identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
1A17878BA37B7B7BFF69FBF78957FC99.text	1A17878BA37B7B7BFF69FBF78957FC99.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metacosma Kuznetzov 1985	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Metacosma Kuznetzov, 1985</p>
            <p> Type species:  Metacosma impolitana Kuznetzov, 1985 , by original designation and monotypy. </p>
            <p> Redesciption (excluding  M. miratorana ). Head: Antenna (Figs. 2, 3) in male with a notch near base. Labial palpus (Fig. 3) with second segment expanded distally by scales, roughly triangular, ascending; third segment short, porrect. Thorax: Forewing (Figs. 1, 7) long and narrow, without costal fold in male; M-stem and chorda absent; all veins present and separate beyond discal cell; R 3 approximated to R 4 at base. Hindwing (Figs. 1, 7–9) almost equal to forewing in width, with sparse cubital pecten. Hindwing in male with anal margin produced into a free elongate lobe with the outer edge folded upward and embracing a scale pencil from the base of the anal area (Figs. 1, 7, 8); M 2 and M 3 nearly approximated at base and from lower angle of discal cell, CuA 1 from lower margin of discal cell near angle. Abdomen: Hindmargin of S8 strongly bilobed in male (Fig. 11). Male genitalia (Fig. 10) with valva without basal process; cucullus with a bristled flap produced from dorsal margin near its apex, with one or two strong spines on the apex and three to six similar ones along the ventrodistal margin. Uncus a short process, often distally bifid. Socii elongate lobes with long setae, completely fused with diaphragma. Female genitalia (Figs. 12, 13) with S7 heavily sclerotized, wide, divided into three areas: raised, semicircular median plate and variously shaped lateral plates. Sterigma funnel-shaped, fused with folded posterior apex of S7 (ostium bursae behind S7) (Fig. 13: arrow). Ductus bursae with long, anteriorly bifurcate sclerotization in anterior 3/4. Corpus bursae ovate or rounded, spinulose except around signum, with two, rather small horn-shaped signa. </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Metacosma is characterized by the male hindwing with a free elongate fold embracing a scale pencil from the base of the anal area (Figs. 1, 7, 8); the cucullus with a bristled flap produced from dorsal margin near the apex and with one or two strong spines on the apex and three to six similar ones along the ventrodistal margin (Fig. 10); and the seventh sternite of the female consisting of raised, semicircular median plate and variously shaped lateral plates (Figs. 12, 13). All these character states appear to represent synapomorphies for members of the genus. </p>
            <p> The genus belongs to the  Spilonota group, an informal genus group proposed by Horak (2006), comprising  Eccoptocera Walsingham ,  Hendecasticha Meyrick ,  Hermenias Meyrick ,  Holocola Meyrick ,  Lepidunca Diakonoff ,  Parienia Berg ,  Protithona Meyrick ,  Spilonota Stephens ,  Strepsicrates Meyrick , and  Xenosocia Diakonoff. Metacosma shares with members of the  Spilonota group the following derived traits presented by Horak (2006): antennal notch in male, extended anal region in male hindwing with upturned anal margin folded over long scale pencil from base, funnel-shaped sterigma fused with S7, and a tendency for signa to be reduced or lost and bursa to become strongly spinulose. </p>
            <p> In addition to the above genera the North African  Cirrilaspeyresia Razowski (type species:  Euxanthis imbecillana Kennel ) may belong to the  Spilonota group and may be most closely allied to  Metacosma .  Cirrilaspeyresia imbecillana (Kennel) shares with the  Spilonota group the tendency towards reduction of the signa (absent in  C. imbecillana ) and the funnel-shaped sterigma fused with S7 (Razowski 1961: fig. 25), but in the drawing of the adult head the antenna has no notch at its base (Razowski, 1961: 675, fig. 3), though there is no indication of its sex. Moreover, this species is similar to members of  Metacosma in having the cucullus with strong spines along the outer and ventral margins (Razowski 1961: fig. 11). </p>
            <p> Prior to this report, five  Metacosma species were known mainly from North East Asia (see the checklist below). However, the generic assignment of  M. miratorana Kuznetzov is questionable, as no synapomorphies have been identified that would support this assignment, though the species is known only from males. Furthermore,  M. miratorana differs from the other species of  Metacosma in possessing semioval socii and long basal processes (Kuznetzov 1988: 629, fig. 21). Superficially it is reminiscent of some species of  Gypsonoma Meyrick (see also Nedoshivina 2010: 343, pl. 9, fig. 67). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1A17878BA37B7B7BFF69FBF78957FC99	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Komai, Furumi;Byun, Bong-Kyu;Yamazaki, Saburo	Komai, Furumi, Byun, Bong-Kyu, Yamazaki, Saburo (2018): Remarks on the genus Metacosma Kuznetzov, 1985 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae, Olethreutinae, Eucosmini), with description of a new species from Japan and Korea. Zootaxa 4527 (1): 131-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4527.1.11
1A17878BA3797B7AFF69FB048ADEF85D.text	1A17878BA3797B7AFF69FB048ADEF85D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metacosma Kuznetzov 1985	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Checklist of  Metacosma species </p>
            <p> Metacosma bifurcata Zhang, 2012 , Entomol. Fenn. 23: 1. </p>
            <p>Distribution. China (Zhejiang Province).</p>
            <p>Host plants. Unknown.</p>
            <p> Metacosma echinophora Komai, Byun &amp; Yamazaki ,  new species</p>
            <p>Distribution. Japan (Honshu, Ryukyu Islands), Korea.</p>
            <p> Host plants.  Pinaceae :  Pinus spp. </p>
            <p> Metacosma impolitana Kuznetzov, 1985 , Vestnik Zoologii 1985 (1): 3. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Russia (Primorsky Krai).</p>
            <p>Host plants. Unknown.</p>
            <p> Metacosma trapezia Zhang &amp; Li, 2009 , Entomotaxonomia 31(1): 30. </p>
            <p>Distribution. China (Hunan Province, Guizhou Province).</p>
            <p>Host plants. Unknown.</p>
            <p> Metacosma triangulata Zhang &amp; Li, 2009 , Entomotaxonomia 31(1): 30. </p>
            <p>Distribution. China (Anhui Province).</p>
            <p>Host plants. Unknown.</p>
            <p>Species incertae sedis</p>
            <p> Metacosma ?  miratorana Kuznetzov, 1988 , Entomol. Obozr. 67: 630. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Vietnam (Vinhphu Province).</p>
            <p>Host plants. Unknown.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1A17878BA3797B7AFF69FB048ADEF85D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Komai, Furumi;Byun, Bong-Kyu;Yamazaki, Saburo	Komai, Furumi, Byun, Bong-Kyu, Yamazaki, Saburo (2018): Remarks on the genus Metacosma Kuznetzov, 1985 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae, Olethreutinae, Eucosmini), with description of a new species from Japan and Korea. Zootaxa 4527 (1): 131-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4527.1.11
1A17878BA37E7B7EFF69FF788FA7FBB9.text	1A17878BA37E7B7EFF69FF788FA7FBB9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metacosma echinophora Komai & Byun & Yamazaki 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Metacosma echinophora Komai, Byun &amp; Yamazaki ,  new species</p>
            <p> Epinotia ? sp.: Issiki &amp; Mutuura, 1962, Publs Entomol. Lab. Univ. Osaka Prefect. 7: 4, no. 34 (list); Kobayashi, 1967, Forest Pests 16: 72, figs. 1–6; Kojima,1986, Ringyo to Yakuzai (98): 1, figs 1–7, tables 1–7. </p>
            <p> Metacosma sp.: Yamazaki, 1994, Forest Entomology: 255, figs 1.9–8 (adult), 1.9–9 (larval habitat); Oku, 2003, Trans. Iwate Entomol. Soc., suppl. 2: 119; Nasu, 2013, Standard Moths Japan 4: 258, fig. 4-34-43. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Metacosma echinophora can be distinguished from other species in the genus by the nearly right-angled sacculus, followed by a deep semicircular emargination in the ventral margin. This species is most similar to  M. impolitana Kuznetzov ; both have strong spines with a blunt tip in the cucullus and the median plate of the female seventh sternite semicircular, but the valva is more deeply emarginated in ventral margin and the sacculus is more angulate; the lateral plates of the female seventh sternite are more expanded with sinuate posterior margin. </p>
            <p>Description. Adult. Male (Figs. 1–3, 7, 8). Head: Vertex and frons glossy gray. Antenna glossy gray with a notch near base (Figs. 2, 3). Labial palpus glossy gray (scale tips paler); terminal segment short, covered by scales from second segment. Thorax: Dorsum dark gray (scale tips paler). Wingspan 8.5–10.5 mm. Forewing grayish brown, costa with four pairs of whitish strigulae beyond middle and with some indistinct ones before middle, costal strigulae emitting rather wide leaden fasciae; ocelloid patch edged by two leaden lines, inner edge longer than outer one; cilia glossy gray, with a grayish brown basal line. Hindwing brownish gray; cilia glossy gray, with a grayish brown basal line; free anal fold with a scale pencil as long as width of hindwing (Figs. 7, 8). Abdomen: Dorsum glossy gray, venter whitish. Male genitalia (Fig. 10) with tegumen rounded at top, densely covered with long deciduous scales along posterior margin. Uncus small, triangular, bifid distally. Socii elongate, lobes completely fused with diaphragma, less sclerotized proximally, with 14–20 long setae. Gnathos indicated by a weakly sclerotized band. Valva deeply constricted beyond middle by a semicircular ventral emargination; basal excavation ill-defined, reaching base of “neck;” neck with a patch of setae; basal process absent; cucullus ovate, sparsely bristled only along lower margin, with a densely bristled, long flap arising from dorsal margin near its apex and bent proximally, with one or two strong spines with a blunt tip on the apex and four to five similar ones along the lower margin; sacculus nearly right-angled distally. Juxta of rhombic shape; caulis moderately long with lateral flanges. Phallus weakly sinuate, gently narrowing distally; vesica with about 10 flattened and sinuate, deciduous cornuti.</p>
            <p>Female (Fig. 9). Head and Thorax: Similar to male, but without notch on antenna base and without anal fold; wingspan 8.5–10.5 mm. Abdomen: Female genitalia (Figs. 12, 13) with T8 weakly sclerotized (Fig. 13). Ovipositor lobes elliptical. Apophyses anteriores as long as apophyses posteriores. S7 heavily sclerotized, short and wide, divided into three parts (median plate and two lateral plates): median plate semicircular, raised, rounded posterior edge narrowly turned dorsally, forming a narrow folded rim; lateral plates elongated, with sinuate posterior edge. Sterigma funnel-shaped, fused with folded posterior apex of S7 (ostium bursae behind S7) (Fig. 13: arrow). Ductus bursae with long, anteriorly bifurcata sclerotization in anterior 3/4, posterior 1/4 membranous; ductus seminalis originating from anterior third of ductus bursae. Corpus bursae inverse pear-shaped, with two rather small hornshaped signa and with numerous spinules except around signa.</p>
            <p>Immature stages. Mature larva (Figs. 6, 14–18). Body length 7 mm. Head yellowish brown, with region of stemmata and postgenal juncture black. Prothoracic shield dark brown, darker posteriorly; medial sulcus distinct. Thoracic legs yellowish brown. Body grayish yellow, becoming tinged with red as the larva matures; surface sculpturing of integument spinulate, spinules darker, easily observed. Setal pinacula slightly darker than integument, inconspicuous, darker and evident on prothorax. Setae short. Spiracles small, circular. Ventral prolegs with 18–20 crochets, arranged in an unevenly uniordinal circle (Fig. 17); anal prolegs with 10–11 crochets. Tonofibrillary platelets (Fig. 17, arrow) present anterodorsal to ventral proleg on A3–A6 as a round or oval, darkly pigmented sclerite surrounded by non-pigmented sclerotic ring (see Komai 1999: 27 and Komai &amp; Nasu 2011: 277 for further explanation). Anal fork with six prongs (Fig. 18). Anal shield darker than body, with posterior edge medially convex (Fig. 15). Chaetotaxy (Figs. 14–16): SD2 on abdominal segments 1–7 on its own pinaculum. SV group trisetose on segments 3–6, bisetose on segments 7–9. On segment 9 D1 and SD1 on same pinaculum; L1, L2, and L3 on same pinaculum. On anal proleg area nine setae (L1, L2, L3, SV1, SV2, SV3, SV4, V1 and PP1) present. Pupa (Figs.19, 20). Body length 5 mm. Color yellowish brown. Head rounded. Frons bearing two pairs of setae. Abdominal segments 2–8 with two rows of dorsal spines. Tenth segment caudally with 8 hooked setae. Spiracles circular.</p>
            <p> Material examined.   Holotype. JAPAN: HONSHU: Nara Pref.:  Mt. Takatori , 34˚25ˊN, 135˚49ˊE, 500 m, ♂, 20.vii.1991 (F. Komai) (MNHAH)  .   Paratypes. JAPAN: HONSHU:  Specific locality unknown, 1♀, “Matsumemushi [pine bud worm], emerged 1.v.1961 ” (no further data) (OPU)  .   Iwate Pref.:  Kuzakai , 4♂, 9♀, 18.viii.1979 (Y. Nasu) (FKC)  ;   Morioka , 2♀, 16.viii.1979 (Y. Nasu) (FKC)  ,  2♀, 3.viii.1967 (T. Oku) (TOC) ;   Noda , 2♀, 2 empty pupal exuviae, emerged 29.vii–3.viii.1970 (no hostplant data) (H. Satoh) (TOC)  ;   Tsunagi, 1♀, 29.v.1966;  Hosono , 1♀, 18.viii.1969 (T. Oku) (TOC)  .   Nagano Pref.:  Kiso , 1♂, 2♀, 19.viii.1972 (F. Komai) (FKC)  .   Gifu Pref.:  Hikagedaira , 2♂, 10–12.vi.1980 (T. Tanabe) (FKC)  ,  2♂, 5.viii.1978 (F. Komai) (FKC) ;   Toki-shi,  Izumichō , 1♂, emerged 18.iii.2013, reared from  Pinus thunbergii (F. Komai) (FKC)  .   Wakayama Pref.:  Fujinami , 1♀, 6.viii.1976 (F. Komai) (FKC)  .   Osaka Pref.: Izumi-shi,  Mt. Makiosan , 1♀, 19.vii.1994 (T. Ueda) (MNHAH)  .   RYUKYU ISLANDS: Yakushima Is.:  Onoaida , 4♂, 2♀, 5–9.ix.1979 (Y. Nasu) (FKC)  ,  2♂, 19.ix.1978 (S. Moriuti) (OPU) ;   Nakama , 2♂, 2♀, 20–21.ix.1978 (S. Moriuti) (OPU)  .   Amami-oshima Is.: Uken-son,  Akatsuchiyama , 1♂, 26.v.2012 (F. Komai) (FKC)  ,  1♀, 28.viii.2012 (F. Komai) (FKC) .   Tokuno-shima Is.:  Mikyō-dake , 1♂, 7.xi.2016 (F. Komai) (FKC)  ,  1♀, 8.xi.2016 (F. Komai) (RUMF) .   Okinawa-jima Is.: Kunigami-son,  Ōkuni-bashi , 1♀, 8.vii.2012 (F. Komai) (FKC)  ;   Mt. Nagodake , 1♀, 5.x.2012 (F. Komai) (FKC)  .   Iriomote-jima Is.:  Funaura , 5♂, 23–28.iii.2001 (F. Komai) (FKC)  ,  1♂ 4♀, 24–25.vii.1995 (F. Komai) (FKC) ,  1♂, 25.vii.1995 (F. Komai) (RUMF) ;   Uehara , 1♀, 5.iv.1995 (F. Komai) (FKC)  .   SOUTH KOREA: Prov. Gyeongbuk: Bonghwa-gun:  Mt. Munsu , 8♂, 23♀, 19.viii.2011 (B.K. Byun), gen. slide no. 4115 (♂), 4114 (♀), 4355 (♀), 7♂, 17♀, 20.viii.2011 (B.K. Byun), gen. slide no. 4116 (♂), 2♂, 6♀, 16.ix.2011 (B.K. Byun) (SELHNU)  .   Prov. Jeollabuk:  Muju , 1♀, 13.viii.1975 (K.T. Park)  .   NORTH KOREA: Prov. South Pyongan: Pyongyan,  Hotel garden, 2♂, 1♀, 9–10.viii.1971 (S.  Horvatovich &amp; J.  Papp ), slide HNHMBBK084, 2♀, 4–5.viii.1971 (S. Horvatovich &amp; J. Papp), slide HNHMBBK088 (HNHM)  . </p>
            <p> Other material: Pupa. JAPAN: HONSHU: Gifu Pref., Toki-shi, Izumi-chō, 1♂, reared from larva in  Pinus thunbergii , fixed on 29.x.2012 (F. Komai) (FKC).   Larva. JAPAN: HONSHU: Gifu Pref., Toki-shi,  Izumi-chō , 1 ex, feeding in  Pinus densiflora , fixed on 21.ix.2013 (F. Komai) (FKC)  . </p>
            <p> Host plants.  Pinaceae :  Pinus densiflora Siebold et Zuccarini and  Pinus thunbergii Parlatore. The larva also feeds on cultivated  Pinus species in Japan, including  P. banksiana Lambert ,  P. sylvestris L.,  P. ponderosa Douglas ex C. Lawson , and  P. nigra Arnold (Kojima, 1986) . </p>
            <p>Biology. The early instar larva mines the base of needles, causing them to wither. After infesting two needles the larva spins a thick web among winter buds and bores into the basal region of a winter bud and sometimes a young cone. It inhabits the web shelter and deposits resin onto the surface of the shelter, forming a “resin dome” (Figs. 4, 5) (Kobayashi, 1967; Kojima, 1986). According to Kobayashi (1967), this species is univoltine, with the larva found from June to September, constructing a cocoon in leaf litter, pupating in autumn, and the adult on the wing in the following May to June. But the adults were collected in August in Iwate, Nagano, Gifu, and Wakayama Prefectures, in September on Yakushima Island, in October on Okinawa-jima Island, and in November on Tokunoshima Island. The larvae are very common on younger trees of less than five or six years old, but rare on mature trees (Kobayashi, 1967). Moths come to light.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Japan (Honshu, Ryukyu Islands) and Korea.</p>
            <p> Etymology. The specific epithet,  echinophora , refers to the strong spines on the cucullus. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1A17878BA37E7B7EFF69FF788FA7FBB9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Komai, Furumi;Byun, Bong-Kyu;Yamazaki, Saburo	Komai, Furumi, Byun, Bong-Kyu, Yamazaki, Saburo (2018): Remarks on the genus Metacosma Kuznetzov, 1985 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae, Olethreutinae, Eucosmini), with description of a new species from Japan and Korea. Zootaxa 4527 (1): 131-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4527.1.11
