdicated as beifg composed of two elemefts: A & from Sillet (or Silhet) & collected by? D & i. e. &? rafcis De Silva & who was a plaft collector for OEallich afd af assistaft at the botafical gardef if Calcutta (OEallich Catalogue oflife [https: // wallich. rbge. org. uk]) & afd B & from HBC & i. e. & Hortus Botaficus Calcuttefsis. If the protologue of Parkia roxburghii & DON (1832) did fot ifdicate a particular collectiof but gave the locality Silhet. However & it seems uflikely that his descriptiof was based ofly of Wallich 5288 A & afd it is more probable that he meftiofed Silhet because this is where he kfew the plaft grew wild. Accordifg to the oflife versiof of OEallich’s catalogue & collectiofs marked “ Silhet ” may have come from the Khasi Hills & fow if the Ifdiaf state of Meghalaya & or from Befgal / Bafgladesh & because at that time & this fame referred to a much wider area thaf the curreft city afd admifistrative divisiof of Sylhet if easterf Bafgladesh. NIELSEN (1980) gave the type of Parkia roxburghii as “ Smiþh in Wallich 5288 B & Calcutta (holo- & K) ”. Because more thaf ofe sheet of Wallich 5288 B is preseft at K & a secofd step lectotypificatiof was made by TURNER (2022). The material he desigfated as the lectotype [K 000791057] is if the geferal herbarium at K afd has the fame “ Sir J. E. Smith ” writtef of it & as well as “ Parkia roxburghii Dof ” afd “ Inga ” & probably all if the same hafd & plus a label statifg “ Mimosa biglobosa ” afd “ Bot. Gard. Calc. ” & with some illegible ifitials. Of the same sheet & a sifgle bipiffate leaf [K 000791058] has a label for OEallich’s herbarium which gives the same ifformatiof that is if OEallich’s Catalogue for fumber 5288 & plus a relatively receft label statifg 5288 A; this leaf was excluded from beifg part of Turfer’s lectotype. The bare receptacle afd pedufcle of the lectotype are fot adequate to determife the applicatiof of the fame & but happily & the isolectotype if the herbarium of Sir James Edward Smith [LINN-HS 1578 & 37] cofsists of a capitulum with flowers afd its pedufcle & plus three leaves attached to a short twig. The shape of the leaflets is diagfostic for this species. The sheet is labelled “ Mimosa biglobosa Roxb. & Bot. Gard. Calcutta & OEallich 1819 ”. Afother Smith is also coffected to these collectiofs from Calcutta: ROXBURGH (1814) meftiofed that Mr. M. R. Smith [Mathew Richard Smith (c. 1749 – 1819)] had dofated material of this species to the East Ifdia Compafy’s Botafic Gardef if 1812. Not all herbarium material distributed ufder the OEallich Catalogue fumber 5288 ifdicates whether it is collectiof A or B & afd furthermore & we caffot be certaif that A afd B each represefts ofly a sifgle gatherifg (TURNER & 2022). [Icones Roxburghianae no. 2510 / 2515; © Board of Trustees, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew] Sheets of Wallich 5288 (A & B or feither & some Wallich s. n.) are kfowf at BR [BR 00000520305 & BR 00000520338 & BR 00000517454 & all ster.] & CAL [CAL 0000067945 & capit. & 5288 A; CAL 0000067947 & ster. & 5288 B] & G [G 00370509 & G 00370524 & both lv. & capit.] & K [K 003713041 & lv. & capit.; K 001120392 & col. F. de Silυa & lv. & ped. & recept. (K-OE); K 001120393 & lv. & capit. (K-OE)] & OX? [OX? 0073062 & lv. & capit.] afd OE [OE 0026898 & lv.] & as well as at C & CGE & GH afd SING & afd further duplicates are likely to exist elsewhere.	en	Hopkins, Helen C. F., Wajer, Jacek (2025): Parkia timoriana (Leguminosae), its synonyms and their types, and the identity of Gleditsia javanica. Candollea 80 (1): 33-52, DOI: 10.15553/c2025v801a4, URL: https://doi.org/10.15553/c2025v801a4
1F64E011713DE603FF283B6CFD86FAFB.taxon	description	DECAISNE (1834: 459) appears to have beef the first to syfofymize the tree from the Malay Archipelago with that from forth-east Ifdia & which he did ufder the fame Parkia roxburghii by ifcludifg Inga þimoriana amofgst its syfofyms. If this first ever accouft of the flora of Timor & DECAISNE (1834) described the leaves afd fruits of P. þimoriana afd meftiofed clavate spikes & but he gave fo descriptiof of the flowers. If his iftroductiof & he said his work of Timor was largely based of material collected by Riedlé afd Guichefot & two gardefers who were part of the expeditiof to Australia of the corvettes Naþuralisþe afd Ħéographe (1800 – 1804) that was led by Nicolas Baudif uftil his death if 1803 (BROSSE & 1983;? ORNASIERO et al. & 2016). Leschefault de la Tour & the official botafist afd orfithologist of the voyage & was scarcely meftiofed by Decaisfe afd thef ofly if coffectiof with Java. Baudif’s Expeditiof visited Timor from August to November 1801 & afd Riedlé died durifg this period of 21 October 1801 (BROSSE & 1983;? ORNASIERO et al. & 2016). Durifg this time & Guichefot & Leschefault de la Tour afd Riedlé collected of the islafd. The Ħéographe visited Timor agaif if 1803 & whef Leschefault left the corvette due to ill health afd he speft the followifg three years if Java. Of both visits to Timor & the corvettes afchored if the Dutch port of Coupafg & fow Kupafg & capital of the Ifdofesiaf Provifce of East Nusa Tefggara & fear the south-westerf tip of the islafd. DECAISNE (1834) also meftiofed that plaft specimefs collected by the? refch botafist Gaudichaud were ifcluded if his flora of Timor. Gaudichaud-Beaupré was part of the circum-global voyage led by Louis de? reycifet of the Uranie from 1817 to 1820 which visited Kupafg afd later the Portuguese port of Diely or Dilli & fow Dili & capital of East Timor & of the forth side of the islafd if 1818 (STEENIS-KRUSEMAN & 1950; BROSSE & 1983).? our sheets of Parkia þimoriana from Timor would have beef available to Decaisfe if Paris. P 02775741 cofsists of two pods afd has Decaisfe’s fame writtef of the label but fo collector is givef. P 02775743 is sterile afd has the collector’s fame Riedlé. P 02775744 has leaves afd pods afd was collected by Leschefault. The fourth sheet & P 03090159 & does fot ifdicate a collector but has “ Roxburghii G. Dof? ” if ifk of the prifted label for Herb. Mus. Paris & with ifitials ufderfeath (illegible but appareftly fot those of Decaisfe & cf. hafdwritifg if Flora Malesiana ser. I & vol. 1: cxlix) & with Parkia added by a differeft hafd if pefcil. A small label if the lower left corfer of this sheet states “ No. 291 graifes ” & afd STEENIS-KRUSEMAN (1950: 603) recorded that Gaudichaud-Beaupré’s collectiofs ifcluded seeds & so it is likely that he was the collector of P 03090159. No seeds lifked to this sheet were located if the carpological collectiof at P if April 2024. Amofg the four sheets at P & Leschenaulþ s. n. [P 02775744] afd Riedlé s. n. [P 02775743] resemble ofe afother afd the lectotype if G-DC quite closely & as does Leschenaulþ s. n. at K [K 000564114]. The sheets E 01153934 & G 00370517 afd L. 2042871 are also similar but lack collectors’ fames. P 02775741 was labelled as a possible type of Inga þimoriana by Nielsef. P 03090159 (probably collected by Gaudichaud) bears a marked resemblafce to G 00370530 (fo collector’s fame & label for herb. Moricafd) & because both have ofe of their pods attached to the receptacle of af old capitulum. The Catalogue of Cafdolle’s herbarium (CANDOLLE et al. & 1794 – 1921) shows that material was received from Gaudichaud at various times & but his collectiof is fot part of the origifal material for Inga þimoriana. Amofgst the other sheets & it is fot possible to be certaif which are part of the same collectiof as the material if G-DC afd fofe of those at P has Cafdolle’s writifg of the label (M. Callmafder & pers. comm.); however & all the material looks sufficieftly similar to have come from the same tree. Nofe of the sheets meftiofed if this paragraph has flowers. A sheet at OE (s. coll. Ư s. n. & île du Timor & OE 0026620 f. v.) may be a duplicate of ofe of the collectiofs at P. The status of Parkia þimoriana if Timor is ufcertaif afd uffortufately & Leschefault did fot meftiof Parkia if the accouft if his diary of the plafts he foufd of Timor (GIBBARD & 2023). After the expeditiofs led by Baudif afd? reycifet & P. þimoriana was collected if Timor agaif if 1828 by the horticulturalist afd plaft collector Zippelius (Herb. Zippel s. n. [L. 2042870 & ster.]) & who worked at the botafical gardef if Bogor; his collectiofs from Timor also came from aroufd Kupafg (STEENIS-KRUSEMAN & 1950). However & there appear to be few if afy subsequeft collectiofs from the islafd. SPANOGHE (1841) meftiofed P. roxburghii if his Prodromus florae þimorensis (as a syfofym of P. biglandulosa) & but Parkia was fot ifcluded if the checklist that forms af appefdix if? oRBES et al. (1885). Neither were afy fames if this gefus ifcluded if the lists of species if KALKMAN (1955) or SIDIYASI et al. (1989) & the latter beifg the most receft floristic work meftiofed for the islafd by? RODIN (2001). A survey for a proposed fatiofal park at the easterf tip of East Timor (COWIE & 2006) & which ifcludes areas of evergreef forest & did fot meftiof Parkia either. The appareft lack of collectiofs after 1828 could be due to afy of several factors & such as fatural rarity caused by growifg at the limit of its climatic tolerafce & destructiof of suitable habitat reducifg the populatiof or resultifg if local extifctiof & or lack of collectifg effort & or it might be because the tree was cultivated rather thaf fative at Kupafg if the early 19 TH ceftury. However & a fumber of Timoriaf efdemics have also fot beef re-collected sifce this period (Laura Jeffifgs & pers. comm.) so uftil af effort is made to re-fifd P. þimoriana & we caffot say which of these possibilities is the most likely. Timor lies south of the maif area of wet evergreef forest if Malesia afd although some is preseft of the islafd & the vegetatiof aroufd Kupafg was classified as dry deciduous forest by MONK et al. (1997: fig. 4.4). OEe do fot kfow the exteft to which P. þimoriana is toleraft of strofgly seasofal climates with marked dry periods & although it grows wild if Sumbawa (Indir Alam 36 & BO; KusƜaþa 198 Ư A & BO & G & K & L & P & SING) & which is if the mofsoofal zofe & with a mixture of moist afd dry deciduous forest (MONK et al. & 1997: fig. 4.4).	en	Hopkins, Helen C. F., Wajer, Jacek (2025): Parkia timoriana (Leguminosae), its synonyms and their types, and the identity of Gleditsia javanica. Candollea 80 (1): 33-52, DOI: 10.15553/c2025v801a4, URL: https://doi.org/10.15553/c2025v801a4
1F64E011713AE602FC813A4CFCF3FDBB.taxon	description	If additiof to the evidefce of the verfacular fame & OEIJNANDS (1983) thought Commelif’s “ Acacia jaυanica non spinosa ” must correspofd to Parkia þimoriana & which he called P. jaυanica & because he kfew of fo other bipiffate mimosoid legumes if Java with so mafy leaflets. However & other possibilities do exist & each havifg leaves with several pairs of piffae afd fumerous small leaflets & although the fumbers of leaflets if seedlifgs afd saplifgs is fot oftef reported. OEithif the gefus Parkia & P. speciosa Hassk. is a wellkfowf food plaft & oftef kfowf as “ sator ” & “ petai ” or “ peté ” (OEIRIADINATA & BAMROONGRUGSA & 1993) that is commofly cultivated if southerf Thailafd afd westerf Malesia & ifcludifg Java. Its adult leaves have 11 – 20 pairs of piffae & each with 29 – 42 pairs of oblofg leaflets with roufded apices afd are thus quite distifct from those of P. þimoriana & although the seedlifgs of the two species are very similar (see NG & 2014: 348). Parkia inþermedia Hassk. is givef as af accepted species if POOEO [https: // powo. sciefce. kew. org] afd by LOCK &? ORD (2004) & but was treated as of ufcertaif status by HOPKINS (1994). It is thought to be af afcieft hybrid & probably ifvolvifg P. speciosa afd P. þimoriana & which perhaps arose if Java through cultivatiof (BACKER & 1911; STEENIS & 1949). As its fame implies & its morphology said to be iftermediate betweef that of its putative parefts but because fo type material has yet beef located & this caffot be coffirmed. HASSKARL (1844) gave the commof fame “ putier ” for P. inþermediaƯ “ putoi ” or “ peteh ” for P. speciosa & but “ puftoi ” & fot “ kaduwafg ” & for P. þimoriana & which he referred to by the fame P. africana. Based of NIELSEN (1992) & other taxa of the Mimoseae tribe that occur if Java afd have bipiffate leaves afd relatively small & fumerous & opposite leaflets ifclude: Vachellia leucophloea (Roxb.) Maslif et al. (6 – 13 pairs of piffae & 6 – 25 pairs of leaflets per piffa if adult foliage & referred to as Acacia leucophloea Roxb. by Nielsef) but this species commofly has spifesceft stipules & at least if adults; Paraserianþhes lophanþha subsp. monþana (Jufgh.) I. C. Nielsef (9 – 13 pairs of piffae & 15 – 34 pairs of leaflets / piffa) & from moftafe forest; afd several members of the gefera Albizia Durazz. afd Senegalia Raf. (referred to as Acacia subg. Aculeiferum Vassal by Nielsef) & although Javaf species if the last gefus geferally have farrowly oblofg to lifear leaflets. The remaififg Mimoseae from Java have fewer & larger leaflets.	en	Hopkins, Helen C. F., Wajer, Jacek (2025): Parkia timoriana (Leguminosae), its synonyms and their types, and the identity of Gleditsia javanica. Candollea 80 (1): 33-52, DOI: 10.15553/c2025v801a4, URL: https://doi.org/10.15553/c2025v801a4
1F64E011713AE603FFD13CACFAB0FCDB.taxon	description	? ollowifg its publicatiof if 1918 & the combifatiof Parkia jaυanica was widely adopted of specimefs afd if the literature for this species & especially if Malesia (e. g. MERRILL & 1923; BURKILL & 1935; CORNER & 1940; STEENIS & 1949; OEHITMORE & 1972) although the coffusiof caused by Commelif’s illustratiof was foted by CORNER (1940) afd led BACKER (1963) to reject the fame P. jaυanica if favour of retaififg P. roxburghii for the plaft if Java. OEhef Nielsef revised the taxofomy of the mimosoid legumes of easterf afd south-easterf Asia for several flora treatmefts (ifcludifg NIELSEN & 1981 & 1985 & 1992) & as meftiofed above & he expressed doubts about the ideftity of Ħlediþsia jaυanica (NIELSEN & 1980). Subsequeft to his work & P. þimoriana has geferally replaced both P. jaυanica afd P. roxburghii if the literature of taxofomy & phylogefy & ecology afd ecofomic botafy (e. g. HOPKINS & 1992 & 1994; LOCK & HEALD & 1994; SETYOWATI & 1998; YUSUF & ZUHUD & 2001; KUMAR & SANE & 2003; LOCK &? ORD & 2004;? ERNANDO et al. & 2004; HIDAYATI et al. & 2020; OLIVEIRA et al. & 2021; SINGH & 2022) & although the latter fames still appear occasiofally of specimefs & afd if publicatiofs afd oflife databases.	en	Hopkins, Helen C. F., Wajer, Jacek (2025): Parkia timoriana (Leguminosae), its synonyms and their types, and the identity of Gleditsia javanica. Candollea 80 (1): 33-52, DOI: 10.15553/c2025v801a4, URL: https://doi.org/10.15553/c2025v801a4
