identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
AED3C353E5245D4E8AFDD28B382216A2.text	AED3C353E5245D4E8AFDD28B382216A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acarospora anthracina K. Knudsen, Kocourk. & Kondrysova 2025	<div><p>Acarospora anthracina K. Knudsen, Kocourk. &amp; Kondrysová sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 2</p><p>Type.</p><p>U. S. A., Nevada, Lincoln Co., Mormon Mountains, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-114.457&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.937" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -114.457/lat 36.937)">N-facing cliffs WSW of Horse Springs, ca. 250 m E of peak x 7189, base of massive N-facing limestone cliffs, pinyon-juniper zone</a>, 36.937, -114.457, alt. 2100 m, on limestone, 10 Aug. 2019, J. Hollinger 23119 (holotype, Bry-L-0050241), J. Hollinger 23110 (topotype, BRY-L-0050234) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Similar to the calciphyte Sarcogyne urceolata in Europe and Africa, which is also lichenicolous. but with different sequence data and recovered in the Acarospora clade rather than in the Sarcogyne clade.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Its name refers to its black apothecia.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Thallus endolithic of hyphae mostly 2 µm wide, algae usually at base of apothecia in substrate, algal cells 5–10 µm wide in loose clusters, sometimes absent, especially beneath the smallest apothecia. Apothecia black, broadly attached, 0.1–0.4 (– 0.5) mm wide, rarely larger than 1.0 mm and replicating by division, 0.1–0.3 mm thick, smallest on hardest limestone. Margin entire in young apothecia, becoming knobby or uneven and / or segmented, irregular when apothecia replicating by division, in largest specimens ca. 100 µm wide, outer layer ca. 80 µm wide, carbonized, inner layer hyaline, hyphae 1–2 µm wide, sometimes 40 µm wide in smallest specimens. Disc black, rarely pruinose, without carbonized epihymenial accretions when young, usually forming one umbo, usually higher than margin, sometimes with gyrose structures. Hymenium (60 –) 80–100 µm tall, epihymenium black. Paraphyses 1–2 µm wide, apices barely expanded in black caps, hymenial gel IKI + dark blue, euamyloid. Asci 40–70 × 10–25 µm, ascospores variable 2.0–5.5 × 1.0–2.5 µm, sometimes globose 2 × 2 µm mixed with ellipsoid ascospores (n = 40), sometimes with an oil drop. Subhymenium 10–30 µm tall, IKI + blue. Hypothecium continuous with margin and endolithic thallus, hyphae mostly 2 µm thick. Pycnidia not observed. Not producing secondary metabolites.</p><p>Habitat and distribution.</p><p>On limestone and other calcareous rock in Arizona, California (White Mountains), Nevada, and Utah. Expected to have wider distribution in North America.</p><p>Additional specimens examined.</p><p>U. S. A., • Arizona, Mohave Co., Grand Canyon Parashant National Monument, 36.67, - 113.6311, alt. 1500 m, on limestone, 20 May 2003, K. G. Sweats 206 (ASU); • California, Mono Co., White Mountains, Patriarch Grove, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-118.198&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.5275" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -118.198/lat 37.5275)">Bristlecone Pine Forest</a>, 37.5275, -118.1980, alt. 3453 m, on dolomite rock chips, 17 Jul. 2002, S. Tucker 38026 (SBBG); • Colorado, Rio Blanco Co, BLM land southwest of Rangely, off CR 23, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-108.8641&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.9739" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -108.8641/lat 39.9739)">Piceance Basin, rocky steppe dominated by junipers</a>, 39.9739, -108.8641, 1874 m, on calcareous sandstone, 18 Apr. 2025, E. Manzitto-Tripp 11423 (COLO); • Nevada, Lincoln Co., Golden Gate Range, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-115.399&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.953" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -115.399/lat 37.953)">Continental Pass</a>, 37.953, -115.399, alt. 1650 m, on limestone, J. Hollinger 11031 &amp; N. Noell (BRY-L-0049261); • Highland Peak, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-114.586&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.899" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -114.586/lat 37.899)">north slope near top of western peak, massive limestone cliffs surrounded by Abies concolor - Pinus longaeva forest high on steep north slope</a>, 37.899, -114.586, alt. 2750 m, on ledge in limestone slot, 2 Jun 2016, J. Hollinger 12539, 12544 &amp; N. Noell (hb. H &amp; N); • Highland Peak, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-114.587&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.897" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -114.587/lat 37.897)">ridge to west of western peak, high limestone ridge with old Cercocarpus ledifolius forest</a>, 37.897, -114.587, alt. 2835 m, on vertical limestone cliff, 2 Jun 2016, J. Hollinger 12651, 12656, 12669 &amp; N. Noell (hb. H &amp; N); • Mount Irish, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-115.401&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.646" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -115.401/lat 37.646)">high on N ridge with some large limestone outcrops and open conifer forest with Abies concolor, Pinus longaeva, P. monophylla, Juniperus osteosperma, J. scopulorum and Artemisia nova</a>, 37.646, -115.401, alt. 2600 m, on limestone talus, 14 Jun 2016, J. Hollinger 13181 &amp; N. Noell (hb. H &amp; N), (BRY- L-0050241); • Pershing Co., Humboldt Range, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-118.1887&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.5482" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -118.1887/lat 40.5482)">Black Canyon</a>, 40.5482, -118.1887, alt. 2565 m, on limestone, 10 Oct. 2014, J. Hollinger 8156, 8157 (hb. H &amp; N); • Utah, Garfield Co., Aquarius Plateau, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-111.899&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.827" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -111.899/lat 37.827)">near head of Sweetwater Creek slopes of conifer woodland</a>, 37.827 -111.899. alt. 2650 m, on calcareous sandstone, 5 May 2017, J. Hollinger 17278, 17279 (hb. H &amp; N); • Grand Co., La Sal Range, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.2287&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.5008" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.2287/lat 38.5008)">Monti La Sal National Forest on Barrow Ridge</a>, 38.5008, -109.2287, alt. 3560 m, on calciferous sandstone, 21 Aug. 2018, S. Leavitt 18629 a (BRY-L-0051913); • Kane Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-111.1035&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.3015" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -111.1035/lat 37.3015)">Fifty Mile Bench, pinyon juniper woodland on N to NE-facing slope</a>, 37.3015 -111.1035, alt. 1930 m, on calcareous sandstone, 9 May 2017, J. Hollinger 17397 (hb. H &amp; N); • Millard Co., Pavant Mountains, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-112.2117&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.9263" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -112.2117/lat 38.9263)">side valley above Chalk Creek Canyon</a>, 38.9263, -112.2117, alt. 1994 m, outcrops of rocks, on limestone, 10 Sept. 2024, J. Kocourková 11551 &amp; K. Knudsen (hb. K &amp; K); • Chokecherry Creek, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-112.2026&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.9186" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -112.2026/lat 38.9186)">Fillmore Canyon Rd.</a>, 38.9186, -112.2026, alt. 2283 m, outcrops of rocks above creek valley, on limestone, 11 Sept. 2024, J. Kocourková 11553 &amp; K. Knudsen (hb. K &amp; K); • San Juan Co., La Sal Range, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.2321&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.4444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.2321/lat 38.4444)">Dark Canyon</a>, 38.4444, -109.2321. alt. 3500 m, on calcareous sandstone, 20. Aug. 2018. S. Leavitt 18541 (BRY-L-0051395); • Washington Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-113.655&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.513" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -113.655/lat 37.513)">Big Mountain</a>, 37.513, -113.655, alt. 2200 m, on calcareous sandstone, 21 Sept. 2015, J. Hollinger 19709 &amp; N. Noell (BRY-L-0052022) .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Sarcogyne anthracina differs from S. urceolata in usually having a higher hymenium (60 –) 80–100 vs. 60–80 µm, in not being lichenicolous, and in having different sequence data placing it in the Acarospora clade and not in the Sarcogyne clade (Thor et al. 2023).</p><p>There are many North American specimens in the Consortium of Lichen Herbaria identified as Sarcogyne urceolata, but this name was used for any specimen on limestone (CLN 2024). We do not consider S. urceolata as verified in North America. It could occur in the Holarctic flora of northern North America. At the same time, A. anthracina may occur throughout North America.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AED3C353E5245D4E8AFDD28B382216A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Knudsen, Kerry;Kocourková, Jana;Kondrysová, Eva;Pušová, Tereza;Hollinger, Jason;Leavitt, Steve;McCarthy, John;Jedličková, Lucie;Westberg, Martin	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
91DA771FEFF2555F8B80ED16FE271093.text	91DA771FEFF2555F8B80ED16FE271093.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acarospora aquatica K. Knudsen, Kocourk. & Kondrysova 2025	<div><p>Acarospora aquatica K. Knudsen, Kocourk. &amp; Kondrysová sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 3</p><p>Type.</p><p>U. S. A. • New York. Rockland Co., Harriman State Park, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.1247&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.1883" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.1247/lat 41.1883)">between Conklin Mountain and Wanaksink Lake, vicinity of Tuxedo Rock</a>, 41.1883, -74.1247, alt. 366 m, on quartz crystals on granite dome between Sphagnum depressions, 9 March 2008, J. C. Lendemer 11525 (NY-holotype) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Differing from Sarcogyne cyclocarpa in having a wetlands ecology and forming compound apothecial structures by replication through division.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named for its occurrence in swamps and wetlands, an unusual character in the family.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Thallus endolithic, algal layer usually visible at base of apothecia, algal cells 5–10 µm wide, often forming continuous layer below compound apothecia. Apothecia dispersed, becoming compound, ca. 0.2–0.4 mm wide, 0.2–0.3 mm thick, including the stipe, lower surface carbonized. Margin ca. 50 μm wide, outer layer carbonized, inner layer hyaline to light brownish color, widths variable, sometimes gobs of melanin build-up on the outer surface. Disc black with umbos and / or gyrose structures. Hymenium 100–125 µm tall, paraphyses 1–2 µm wide, apices barely expanded, hymenial gel IKI + blue to red, hemiamyloid. Asci 60–80 × 10–20 µm, ascospores 4–5 × 2 μm. Subhymenium 40–80 µm tall, IKI + blue. Hypothecium usually indistinct, continuous with endolithic thallus and margin of solitary apothecia or outer wall of compound apothecia. Pycnidia not observed. Not producing secondary metabolites.</p><p>Habitat and distribution.</p><p>On granite or quartz in granite, limestone, and Altamaha grit sandstone in wetlands in Connecticut, Georgia, New York, and West Virginia.</p><p>Additional specimens examined.</p><p>U. S. A. • Connecticut, Windham Co., Eastford, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.0547&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.8431" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.0547/lat 41.8431)">Natchaug State Park, Cat Den Swamp, red maple swamp, along Fayette Road</a>, 41.8431, -72.0547, no alt., on granite, 19 Sept. 2009, R. C. Harris 55703 (NY) ; • Georgia, Coffee Co., Broxton. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.8536&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.7422" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.8536/lat 31.7422)">Broxton Rocks TNC Preserve, High Point Outcrop. loblolly pine, water and blackjack oaks</a>, 31.7422, -82.8536, no alt., on Altamaha grit sandstone; 10 Jul. 2007, E. Lay s. n. (NY) ; • New York, Jefferson Co., Three Mile Creek Barrens, hardwood swamp forest, 44.13, - 76.1525. no alt, on adjacent alvar limestone pavements, 25 May 1997, R. C. Harris 40852 (NY) ; • West Virgina, Tuckerco Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.4808&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.1158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.4808/lat 39.1158)">Blackwater Falls State Park, open fields and wetlands</a> 39.1158, -79.4808, alt. 945 m, on rock, 23 Apr. 2001, R. C. Harris 44925 (NY) .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The species is probably occasionally submerged.</p><p>We first studied all specimens at NYBG in 2011 and published them as Polysporina cyclocarpa (Knudsen et al. 2011) . We did limited dissection of specimens in 2023 and 2024 at BYU to preserve specimens. We base ascospore data on our previous study (Knudsen et al. 2011). All the specimens were old, and sequences were only recovered from the holotype.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/91DA771FEFF2555F8B80ED16FE271093	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Knudsen, Kerry;Kocourková, Jana;Kondrysová, Eva;Pušová, Tereza;Hollinger, Jason;Leavitt, Steve;McCarthy, John;Jedličková, Lucie;Westberg, Martin	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
FC8814136452599E9E6CC11842A0DCA5.text	FC8814136452599E9E6CC11842A0DCA5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acarospora austrooccidentalis K. Knudsen, Kocourk. & Kondrysova 2025	<div><p>Acarospora austrooccidentalis K. Knudsen, Kocourk. &amp; Kondrysová sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 4</p><p>Type.</p><p>U. S. A. • New Mexico, Lincoln Co., Tularosa Basin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-106.0928&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.4863" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -106.0928/lat 33.4863)">Oscura, Road 54</a>, 33.4863, -106.0928, alt. 1475 m, SW-NE crest above the valley, southernmost hill, on soft acid sandstone, 14 March 2022, J. Kocourková 10842 (PRM-holotype, Hb. K &amp; K-isotype) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Similar to A. oscurensis but differs especially in not producing initially apothecia with a smooth margin and without epihymenial accretions and in not forming white stromata with pycnidia, in having ellipsoid ascospores (1.5 –) 4.0–4.6 (– 5.1) × (1.0 –) 2.0 (– 2.8) µm vs. globose to broadly ellipsoid ascospores (1 –) 2–3 (– 6) × 1.0–3.4 µm, and in having thinner paraphyses 1.0–1.5 (– 2.8) µm vs. (1.5 –) 2–2.5 (– 3.5) µm.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named for its southwestern distribution in North America.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Endolithic base or white ecorticate chasmolithic thallus in large-grained sandstone or with small white mycelial base, algal cells, 5–10 µm wide, scattered deep in substrate or sometimes below apothecia, sometimes forming a continuous algal layer between apothecia. Apothecia 0.5–1.6 mm wide, 0.3–0.4 mm tall, convex or not, sometimes compound with two hymenia, dispersed or occasionally forming clusters of apothecia with a mycelial base through replication by division. Margin segmented, usually in long linear sections at joints, 90–120 µm wide, outer layer carbonized, inner area hyaline, width variable, margin sometimes excluded. Disc black, usually gyrose with dense carbonized epihymenial accretions, often higher than margin. Hymenium (100 –) 120–150 µm tall, paraphyses 1.0–1.5 (– 2.5) µm wide, simple or slightly branched, non-anastomosed, apices unexpanded, hymenial gel IKI + dark blue, euamyloid, or turning pale blue and fading to pale green, or blue turning red in squash, hemiamyloid, not of diagnostic value. Asci variable from 100 × 10–40 to 40 × 15 µm in same hymenium, ellipsoid ascospores (1.5 –) 4.0–4.6 (– 5.1) × (1.0 –) 2.0 (– 2.8) µm (n = 40). Subhymenium 40–50 µm tall, IKI + dark blue, euamyloid. Hypothecium 20–100 µm tall, hyphae 1–2 µm wide or gelatinized and filled with substrate crystals, continuous with margin and endolithic thallus. No pycnidia observed. Not producing secondary metabolites.</p><p>Habitat and distribution.</p><p>Currently known from California, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah, on non-calcareous sandstone, occasionally calciferous sandstone. One specimen was collected on cracked granite. Several specimens were collected on calciferous volcanic tuff. It can occur with A. oscurensis, as it does at its type locality in New Mexico.</p><p>Additional specimens examined.</p><p>U. S. A. • Arizona, Yavapai Co., Coconino National Forest, Red Rock Ranger District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-111.7894&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.7907" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -111.7894/lat 34.7907)">Transept Trail, southwest-facing cliff</a>, 34.7907, -111.7894, alt. 1298 m, no date, G. Neil 609 a (ASU) ; • California, Tuolumne Co., edge of Emigrant Wilderness, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-119.333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.2916" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -119.333/lat 38.2916)">Huckelberry Trail through Kennedy Meadow, white pine, incense cedar</a>, 38.2916, -119.333, alt. 1950–2025 m, on a cracked granite rock, 14 Aug. 1989, B. Ryan 24540 - b (ASU) ; • Nevada, Lincoln Co. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-114.535&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.637" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -114.535/lat 37.637)">Antelope Canyon</a>, 37.637, -114.535, alt. 1500 m, on vertical quartzite outcrop, 30 Mar. 2016, J. Hollinger 11033 &amp; N. Noell (BRY-L-0049263) ; • Clover Mountain, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-114.4407&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.5958" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -114.4407/lat 37.5958)">Tepee Rocks, base of loose ash-tuff cliff</a>, 37.5958, -114.4407, alt. 1690 m, on ash-tuff, 31 May 2018, J. Hollinger 21365 (hb. H &amp; N) ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-115.6142&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.307" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -115.6142/lat 37.307)">Jumbled Hills, at base of east-facing ash-tuff cliff</a>, 37.3070, -115.6142, alt. 1514 m, on calciferous ash-tuff, 28 May 2018, N. Noell 3909, 3917 &amp; J. Hollinger, J. Hollinger 21350 &amp; N. Noel (hb. H &amp; N) ; • New Mexico, Lincoln Co., Tularosa Basin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-106.0928&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.4863" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -106.0928/lat 33.4863)">Oscura, Road 54</a>, 33.4863, -106.0928, alt. 1475 m, SW-NE crest above the valley, southernmost hill, on soft acid sandstone, 14 March 2022, J. Kocourková 10902, 11003 (hb. K &amp; K) ; • Utah, Emery Co., San Rafael Desert, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.1245&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.7087" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.1245/lat 38.7087)">vicinity of Three Canyons overlook, on sandstone on rim west of the Green River</a>, 38.7087, -110.1245, alt. 1320 m, 15 Apr. 2023, S. Leavitt et al. 23067, 23092 (BRY-C) ; • Kane Co., Glen Canyon Recreational Area, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.977&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.311" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.977/lat 37.311)">in Navajo sandstone canyon</a>, 37.311, -110.977, alt. 1160 m, on sandstone, 17 May 2019, S. Leavitt s. n. (BRY-L-0050518) ; • San Juan Co., Bears Ears National Monument, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.5003&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.9836" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.5003/lat 37.9836)">between the UT 211 Rd. and sandstone crest</a>, 37.9836, -109.5003, alt. 1869 m, thin juniper and shrubby pine vegetation on gently sloping terrain, on sandstone rocks, 22 Sept. 2024, J. Kocourková 11559 &amp; K. Knudsen (hb. K &amp; K) ; • La Sal Mountains, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.375&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.4532" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.375/lat 38.4532)">La Sal Loop Rd, top of small SW oriented crest</a>, 38.4532, -109.3750, alt. 1866 m, on HCl – sandstone, 21 Sept. 2024, J. Kocourková 11554 &amp; K. Knudsen (hb. K &amp; K) ; • Wayne Co., Capital Reef National Park, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-111.2159&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.2637" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -111.2159/lat 38.2637)">Cassidy Arch Trail</a>, 38.2637, -111.2159, no alt., on Navajo sandstone, 12 June 1992, Larry St. Clair 14030 (BRY-L-0030684) ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.213&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.2212" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.213/lat 38.2212)">ca. 2 miles from entrance to Maze District of Canyonlands National Park</a>, 38.2212, -110.2130, alt. 1948 m, on exposed sandstone bedrock, 9 April 2014, J. Hollinger 6321 &amp; N. Noell (hb. H &amp; N) • Highway 95, on sandstone, 3 Oct., 1986, J. W. Thomson (ASU) .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>High hymenium, thin paraphyses, and ellipsoid ascospores distinguish Acarospora austrooccidentalis . Acarospora oscurensis also has a high hymenium but differs in having globose to broadly ellipsoid ascospores and thicker paraphyses. Unfortunately, the ascospore size of the two species can overlap, with A. oscurensis sometimes having some ascospores that are not broadly ellipsoid but ellipsoid. Paraphyses width can also be a difficult character, as occasional specimens of both species can have a predominance of paraphyses 2 µm wide. Lichens did not evolve for lichenologists. Acarospora oscurensis also differs in having young apothecia with a smooth margin and a disc without carbonized epihymenial accretions as well as occasionally white stromata.</p><p>The specimens from the Jumbled Hills in Lincoln County, Nevada, on eroding calcareous tuff had the lowest hymenia at 100 µm high and formed a chasmolithic thallus from substrate erosion and were not as robust as specimens on large-grained HCl – sandstone (Noell 3909, 3917).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC8814136452599E9E6CC11842A0DCA5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Knudsen, Kerry;Kocourková, Jana;Kondrysová, Eva;Pušová, Tereza;Hollinger, Jason;Leavitt, Steve;McCarthy, John;Jedličková, Lucie;Westberg, Martin	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
2ECDB4AF8449529E8D76CB699ECA62E2.text	2ECDB4AF8449529E8D76CB699ECA62E2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acarospora minuta K. Knudsen, J. W. McCarthy & Kondrysova 2025	<div><p>Acarospora minuta K. Knudsen, J. W. McCarthy &amp; Kondrysová sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 5</p><p>Type.</p><p>Canada • Newfoundland and Labrador, Newfoundland, Western Newfoundland, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-58.6611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.5953" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -58.6611/lat 48.5953)">Port-au-Port East, Route 462, Pine Tree Road to the top of Table Mountain (south of Point-au-Mal), alpine coastal limestone barren</a>, 48.5953, -58.6611, alt. 345 m, on siliceous rock among limestone scree, 3 Aug. 2017, J. W. McCarthy 3347 &amp; C. McCarthy (CANL-holotype) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Similar to Polysporina limborinella in having small ascospores but differs in having an epilithic brown thallus and occurring in Canada and not in Switzerland (Nimis et al. 2018).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named for the small size of its ascospores.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Hypothallus endosubstratal, no algae observed. Thallus of dispersed thick brown areoles, beginning at base of apothecia and expanding to 1 mm wide and 300–400 μm thick. Upper surface shiny brown, epruinose. Epicortex up to 15 μm thick and continuous. Cortex 20–50 μm thick, narrow upper layer brown, less than 10 μm thick, lower layer hyaline, cells irregular in shape, 2–4 μm wide. Algal layer 80–100 μm thick, uninterrupted, algal cells 10–15 μm wide, continuous or not beneath apothecia. Medulla obscure, sometimes with a few scattered algal cells, hyphae 2–4 μm wide. Apothecia usually one per areole, occasionally two to six, 0.2–0.4 mm wide, 100–200 μm tall. Margin elevated up to 50 μm above the disc, dividing into four or five segments, thin, hyphae 1–2 μm wide, outer layer black 10 μm wide, inner layer hyaline. Disc black, with or without one umbo. Hymenium 90–140 μm tall, paraphyses 1 μm wide, apices unexpanded, some branching, often filled with oil drops, hymenial gel IKI + red or blue turning red in squash, hemiamyloid. Asci 45–60 × 15–20 µm, ascospores mostly 2–3 × 0.5–1.0 μm (n = 40), thin ellipsoid, sometimes oil drops, several hundred per ascus. Subhymenium 20–50 μm tall, IKI + blue. Hypothecium continuous with margin and thallus, sometimes distinct directly below apothecia, hyaline and narrow, sometimes golden yellow. No pycnidia observed. Not producing secondary metabolites.</p><p>Habitat and distribution.</p><p>Known only from two localities, growing on siliceous rocks among limestone on Table Mountain in western Newfoundland, Canada, and on mafic gabbro rock in Annieopsquotch Mountains in the southwestern interior of Newfoundland, Canada.</p><p>Additional specimens examined.</p><p>Canada • Newfoundland and Labrador, Newfoundland, Port-au-Port East, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-58.6542&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.601" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -58.6542/lat 48.601)">Route 462, Pine Tree Road to the top of Table Mountain (south of Point-au-Mal), limestone scree slopes along forested gully stream, alpine coastal limestone barren</a>, 48.601, -58.6542, alt. 250 m, on siliceous rock among limestone scree, 3 Aug. 2017, J. W. McCarthy 3346 &amp; C. McCarthy (NBM) ; • Port-au-Port East, Route 462, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-58.6611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.5953" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -58.6611/lat 48.5953)">Pine Tree Road to the top of Table Mountain (south of Point-au-Mal), alpine, coastal limestone barren</a>, 48.5953, -58.6611, alt. 345 m, on siliceous rock among limestone scree, 3 Aug. 2017, J. W. McCarthy 3348 &amp; C. McCarthy (NFLD) ; • Port-au-Port East, Route 462, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-58.6611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.5953" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -58.6611/lat 48.5953)">Pine Tree Road to the top of Table Mountain (south of Point-au-Mal), alpine, coastal limestone barren</a>, 48.5953, -58.6611, alt. 345 m, on siliceous rock among limestone scree, 3 Aug. 2017, J. W. McCarthy 3349 &amp; C. McCarthy (SBBG) ; • southwest Newfoundland, Burgeo Highway (Route 480), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.7051&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.2804" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.7051/lat 48.2804)">Annieopsquotch Mountains</a>, 48.2804, -57.7051, alt. 535 m, on mafic rock, 9 Oct. 2018, J. W. McCarthy 3751 &amp; C. McCarthy (CANL) .</p><p>Note.</p><p>Sequences were only recovered from one of several specimens we studied.</p><p>Two other species with carbonized epihymenial accretions have epilithic thalli, Sarcogyne albothallina in our key and Acarospora tasmaniensis, occurring in soil crusts in Tasmania. Other taxa may rarely have a chasmolithic or epilithic thallus, usually formed by exposure of endolithic thallus by erosion of substrate.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2ECDB4AF8449529E8D76CB699ECA62E2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Knudsen, Kerry;Kocourková, Jana;Kondrysová, Eva;Pušová, Tereza;Hollinger, Jason;Leavitt, Steve;McCarthy, John;Jedličková, Lucie;Westberg, Martin	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
2EB21C0FF6655CD88A5D1F9BA3D0227F.text	2EB21C0FF6655CD88A5D1F9BA3D0227F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acarospora oscurensis K. Knudsen, Kocour. & Kondrysova 2025	<div><p>Acarospora oscurensis K. Knudsen, Kocour. &amp; Kondrysová sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 6</p><p>Type.</p><p>U. S. A. • New Mexico, Lincoln Co., Tularosa Basin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-106.0928&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.4863" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -106.0928/lat 33.4863)">Oscura, Road 54</a>, 33.4863, -106.0928, alt. 1475 m, SW-NE crest above the valley, southernmost hill, on soft acid sandstone, 14. Mar. 2022, K. Knudsen 19438 &amp; J. Kocourková (SBBG-holotype) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Similar to Acarospora austrooccidentalis with a high hymenium, differing in having globose to broadly ellipsoid ascospores (1 –) 2–3 (– 6) × 1.0–3.4 µm vs. ellipsoid ascospores (1.5 –) 4.0–4.6 (– 5.1) × (1.0 –) 2.0 (– 2.8), thicker paraphyses (1.5 –) 2.0–2.5 (– 3.5) µm vs. 1.0–1.5 (– 2.0) µm, in occasionally producing white stromata, and with young apothecia often having in early development a smooth margin and lacking epihymenial accretions.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named for Oscura in the Tularosa Basin of the Chihuahuan Desert in New Mexico, where we first collected this species.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Thallus endolithic up to 0.2 mm deep, up to 5 cm wide, algal cells ca. 5–10 µm wide, algal layer variable, continuous below and between apothecia, the sandstone often spongy when wet to the touch, or discontinuous deep in substrate. Apothecia round to irregular, 0.3–1.3 mm wide, 0.4–0.5 mm tall, sometimes elevated on white mycelial base or emerging from white stromata. Margin thick, 100–250 µm wide, outer layer carbonized, inner layer reddish to hyaline, widths variable, hyphae 1–2 µm wide, rim smooth when young, slightly elevated above the disc, becoming segmented. Disc reddish-brown to black, at first usually without epihymenial accretions, then developing an umbo or several small dots of melanin, eventually dense and sometimes gyrose, excluding the margin. Hymenium (100 –) 120–150 (– 180) µm tall, epihymenium uneven (10 –) 20–30 µm tall, paraphyses (1.5 –) 2.0–2.5 (– 3.5) µm wide, branched and anastomosed, apices expanded to 4.5 µm with black pigment mark, hymenial gel IKI + light blue, turning red in squash, hemiamyloid. Asci 120–160 × 10–30 µm, often cylindrical, rarely becoming inflated, ascospores usually broadly ellipsoid, sometimes with small globose ascospores (1 –) 2–3 (– 6) × 1.0–3.4 µm, variable (n = 40), oil drops absent or one large oil drop, sometimes a second smaller one. Subhymenium up to 30 µm tall, IKI + blue. Hypothecium 20–30 µm tall, with hyphae 1–2 µm thick, continuous with margin. Occasionally with white stromata 100–300 µm wide, a black dot often on top and some scattered algae cells in a thalline wall around pycnidia. Pycnidia up to 200 µm across with long, thick conidiogenous cells 30 × 3 µm, producing abundant conidia 2–3 × 1 µm. Eventually producing a single apothecium from each stroma. Not producing secondary metabolites.</p><p>Habitat and distribution.</p><p>On acid and calciferous sandstone and volcanic ash in Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah.</p><p>Additional specimens examined.</p><p>U. S. A. • Arizona, Maricopa Co., Sierra Estrella Regional Park, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-112.3333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.2833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -112.3333/lat 33.2833)">Corgett Wash</a>, 33.2833, -112.3333, alt. 850 m, 20 Oct. 1974, T. H. Nash III (ASU) ; • Colorado, Garfield Co., Flat Tops Wilderness, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-107.4166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.8166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -107.4166/lat 39.8166)">forested area just above Crater Lake</a>, 39.8166, -107.4166, alt. 3140 m, on siliceous rocks, 24 June 1992, T. H. Nash III 31921 (ASU) ; • Nevada, Lincoln. Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-114.5827&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.4959" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -114.5827/lat 37.4959)">Rainbow Canyon, large volcanic ash formation</a>, 37.4959, -114.5827, alt. 1240 m, on sunny rhyolite ash, 13 Aug. 2019, Hollinger 23226 a (BRY-L-0052277) ; • New Mexico, Lincoln Co., Tularosa Basin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-106.0928&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.4863" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -106.0928/lat 33.4863)">Oscura</a>, 33.4863, -106.0928, alt. 1475 m, SW-NE crest above the valley, southernmost hill, on soft acid sandstone, 14 March 2022, J. Kocourková 10795 (3 specimens, hb. K &amp; K, SBBG) ; • 14 March 2022, J. Kocourková 10797 (2 specimens, hb. K &amp; K, BYU), 10852 (2 specimens, hb. K &amp; K, PRM); • Utah, Emery Co., 39.0945 -110.7392, alt. 1621 m, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.7392&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.0945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.7392/lat 39.0945)">in the “ Little Grand Canyon ” of San Rafael River</a>, south side of San Rafael River near sandstone butte above river on hard sandstone, 28 April 2023, S. Leavitt et al. 23124, 23126, 23129 (BRY-C) ; • 38.6839 -110.1695, alt. 1405 m, 15 April 2023, S. Leavitt et al. 23028, 23034 (BRY-C); • San Rafael Desert, vicinity of Three Canyons overlook, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.1245&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.7087" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.1245/lat 38.7087)">on sandstone on rim west of the Green River</a>, 38.7087, -110.1245, alt. 1320, 15 Apr. 2023, S. Leavitt et al. 23077 (BRY-C) ; • San Juan Co., Bears Ears National Monument, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.5003&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.9836" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.5003/lat 37.9836)">between the UT 211 Rd. and sandstone crest</a>, 37.9836, -109.5003, alt. 1869 m, thin juniper and shrubby pine vegetation on gently sloping area, on sandstone rocks, 22 Sept. 2024, J. Kocourková 11560 &amp; K. Knudsen (hb. K &amp; K), Knudsen 19532 &amp; J. Kocourková (SBBG) ; • La Sal Mts., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.375&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.4532" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.375/lat 38.4532)">La Sal Loop Rd, top of small SW oriented crest</a>, alt. 1866 m, 38.4532, -109.3750, on HCl – sandstone, 21 Sept. 2024, J. Kocourková 11512, 11556 &amp; K. Knudsen (hb. K &amp; K) ; • Wayne Co., Capital Reef National Park, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-111.2159&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.2637" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -111.2159/lat 38.2637)">Cassidy Arch Trail</a>, 38.2637, -111.2159, no alt., on Navajo sandstone, 12 June 1992, Larry St. Clair 14030 (BRY-L-0030690) .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The high hymenium and broadly ellipsoid ascospores are characteristic of Acarospora oscurensis, as well as the tendency to have thicker paraphyses than A. austrooccidentalis (see also discussion under the latter species).</p><p>Acarospora oscurensis, like Sarcogyne similis and S. poeltii, produces stromata that contain pycnidia but which eventually produce apothecia (Knudsen et al. 2011, picture of stromata of S. similis as the synonym A. reebiae). It differs from these two species in the stromata being white and not black. As with S. similis and S. poeltii, apothecia may also emerge directly from the endolithic thallus or form by replication by division. So far white stromata are rare in collections examined but common at the type locality. They usually occur when the thallus is continuous between apothecia.</p><p>The apothecia of Acarospora oscurensis often do not have a continuous endolithic algal layer between apothecia and are elevated by a white mycelial base (which is not a remnant of stromata) and can have a distinct algal layer directly beneath the hypothecium.</p><p>Acarospora oscurensis can be easily determined by its young apothecia initially having a smooth margin and lacking epihymenial accretions on non-calcareous sandstone. But in emergent apothecia in sandstone with a porous top layer of large grains, the apothecia may have already developed an umbo and / or segmenting margin before they are fully emergent.</p><p>Acarospora oscurensis can be misdetermined as A. leavittii, which can sometimes have all small, broadly ellipsoid ascospores that are not fully developed to 10 × 7 µm, which are released at any size during good habitat conditions for lichenization. But A. leavittii generally will have longer ascospores (3.5 –) 4.0–5.0 – 7.0 (– 10.0) × (2.0 –) 2.5–3.0 (– 5.0) µm vs. (1 –) 2–3 (– 4) × 1–3 µm and a deeper subhymenium up to 60 µm vs. up to 30 µm tall (Knudsen et al. 2022).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2EB21C0FF6655CD88A5D1F9BA3D0227F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Knudsen, Kerry;Kocourková, Jana;Kondrysová, Eva;Pušová, Tereza;Hollinger, Jason;Leavitt, Steve;McCarthy, John;Jedličková, Lucie;Westberg, Martin	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
6E35FACAA19D512EAFD4FDC2C894E147.text	6E35FACAA19D512EAFD4FDC2C894E147.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acarospora profusa K. Knudsen, Kocourk. & Kondrysova 2025	<div><p>Acarospora profusa K. Knudsen, Kocourk. &amp; Kondrysová sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 7</p><p>Type.</p><p>U. S. A. • Utah, Garfield Co., Box Death Hollow Wilderness Area, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-111.631&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.862" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -111.631/lat 37.862)">east of Pine Creek Road, on Middle Jurassic - Late Jurassic HCl-sandstone escarpments above Pine Creek</a>, 37.862, -111,631, alt. 1940 m, 20 May 2023, S. Leavitt 23203 (BRY-C-holotype), S. Leavitt 23187 (BRY-C, topotype) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Similar to Sarcogyne aquatica forming structures of compound apothecia but differing in forming aggregates of subdividing apothecia on a widening mycelial base, forming elevated fascicles on the end of interconnected “ stipes ” of vertical hyphae up to 0.3 mm high, continuing to replicate by division, and with up to 70 interconnected apothecia.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named for the profusion of thin ascospores and of interconnected apothecia.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Thallus endolithic, algal layer below the mycelial base of apothecia, algal cells mostly 5–7 µm wide. Apothecia 0.2–1.0 mm wide. Margin with or without distinct segmented margins, round to irregular, varying in width, 30–40 (– 100 µm), outer layer black, one cell to 30–50 µm wide, inner layer hyaline, sometimes excluded. Disc black, gyrose, no umbos, epihymenial accretions 30–40 µm tall. Apothecia solitary at first but quickly replicating by division, forming elevated fascicles up to 0.3 mm high of (2 –) 10–70 apothecia. Eventually the mycelial base replicates by division, separating one aggregate of apothecia from another aggregate of apothecia. The mycelial base is filled with crystals and formed by vertical hyphae mostly 1 µm wide becoming bundles of intertwined hyphae ca. 5 µm wide, forming “ stipes ” elevating apothecia. Hymenium (80 –) 100–120 µm tall, paraphyses 1–2 µm wide, apices in black gel caps, hymenial gel IKI + blue or red (if blue, turning red in squash), hemiamyloid. Asci thin, cylindrical to inflated, 100–90 × 10–20 µm, hundreds of ascospores, 1.0 × 1.0–1.5 µm, thin ellipsoid, sometimes with oil drop. Subhymenium indistinct, to 30 µm tall, IKI + blue. Hypothecium indistinct. No pycnidia observed. Apothecia and / or epilithic thallus. producing low amounts of norstictic acid, spot test either negative or K + faint yellow mist, not producing crystals, but positive in solvents A and C.</p><p>Habitat and distribution.</p><p>On non-calcareous sandstone in Utah.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Acarospora profusa is easily determined by the thin ascospores and the fascicles of up to 70 elevated apothecia on a mycelial base. The elevating “ stipes ” of apothecia are formed by the vertical hyphae of the mycelial base growing upward to elevate apothecia. Eventually the mycelial base splits, forming “ two islands ” of fasciculate apothecia.</p><p>Though Acarospora leavittii often has dispersed apothecia, it can sometimes form similar-looking aggregates of apothecia but differs from A. profusa in not being elevated and instead being directly attached to a communal mycelial base that is dividing. Acarospora leavittii also differs in not having thin ellipsoid ascospores but globose to broadly ellipsoid ascospores that can eventually become as large as 7 × 10 µm.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6E35FACAA19D512EAFD4FDC2C894E147	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Knudsen, Kerry;Kocourková, Jana;Kondrysová, Eva;Pušová, Tereza;Hollinger, Jason;Leavitt, Steve;McCarthy, John;Jedličková, Lucie;Westberg, Martin	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
