identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
1AD8875287665E13979EEF9BCEFB30BF.text	1AD8875287665E13979EEF9BCEFB30BF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hexura picea Simon 1885	<div><p>Hexura picea Simon, 1885</p><p>Figs 4, 5, 6</p><p>Hexura picea Simon, 1885: 316 (male and female syntypes from “ Washington-Territory ”, deposited in the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France [not examined]); Simon 1903: 971, figs 1110–1111; Chamberlin and Ivie 1945: 550, figs 3–5; Gertsch and Platnick 1979: 25, figs 3, 31, 58–63, 67.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>USA – Oregon, Benton Co: • 1 ♂ (AMNH_IZC 00480903), Marys Peak, 8. iv. 1951, V. Roth leg. ; • 1 ♂, 3 ♀ (AMNH_IZC 00480908), Marys Peak, 9. v. 1985, K. W. Radtke leg. Washington, Cowlitz Co: • 2 juv. (HEX_012, HEX_013), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-122.2117&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.1105" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -122.2117/lat 46.1105)">Ape Cave Interpretative Site Trail</a> (46.1105, -122.2117), 653 m, 16. viii. 2024, A. Calatayud and E. Briggs leg. King Co: • 2 ♀, 3 juv. (AMNH_IZC 00480902), Renton, 30. iv. 1936, Exline leg. Pierce Co: • 1 ♀, 1 juv. (AMNH_IZC 00480906), near Mt Rainier, 6. viii. 1929, N. Chamberlin leg. Skamania Co: • 1 ♂, 2 juv. (HEX_004 –006), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-122.4347&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.994" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -122.4347/lat 45.994)">Lake Merwin Mountain, site 1</a> (45.9940, -122.4347), 412 m, 15. viii. 2024, A. Calatayud and E. Briggs leg. ; • 2 ♂, 3 juv. (HEX_007 –011), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-122.426&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.023" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -122.426/lat 46.023)">Lake Merwin Mountain, site 2</a> (46.0230, -122.4260), 815 m, 15. viii. 2024, A. Calatayud and E. Briggs leg. Thurston Co: • 2 juv. (AMNH_IZC 00480907), Olympia, 27. xii. 1931, Exline leg. ; • 1 ♀ (AMNH_IZC 00480904), Olympia, 31. iv. 1932, Exline leg. ; • 1 ♀ (AMNH_IZC 00480905), Olympia, vi. 1944, Exline leg.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Hexura picea is easily differentiated from H. rothi by having three pairs of spinnerets instead of two and proportionally shorter chelicerae (Figs 5 A, 5 B, 6 A). The tubular receptacles of female spermathecae are coiled and terminate in short, oval bulbs (Fig. 5 C). Males of H. picea differ from H. rothi in having: 1) larger clasping spines on leg I tibia positioned more apically (Fig. 6 D); 2) the presence of a ventral small spine patch beneath the apex of palpal tibia (Fig. 6 B, C); 3) incrassate palpal tibia (Fig. 6 C); and 4) palpal bulb with a heavy, curved conductor and fine embolus (Fig. 6 B, C, E). Males of H. picea differ from H. vandal sp. nov. in having: 1) a denser number of clasping spines on leg I tibia (Fig. 6 D); 2) a wider and shorter palpal tibia ventral spine patch (Fig. 6 B, C); 3) an incrassate palpal tibia (Fig. 6 C); and 4) a palpal bulb tip that is not bifurcated (Fig. 6 B, C).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Hexura picea can be found in the Cascade Mountains in Washington and Oregon and the Coastal Ranges, from the Siuslaw National Forest to the southern parts of Vancouver Island in Canada (Fig. 1 A).</p><p>Natural history.</p><p>Hexura picea is primarily associated with lowland to mid-elevation coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest, typically occurring in moist forest floor microhabitats between approximately 0–500 m elevation, with occasional records extending into montane forests up to ~ 1300 m. They are commonly found in cool, moist microhabitats, such as moss mats, leaf litter, rotten logs or riparian forest floors, where they build their typical funnel web. Mature males have been collected from spring (April) to early autumn (November). This species is sometimes sympatric with the miniature mygalomorph funnel-web spider Microhexura idahoana, which shares very similar microhabitats.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Hexura picea is widely distributed and commonly found throughout its distribution. In addition, the species is present in several protected areas such as Mt. Rainier National Park or Olympic National Park in Washington. Its conservation status is viewed as secure.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1AD8875287665E13979EEF9BCEFB30BF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Calatayud-Mascarell, Arnau;Briggs, Ethan J.;Hamilton, Chris A.	Calatayud-Mascarell, Arnau, Briggs, Ethan J., Hamilton, Chris A. (2026): Hidden in the woods: A new species of Hexura (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Antrodiaetidae) from a highly restricted range in Idaho. ZooKeys 1290: 339-355, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1290.200898
07FC7B8CEED152B7A1C46A033BC8AE25.text	07FC7B8CEED152B7A1C46A033BC8AE25.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hexura rothi Gertsch & Platnick 1979	<div><p>Hexura rothi Gertsch &amp; Platnick, 1979</p><p>Figs 7, 8</p><p>Hexura rothi Gertsch &amp; Platnick, 1979: 26, figs 64–66, 68–69 (male holotype and female paratype from McDonald Forest, north of Corvalis, Oregon, USA, in AMNH, New York, USA [examined]).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>USA – Oregon, Curry Co: • 2 ♂, 2 juv. (AMNH IZC 00357960), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-123.85639&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.60167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -123.85639/lat 42.60167)">Grants Pass</a> (42.58389, -123.89528), 1150 m ; 5 ♀, 4 juv. (AMNH IZC 00357963), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-123.85639&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.60167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -123.85639/lat 42.60167)">Grants Pass</a> (42.60167, -123.85639), 1250 m ; 1 ♂ (AMNH IZC 00357964), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-123.85639&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.60167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -123.85639/lat 42.60167)">Gold Beach</a>, 13. x. 1954, V. Roth leg. – Josephine Co: • 4 ♀, 5 juv. (AMNH IZC 00357961), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-123.85639&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.60167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -123.85639/lat 42.60167)">Grants Pass</a> (42.605, -123.78694), 1300 m ; 3 ♀, 1 juv. (AMNH IZC 00357962), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-123.85639&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.60167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -123.85639/lat 42.60167)">Cave Junction</a> (42.19444, -123.40361), 900 m. – Benton Co: • 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (holotype + paratype) (AMNH IZC 00357965), McDonald Forest, Marys Peak, 29. ix. 1959, V. Roth leg. – Marion Co: • 3 juv. (HEX_001 –003), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-122.638&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=44.8619" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -122.638/lat 44.8619)">Silver Falls State Park</a> (44.8619, -122.6380), 468 m, 15. viii. 2024, A. Calatayud and E. Briggs leg.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Hexura rothi differs from the other species in the genus by possessing only two pairs of spinnerets, the anterior lateral pair being completely absent (Figs 7 A, 7 B, 8 A). Hexura rothi can be further diagnosed by the tubular receptacles of female spermathecae being short, uncoiled and terminate in transparent, sub-oval pouches (Fig. 7 C). Males of the species can be differentiated by 1) possessing larger clasping spines of leg I tibia clustered near the base (Fig. 8 D); 2) the presence of only two large ventral spines on the palpal tibia (Fig. 8 B, C); and 3) a palpal bulb with the embolus conductor longer and thin and twisted at the apex (Fig. 8 B, C, E).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Hexura rothi is found in the Cascade Mountains and Coastal Ranges in southwestern Oregon (Fig. 1 A).</p><p>Natural history.</p><p>Hexura rothi occupies a broad coastal – montane gradient in southwestern Oregon, ranging from near-sea-level coastal forests to lower montane conifer systems up to ~ 1200 m. They are commonly found in cool, moist microhabitats, such as rotten logs, where the entrance of their typical funnel web can be seen from the outside (Fig. 2 C). Mature males have been collected in July, September, November and January.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Although this species is less common and presents a narrower distribution range than the northern species, H. picea, its conservation status is likely secure due to its presence in protected areas throughout its distribution range such as Crater Lake National Park in Oregon.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/07FC7B8CEED152B7A1C46A033BC8AE25	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Calatayud-Mascarell, Arnau;Briggs, Ethan J.;Hamilton, Chris A.	Calatayud-Mascarell, Arnau, Briggs, Ethan J., Hamilton, Chris A. (2026): Hidden in the woods: A new species of Hexura (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Antrodiaetidae) from a highly restricted range in Idaho. ZooKeys 1290: 339-355, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1290.200898
CB329210A3BD51E08FB28FEDE3FB8837.text	CB329210A3BD51E08FB28FEDE3FB8837.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hexura vandal Calatayud-Mascarell, Briggs & Hamilton 2026	<div><p>Hexura vandal Calatayud-Mascarell, Briggs &amp; Hamilton sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 9, 10, 11</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype: USA – Idaho, Idaho Co • ♂ holotype; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-115.5385&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.2143" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -115.5385/lat 46.2143)">Apgar Creek, N of Campground, Kooskia</a> (46.2143, -115.5385), 1050 m, 19. viii. 2025, A. Calatayud-Mascarell and E. Briggs leg.; HEX_036 ; Paratype: • ♀ paratype; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-115.6445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.3974" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -115.6445/lat 46.3974)">103 Rd, Weippe</a> (46.3974, -115.6445), 1300 m, 7. ix. 2025, A. Calatayud-Mascarell and C. Hamilton leg.; HEX_054 .</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>USA – Idaho, Idaho Co: • 4 ♀ (HEX_014 –017), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-115.5385&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.2143" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -115.5385/lat 46.2143)">Apgar Creek, N of Campground, Kooskia</a> (46.2143, -115.5385), 1050 m, 8. ix. 2024, A. Calatayud-Mascarell and E. Briggs leg. ; • 10 ♀, 2 juv. (HEX_018 –024, 026–029, 031), same locality (46.2143, -115.5385), 1050 m, 2. v. 2025, A. Calatayud-Mascarell and E. Briggs leg.; • 1 ♂, 4 ♀ (HEX_032 –036), same locality (46.2143, -115.5385), 1050 m, 19. viii. 2025, A. Calatayud-Mascarell and E. Briggs leg. – Clearwater Co: • 6 ♀, 2 juv. (HEX_037 –044), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-115.7195&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.3768" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -115.7195/lat 46.3768)">Lolo Creek, 103 Rd</a> (46.3768, -115.7195), 1200 m, 7. ix. 2025, A. Calatayud-Mascarell and C. Hamilton leg. ; • 10 ♀ (HEX_045 –054), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-115.6445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.3974" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -115.6445/lat 46.3974)">103 Rd, Weippe</a> (46.3974, -115.6445), 1300 m, 7. ix. 2025, A. Calatayud-Mascarell and C. Hamilton leg.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Hexura vandal sp. nov. can be easily differentiated from H. rothi by possessing three pairs of spinnerets instead of two, and proportionally shorter chelicerae (Figs 10 A, 10 B, 11 A). Females present a broad epigynal opening (Fig. 10 B) and the tubular receptacles of the spermathecae are very thin, long, twisted with many small and short horizontal projections and terminate in rhomboidal bulbs (Fig. 10 C). Males of H. vandal sp. nov. differ from H. rothi in having: 1) larger clasping spines on leg I tibia positioned more apically (Fig. 11 D); 2) the presence of a ventral small spine patch beneath the apex of palpal tibia (Fig. 11 B, C); and 3) a palpal bulb with a heavy, curved conductor and fine embolus bifurcated at the apex (Fig. 11 B, C). Males of H. vandal sp. nov. differ from H. picea in having: 1) a smaller number of clasping spines on leg I tibia equally distributed (Fig. 11 D); 2) a more narrow and longer palpal tibia ventral spine patch (Fig. 11 B, C); and 3) a bifurcated palpal bulb tip (Fig. 11 B, C, E).</p><p>Description of ♂ holotype.</p><p>(HEX_036; Fig. 11) Total length including chelicerae and spinnerets is 11.1 mm. Cephalothorax and chelicerae are light brown, with dark streaks from side margins running into the fovea. Appendages, spinnerets, and sternum are yellow cream. Abdomen dark brown with lighter abdominal tergites that cover almost the entire width and one-fourth of the length of the abdomen. Specimens look darker alive. Carapace is 3.2 mm long and 2.7 mm wide, glabrous, suboval dorsally with a rectangular projection at the eyes and eight subtle cephalic grooves, convex laterally. Fovea small and straight. Eyes set on small tubercle one-third width of anterior carapace. Clypeus short. Eyes: AME 0.14, PME 0.08, ALE 0.18, PLE 0.24; AME-AME 0.32, PME-PME 0.18, ALE-ALE 0.43, PLE-PLE 0.54, ALE-AME 0.11, ALE-PLE 0.23, AME-PLE 0.18, AME-PME 0.16, PME-PLE 0.12. Sternum 2.1 mm long, 1.52 mm wide, sparsely covered with hairs concentrated on lateral edges, sternal sigilla not obvious. Labium 0.51 mm long, 0.54 mm wide, with forward-projecting hairs. Endites 1.1 mm long, 0.62 mm wide. Chelicerae 1.3 mm long, 0.67 mm wide with a dense row of long spines on the internal margin, promargin with single row of 11 pale yellow teeth, black at the tip, with enlarged teeth near base fang. Leg formula 4213. Legs proportionally longer, thinner, with fewer spines on legs I and II; tibia I with seven evenly spaced stout spines ventrally. Leg measurements: Leg I: femur 2.7, width 0.94, patella 1.2, tibia 2.0, metatarsus 1.8, tarsus 1.6. Leg II: femur 2.6, width 0.9, patella 1.1, tibia 1.9, metatarsus 2.2, tarsus 1.9. Leg III: femur 2.5, width 0.8, patella 1.0, tibia 2.0, metatarsus 2.5, tarsus 1.8. Leg IV: femur 2.9, width 0.8, patella 1.2, tibia 2.6, metatarsus 3.3, tarsus 2.2. Palpal tibia 1.6 long, 0.7 wide. Palp with a heavy, curved conductor and fine embolus bifurcated at the apex, tibia with a long and narrow cluster of small spines beneath at apex. Abdomen 3.2 mm long, 2.2 mm wide, suboval. Posterior median spinnerets cylindrical, half the size of the anterior laterals, conical; posterior lateral spinnerets 3.8 mm long, tapering, three-segmented.</p><p>Description of ♀ paratype.</p><p>(HEX_054; Fig. 10) Total length including chelicerae and spinnerets is 13.1 mm. Coloration and structure essentially as in male. Carapace 3.7 long and 3.1 wide, glabrous, oval dorsally. Eyes: AME 0.15, PME 0.09, ALE 0.20, PLE 0.27; AME-AME 0.41, PME-PME 0.22, ALE-ALE 0.71, PLE-PLE 0.55, ALE-AME 0.15, ALE-PLE 0.27, AME-PLE 0.20, AME-PME 0.16, PME-PLE 0.14. Sternum 2.0 mm long, 1.7 mm wide, sparsely covered with hairs concentrated on lateral edges, with two sternal sigilla aligned with leg III coxa. Labium 0.67 mm long, 0.62 mm wide, with forward-projecting hairs. Endites 1.3 mm long, 0.85 mm wide. Chelicerae 1.4 mm long 1.0 mm wide with a row of a few long spines on the internal margin, promargin with nine small black teeth in single row, with enlarged teeth near base fang. Leg measurements. Leg I: femur 2.7, width 1.1, patella 1.2, tibia 1.9, metatarsus 1.7, tarsus 1.3. Leg II: femur 2.6, width 1.0, patella 1.2, tibia 1.7, metatarsus 1.7, tarsus 1.3. Leg III: femur 2.4, width 0.9, patella 1.0, tibia 1.7, metatarsus 2.1, tarsus 1.4. Leg IV: femur 2.9, width 0.9, patella 1.1, tibia 2.3, metatarsus 2.8, tarsus 1.4. Abdomen 4.6 mm long, 2.6 mm wide, suboval, with a broad epigynal opening. Spinnerets as in males. Spermathecae with the tubular receptacles of epigynum very thin, long, twisted with many small and short horizontal projections and terminate in rhomboidal bulbs.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Known only from the type locality near Kooskia, Idaho and surroundings localities in the Nez Perce National Forest north of the Lochsa River (Fig. 1).</p><p>Natural history.</p><p>Hexura vandal sp. nov. inhabits mid-elevation (1050–1300 m) mixed conifer forests with a dense fern understory. The microhabitats are found in cool, moist environments such as north-facing slopes, riparian zones, or shaded canyons. H. vandal sp. nov. build a dense funnel web inside or under rotten logs, or in the moss mat. The entrance of the funnel web can usually be seen from outside of their retreat. Males mature during summer (August, N = 2). Pedipalps of immature males are swollen, and they can molt several times before reaching maturity. Three females kept in captivity produced egg sacs in late May, a few weeks after collection, suggesting that spiderlings likely hatch during spring. Unfortunately, none of the egg sacs were viable.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet is a noun in apposition referring to the nickname “ Vandals ” adopted by the University of Idaho in 1917 after a student journalist, Harry Lloyd McCarty, described the men’s basketball team’s aggressive defense as “ vandalizing ” their opponents. Idaho is the only Division I university with this mascot, and this spider species is endemic to Idaho. The name honors the university, which provided partial funding for this study, and represents how the University of Idaho is the “ gem ” of the Gem State’s higher education system.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Hexura vandal sp. nov. occupies a very restricted distribution. Multiple sampling campaigns radiating out of its known distribution were not successful, limiting its known distribution to the type locality and the other two close localities. However, the area is fairly remote and is limited by forest roads that make it difficult to conduct comprehensive sampling throughout the region. Human activities such as logging are common throughout the area, representing a potential threat for the species, especially due to the lack of protected habitat. Wildfires are common in this region and increasing yearly. Additionally, wildfire season occurs during the mating season, resulting in a significant threat for the species in the future. Due to the combination of a small distribution range and its potential threats for future survival, the conservation status of H. vandal sp. nov. is threatened and likely endangered.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CB329210A3BD51E08FB28FEDE3FB8837	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Calatayud-Mascarell, Arnau;Briggs, Ethan J.;Hamilton, Chris A.	Calatayud-Mascarell, Arnau, Briggs, Ethan J., Hamilton, Chris A. (2026): Hidden in the woods: A new species of Hexura (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Antrodiaetidae) from a highly restricted range in Idaho. ZooKeys 1290: 339-355, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1290.200898
