identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03644D55757765F74C62ECFC8925ABFD.text	03644D55757765F74C62ECFC8925ABFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lucanus Scopoli 1763	<div><p>Lucanus Scopoli 1763</p><p>Compiled from data in Table 2.</p><p>Taiwan, Nantou County, Songgang, lat: 24.070333, long: 121.16717, elev: 2030; SG; (Table 2) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03644D55757765F74C62ECFC8925ABFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Shu-Ping;Tsai, Yu-Fang;Chien, Ting-Yang;Chung, Yi-Ting;Lai, Ching-Jung;Hou, Tsung-Hsien;Hwang, Chung-Chi	Wu, Shu-Ping, Tsai, Yu-Fang, Chien, Ting-Yang, Chung, Yi-Ting, Lai, Ching-Jung, Hou, Tsung-Hsien, Hwang, Chung-Chi (2026): Systematic revision and biogeography of the endemic Lucanus kanoi species complex (Coleoptera, Lucanidae) from Taiwan, with the description of a new subspecies. ZooKeys 1267: 77-117, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1267.160494
4877CE297123599AA6ACF92A0D04175B.text	4877CE297123599AA6ACF92A0D04175B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lucanus kanoi subsp. kanoi Kurosawa 1966	<div><p>Lucanus kanoi kanoi Kurosawa, 1966</p><p>Figs 1, 6</p><p>Lucanus kanoi Kurosawa, 1966: 339–344, pl. 1, figs 1–3. Wang 1990: 22 –24; Chang 1993: 50, pl. 22, I 3–1 – I 3 – 6, I 3–8 – 3–9; Wang 1994: 32 –35; Chang 2006: 46 –47; Mizunuma and Nagai 1994: 214, pl. 12, figs 100–1 – 5; Fujita 2010: 93, pl. 35, figs 234–1 – 7; Huang 2016: 112 –115; Chang 2024: 44 –45.</p><p>Lucanus kanoi kanoi Kurosawa, 1966: 339–344, pl. 1, figs 1–3. Huang and Chen 2010: 125–127, pl. 3, figs 11–16, pl. 4, fig. 60, pl. 15, figs 1, 2, pl. 29, fig. 1, pl. 40, figs 2, 3, pl. 51, fig. 17, pl. 55, fig. 8.</p><p>Type material examined.</p><p>Holotype. 1 male specimen, 52.22 mm, collected from Sungkang (today Songgang, Fig. 2, Table 1) by T. Shirôzu on Jun. 9, 1965. Deposited in NMNS, Tokyo (JP) (Fig. 1) . 1 female allotype specimen; 6 males and 1 female paratype specimens, all type specimens were collected from the type locality (Kurosawa 1966).</p><p>Additional material.</p><p>A total of 359 males (39.92 ± 4.77 mm, min-max 30–57 mm) and 48 females (32.39 ± 3.93 mm, min-max 24.58–43.97 mm) specimens collected from 10 localities were examined in this study including 35 individuals (31 male and 4 female) from the type locality (Fig. 2, Table 1). Variation of body size and color are presented in Fig. 6 and Table 3.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>A moderately sized species of Lucanus, with the elytra brown to reddish or blackish in coloration. Sexual dimorphism is pronounced. Males measure 30.0–57.0 mm in body length, while females range from 24.58–43.97 mm. Males possess relatively short, robust mandibles with sharp apical teeth. The ventral surface is blackish with sparse fine hairs; legs are typically blackish, although a few individuals exhibit a yellowish to dark orange patch on the underside of the femora. Females have short mandibles, dark-brown to blackish elytra, and blackish femora. The species is primarily distributed in central Taiwan, with one population extending northward to Mt. Lalashan and its surrounding areas, including Mt. Tamanshan (Fig. 2, Table 2).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male. 30.0–57.0 mm; female. 24.58–43.97 mm (Kurosawa 1966; Chang 2006; Huang and Chen 2010; Chang 2024; this study; Table 3). The coloration of the body, external morphology, and genital anatomy are illustrated in Figs 3, 6, and Table 3. Approximately 20.9 % of males (75 of 359 individuals, including the holotype) exhibit a yellowish to orange plaque on the underside of the femora. However, this trait is variable and not sufficiently stable to serve as a reliable taxonomic character. Therefore, the presence of this plaque is regarded as an intraspecific variation within the species and its closely related taxa (Fig. 6, Table 3).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>The species is mainly distributed in central Taiwan, with one population extending northward to Mt. Lalashan and its surrounding areas, including Mt. Tamanshan (Fig. 2, Table 2). Another recently discovered small population restricted to the high-elevation area of Mt. Beidawushan in southern Taiwan is described below as a new subspecies of L. kanoi .</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>This species inhabits primary broad-leaved forests at mid- to high elevations between 1800 and 2100 m (Fig. 2, Table 2). Adults are primarily active during June. By comparing the monthly average temperature isotherm in June with the altitudinal range of the species, it is inferred that this stag beetle tends to inhabit cooler environments (Suppl. material 8).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Not evaluated (NE).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The systematic status of L. kanoi is consistent as belonging to a valid species. Previous literature identified the northern population of L. kanoi from Mt. Lalashan as belonging to the subspecies L. kanoi piceus (revised as L. piceus in this study). Based on molecular phylogenetic evidence, this long-standing misidentification is corrected in this work. Populations from Mt. Lalashan and the nearby Mt. Tamanshan should be assigned to L. k. kanoi (sensu stricto) rather than to L. piceus (Figs 2, 5, Suppl. material 6).</p><p>Compiled from data in Table 2.</p><p>Taiwan, Taoyuan City, Mt. Lalashan, lat: 24.730667, long: 121.434166, elev: 2031; LLS; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Taoyuan City, Mt. Fufushan, lat: 24.725, long: 121.402336, elev: 1870; FFS; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Taoyuan City, Mt. Tamanshan, lat: 24.7, long: 121.43217, elev: 1800; TMS; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Hsinchu County, Mt. Lidongshan, lat: 24.693, long: 121.303665, elev: 1914; LDS; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Hsinchu County, Mt. Shimatashan, lat: 24.6255, long: 121.24983, elev: 1942; SMTS; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Nantou County, Meifeng, lat: 24.090166, long: 121.174, elev: 2100; MF; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Nantou County, Qingjing Farm, lat: 24.058167, long: 121.1625, elev: 1900; QJ; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Nantou County, Tunyuan, lat: 24.051, long: 121.21533, elev: 2020; TY; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Nantou County, Jyunda logging-trail, lat: 23.626, long: 120.91817, elev: 1990; JD; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Nantou County, Shalisian Logging-trail, lat: 23.529, long: 120.904335, elev: 1910; SLS; (Table 2) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4877CE297123599AA6ACF92A0D04175B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Shu-Ping;Tsai, Yu-Fang;Chien, Ting-Yang;Chung, Yi-Ting;Lai, Ching-Jung;Hou, Tsung-Hsien;Hwang, Chung-Chi	Wu, Shu-Ping, Tsai, Yu-Fang, Chien, Ting-Yang, Chung, Yi-Ting, Lai, Ching-Jung, Hou, Tsung-Hsien, Hwang, Chung-Chi (2026): Systematic revision and biogeography of the endemic Lucanus kanoi species complex (Coleoptera, Lucanidae) from Taiwan, with the description of a new subspecies. ZooKeys 1267: 77-117, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1267.160494
B85B1799021B56BFB08E525FF4EBA7F1.text	B85B1799021B56BFB08E525FF4EBA7F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lucanus kanoi subsp. kavulunganus Wu & Tsai & Chien & Chung & Lai & Hou & Hwang 2026	<div><p>Lucanus kanoi kavulunganus subsp. nov.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. An adult male (Fig. 8 A, B), 41.44 mm, collected on <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.742165&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.6155" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.742165/lat 22.6155)">Kuaigu</a>, 2140 m elevation, Mt. Beidawushan, Pingtung County, Taiwan (Fig. 2; Table 2; 22°36.93'N, 120°44.53'E), 20 June 2023 by Ting-Yang Chien, Yi-Ting Chung, Zong-Yu He and Jing-Jie Lo. Deposited in Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI, Wufeng, Taiwan) . Paratypes. Paratype 1, an adult male with the femur orange plaque, 36.65 mm (Fig. 8 C, D). Collected in type locality 18 June 2024 by Yu-Fang Tsai. Deposited in Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI, Wufeng, Taiwan) . Paratype 2, an adult female, 35.50 mm, (Fig. 8 E, F). Collected in type locality 6 June 2024 by Yu-Fang Tsai. Deposited in Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI, Wufeng, Taiwan) . A total of 44 specimens (37 males and 7 females) are designated as paratypes in this study. All paratypes were collected from the type locality. The sampling periods and numbers of specimens collected are as follows: 7 June 2014, 2 males 1 female; 25 June 2018, 8 males 1 female; 27 June 2022, 4 males 1 female; 20 June 2023, 3 males 2 females; 6 June 2024, 3 males 1 female; 9 June 2024, 3 males; 18 June 2024, 9 males; 22 June 2024, 2 males; 23 June 2024, 4 males 1 female. The specimens are deposited in the Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI), the Biological Museum of the University of Taipei (BMUT), and will be transferred to other museums later.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>A moderately sized species of Lucanus . Males measure 36.22 ± 3.69 mm in body length (range: 28.07–46.79 mm; n = 38), while females measure 34.53 ± 2.44 mm (range: 30.90–37.17 mm; n = 7). This species is morphologically similar to L. kanoi kanoi, but males are slightly smaller and females slightly larger. The molecular phylogenetics based on the two mtDNA markers showed an early divergence of the subspecies from L. kanoi kanoi (Suppl. material 7).</p><p>Male. Clypeolabrum shorter and broader than in L. kanoi kanoi, with the labrum clearly separated from the clypeus laterally. Lateral angles of clypeus distinct; frontal ridge indistinct. Elytra glossy, predominantly blackish; a few individuals are reddish brown. Mandibles straight, slightly incurved inward, with a distinct basal tooth positioned close to the base and clearly separated from the adjacent tooth, the basal tooth of the mandible is situated approximately at the basal 1 / 3–1 / 4 of its length. Ventral surface between meso- and metacoxae covered with dense, short, yellowish pubescence. Legs blackish to dark brown, matching the coloration of the ventral body surface. A minority of individuals (12 / 38; 31.6 %) exhibit a yellowish to dark orange plaque on the ventral side of the femora, but this trait is inconsistent and not taxonomically informative (Figs 8, 9, Table 3, Suppl. material 1).</p><p>Female. Externally similar to L. kanoi kanoi . Anterior angles of head sharp and distinct. Inner tooth of left mandible single-pointed. Posterior margin of canthus inconspicuous. Head punctation coarse and distinct. Elytra matte, blackish to dark brown. Pronotum not widened at anterior third; evenly rounded anteriorly. Metasternum covered with short pubescence. Femora uniformly dark, lacking the yellowish to orange plaque observed in some males (Figs 8 E, 8 F, 9 C, 9 D).</p><p>Genitalia. Male. In dorsal view, the cephalic process of the paramere is stout. The apical duct and basal belt of the flagellum together measure ~ 1.4 times in length. The ventral plate of the basal piece is well developed and elongate, exhibiting a shallow median concavity and extending distinctly beyond the caudal margin of the basal piece. The ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment is markedly constricted anterior to the caudal expansion. The flagellum is comparable in length to that of L. k. kanoi or L. piceus . In lateral view, the apex of the paramere is not emarginate (Fig. 3, Table 3).</p><p>Female. Female genitalia do not exhibit significant differences from those of closely related species, including L. k. kanoi, L. piceus, and L. ogakii (Huang and Chen 2010) . The spermathecal duct is ~ 2.5 × the length of the spermatheca and 1.5 × the length of the hemisternite. The spermatheca, which is sclerotized, measures 0.5–0.7 × the length of the hemisternite. The spermathecal duct is weakly sclerotized. The spermathecal gland is distinctly broader than the spermatheca and nearly equal in length. The central portion of the ninth tergite is weakly to strongly produced posteriorly. The lateral angles of the terminal abdominal tergite are indistinct, and the terminal abdominal ventrite is medially excavated.</p><p>Description.</p><p>This subspecies, L. kanoi kavulunganus is very similar to L. kanoi kanoi but slightly smaller. General morphological characteristics, genital anatomy, and color variation are shown in Figs 3, 8, 9, Table 3. The “ odd ” orange plaque on the femur of male individuals (see description of related taxa in this article) has the highest occurrence rate, with more than 30 % of males (31.58 %, 12 of 38) exhibiting this characteristic, although this feature is not a reliable basis for taxonomy (Fig. 9, Table 3, Suppl. material 1).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The name kavulunganus refers to the type locality of this species, Mt. Beidawushan. “ Kavulungan ” is the name given to Mt. Beidawushan by the indigenous Paiwan people.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>This small subspecies of L. kanoi is currently known to be distributed only in the highland primeval broad-leaved forest areas near Kuaigu on Mt. Beidawushan, with an altitude range of ca 2000 to 2200 meters a. s. l. (Fig. 2, Table 2).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>Adults are primarily active in June. By comparing the monthly average temperature isotherms for June with the species’ altitudinal range, it is inferred that this stag beetle tends to inhabit cooler environments (Suppl. material 8).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Not evaluated (NE).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Based on observations and descriptions from climbers, it is believed that this subspecies is also present on Mt. Nandawushan (Pinayuanan: Itamilimilingan), though confirmation is needed.</p><p>Compiled from data in Table 2.</p><p>Taiwan, Pingtung County, Mt. Beidawushan, lat: 22.6155, long: 120.742165, elev: 2140; BDW; (Table 2) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B85B1799021B56BFB08E525FF4EBA7F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Shu-Ping;Tsai, Yu-Fang;Chien, Ting-Yang;Chung, Yi-Ting;Lai, Ching-Jung;Hou, Tsung-Hsien;Hwang, Chung-Chi	Wu, Shu-Ping, Tsai, Yu-Fang, Chien, Ting-Yang, Chung, Yi-Ting, Lai, Ching-Jung, Hou, Tsung-Hsien, Hwang, Chung-Chi (2026): Systematic revision and biogeography of the endemic Lucanus kanoi species complex (Coleoptera, Lucanidae) from Taiwan, with the description of a new subspecies. ZooKeys 1267: 77-117, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1267.160494
FBF0CC70D01F5F9EBB2585AC11AD0F53.text	FBF0CC70D01F5F9EBB2585AC11AD0F53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lucanus ogakii Imanishi 1990	<div><p>Lucanus ogakii Imanishi, 1990</p><p>Fig. 10</p><p>Lucanus ogakii Imanishi, 1990: 15–18, figs 1, 2, 2 a, 3. Chang 1993: 54, pl. 24, figs I 7–1 – I 4; Mizunuma and Nagai 1994: 214, pl. 12, figs 101–1 – 5; Chang 2006: 48 –49; Fujita 2010: 93 –94, pl. 35, fig. 236–1 – 4; Huang 2016: 128 –131; Chang 2024: 46 –47.</p><p>Lucanus masumotoi Hirasawa &amp; Akiyama, 1990: 53–58, pl. 5 figs 9–11, pl. 6 figs 14, 16, pl. 6 figs 14, 16. Wang 1994: 40 –43.</p><p>Lucanus kanoi ogakii Imanishi, 1990: 15–18, figs 1, 2, 2 a, 3. Huang and Chen 2010: 129–132, pl. 3 figs 22–26, pl. 4 fig. 62, pl. 15 fig. 5, pl. 29 fig. 3, pl. 40 fig. 4, pl. 51 fig. 11, pl. 55 fig. 4.</p><p>Subspecies.</p><p>Lucanus ogakii chuyunshanus (Sakaino &amp; Yu, 1993): 15–16, figs 7, 8. Tsai and Yeh 2016: p. 3, 8, 9, 12, 16.</p><p>= Lucanus masumotoi chuyunshanus Sakaino &amp; Yu, 1993: 15–16, figs 7, 8.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>A total of 254 males (33.39 ± 3.34 mm, min-max 25.04–42.53 mm) and 41 females (30.82 ± 3.48 mm, min-max 23.93–38.99 mm) specimens collected from 6 localities were examined in this study including 9 individuals (8 males and 1 female) from the type locality (Fig. 2, Table 2). Variation of body size is presented in Fig. 10 and Table 3.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>A moderate to small-sized Lucanus, with a male body length averaging 33.39 ± 3.34 mm (range: 25.04–42.53 mm, n = 254), and a female body length averaging 30.82 ± 3.48 mm (range: 23.93–38.99 mm, n = 41). This taxon is similar to L. k. kanoi and L. piceus but generally smaller. The species is blackish in color and is distributed on the eastern side of the central mountain range, from Hualien to Taitung County.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Body length. Male: 24.53–45.72 mm; Female: 23.93–38.99 mm (Kurosawa 1966; Chang 2006; Huang and Chen 2010; Chang 2024; this study; Table 3). Most individuals exhibit dark, blackish body coloration, although reddish individuals are also present. The legs and femora of males are black, with a very rare occurrence of a yellowish to orange plaque on the femur (Huang 2016). The color, external morphology, and anatomy of the genitalia are shown in Figs 3, 10, and Table 3.</p><p>A very rare characteristic (&lt;2 %, 3 of 246 specimens in this study) is the presence of a yellowish to orange plaque on the femur of males, but this feature is not a stable morphological trait and cannot be used for taxonomic classification. Therefore, this plaque can only be regarded as a trait variation within the species and its related taxa (Fig. 10, Table 3, Suppl. material 1).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>This species inhabits primary broad-leaved forests at mid-to-high altitudes between 1960 and 2564 meters, and is distributed on the eastern side of the central mountain range, from Hualien to Taitung County (Fig. 2, Table 2).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>Adults are primarily active from late May to June. By comparing the monthly average temperature isotherms for June with the species’ altitudinal range, it is inferred that this stag beetle tends to inhabit cooler environments (Suppl. material 8).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Not evaluated (NE).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>In the original article on the subspecies L. ogakii chuyunshanus, Sakaino and Yu (1993) emphasized that the major distinguishing characteristic between L. ogakii (then referred to as L. masumotoi) and this subspecies was the yellowish plaque on the femur (Sakaino and Yu 1993). However, the two male specimens of L. ogakii chuyunshanus examined in MSME do not possess this characteristic (Suppl. material 4 B, D). Therefore, neither of these two male specimens of L. ogakii chuyunshanus that lack original labels can be regarded as the type specimen designated in the original article by Sakaino and Yu (1993).</p><p>The Lucanus kanoi species complex examined in this study can be distinguished using the dichotomous key provided below. This key is based on external characters of the type specimens of L. kanoi (L. k. kanoi, sensu stricto in this study), L. piceus stat. nov. (formerly L. k. piceus), and L. kanoi kavulunganus subsp. nov. Additional examined specimens and their diagnostic characters are summarized in Table 3 and presented in Suppl. materials 1, 3.</p><p>Compiled from data in Table 2.</p><p>Taiwan, Hualien County, Bilu Sacred Tree, lat: 24.180834, long: 121.403336, elev: 2180; BL; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Hualien County, Tzuen, lat: 24.1905, long: 121.389, elev: 1960; TE; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Hualien County, Guanyuan, lat: 24.185, long: 121.34167, elev: 2330; GY; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Hualien County, Dayuling, lat: 24.180834, long: 121.31, elev: 2564; DYL; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Hualien County, Pingfeng cabin, lat: 24.163, long: 121.325165, elev: 2062; PFC; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Hualien County, Ruisui logging-trail, lat: 23.530333, long: 121.2635, elev: 2020; RS; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Taitung County, Siangyang, lat: 23.2485, long: 120.98683, elev: 2280; SY; (Table 2) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FBF0CC70D01F5F9EBB2585AC11AD0F53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Shu-Ping;Tsai, Yu-Fang;Chien, Ting-Yang;Chung, Yi-Ting;Lai, Ching-Jung;Hou, Tsung-Hsien;Hwang, Chung-Chi	Wu, Shu-Ping, Tsai, Yu-Fang, Chien, Ting-Yang, Chung, Yi-Ting, Lai, Ching-Jung, Hou, Tsung-Hsien, Hwang, Chung-Chi (2026): Systematic revision and biogeography of the endemic Lucanus kanoi species complex (Coleoptera, Lucanidae) from Taiwan, with the description of a new subspecies. ZooKeys 1267: 77-117, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1267.160494
4DB75A6A48485D6A8A73755B9370C2EF.text	4DB75A6A48485D6A8A73755B9370C2EF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lucanus piceus (Kurosawa 1966) Kurosawa 1966	<div><p>Lucanus piceus Kurosawa, 1966 stat. nov.</p><p>Figs 1, 7</p><p>Lucanus kanoi piceus Kurosawa, 1966: 342, pl. 1, fig. 4. Chang 1993: 50, pl. 22, I 3–7; Mizunuma and Nagai 1994: 214, pl. 12, figs 100–6 – 7; Chang 2006: 46 –47; Fujita 2010: 93, pl. 35, fig. 234–8 – 12; Huang and Chen 2010: 127 –129, pl. 3, figs 17–21, pl. 4, fig. 61, pl. 15, fig. 4, pl. 29, fig. 2, pl. 40, figs 6–15, pl. 51, fig. 18, pl. 55, fig. 9; Huang 2016: 116 –119; Chang 2024: 45.</p><p>Type material examined.</p><p>Holotype. 1 male specimen, 42.88 mm, collected from type locality Kuhsha (today Siji, Fig. 2, Table 1) by T. Kano 9 Jul. 1926. Deposited in NMNS (JP) (Fig. 1) .</p><p>Additional material.</p><p>A total of 228 males (38.17 ± 4.48 mm, min-max 28.15–51.05 mm) and 33 females (33.82 ± 3.27 mm, min-max 29.00– 39.95 mm) specimens collected from 14 localities were examined in this study including 103 individuals (90 males and 13 females) from type locality (Fig. 2, Suppl. material 1). Variation of body size and color are presented in Fig. 7 and Table 3.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>A moderately sized Lucanus, with external morphology similar to L. kanoi but usually smaller in size. The elytra are reddish to blackish in color, glossy. Sexual dimorphism is pronounced, with males ranging from 28.15 to 57.0 mm in body length and females from 28.27 to 43.94 mm. The ventral surface is blackish with sparse fine hairs. Most individuals have blackish legs, while a few exhibit a yellowish to dark orange plaque on the underside of the femora. Females have short mandibles, dark-brown to blackish elytra, and blackish femora. This species is distributed in northern and northeastern Taiwan.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Males range from 28.15 to 57.00 mm, and females from 28.27 to 43.94 mm (Kurosawa 1966; Chang 2006; Huang and Chen 2010; Chang 2024; Table 3). Previous literature suggested that the most distinguishing characteristic of this species was its dark body coloration (Kurosawa 1966); however, this study confirms that the body color of this species varies significantly and cannot be used as a stable taxonomic characteristic. The variation in body color, external morphology, and genitalia anatomy is shown in Figs 3, 7, and Table 3. Approximately 13.2 % of males (30 / 228, including the holotype) exhibit a yellowish to orange plaque on the femur, but this characteristic is not a consistent morphological feature and should not be used for taxonomic classification. Therefore, this plaque is considered a trait variation within the species and its related taxa.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>This species is distributed in northern and northeastern Taiwan, where it inhabits primary broad-leaved forests at mid-to-high altitudes between 1569 and 2090 m (Fig. 2, Table 2).</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>Adults are primarily active in June. By comparing the monthly average temperature isotherms for June with the species’ altitudinal range, it is inferred that this stag beetle tends to inhabit cooler environments (Suppl. material 8).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Not evaluated (NE).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The systematic status of Lucanus kanoi piceus Kurosawa, 1966 should be elevated from subspecies to species level, and is herein recognized as Lucanus piceus Kurosawa, 1966 .</p><p>Compiled from data in Table 2.</p><p>Taiwan, Yilan County, Siji, lat: 24.480333, long: 121.46917, elev: 1989; SJ; (Table 2) • Taiwan, New Taipei City, Mt. Lepeishan, lat: 24.811167, long: 121.4725, elev: 1569; LPS; (Table 2) • Taiwan, New Taipei City, Mt. Beichatianshan, lat: 24.793, long: 121.45267, elev: 1640; BCT; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Taoyuan City, Mt. Nanchatian, lat: 24.760834, long: 121.41217, elev: 1907; NCT; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Taoyuan City, Mt. Tielikushan, lat: 24.632668, long: 121.3665, elev: 1800; TLS; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Taoyuan City, Mt. Tangsuishan, lat: 24.604166, long: 121.414, elev: 2090; TSS; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Hsinchu County, Smangus, lat: 24.58, long: 121.3345, elev: 1576; SMG; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Hsinchu County, Yuanyang Lake, lat: 24.577, long: 121.4025, elev: 1600; YYL; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Yilan County, Pingyuan logging-trail, lat: 24.514, long: 121.57066, elev: 2000; PYLT; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Yilan County, Mt. Wangyangshan, lat: 24.511168, long: 121.61633, elev: 2050; WYS; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Yilan County, Mt. Tongshan, lat: 24.505833, long: 121.631, elev: 1815; TS; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Yilan County, Mt. Taipingshan, lat: 24.492332, long: 121.53667, elev: 1877; TPS; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Yilan County, Chiaping logging-trail, lat: 24.472666, long: 121.464, elev: 1940; CPLT; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Yilan County, Sihyuanyakou, lat: 24.397333, long: 121.3565, elev: 1965; SYYK; (Table 2) • Taiwan, Taichung City, Shengguang, lat: 24.392, long: 121.35233, elev: 1960; SHG; (Table 2) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4DB75A6A48485D6A8A73755B9370C2EF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Shu-Ping;Tsai, Yu-Fang;Chien, Ting-Yang;Chung, Yi-Ting;Lai, Ching-Jung;Hou, Tsung-Hsien;Hwang, Chung-Chi	Wu, Shu-Ping, Tsai, Yu-Fang, Chien, Ting-Yang, Chung, Yi-Ting, Lai, Ching-Jung, Hou, Tsung-Hsien, Hwang, Chung-Chi (2026): Systematic revision and biogeography of the endemic Lucanus kanoi species complex (Coleoptera, Lucanidae) from Taiwan, with the description of a new subspecies. ZooKeys 1267: 77-117, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1267.160494
