taxonID	type	description	language	source
1F5A878C9244FFD7FF05FEFFFE23DEC7.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. – Phasma (Pachymorpha) coronatum Haan, 1842: 137, pl. 14: 4 - 5, by subgsequent designation of Kirby, 1904: 400.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9244FFD7FF05FEFFFE23DEC7.taxon	discussion	Comments. – Hennemann (1998: 125) synonymised Datames Stål, 1875 with Pylaemenes Stål, 1875 because the type species of both genera are conspecific. Bresseel & Constant (2018: 7) presented additional diagnostic features for Pylaemenes, differentiated it from the closely related Orestes Redtenbacher, 1906 and transferred several species from Pylaemenes to Orestes. Hennemann (2021: 25) added a new species from the island of Peleng and stated several of the current synonymies were wrong and that the Wallacean taxa of the genus in particular are in need of revision. Two false synonymies established by Günther (1934: 76) are corrected herein. One species, P. gravidus (Bates, 1865) rev. stat., is resurrected as a valid species. Datames aequalis Rehn, 1904 is synonymised with the aforementioned species and removed from synonym with the type-species P. coronatus (Haan, 1842).	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9244FFD7FF05FEFFFE23DEC7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – Wallacea, Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. The three species recorded from Continental Asia (i. e. Vietnam and South China) deserve evaluation and may not belong in Pylaemenes.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9244FFD6FF43FBC7FB2AD51F.taxon	description	(Fig. 2)	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9244FFD6FF43FBC7FB2AD51F.taxon	description	- Otte & Brock, 2005: 297. [Listed s a synonym of Datames oileus (Westwood, 1859)] - Hennemann, 1998: 124. [Listed s a synonym of Pylaemenes coronatus (Haan, 1842)] Datames aequalis Rehn, 1904: 89. HT, ♀ (nymph): Obi Island, Moluccas; Datames aequalis Rehn, TYPE No. 5138 [ANSP]. n. syn. - Kirby, 1904: 400. - Redtenbacher, 1906: 51. - Günther, 1934: 76. [Synonymised with Datames oileus (Westwood, 1859) – in error] - Otte, 1978: 78. - Hennemann, 1998: 124. [Listed as a synonym of Pylaemenes coronatus (Haan, 1842)] - Otte & Brock, 2005: 297. [Listed s a synonym of Datames oileus (Westwood, 1859)]	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9244FFD6FF43FBC7FB2AD51F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Morotai - 2 ♀, Indonesia, Morotai Island, North Maluku Regency, Daeo Majiko village, XI. - XII. 2012 [coll. FH, No’s 1125 – 1 & 2].	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9244FFD6FF43FBC7FB2AD51F.taxon	description	Halmahera - 1 ♀, IDO: Halmahera NW, 7 km S Jailolo, 200 m, 1 ° 1 ’ 18 ’’ N, 127 ° 31 ’ 39 ’’ E, 27. I. 2006, leg. A. Weigel [NMEG]; - 1 ♀ (nymph), INDON.: Halmahera NW, 10 km S Jailolo, 200 m, 26. I. 2996, leg. A. Weigel, plantage [NMEG]. Bacan - 1 ♀ (nymph), INDONESIA, N-Molukken, Bacan, 10 km E Labuha, 0 ° 38 ’ 07 ’’ N, 127 ° 34 ’ 46 ’’ E, 14. I. 2006, leg. A Weigel, 120 m [NMEG].	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9244FFD6FF43FBC7FB2AD51F.taxon	materials_examined	Ternate - 1 ♀ (nymph), IDO: N-Molukken, Ternate, Laguna lake, 45 ’ 44 ’’ N, 127 ° 21 ’ 6 ’’ E, leg. A. Weigel [NMEG]. Differentiation. – Morphologically most similar and presumably closely allied to the Sulawesian P. moluccanus (Redtenbacher, 1906) with which it shares the reduced body armature. However, ♀ of gravidus (the only sex known) may readily be separated by the even less developed body armature, lack of a posterior pair of spines on the mesonotum, much smaller and less upright anterior pair of mesonotal spines, basically more conical and less distinctly spinose vertex and longer anal segment, that has the posterior protrusion significantly longer than wide and gradually narrowing, whereas it is wider than long and basally parallel-sided in moluccanus.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9244FFD6FF43FBC7FB2AD51F.taxon	discussion	Comments. – The original description presented by Bates (1865: 343) is fairly detailed and shall not be extended here but is supplemented by a set of illustrations of the ♀, the only sex currently known. Günther (1934: 86) erroneously synonymised Bates’ species with Pylaemenes oileus (Westwood, 1859), which is likely a Javan endemic species, and Hennemann (1998: 125) erronously listed gravidus as a synonym of the Wallacean P. coronatus (Haan, 1842). Here gravidus is re-established as a valid species because there are fundamental morphological differences that separate P. gravidus from all other known Wallacean members of Pylaemenes (rev. stat.). The specimens at hand for examination from the first author’s collection represent the first record of P. gravidus from the island of Morotai whereas the specimens from the collection of NMEG are the first records from the islands of Bacan and Ternate. These specimens show the species to be widely distributed throughout Maluku Utara Province. Comparison of the holotype ♀ nymph of Datames aequalis Rehn, 1904 from the island of Obi (Fig. 2 G-H) with the immatures at hand from the islands of Bacan and Ternate in the collection of NMEG leave no doubt they are the same species because morphologically they agree in every aspect. Thus, Rehn’s species is here synonymised with P. gravidus (n. syn.) and shows this species to be distributed throughout almost the whole of the northern Maluku islands. The specimens erroneously listed as “ Datames oileus ” from the Talaud Islands by Günther (1934: 76) could not be traced for the present study, hence their true identity remains unknown. They might be P. gravidus or a variety of P. moluccanus (Redtenbacher, 1906) but also could represent an undescribed species that is closely allied to either species. Measurements of the two Morotaian ♀ in the first authors collection [mm]: - Body 48.5 - 49.5, - Pronotum 3.9 - 4.0, - Mesonotum 9.9 - 10.0, - Metanotum 4.2 - 4.4, - Median segment 1.8 - 1.9, - Profemora 9.2 - 9.3, - Mesofemora 6.7 - 6.8, - Metafemora 7.7 - 8.0, - Protibiae 7.0 - 7.2, - Mesotibiae 7.0 - 7.2, - Metatibiae 7.8 - 8.0, - Antennae 19.0 - 19.3. Bates (1865: 343) cited a body length of 50.3 mm for the holotype in OUMNH.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9244FFD6FF43FBC7FB2AD51F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Halmahera. – “ Gilolo ” [OUMNH]; 7 - 10 km S of Jailolo, 200 m [NMEG]. Morotai. – Daeo Majiko village [coll. FH]; Daruba [coll. FH].	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9244FFD6FF43FBC7FB2AD51F.taxon	description	Bacan. – 10 km E Labuha, 120 m [NMEG].	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9244FFD6FF43FBC7FB2AD51F.taxon	materials_examined	Ternate. – Laguna Lake [NMEG]. Obi Island [ANSP]. A. ♀ dorsal view [FH, No. 0828 - 30]. B. ♂ dorsal view [FH, No. 0828 - 44].	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C924AFFD9FEF4FEF8FEC7DFD8.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. – Mantis maculata Olivier, 1792: 636, by monotypy.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C924AFFD9FEF4FEF8FEC7DFD8.taxon	discussion	Comments. – Hennemann, Conle & Suzuki (2015) provided a survey of the genus with a list of the 16 known species and differentiation from other members of the tribe Phasmatini distributed within Wallacea. The authors moreover presented a discussion of the intraspecific variability of the differentisland populations of the widely distributed type-species A. maculata (Olivier, 1792) along with illustrations of specimens from various islands.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C924AFFD9FEF4FEF8FEC7DFD8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – Almost the entire Papuan and Australian regions: Maluku Islands, Peleng Island, Kei Islands, Aru Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Australia.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C924AFFDBFF16FCDFFEF3DF74.taxon	description	(Fig. 3 - 5, 15 K-L)	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C924AFFDBFF16FCDFFEF3DF74.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined - 1 ♀: Indonesien: Molukken, Prov. Maluku Utara, Morotai Id., VIII. 2011 [coll. FH, No. 0828 – 7]; - 22 ♂, 18 ♀, 1 ♀ (penultimate instar), 4 eggs: Indonesia, Morotai Island, North Maluku Regency, Daeo Majiko village, XI. - XII. 2012 [coll. FH, No's 0828 – 26 to 67 & E 5]; - 1 ♂, eggs: ex Zucht: F. Hennemann 2020, F 2 - Gen., Herkunft: Morotai Id., Daeo village [coll. FH, No. 0828 – 68 & E 6]; - 10 ♀, Indonesia, Morotai Island, North Maluku Regency, Daeo Majiko village, XI. - XII. 2012 [coll. IMQC].	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C924AFFDBFF16FCDFFEF3DF74.taxon	discussion	Comments. – A discussion of the intraspecific variability of the different island populations of this widely distributed species along with illustrations of specimens from various islands was presented by Hennemann et al. (2015). The numerous citations of this species may be looked up in Otte & Brock (2005: 45) or online at the Phasmida Species File (http: // phasmida. speciesfile. org). Due to the wide geographic distributiona, it is not surprising, that a considerable range of morphological and chromatic variability can be observed in A. maculata with several variations consistently unique to certain localities or islands. Consequently, Hennemann et al. (2015: 21) suggested A. maculata as delimited currently to represent a superspecies that is in the process of allopatric speciation, a hypothesis which however needs scrutiny by a molecular approach i. e. DNA-barcoding of the numerous island populations from throughout the geography of Wallacea. While previously few specimens from the island of Morotai were known, a large series of specimens is now available and allows a survey of the morphological variability of this island population. Comparison to populations from other islands of the same ecoregion that is formed by the northern Maluku islands, i. e. Halmahera, Bacan or Obi was conducted and did not reveal any consistent, significant morphological differences or trends. The only character that is more or less pronounced in ♀ of the Morotai population and not observed in specimens from any other localities are the posteromedian swellings of abdominal terga VII-IX (Fig. 5 A-B). Regarding size, the series at hand comprises almost the entire known size range of A. maculata (see measurements given below). While ♂ are very constant in colour, ♀ vary from dark green with a brownish wash over various shades of ochre and brown to dark brown. Greenish specimens appear to be more commonly encountered than in other island populations and have so far only been recorded from the islands of Halmahera and Bacan (Hennemann, et al., 2015: 22). A few specimens have most of the dorsal surface of the mesonotum and abdominal terga as well as the tegmina and costal region of the alae contrasting white (Fig. 4 B) and occasionally only a faint whitish posteromedian marking is observed on the tegmina. The almost black anal fan stated to be distinct for Morotai ♀ by Hennemann et al. (2015: 22) is rather an individual trait of the concerned specimen, as can be seen by the series now available. Actually, the colour of the anal fan varies and the greater number of specimens has it with distinct transparent mottling and rather average for A. maculata. As for other populations (see Hennemann et al., 2015: 23, Fig. 25 - 30) the eggs of the Morotai population differ notably from those originating from other islands. From the known eggs of A. maculata populations they are most similar to those from Halmahera and Bacan, which however is not surprising due to the geographical vicinity. They however differ from both by the larger capitulum and more prominently rugulose and verrucose central lateral portions of the capsule (Fig. 16 K-L). Body lengths (excluding cerci): ♀ 165.0 - 194.0 mm, ♂ 110.0 - 122.0 mm. Length of alae of ♀ 63.0 - 76.0 mm. Culture stock of A. maculata has been introduced to Europe from the islands of Halmahera and Bacan in 2012 but both stocks were lost after only a few generations. Stock from Morotai has been imported by M. Ortiz (France) in 2020 is now being successfully reared in captivity and breeding is not particularly difficult in large well-ventilated cages with fairly high humidity achieved by a daily spray of water. Bramble (Rubus spp., Rosaceae), oak (Quercus robur, Fagaceae) and salal (Gaultheria shallon, Ericaceae) are well-accepted as alternative food plants. Males are very active and capable of active flight over considerable distances and both sexes frequently flash their wings when disturbed with ♂ often walking around with their wings held open for several minutes after the disturbance. Females produce an average of 4 - 5 eggs per day per ♀, which are flicked away singularly by an abrupt movement of the abdomen. Incubation takes some 4 - 5 months if stored in moist conditions and at temperatures of 22 - 26 °. At the same temperatures ♂ reach maturity after about 4 - 5 months while ♀ usually take a month longer. Eggs (Fig. 16 K-L). – A description of the eggs of the Morotai population appears helpful for future delimitation of the diverse egg morphology of the various island populations. Capsule 1.2 x longer than high and 1.5 - 1.6 x longer than wide, compressed laterally, elliptical in cross-section, approximately lens-shaped and surrounded by a prominent dorso-ventral keel. Capsule surface minutely but densely granulose. Lateral surfaces with two shallow impressions anteriorly and the central portion are convex and prominently rugulose and verrucose. From the lateral aspect the dorsal and ventral surfaces have a rounded indention just below the dorsal margin. Polar area protruded into an irregular and obtusely verrucose swelling and with a distinct indention anteriorly near micropylar cup and posteriorly. Micropylar plate long, slender, roughly parallel-sided and running along entire dorsal surface of egg, posterior end reaching to polar area, weakly widened and with a small micropylar cup. Surface of micropylar plate strongly bulgy and irregularly verrucose. Anterior margin of capsule somewhat swollen. Operculum ovoid to weakly rhomboidal, flat but with the outer margin slightly raised and minutely pitted. Capitulum large, knob-like with four prominent lateral impressions; distinctly stalked. General colouration rather plain dark greyish to orangey brown, the A. ♀ dorsal view [FH, No. 0828 - 34]. B. ♀ dorsal view [FH, No. 0828 - 29]. C. ♂ dorsolateral view [FH, No. 0828 - 63]. D. Live captive reared ♂. impressed portions somewhat darker in colour than raised parts. Capitulum greyish buff. Measurements [mm]: - Length (including capitulum) 4.7 - 4.9, - Length 4.5 - 4.6, - Width 3.0 - 3.1, - Height 4.3 - 4.4, - Length of micropylar plate 4.6 - 4.7.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C924AFFDBFF16FCDFFEF3DF74.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – The distributional range of A. maculata comprises almost the whole of Wallacea, from Peleng in the west and Morotai in the north towards the Kei Islands in the southeast. A detailed summary of known records was provided by Hennemann et al. (2015: 25).	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9248FFDBFF36FD28FD80D9FF.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. – Dimorphodes prostasis Westwood, 1859: 81, pl. 34: 4 - 5, by original monotypy.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9248FFDBFF36FD28FD80D9FF.taxon	discussion	Comments. – The taxonomy of the genus Dimorphodes is poorly defined. Günther (1934: 87) attempted a reorganisation which basically reduced the known diversity to five valid species with all the other known taxa either regarded as subspecies of D. mancus Bates, 1865 and D. prostasis Westwood, 1859 or synonymised. The genus is badly in need of a revision and likely many of the taxa regarded as subspecies by Günther are in fact valid species. As a first step towards a rearrangement, Hennemann (2021: 94) presented a survey and keys to the four known Sulawesian species and reinstated two taxa (D. celebensis Redtenbacher, 1908 and D. sarasini Redtenbacher, 1908) as valid species.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9248FFDBFF36FD28FD80D9FF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – New Guinea and Wallacea.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9248FFDFFF44FB3FFECED909.taxon	description	(Fig. 6 - 9, 15 G-H) ZooBank: http: // zoobank. org / 59562 DFC-F 654 - 4 B 4 F-B 3 FA-B 657 B 4 B 3 FE 54	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9248FFDFFF44FB3FFECED909.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype, ♀, Indonesia, Morotai Island, North Maluku Regency, Daruba, VII. 2021 [IMQC]. Paratypes - 2 ♀, 4 ♀ (nymphs), Indonesia, Morotai Island, North Maluku Regency, Daruba, VII. 2021 [IMQC]. - 43 ♀, Indonesia, Morotai Island, North Maluku Regency, Daruba, VII. 2021 [IMQC]. - 1 ♂, 18 ♀, 1 ♀ (penultimate instar), Indonesia, Morotai Island, North Maluku Regency, Daeo Majiko village, VII. 2012 [coll. FH, No’s 1243 – 62 to 81] - 1 ♂, Indonesia, Morotai Island, North Maluku Regency, Daeo Majiko village, XI. - XII. 2012 [coll. FH, No’s 1243 – 1]. - 1 ♂, 12 eggs, ex Zucht M. Ortiz (Frankreich) 2019, Herkunft, Indonesien, Morotai Island, Dae Majiko village, F 1 - Generation [coll. FH, No’s 1243 – 2 & E 1]. - 28 ♂, 31 ♀, 25 eggs, ex Zucht F. Hennemann 2020 - 22, Herkunft, Indonesien, Morotai, Daeo Majiko village, leg. A. Yasin, F 2 / F 3 - Generation [coll. FH, No’s 1243 – 3 to 61, E 2]. - 2 ♀, Indonesia, Morotai Island, North Maluku Regency, Daeo Majiko village, VII. 2012 [IRSN]. - 2 ♀, Indonesia, Morotai Island, North Maluku Regency, Daeo Majiko village, VII. 2012 [RMNH]. - 2 ♀, Indonesia, Morotai Island, North Maluku Regency, Daeo Majiko village, VII. 2012 [SMFM]. - 2 ♀, Indonesia, Morotai Island, North Maluku Regency, Daeo Majiko village, VII. 2012 [MNHU]. - 2 ♀, Indonesia, Morotai Island, North Maluku Regency, Daeo Majiko village, VII. 2012 [coll. OC]. - 10 ♀, Indonesia, Morotai Island, North Maluku Regency, Daeo Majiko village, VII. 2012 [coll. RTC]. - 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Indonesia, Morotai Island, Daruba, VIII. 2020 [coll. EB].	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9248FFDFFF44FB3FFECED909.taxon	etymology	Etymology. – The name refers to the distribution of this new subspecies, which is an endemic of Morotai Island.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9248FFDFFF44FB3FFECED909.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. – Only the eggs of this new subspecies allow easy separation from D. mancus mancus from Halmahera and the western adjacent northern Maluku Islands. They differ at first glance by the much darker blackish brown overall colour (Fig. 16 G-H), whereas the eggs of D. mancus mancus are ochre or pale buff with chestnut brown to mid brown mottling (Fig. 16 I-J). The basic shape of the capsule is similar but in this new subspecies there is a distinct central indention at the dorsal and ventral surfaces and the sub-polar indentions are notably more pronounced so that the polar area is protruding more when viewed laterally. The micropylar plate is considerably larger in relation to the capsule (length> 0.3 the length of capsule vs. <0.29 in mancus mancus), broader and shield-shaped in outline whereas it is rather pear-shaped with the anterior portion narrowed in mancus mancus. The outer margin of the micropylar plate is also somewhat bulgier in the eggs of this new subspecies. Moreover, the operculum is relatively higher and more conical in shape with the capitular stalk larger and the lateral capitular protrusions blackish in colour and not orangey brown as in mancus mancus.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9248FFDFFF44FB3FFECED909.taxon	description	Description. No detailed descriptions of the adult insects are provided herein, since there are no consistent morphological differences from the nominate form of D. mancus. Hence, the original description by Bates (1865: 345) is for now regarded as sufficient to characterize also D. mancus morotaiense n. ssp. The following characterizations mainly aim to summarize the range of intraspecific variability seen in the specimens at hand for examination. ♀ (Fig. 6 - 8). Medium to fairly large for the genus (body length 100.0 - 115.0 mm) and of rather typical shape. Antennae with 20 antennomeres. Degree of armature of body and legs somewhat variable, with the wild specimens having all of the armature somewhat more pronounced than the captive reared specimens (Fig. 7 G-H) and being smaller on average. Notable variability is seen in the colouration, some of which is illustrated in figure 8. The colour basically ranges from light cream over various tones of ochre, buff, grey and brown to almost black, often with greenish portions and occasionally olive or green specimens are encountered (Fig. 6 E, 8 E). Usually, the insects are to a variable degree and covered throughout with dark mottling or show various light cream to white markings. Some of these colour combinations give the insects a somewhat lichenose appearance. Often there is a pale cream or white sub-apical transverse band on the femora. Vertical posterior portion of head black. ♂ (Fig. 9). Medium sized (body length 58.0 - 70.3 mm) and stocky for the genus with small, scale-like tegmina and tiny vestigial alae, that are spiniform to conical in shape (Fig. 9 H). The tegmina exactly reach to the tip of the alae, so that the posterior margin of the tegmina touches the anterior upright A. ♀ terminalia in dorsal aspect [FH]. B. ♀ terminalia in lateral aspect [FH]. C. ♀ terminalia in dorsal aspect [FH]. D. ♂ terminalia in lateral aspect [FH]. E. ♂ terminalia in dorsal aspect [FH]. F. ♂ head and prothorax in dorsal view [FH]. G. ♂ head and prothorax in ventral view [FH]. H. ♀ head and prothorax in dorsal view [FH]. J. ♀ head and prothorax in ventral view [FH]. K. ♀ head and prothorax in lateral view [FH]. L. ♂ head and prothorax in lateral view [FH]. portion of the alae. Antennae with 20 antennomeres. Occurring in a common brown or rarer green form. The brown forms range from light ochre to drab mid brown and may occasionally have a slight olive wash or a faint dark green to olive medio-longitudinal stripe along the dorsal body surface. Ventral surface of the body in brown specimens often dark orangey or reddish. Tegmina and alae black, the tegmina with the outer margin slightly orange. Lower ventral portions of genae black. Eggs (Fig. 16 G-H): Of moderate size for the genus, capsule of a distinctive shape with several indentions that produce convex and concave portions. Capsule oval in cross-section, 1.36 x longer than wide and just scarcely longer than high. Dorsal and ventral surfaces indented and distinctly concave in lateral aspect, the polar-area bulgy and obtusely triangular in lateral aspect with a shallow indention dorsally and ventrally. Capsule surface wholly granulose and somewhat uneven with several variously shaped lowered regions. Micropylar plate somewhat more than one-third the length and more than half the width of capsule, slightly longer than wide, shield-shaped and somewhat narrowed anteriorly. Posterior end with a median indention and the outer margin bulgy; surface weakly concave and granulose. Micropylar cup a rounded swelling and with a small cup-like structure below that is placed on the posteromedian gap of the plate. Median line short and indistinct exteriorly. Operculum ovalular and strongly conical in centre to produce a strong and high capitular stalk, surface plain and granulose; height including capitulum about one-third the length of capsule. Capitulum formed by about eight lamellate vertical and irregularly shaped ridges. General colour of capsule and micropylar dark brown, the lowered portions of capsule and operculum black. The protrusions of the capitulum blackish with the extreme outer portions slightly ochraceous. Measurements [mm]: - Length (including capitulum) 4.9 - 5.0, - Length 3.8 - 3.9, - Width 2.9 - 3.0 - Height 3.5 - 3.7, - Length of micropylar plate 1.6 - 1.7.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9248FFDFFF44FB3FFECED909.taxon	discussion	Comments. – The nominate subspecies D. mancus (Bates, 1865) was originally described based on five specimens from the Wallace collection now in OUMNH and originated from the islands of Bacan and Ternate. The species has subsequently also been recorded from the islands of Gebe and Obi (Redtenbacher, 1908: 366). The accuracy of the record from Sulawesi by the same author has been doubted by Hennemann (2021: 94) because the species is unlikely to be present on Sulawesi and the concerned specimen (s) in the collection of NHMW are not traced. Specimens from Obi, Ternate and Halmahera are also contained in the first author's collection. The Obi population however shows notable morphological differences from specimens originating from all other islands but these differences deserve further evaluation. Günther (1934: 87) recorded D. mancus from Pilowo, Guguti (“ Goegoeti ”) Morotai and stated the unique ♂ he had examined to fully fit the original description provided by Bates (1865: 345). Indeed, both ♀ and ♂ of this new population show no significant and frequent morphological differences from specimens examined from the islands of Halmahera, Gebe, Ternate and Bacan. In general D. mancus shows a significant range of intraspecific variability on all islands. Thus, Morotai was merely believed to be part of the geographic range of D. mancus. It was only once eggs were received, which immediately showed that the Morotai population was not identical. These eggs are very different from eggs of the Halmahera population (Fig. 16 I-J) and led to our classifying of the Morotai population as a subspecies of D. mancus. This decision might deserve further evaluation by genetic analyses which might also help to reveal the extent of the variability between the populations. The lack of morphological differences between the adults however suggests close relationship. Several hundred eggs of the Halmahera and Morotai populations were available from captive breeding and were carefully examined to delimit intraspecific variability. The variability is low within both populations, rendering the morphological differences between the eggs of these two populations consistent. With egg morphology the only concrete feature to allow differentiation between the populations, the Morotaipopulation is here considered an offshoot of the Halmahera population and that of the western adjacent islands. Whether there are also differences between the Halmahera population and those of the western islands Bacan, Gebe and Ternate should be A. PT dorsal view (captive reared) [FH, No. 1243 - 6]. B. PT dorsolateral view (captive reared) [FH, No. 1243 - 26]. C. PT dorsolateral view [FH, No. 1243 - 65]. D. PT dorsolateral view [FH, No. 1243 - 69]. E. PT dorsolateral view [FH, No. 1243 - 62]. subject to a more comprehensive survey of the island forms of D. mancus or a revision of the genus Dimorphodes as a whole. This classification of the Morotai population of D. mancus is also supported by the significant number of other insect species, which follow this trend. In numerous cases the Morotai populations are subspecies with sibling subspecies from the other northern Maluku Islands. An example is Wallace's golden birdwing butterfly Ornithoptera croesus Wallace, 1859, which has five subspecies distributed throughout the northern Maluku Islands to which it is endemic. Also, a phasmid species, the recently described leaf insect Phyllium tobeloense bhaskarai Cumming et al., 2019 also endemic to Morotai, is an offshoot of the Halmahera population and parallels this Dimorphodes mancus subspecies as the ♂ and ♀ are morphologically almost identical with only the eggs allowing easily differentiation. The consistent differences between the eggs of the two populations are illustrated in figures 16 G-J. Any broader discussion and descriptions of the different island populations may be subject to forthcoming genetic and morphological approaches that aim to delimit the species ranges within the genus Dimorphodes, which as stated above is in need of a significant revision. Captive breeding of D. mancus morotaiense n. ssp. in Europe has been successful. Culture stock was imported in 2020 by M. Ortiz (France) and eggs laid by the F 1 – generation were kindly forwarded to the first author. The adults are sturdy and capable of reproducing in large numbers with the hatching rates of eggs close to 100 % and a mortality of nymphs almost non-existent in humid conditions and average temperatures of 20 - 25 ° C. Nymphs are robust throughout their entire development as are the adult insects, which in captivity have proven fairly long-lived with ♀ in particular reaching up to one year of age as adults. Eggs are dropped to the ground singularly by the ♀ and an average of 3 - 4 eggs are laid per day per ♀. At the temperatures mentioned above eggs hatch after about 4 - 5 months and nymphs reach maturity in 5 - 6 months. In captivity D. mancus morotaiense n. ssp. is seen to be fairly polyphagous with at least bramble (Rubus spp., Rosaceae), raspberry (Rubus idaeus, Rosaceae), wild and cultivated roses (Rosa spp., Rosaceae), hawthorn (Crataegus spp., Rosaceae), hazel (Corylus avellana, Betulaceae), beech (Fagus sylvatica, Fagaceae), oaks (Quercus robur and Q. petraea, Fagaceae) and salal (Gaultheria shallon, Ericaceae) frequently accepted as alternative food plants by all stages. Due to the polyphagous tendencies in captivity this subspecies is likely also quite polyphagous in its natural habitats on Morotai. While nymphs usually rest on their hostplants, adults, but ♀ in particular, are frequently seen to rest on the cage floor between leaf litter and on or under pieces of bark or other shelters. If grabbed the insects usually show cateleptic behaviours with the front legs closely stretched anteriorally inline with the body and the two remainder pairs of legs stretched out backwards. They willonly move and walk away if further disturbed. Males produce slight rustling noises by rubbing the hinder margin of their tegmina on the spiniform, upward directed anterior margin of the vestigial alae. As typical for members of the subfamily Phasmtidae sensu stricto (= Lanceocercata) the ♂ grasps the ♀ subgenital plate (Fig. 8 F) during the copulation and not abdominal sternum VII as in other phasmatodeans. In Dimorphodes a hump-like and rough opercular organ is seen at the base of the subgenital plate of ♀ (Fig. 7 D, F), which is similar to the structures seen in members of the subfamily Megacraniinae (see Hennemann, 2020) or various taxa of the New Zealand clade Acanthoxylini. The function of the large sensory area of the profurcasternum is not known but is believed to have olfactory functions like e. g. in members of the Oriental Heteropterygidae (see Hennemann et al., 2016).	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C924CFFDFFF0AFAD0FD50DB59.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. – Bacillus humberti Saussure, 1862: 472 [= Ramulus pseudoporus (Westwood, 1859: 42, pl. 4: 6)], by original monotypy.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C924CFFDFFF0AFAD0FD50DB59.taxon	discussion	Comments. – This is one of the most speciose genera of Australasian Phasmatodea and due to intraspecific variability in ♀ and strong sexual dimorphism likely numerous synonyms have yet to be revealed. Therefore, the entire genus deserves a comprehensive revision at the species level. A list of all known Wallacean species was presented by Hennemann (2021: 69). The discovery of a new species described herein is the first record of Ramulus from Morotai and thus a range extension for the genus.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C924CFFC3FED5F960FD4EDE41.taxon	description	(Fig. 10 - 11, 16 A-B) ZooBank: http: // zoobank. org / 5 D 3 F 32 DA- 3 D 41 - 42 EA- 8206 - B 8 F 162 E 82 FA 6	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C924CFFC3FED5F960FD4EDE41.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype, ♂, Indonesia, Morotai Island, North Maluku Regency, Daeo Majiko village, XI. - XII. 2012 [IMQC]. Paratypes - 10 ♂, Indonesia, Morotai Island, North Maluku Regency, Daeo Majiko village, XI. - XII. 2011 [IMQC]. - 7 ♀, 8 ♂, 3 eggs (ex ovipositor), Indonesia, Morotai Island, North Maluku Regency, Daeo Majiko village, XI. - XII. 2012 [FH, No’s 1087 – 1 to 15, E].	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C924CFFC3FED5F960FD4EDE41.taxon	etymology	Etymology. – Dedicated to Alim Yasin (Morotai, Indonesia) who first found this species and provided specimens for study and description.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C924CFFC3FED5F960FD4EDE41.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. – Very close to R. redemptus (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907), that was described based on a ♂ from “ Moluccas ” and an immature ♂ from the island of Obi. Males of this new species may be separated from those of redemptus by the larger size (body length of redemptus 95.0 mm) and somewhatmore stocky shape, relatively shorter, more globose and posteriorly less constricted head (Fig. 10 J-K) and significantly different shape of the hemi-terga of the anal segment, which are more slender, more tapered and rounded apically (Fig 10 G; rather broadened and obtusely angular in redemptus). The very small poculum, that has the posterior margin protruded into a triangular tooth-like appendix (Fig. 10 G, I), and ventro-apically unarmed meso- and metafemora are shared with the ♂ of redemptus. Among the known Wallacean members of the genus, ♀ most strongly resemble those of R. pelengense Hennemann et al., 2021 from the island of Peleng and R. togianense Hennemann, 2021 from the Togian Islands east of Sulawesi. While the distinct armature of the mid legs is shared with pelengense and the strongly keeled and bulgy subgenital plate and prominent cephalad horns are shared with togianense. ♀ of this species can be separated by the on average larger size and distinct praeopercular organ that is formed by a an obtusely rounded, verrucose median swelling just before the posterior margin of abdominal sternum VII (Fig. 10 F). From redemptus these ♀ can readily be distinguished by the large pair of lobes of the head (Fig. 10 L-M) and subgenital plate that is more strongly keeled and much bulgier in the posterior half with the apex obtusely angular in lateral aspect (Fig. 10 D). From ♀ of togianense this species can also be separated by the rounded, shovel-like shape of the cephalad lobes (acutely pointed and rather slender upright thors in togianense) and distinctly armed mid and hind legs. The eggs (Fig. 16 A-B) show morphological affinity to those of the Sulawesian R. torajanus Hennemann, 2021 but are larger with a larger micropylar plate and a notably lower outer margin of the operculum, which is inserted into the capsule almost at a right angle.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C924CFFC3FED5F960FD4EDE41.taxon	description	Description. The description of the ♀ colouration is described only from dried specimens and a few pictures of live specimens taken by A. Yasin (Morotai). ♀ (Fig. 10 A-B, D-F, L-P, 11 B). Fairly large for the genus (body length including subgenital plate 147.0 - 166.0 mm), form slender, body surface entirely smooth, the head strongly globose and prominently armed and the subgenital plate bulgy and somewhat projecting beyond apex of abdomen (Fig. 10 D, F). Meso- and metafemora and corresponding tibiae with variably shaped triangular lobe-like teeth. General colour various shades of dull ochre and drab to greyish mid brown, sometimes olive or with a greenish hue. Occasionally there may be specimens that are all over speckled with darker tones of brown. Eyes dark reddish brown. Antennae with scapus and pedicellus coloured like the body, then gradually becoming darker towards the apex. Teeth and lobes of mid and hind legs irregularly mottled with dark brown. Head (Fig. 10 L-M). – Strongly globose, sub-spherical, just indistinctly longer than wide, broadest at eyes and notably narrowing towards the posterior; vertex rounded and armed with a pair of large rounded and shovel-shaped lobes, that are rather constricted and transverse at the base and gradually widen towards the tip with the anterior margin forward directed; these projecting by roughly half of the height of the head capsule (Fig. 10 L). Frons with two pits that are connected by a slightly trapezoidal impression. Eyes almost circular in outline, moderately projecting and diameter of eye about 0.4 x the length of gena Antennae about 1.2 x longer than head and pronotum combined, consisting of 26 antennomeres (Fig. 10 L-M). Scapus strongly flattened dorsoventrally with both lateral margins A. PT right mesofemur in posterolateral aspect [FH]. B. PT right mesofemur in posterolateral aspect [FH]. C. PT right mid leg in lateral aspect [FH]. D. PT terminalia in lateral aspect [FH]. E. PT terminalia in dorsal aspect [FH]. E. PT terminalia in ventral aspect [FH]. G. PTfrom Daeo Majiko, head, pro- and mesothorax in dorsal view [FH]. H. PT from Daeo Majiko, head, pro- and mesothorax in dorsal view [FH]. J. PT (captive reared), head with antennae and prothorax in dorsal view [FH]. K. PT (captive reared), head with antennae and prothorax in ventral view [FH]. L. PT (captive reared), head with antennae and prothorax in lateral view [FH]. strongly deflexed and rounded, basically ovoid in dorsal aspect and roughly 2 x longer than wide. Pedicellus small, oval in cross-section and only about one-fifth the length of scapus. III almost 2 x longer than pedicellus, IX much shorter than all preceding and the following antennomeres gradually increasing in length. Terminal antennomere almost as long as scapus. Thorax. – Pronotum shorter and significantly narrower than head, the sub-anterior portion narrower than the widened posterior half and with an distinctly impressed medio-longitudinal line over the entire length (Fig. 10 M). Transverse median sulcus distinct, gently curved, expanding over somewhat more than half the width of the segment and terminating in a Cshaped pit at each end. Outer portions of pronotum weakly rugulose. Meso- and metanotum with a fine and indistinct longitudinal median line and an indistinct obtuse longitudinal ridge close to the lateral margins. Mesothorax about 2.8 x longer than the head and pronotum combined and about 1.3 x longer than metanotum. Metanotum about 7 x longer than wide. Abdomen. – Median segment scarcely longer than wide, slightly trapezoidalwith anterior marginnarrower thanposterior marginand 0.15 x the length of metanotum. Abdomen excluding median segment considerably longer than head and complete thorax combined. All abdominal segments roughly uniform in width but sub-equal in length; II about 2.7 x longer than median segment and 3.2 x longer than wide; II-IV increasing in length, V longest segment and about 4 x longer than wide, VI-VII decreasing in length with VII scarcely longer than II. Preopercular organ represented by a prominent, obtusely rounded verrucose median swelling just before the posterior margin of abdominal sternum VII that is marked by a distinctive black triangular marking (Fig. 10 F). Terga VIII-X uniform in width and somewhat narrower than preceding. VIII almost two-thirds the length of VII, IX slightly more than half the length of VIII. Anal segment notably longer than IX, with a fine medio-longitudinal keel and posterior margin distinctly bilobed with a deep median excavation that is wider at the base; the lateral angles semi-circular (Fig. 10 E). Cerci small, tapered towards the tip and gently in-curving. Subgenital plate strongly bulgy and deeply keeled longitudinally, the posterior half higher than anterior half and the apex obtusely angular in lateral aspect with the medio-longitudinal keel meeting the anterior margin almost at a right angle; slightly projecting beyond the tip of the abdomen (Fig. 10 D, F). Legs. – All long and slender with all carinae covered by fine setae. Mesofemora often with an obtusely triangular sub-basal lobe two outer ventral carinae and more rarely with an additional but smaller tooth-like lobe on posterdorsal carina; sometimes a few small teeth in apical two-thirds of anterodorsal carina. Medioventral carina of meso- and metafemora well defined and with an obtuse tooth sub-apically (Fig. 10 N-P). Metafemora alike but with sub-basal lobes. Mesotibiae with 1 - 2 teeth or triangular lobes in basal half of posterodorsal carina and sometimeswithan additionaltooth or triangular lobe at roughly the same position on posteroventral carina; occasionally posterodorsal with a further triangular tooth-like lobe about one-quarter off the apex or with 2 - 3 smaller teeth (Fig. 10 N-P). Metatibiae similar but with allthe armature much less pronounced and sometimesunarmed; only a few smallserrations present in apical portion. Basitarsi long, slender and wholly unarmed, all notably longer than remaining corresponding tarsomeres taken together. ♂ (Fig. 10 C, G-H, J-K). Medium sized for the genus (body length 107.0 - 115.0 mm), slender andwitha moderately globose head. General overall colour rather plain dark orange to ochre, the prothorax and legs of a slightly darker tone. Posterior margins of all abdominal terga brown. Eyes dark yellow. Antennae very dark reddish brown except for scapus and pedicellus; the scapus is coloured like the head and the pedicellus is orangey brown. Head (Fig. 10 J-K). – Sub-globose, about 1.4 x longer than wide, broadest at the eyes and strongly narrowing towards the posterior (Fig. 10 K), the vertex convex (Fig. 10 J) and smooth except for a coronal line thar is somewhat indented posteriorly. The posterior margin with a further short longitudinal indentionon each side of the coronal line. Frons with a shallow c-shaped impression above base of each antenna and area between the eyes with two shallow convex swellings. Eyes fairly large, projecting hemispherically, circular in outline and diametre of eye scarcely more than 0.5 x the length of gena. Antennae with 23 antennomeres, all (except for scapus and pedicellus) much more elongate than in ♀ and roughly uniform in length, antennae about as long as head, pro- and mesothorax combined. Scapus 2.3 x longer than wide, rectangular in outline and compressed dorsoventrally. Pedicellus sub-cylindrical and somewhat a little more thn one-third the length of scapus. III elongate and almost as long as the two preceding segments. Thorax. – Pronotum basically as in ♀, shorter and narrower than head (Fig. 10 K) and with a prominently indented medio-longitudinal line in anterior half (less pronounced in posterior half). The transverse median sulcus distinct, gently curved and expanding by no more than half the width of segment. Anterior margin strongly concave, bulgy and followed by a transverse furrow, that laterally terminates in a distinct pit near each anterolateral angle of segment. Meso- and metanotum with a very fine and indistinct medio-longitudinal line and minute granulation that can only be seen with strong magnification (appearing smooth to the naked eye). Mesothorax about 3.5 x longer than head and pronotum combined and 1.3 x longer than metanotum; gently widened posteriorly. Metathorax widened anteriorly and posteriorly. Abdomen. – Median segment about as long as wide with the posterior margin distinctly concave and 0.12 x the its length of metanotum. Abdomen excluding median segment slightly longer than head and complete thorax combined. Segment II about 4 x longer than median segment, II-V almost uniform in length and about 5 x longer than wide, VI and VII notably decreasing in length with VII only 3.7 x longer than wide and about threequarters the length of II-V. VII slightly widening in the posterior half. Tergum VIII about 0.6 x the length of VII, distinctly widening towards posterior and trapezoidal in dorsal aspect with posterior margin some 1.6 x wider than anterior margin. IX slightly shorter also trapezoidal in dorsal view and narrowing towards the posterior. Anal segment notably longer than the two preceding terga, split longitudinally (Fig. 10 H) and strongly tectiform; the hemi-terga in lateral aspect with a narrowing and shallow ventral impression post-medially, the apical portion slightly downward directed with the apex obtusely rounded (Fig. 10 G) and armed with several dark brown denticles (Fig. 10 H-I). Cerci small, slender, gently in-curving and with the apex slightly hook-like. Poculum very small, scoop-shaped and with the posterior margin medially protruded into a triangular tooth-like appendix, which projects somewhat beyond posterior margin of tergum IX (Fig. 10 G, I). Legs. – All very long, slender and wholly unarmed except for a single, small and obtuse sub-apical denticle on medioventral carina of meso- and metafemora and a few minute denticlesin apical portionof all outer carinae of metatibiae. Profemora almost 1.5 x longer and mesofemora slightly longer than head, pro- and mesothorax combined, metafemora almost reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment VI and metatibiae projecting strongly beyond apex of abdomen. Basitarsi all very much elongated, slender and considerably longer than the remaining tarsomeres taken together. Variability. – Females show considerable variability in the armature of the meso- and metafemora and tibiae, which is described above. All lobes and teeth vary in size and shape but the most considerable variability is seen in the dorsal sub-basal lobe of the mesotibiae, which is either a single triangular tooth but in extremes is much elongated with a median indention and two points. The sub-basal teeth or lobes of meso- and metafemora are almost completely lacking in some specimen. Some variability is also seen in the shape of the cephalic lobes, which range from rather broad and obtusely rounded to having the apical portion slenderer and pointed. The chromatic variability is summarized above. No noteworthy variability is seen in ♂. Eggs (Fig. 16 A-B): Fairly large, elongate and about 4.25 x longer than high, strongly flattened laterally and much higher than wide. Capsule in lateral aspect slightly narrowed towards the anterior and weakly constricted pre-anteriorly with polar area unevenly indented; in dorsal aspect somewhat thickened medially. Entire capsule surface uneven, densely and minutely granulose and sparsely set with irregularly dispersed low wart-like swellings. The posterior portion distinctly verrucose. The lateral surfaces with a distinct but irregularly shaped, elongate impressed area in posterior portion and a medio-longitudinal furrow in anterior one-third, that gradually terminates slightly above the micopylar plate. Dorsal and ventral surfaces each with a very blunt and rounded medio-longitudinal bulge, which is on both sides marked by a slender and shallow A - E. Colour varieties. F. Detail of terminalia during copulation, showing how ♂ grasps the opercular organ of ♀. G. Detail of head and pronotum of a green specimen. furrow. Micropylar plate fairly large and bilobed, consisting of two oval portions that expand almost half way over the lateral surfaces. Micropylar cup a distinct and obtuse knob-like swelling that is placed in the posteromedian gap of the plate. Median line short but distinct and bulgy. Operculum oval, impressed in centre and with a moderately raised, crenulated outer rim, that is somewhat more protruded dorsally. Colour fairly plain greyish with the warty swellings orangey ochre, micropylar plate slightly darker than capsule. Rim of operculum dark orange at the tip. Measurements [mm]: Length (including operculum) 8.5 - 8.9, length 8.4 - 8.8, width 1.3, height 2.0 - 2.1, length of micropylar plate 1.6 - 1.8.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C924CFFC3FED5F960FD4EDE41.taxon	discussion	Comments. – In its natural habitat specimens were predominantly found on Macaranga sp. (Anarcadiaceae). In captivity in Indonesia guava (Psidium guajava, Myrtaceae) is readily accepted as an alternative food plant.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C924CFFC3FED5F960FD4EDE41.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – Apparently endemic to the Island of Morotai.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9250FFC5FF05FC3FFB28DC01.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. – Necroscia terminalis Redtenbacher, 1908: 561, pl. 26: 6, by original designation.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9250FFC5FF05FC3FFB28DC01.taxon	discussion	Comments. – A new diagnosis of Nescicroa was presented by Hennemann (2021: 153), who removed it from synonym of Paranecroscia Redtenbacher, 1908 and re-established it as a valid genus. Next to covering the Sulawesian species of Nescicroa this author also provided a preliminary list of species and a detailed differentiation from related genera.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9250FFC5FF05FC3FFB28DC01.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea & Solomon Islands. Nescicroa bonneaui n. sp. (Fig. 12) ZooBank: http: // zoobank. org / C 0992 EE 0 - D 4 B 4 - 4147 - ADD 3 - 823208 D 9757 B	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9250FFC5FF05FC3FFB28DC01.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype, ♀, Morotai, Moluccas, March, 1945, Gilbert Banner [AMNH]. Differentiation. – Females of this new species, the only sex known, are most similar to those of N. viridilineata (Bates, 1865) from Seram, Ambon and Buru, and N. tumescens (Redtenbacher, 1908) from Bacan and N. smaragdula (Bates, 1865). From ♀ of viridilineata they share black colour pattern on the head pro and mesonotum, but in this new species only the posterior portion of the head bears some longitudinal black stripes (mostly black in viridilineata), there are only black stripes on the pronotum (almost wholly black in viridilineata) and only the lateral margins of the mesonotum are black (lateral portions broadly black and with a black medio-longitudinal streak in viridilineata). Moreover, this new species has the apex of the anal segment rather broad and obtuse, whereas it is tapered and triangular in viridilineata, and is stockier in overall shape. From the two latter species these ♀ can readily be separated by their distinctive colouration, which includes the black lateral margins of the mesonotum as well as the distinctive black longitudinal stripes of the pronotum und posterior portion of the head.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9250FFC5FF05FC3FFB28DC01.taxon	etymology	Etymology. – This pretty new species is named after Mr. Mario Bonneau, technician at the Montréal Insectarium for over 25 years and currently in charge of the phasmid cultures and their display in the museum exhibition.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9250FFC5FF05FC3FFB28DC01.taxon	description	Description. Fairly small (body length ca. 47.0 mm) and typical shape for the genus with long alae (length 32.8 mm) that cover almost the complete abdomen except for the terminal two abdominal segments. Colouration of the unique dried holotype specimen apparently somewhat faded but with the distinctive colouration well recognizable. Head, pro and mesothorax basically greyish to bluish green with distinct black patterns; mesosternum pale grey. Back of head with four black longitudinal parallel streaks, the two median ones short and the two outer ones almost reaching to posterior A. PT from Daeo Majiko, dorsolateral view [FH, No. 1243 - 21]. B. PT (captive reared), dorsolateral view [FH, No. 1243 - 17]. C. PT terminalia in lateral aspect [FH]. D. PT terminalia in dorsal aspect [FH]. E. PT terminalia in ventral aspect [FH]. F. PT (captive reared), head with antennae and prothorax in ventral view [FH]. G. PT head, pro- and mesothorax in ventral view [FH]. H. PT metathorax in dorsal aspect showing the vestigial tegmina and alae [FH]. I. Live captive reared PT, detail of head and thorax [FH] .. Live captive reared PT [FH]. margin of eyes; the eyes dark brown. Antennae ochre, gradually becoming darker towards the apex and weakly annulated. Pronotum with a broadly M-shaped black marking on the anterior portion and a similar but narrower black marking on the posterior portion; the inner portion of the marking is the broadest. Lateral margins of mesonotum marked by an irregular black streak. Tegmina and costal region of alae primarily dark brown with all veins dull yellow to light green; the median portion of the alae are lighter in colour with a yellowish grey wash. Anal fan transparent grey. Metathorax and abdomen ochraceous drab with the apical abdominal segments rather dark reddish ochre. Abdominal terga with an apple green stripe along lateralmargins, and lateral surfaces of terga VIII and IX each with a large black marking. Extremities ochre with the basal portion of all femora light green; front legs rather sepia in colour. All femora with a distinctive elongate black dorsal sub-apical marking. Head (Fig. 12 B-C). – Globose, slightly compressed dorsoventrally, as wide as long, broadest just behind the eyes and wholly smooth. Frons with two shallow impressions between bases of antennae. No ocelli. Vertex weakly rounded. Eyes large, weakly oval in outline, projecting almost hemispherical and eye 1.1 x longer than gena. Antennae reaching to abdominal segment VI. Scapus compressed dorsoventrally, roughly rectangular in dorsal aspect and just slightly longer than wide. Pedicellus globose and notably shorter than scapus. Antennomere III narrowing towards apex and about equal in length to pedicellus. Thorax (Fig. 12 B-C). – Pronotum shorter and much narrower than head with the anterior portion slightly widened and the posterior margin somewhat narrowed; about 1.3 x longer than wide. Transverse median sulcus notably shifted towards the anterior, distinctly impressed, weakly arched and expanding over entire width of notum. Mesothorax 2.25 x longer than prothorax and weakly widening towards the posterior. Mesonotum about 3 x longer than wide densely rugulose and with and acute medio-longitudinal carina in the median portion and a distinct longitudinal ridge close to lateral margins. Mesopleurae minutely and more sparsely rugulose. Mesosternum smooth but with a low and obtuse medio-longitudinal bulge. Metapleurae and metasternum smooth. Tegmina scale-shaped with the apical margin straight, diagonal and roundly angular; the central protuberance shallow. Alae reaching posterior of abdominal segment VIII. Abdomen. – Segments II-VII on average 2.7 x longer than wide and slightly sub-uniform in width with VI-VII somewhat narrowing. All terga and sterna smooth except for some minute rugulae on terga VIII-X. Praeopercular organ formed by a small posteromedian tubercle on sternum VII. Terga VIIIX progressivelydecreasing inlength. Anal segmenttapering towards anarrow but obtuse and weakly notched apex; the lateral margins notably deflexed and rounded sub-basally. Cerci small, tapering towards a narrow tip, very weakly up-curved and roughly reaching to tip of anal segment. Subgenital plate rather narrow, scoop-shaped, narrowed sub-basally with a bluntly triangular and somewhat peg-like apex that reaches about half the way along anal segment; basal portion bulgy longitudinally and apical portion setose. Legs. – All as typical for the genus, being rather short, slender, weakly carinated and wholly unarmed. Profemora weakly curved and compressed basally and a little longer than pro- and mesothorax taken together. Mesofemora slightly longer thanmesothorax andmetafemora reaching about half the way along abdominal segment IV. Basitarsi slender and somewhat longer than following three tarsomeres combined. Measurements of holotype [mm]: - Body ca. 47.0, - Pronotum 2.3, - Mesonotum 5.8, - Tegmina. 4.1, - Alae 32.8, - Profemora 9.3, - Mesofemora 5.8, - Metafemora 9.6, - Protibiae 9.8, - Mesotibiae 5.6, - Metatibiae 9.3, - Antennae ca. 37.0.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9250FFC5FF05FC3FFB28DC01.taxon	discussion	Comments. – So far only known from the unique holotype. The ♂ and egg remain unknown.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9250FFC5FF05FC3FFB28DC01.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – Morotai (endemic).	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9256FFC5FBF9FE88FC6ED814.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. – Anophelepis xiphias Westwood, 1859: 71, pl. 4: 4 - 5, by subsequent designation of Rehn, 1904: 71.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9256FFC5FBF9FE88FC6ED814.taxon	discussion	Comments. – This genus is the genus eponymum of the rankfree taxon Orxineformia, which was introduced by Bradler (2009: 98) to comprise all Necrosciinae-genera that exhibit a developed secondary ovipositor in ♀, referred to as an appendicular ovipositor by Bragg (2001). This distinctive type of ovipositor is formed by an elongated and apically incised subgenital plate and enlarged gonoplacs and gonapophyses. Orxines comprises four species, two from the Philippines, the type-species O. xiphias (Westwood, 1859) that is distributed in Wallacea and one species from Java. A fifth Indian species, O. rugulosus Redtenbacher, 1908, is apparently not congeneric and rather likely to belong in more close affinity to Indochinese genera such as Oxyartes Stål, 1875 or Phaenopharos Westwood, 1859. The Javanese O. mirabilis (Redtenbacher, 1908) is also rather unlikely to be a member of this genus because the original description of the ♂ (the only sex known) violates the generic characteristics in some aspects, e. g. the triangular lateral lobe of abdominal tergum IX and strongly fornicated poculum. Unfortunately, the unique holotype is not traced, thus could not be examined to validate the generic position of Redtenbacher’s species. The two Philippine species O. granulosus (Redtenbacher, 1908) and O. semperi (Stål, 1877) are likely synonymous, which however needs scrutiny. Within the Orxineformia, Orxines is characterised by the strongly reduced wings, with the tegmina and alae merely vestigial in ♂ and only the alae developed but very small and spatulate with a tiny anal region in ♀.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9256FFC5FBF9FE88FC6ED814.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – Wallacea, western New Guinea and Philippines. Java with doubt.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9256FFC9FC2EFA95FBDFDB29.taxon	description	(Fig. 13, 14, 16 C-F)	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9256FFC9FC2EFA95FBDFDB29.taxon	description	- Rehn, 1904: 71. - Otte & Brock, 2005: 241. - Brock, Marshall, Beccaloni & Harman, 2016: 203.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9256FFC9FC2EFA95FBDFDB29.taxon	description	Acacus buruensis Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 252. LT (by present designation), ♂: Batjan; ex. Heyne coll.; 64. buruensis; Acacus buruensis Brunner et Redtenb. det. [ZMAS]; ♂ (♂): Buru [NHMW – not traced]. [Synonymised by Günther, 1934: 79] - Brock, 2007: 49. [Type data] A. ♀ PT dorsolateral view [FH, No. 1087 - 4]. B. ♀ PT dorsolateral view [FH, No. 1087 - 7]. C. ♂ PT dorsolateral view [FH, No. 1087 - 14]. D. ♀ PTterminalia in lateralaspect [FH]. E. ♀ PT terminalia in dorsal aspect [FH]. F. ♀ PT terminalia in ventral aspect [FH]. G. ♂ PT terminalia in lateral aspect [FH]. H. ♂ PT terminalia in dorsal aspect [FH]. I. ♂ PT terminalia in ventral aspect [FH]. J. ♂ PT head and prothorax in lateral aspect [FH]. K. ♂ PT head and prothorax in dorsal aspect [FH]. L. ♀ PT head and prothorax in lateral aspect [FH]. M. ♀ PT head and prothorax in lateral aspect [FH]. N - P. ♀ PT apex of mesofemur and basal portion of mesotibia showing variability of the tibial lobes [FH]. A. Type- locality near Daeo Majiko village, Morotai [© AlimYasin]. B. Live ♀ on Macaranga sp. (Euphorbiaceae) at the type-locality [© Alim Yasin]. A. Dorsolateral view [© AMNH]. B. Dorsal view of head and thorax [© AMNH]. C. Lateral view of head and thorax [© AMNH].	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9256FFC9FC2EFA95FBDFDB29.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined - 7 ♀, 22 ♂: Indonesia, Morotai Island, North Maluku Regency, Daeo Majiko village, XI. - XII. 2012 [coll. FH, No's 0644 – 15 to 43]; - 10 ♀, 5 ♂, eggs: ex Zucht: F. Hennemann 2020, F 2 - Gen., Herkunft: Morotai Id., Daeo village [coll. FH, No. 0644 – 44 to 58, E 2];	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9256FFC9FC2EFA95FBDFDB29.taxon	description	- 2 ♂: Indonesia, Morotai Island, North Maluku Regency, Daeo Majiko village, XI. - XII. 2018 [IMQC]; - 1 ♂: Morotai, Moluccas, march, 1945, Gilbert Banner [AMNH]. Differentiation. – Both sexes of this species are comparatively larger than the two very similar Philippine species O. granulosus (Redtenbacher, 1908) and O. semperi (Stål, 1877) and generally have the thoracic segments less distinctly granulose. Males may readily be separated from both species by the much smaller and just rudimentary alae (Fig. 13 D), which are represented as distinct subcircular white scales in granulosus and semperi. Females can be differentiated by these two Philippine species by the distinct black postocular streak along the genae (Fig. 13 G) and plain coloured alae that lack a whitish or light cream band along the outer margin of the costal region (Fig. 13 C). The eggs (Fig. 16 CF) clearly differ from those of O. semperi (those of O. granulosus are not known) by the much longer and lanceolate anteriorly tapering and pointed micropylar plate, which is rather ovoid or pear-shaped and notably less than one-quarter the length of the egg capsule in semperi.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9256FFC9FC2EFA95FBDFDB29.taxon	discussion	Comments. – The ♀ from Seram in the collection of NHMUK is selected as the lectotype of A. xiphias for providing stability of the taxon. Günther (1934: 79) correctly synonymised Acacus buruensis with Westwood’s xiphias. Since the specimen (s) recorded by Brunner v. Wattenwyl (1907) from Buru are not traced in the collection of NHMW (Brock, 2007: 49), the ♂ from Bacan (‚ Batjan‘) in the collection of ZMAS is here selected as the lectotype in order to guarantee stability of the synonymy. Only selected references are listed above and the complete references may be looked up online at http: // Phasmida. SpeciesFile. org. The examined material listed above only contains specimens from the island of Morotai. The rich material from other islands available is only briefly summarized in the distribution section below. The examples at hand from Morotai are within the upper size range of this species (see measurements below). While there is almost no considerable morphological variability, ♀ in particular show a range of chromatic variation some of which is shown in figure 14. In colour they range from mid and dark green over olive and various shades of straw and oche to dark brown. Occasionally lighter specimens show sometimes somewhat lichenose mottling with darker tones. Most commonly encountered are plain light to mid brown specimens. The small scale-like alae range in colour from ochraceous light brown to almost black. A description of the egg based on examples from Morotai is presented below. Redtenbacher (1908: 483) cited body lengths of 74.0 - 90.0 mm for ♂ and 115.0 - 150.0 mm for ♀. The Morotai series at hand shows the following range of body lengths: ♂ 78.0 - 94.0 mm, ♀ 125.0 - 145.0 mm. In captivity in Europe this species has proven easy to rear. Stock from Morotai was introduced by M. Ortiz (France) in 2020 and previously stock from the Sangihe islands has been introduced by A. & C. Bauduin in 2007. The latter stock however was lost several years ago. The Morotaistock however is sturdy and reproducesin large numbers even becoming pest-like if no population control is conducted by limiting the number of eggs. Hatching rates are close to 100 % andthe mortality of nymphs is close to zero in humid conditions and average temperatures of 22 - 26 ° C. Both nymphs and adults like a daily spray of water and for breeding a fairly large cage with a height of at least 60 cm has proven suitable to give the large ♀ plenty of space to successfully conduct their final ecdysis. By using their appendicular ovipositor ♀ deposit their eggs in various substrates including soil, sand or mosses and dried loofah sponges have proven a well-accepted, suitable and easy to remove substrate for egg depository. At the average temperatures mentioned above the incubation of eggs takes about 12 - 16 weeks and nymphs reach maturity in about 5 - 6 months. In captivity O. xiphias is polyphagous and accepts a variety of alternative food plants including bramble (Rubus spp., Rosaceae), raspberry (Rubus idaeus, Rosaceae), will roses (Rosa spp., Rosaceae), hawthorn (Crategus monogyna & C. avellana, Rosaceae), hazel (Corylus avellana, Betulaceae), oak (Quercus robur, Q. petraea & Q. rubra, Fagaceae), beech (Fagus sylvatica, Fagaceae) and salal (Gaultheria shallon, Ericaceae) In captivity in Morotai O. xiphias is known to accept at least guava (Psidium guayava, Myrtaceae), while specimens in the wild were mostly found on Macaranga sp. (Anarcadiaceae) (pers. comm. Alim Yasin). Egg (Fig. 16 C-F): Elongate, bullet-shaped with the posterior portion of capsule tapering towards a narrow and rather pointed pole; round in cross-section and almost 3 x longer than wide or high. Entire capsule surface minutely granulose and covered by an irregular net-work of raised ridges. Anterior margin with a row of fimbriate appendages. Micropylar plate elongate, somewhat more than one-third the length of capsule, spear-shaped and gradually tapering towards a pointed anterior end; outer margin strongly bulgy and surface with a medio-longitudinal ridge, which starts directly above the micropylar cup and terminates just before the anterior tip of plate; almost 3 x longer than width at posterior end. Micropylar cup, small, cup-shaped and placed in medio-posterior gap of plate. Median line a prominent longitudinal bulge that reaches to the polar end of plate and terminates in an obtuse swelling. Operculum inserted into capsule at about a 10 ° angle, flat and with irregular radially directed ridges which meet in the centre and form an irregularly knob-like swelling. Colouration orangey or reddish mid to dark brown, more rarely dark grey. Measurements [mm]: Length 6.0 - 6.3, width 2.0 - 2.1, height 2.0 - 2.1, length of micropylar plate 2.0 - 2.2.	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
1F5A878C9256FFC9FC2EFA95FBDFDB29.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – Seram [NHMUK, NHMW]. Ambon [OUMNH, NHMW]. Halmahera [NHMW]. Bacan Island [ZMAS]; Tidor Island [NHMW]. Makian Island [coll. FH]. Buru, Mount Remaja, 200 - 350 m [coll. FH]. Ambelau Island [coll. FH]. North Sulawesi Prov., Sangihe Islands [coll. FH]. North Sulawesi Prov., Talaud Islands: Karakelong Island, Lobo [Günther, 1934: 79]; Salibabu Island, Liroeng [Günther, 1934: 79]. Raja Ampar Archipelago: Waigeo Island [coll. FH]; Misool Island [coll. FH]. New Guinea [NHMW]. New Guinea, Papua Barat Prov.: Fak- Fak [coll. FH]; Sorong [coll. FH]. Sumatra in error [Redtenbacher, 1908: 483].	en	Hennemann, Frank H., Tirant, Stéphane Le (2023): Stick and Leaf Insects of Morotai Island, Indonesia (Phasmatodea). Faunitaxys 11 (24): 1-28, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-11(24), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15376493
