identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
145F87ADFF8FFFBEFF1BFAC8881FCC70.text	145F87ADFF8FFFBEFF1BFAC8881FCC70.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ampharete Malmgren 1866	<div><p>Ampharete Malmgren, 1866</p><p>Type species: Ampharete grubei Malmgren,1866 .</p><p>synonyms:</p><p>Asabellides Annenkova, 1929; type Sabellides sibirica Wiren, 1883 by monotypy.</p><p>Parampharete Hartman, 1967; type Parampharete weddellia Hartman, 1967 by original designation.</p><p>Pseudosabellides Berkeley et Berkeley, 1943; type Pseudosabellides littoralis Berkeley et Berkeley, 1943 by original designation.</p><p>Pterampharete Augener, 1918; type Pterampharete luederitzi Augener, 1918 by monotypy.</p><p>Sabellides Milne Edwards in Lamarck, 1838; type Sabella octocirrata Sars, 1835 by monotypy.</p><p>? Amythasides Eliason, 1955; type Amythasides macroglossus Eliason, 1955 by monotypy.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. Prostomium trilobed, middle lobe anteriorly rounded. A pair of nephridial papillae mid-dorsally posterior to branchiae, usually easily visible. Neuropodia of two types, all thoracic and AU1 and AU2 tori, remaining abdominal neuropodia pinnuli. Uncini pectinate, i.e. with series of equal teeth arranged like a comb (Fig. 1), in general, uncini are similar throughout the body, without a sharp change when changing the type of neuropodial type. Modified noto- and neuropodia absent.</p><p>REMARKS. 1. Proposed by me synonymy of Ampharete presently is discussed earlier (Jirkov, 1989, 1994, 2001, 2011) and mainly already widely accepted.</p><p>2. Following characters usually are included in generic diagnosis, but due variation within genera can’t be part of the diagnosis. Buccal tentacles pectinate. Four (seldom 3) pairs of branchiae. Paleae from huge to absent. Number of AU usually constant for species (usually 12 or 13), but if it exceeds 14, then individual variation appears, the more variation the more AU number.</p><p>3. Within Ampharete the number of AU with tori is constant (always AU1 and AU2), despite the number of thoracic segments varies (can be 11 or 12). In other words, the total number of segments with tori (thoracic + abdominal segments) varies. Contrary within some other ampharetid genera, for example Lysippe Malmgren, 1866, the total number of segments with tori is constant, so the number of AU with tori varies follows the number of thoracic segments varies.</p><p>Within the genus, several groups of species are outlined. Species of such group are characterized by perfectly developed paleal chaetae sharply narrowed into slim filiform tip. Tips of paleal chaetae appear to be stout and curved under normal magnification. If not broken of, a filiform tip can be observed only under high magnification (Figs 4A–C, 8D, E, 12B– D, 15E–G, 21B, 24D). It is important to underline that only shape of paleal tips not the size and width of paleal chaetae is important.Paleal chaetae of other species of the genus, if present, even they are much thicker the most developed notochaetae, slowly tapering (Fig.2). Within paleal bundle smallest (youngest?) chaetae can slightly differ. Especially this difference sharp in species with paleal chaetae slowly tapering, because only tips are visible outside a body (see photo Jirkov, 2018, Fig. 9A). It can confuse, especially when fully developed chaetae are broken, that is why Krüger et al. (2022) mentioned two types of paleal chaetae of Ampharete acutifrons .</p><p>Also, all species of Ampharete (superspecies finmarchica), except A. goesi have 13 AU — the number, no longer found within the genus (most Ampharete have 12 AU) and all species with known pygidium have two cirri of variable length (probably depending of fixation), while many other Ampharete lack such cirri. All of these characters are independent and rigidly connected. It is noteworthy in this respect the history of clarifying the taxonomic position of A. seribranchia described below. For establishing of subgenera it is necessary to made revision of the whole genus. At the same time, the considered aggregate of species is clearly isolated and therefore can be distinguished as a superspecies Ampharete (superspecies finmarchica). The superspecies rank is not often used in taxonomy of Polychaeta and never used in Ampharete . The usage of names of aggregates of species is regulated by Article 6.2 of ICZN.</p><p>Data on genetics are currently completely insufficient for use in taxonomy of the genus. In Genbank on 05/07/2022 there are 57 data on Ampharete . Of these, only 34 are identified to the species level. They belong to seven species, and only one species of the them ( A. finmarchica itself) belong to considered Ampharete (superspecies finmarchica).</p><p>The superspecies includes eight taxa of species group. Whenever possible types have been investigated (species with investigated types are marked by *).</p><p>1. * Ampharete britayevi sp.n.</p><p>2. Ampharete eupalea Chamberlin, 1920</p><p>3. Ampharete finmarchica (Sars, 1865) as Amphicteis</p><p>4. Ampharete goesi Malmgren, 1866</p><p>5. * Ampharete goesi brazhnikovi Annenkova, 1929</p><p>6. * Ampharete kerguelensis McIntosh, 1885</p><p>7. * Ampharete kudenovi Jirkov, 1994</p><p>8. * Ampharete longipaleolata Uschakov, 1950</p><p>About two thousand investigated specimens, including those collected close to the type localities of A. finmarchica, and its synonym A. arctica agree well with description of types by Holthe (1986a). Topotypes of A. goesi agree well with original description (types lost). Unfortunately, in the present circumstances investigation of type A. eupalea deposed in Canada is not possible.</p><p>4. Ampharete labrops Hartman, 1961 according to Banse (1979) and Hilbig (2000) has 13 AU. Unfortunately both did not described tips of paleae, so is this species the member of Ampharete (superspecies finmarchica) or not is not clear. Also the number of abdominal uncinigers is not mentioned in the original description and later redescription. Investigation of materials from Pacific North America is necessary.</p><p>KEY TO IDENTIFICATION SPECIES OF AMPHARETE</p><p>(SUPERSPECIES FINMARCHICA)</p><p>It is strongly recommended to identify several specimens together rather than single individual.</p><p>1. Paleal chaetae several times thicker than the most developed notochaetae, sharply pointed into a short filiform tip (may break off) (Figs 3A–C, 7D, E, 12B–D, 15E–G, 18D, 20A–C, 24D–E). Ampharete ( finmarchica) ............................. 2</p><p>– Paleal chaetae, if present and thicker than the most developed notochaetae, gradually taper into a long filiform tip (Fig. 2) ...... other Ampharete</p><p>2. More than 40 paleal chaetae ............................. ............................... Ampharete britayevi sp.n.</p><p>– Less than 30 paleal chaetae ............................. 3</p><p>3. Paleal chaetae significantly exceed body width, protrude far beyond anterior margin of prostomium (Fig. 24A) .. Ampharete longipaleolata</p><p>– Paleal chaetae are less than or equal to the body width, if they protrude beyond the anterior edge of the prostomium, then not significantly (Figs 7A–C, 12A, E, 18A, B, 20A–D) .................. 4</p><p>4. Less than 20 paleal chaetae ............................ 5</p><p>– 20–30 paleal chaetae (Figs 7, 9) ........................ ......................................... Ampharete eupalea</p><p>5. 13 AU .............................................................. 6</p><p>– 16–18 AU ................................ Ampharete goesi</p><p>6. North hemisphere ............................................ 7</p><p>– South hemisphere ........ Ampharete kerguelensis</p><p>7. Tube inlay is covered by muddy-detritus, limbation of notochaetae narrow and equal (Fig. 12K) ................................... Ampharete finmarchica</p><p>– Tube inlay is covered by exclusively fragments of bryozoans, shells, sea urchin spines, mica, etc., without trace of mud and detritus, limbation of at least some notochaetae wide and unequal (Fig. 21E) ................................ Ampharete kudenovi</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/145F87ADFF8FFFBEFF1BFAC8881FCC70	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jirkov, I. A.	Jirkov, I. A. (2023): Revision of Ampharete (superspecies finmarchica) (Annelida: Ampharetidae). Invertebrate Zoology 20 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.15298/invertzool.20.1.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.20.1.01
145F87ADFF8EFFBBFCF7FBF18ACECD7D.text	145F87ADFF8EFFBBFCF7FBF18ACECD7D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ampharete britayevi Jirkov 2023	<div><p>Ampharete britayevi sp.n.</p><p>Fig. 3, 4.</p><p>MATERIAL. Holotype 1 ex. (DGEH), Vitjaz 10.1539 74 m 18.6.1952 62°13′ N 179°30′ E.</p><p>ADDITIONAL MATERIAL: Ampharete seribranchiata Treadwell, 1926: 7–8, fig. 15–17; type Cat. No. 1634, American Museum Natural History; type locality (according to the type’s label): the Bering Straits Bet., King Id. and the two Diomedes.</p><p>DESCRIPTION. The single specimen 35 mm long, but not complete posteriorly. The middle lobe of the prostomium is rounded anteriorly, twice as long as the width. Buccal tentacles have not been preserved. Paleal chaetae much longer and thicker than the most developed notochaeta, directed forward, they go beyond the front edge of the prostomium. There are 42 paleal chaetae and they form 1,5 turns (Fig. 3B). The tip of the bristles pulled into a relatively long tip, much longer than in other species of the genus, this tip does not break off. Branchostyles missing. The attachment points of three pairs of branchostyles arranged in one transverse line, the fourth behind the middle of the three, their branchophores clearly connected to the TC2 notopodia. A very wide gap between the groups of gills, its width greater than the diameter of the branchophore. Nephridial papillae caudal to the inner pair of gills, small (Fig. 3A). 14 TC, 12 TU. The only specimen at hand have incomplete abdomen with 7 AU, but highly likely that species have 13 AU as most species of Ampharete ( finmarchica). Posterior thoracic neuropodia with additional lobe (Fig. 3E). Rudimentary notopodia small, abdominal neuropodia with short but distinct neuropodial cirri (Fig. 3F). Neuropodia of the thorax, AU1 and AU2 tori, the rest — pinnuli. The ventral surface up to and including TU9 transformed into ñontinuous glandular ventral shields extending from notopodia to notopodia. No ventral shield on TU10, in its place there is a thickening that occupies the entire ventral abdominal surface of the anterior half of the segment. Rudimentary notopodia of the abdomen practically absent. The notochaetae in two rows: the front ones are an order of magnitude thinner and several times shorter than the rear ones, the former narrow equally bilimbate. Uncini (Fig. 4) with two rows of teeth, usually up to eight in thorax and about six in abdomen. Thoracic and abdominal generally similar. The tube unknown.</p><p>REMARKS. Initially I thought that this species is Ampharete seribranchiata Treadwell, 1926 because the original description clearly states “The posterior region has 13 uncinigerous somites without capillary setae” and “On either side of the base of the peristomium is a band of 30 or more goldenyellow paleae arranged in a crescent” (Treadwell, 1926: 7) and the type locality is closed to our finding. As only species of Ampharete ( finmarchica) have 13 AU A. seribranchiata as a member of this superspecies should have characteristic paleal chaetae. But when Senior Museum Specialist of AMNH Lily Berneker which I asked to investigate the type took photos and investigated paleal chaetae it turned out that the paleal chaetae taper into a threadlike vertex (Fig. 5), 33 paleal chaetae on one side and 29 or 30 on the other side. It cannot be at the same time 13 AU and slowly tapering paleal chaetae, because it cannot be never, I asked her to count the number of AU and it turned out that there are only 12 AU, not 13 AU. Both these characters (shape of paleal chaetae and the number of AU) place A. seribranchiata outside Ampharete ( finmarchica).</p><p>Berkeley, Berkeley (1942) considered this species as a junior synonym of A. eupalea . This synonymy was accepted by Hartman (1959) and Holthe (1986b), however, no one gave any argumentation and now it is obvious that it is not correct.</p><p>DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS. Two characters differ the new species from presently know and allow to describe the new species despite only one incomplete specimen is at hand.</p><p>1. A. eupalea has the largest number of paleal chaetae among known species of Ampharete ( finmarchica), but it does not exceed 32 in 170 investigated specimens, while the new species has 42, it is far beyond individual variation of A. eupalea (see below). This number of paleal chaetae exceeds not only those of all other species of the group but probably even the family.</p><p>2. Presence of neuropodial cirri. Cirri are absent in other species of Ampharete ( finmarchica), but it is not seldom character among other Ampharete outside the group.</p><p>RANGE. Known only from the type locality. Upper sublittoral. Probably similar to A. eupalea .</p><p>ETYMOLOGY. The species is named after my friend Temir Alanovich Britaev Dr. Sci., professor, Head of the Laboratory of Morphology and Ecology of Marine Invertebrates, A.N. Severtzov Institute of Ecology &amp; Evolution RAS (Fig. 6).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/145F87ADFF8EFFBBFCF7FBF18ACECD7D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jirkov, I. A.	Jirkov, I. A. (2023): Revision of Ampharete (superspecies finmarchica) (Annelida: Ampharetidae). Invertebrate Zoology 20 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.15298/invertzool.20.1.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.20.1.01
145F87ADFF8BFFB6FF21FAF58A26CD3A.text	145F87ADFF8BFFB6FF21FAF58A26CD3A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ampharete eupalea Chamberlin 1920	<div><p>Ampharete eupalea Chamberlin, 1920</p><p>Fig. 7, 8.</p><p>Ampharete eupalea Chamberlin, 1920: 25, Pl. V, fig 6, 7; type: №31, Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa; type locality: 70°24′N 161°25′W, 16–18 m; Berkeley, Berkeley, 1942: 201.</p><p>MATERIAL. 28 samples (173 specimens). Supplement Table.</p><p>DESCRIPTION. Up to 48 mm long. The middle lobe of the prostomium anteriorly rounded, about twice as long as the width. The buccal tentacles numerous (several dozen), with two rows of pinnules. The attachment points of the paleal chaetae form 270°–360° (Fig. 7D); they much thicker than the most developed notochaeta, but about the same length, reaching the anterior edge of the prostomium only when the prostomium drawn in; paleal chaetae themselves often straightened and pressed to the surface of the body; a similar position very rare in other species. In each group 16–32 chaetae (95% have more than 20) (Fig. 9), the number of chaetae not size-depended when the size of the worm exceeds 8 mm. Branchostyles cirriform, smooth, not longer than the width of the body. The attachment points of all 4 pairs of branchostyles are arranged in one almost straight transverse line, only the third pair is slightly caudal. Median gap between the branchiae absent. The connection of the gills with the notopodia typical: 3rd from the outside connected to the TC2 notopodia, the inner ones connected to the TC1 notopodia. One pair of nephridial papillae behind the branchiae clearly visible. 14 TC, 12 TU, 13 AU. Thoracic neuropodia and the two first AU tori, the rest — pinnuli. The ventral surface up to and including TU9 transformed into ñontinuous glandular ventral shields extending from notopodia to notopodia. No ventral shield on TU10, in its place there is a thickening that occupies the entire ventral abdominal surface of the anterior half of the segment. Abdomen with small rudimentary notopodia, gradually disappearing caudally. Pygidium with 2 long lateral cirri and numerous short papillae. Thoracic and abdominal uncini with 5–6 teeth in two rows. The tube detritus, usually more or less densely encrusted with grains of sand with a diameter of about 0.25 mm.</p><p>REMARKS. I identify my specimens as this species despite the number of AU of holotype on which the original description is based is unknown as it is uncomplete posteriorly by: (1) the shape of the tips of the paleal chaetae (compare Fig. 7 D, E and H), (2) number of paleal chaetae (22–23 according original description), which is significantly greater than that of the other species of the superspecies (with exception of A. britayevi), (3) they were found near the type locality (4) no other species matches the original description has been found in extensive investigated materials from the Chukchi and Bering Seas.</p><p>Ampharete crassiseta Annenkova, 1929, also described from the Far Eastern Seas, has the same number of paleal chaetae (17–24), but they gradually taper into a long thread-like top.</p><p>RANGE (Fig. 10). Along Asia from the south of the Chukchi Sea to the south of Kamchatka and the Sea of Okhotsk along Kamchatka. Upper sublittoral, 17–89 m. Abundant in places, up to 64 specimens per square m.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/145F87ADFF8BFFB6FF21FAF58A26CD3A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jirkov, I. A.	Jirkov, I. A. (2023): Revision of Ampharete (superspecies finmarchica) (Annelida: Ampharetidae). Invertebrate Zoology 20 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.15298/invertzool.20.1.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.20.1.01
145F87ADFF86FFB0FF29FA358933CE79.text	145F87ADFF86FFB0FF29FA358933CE79.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ampharete finmarchica (Sars 1865)	<div><p>Ampharete finmarchica (Sars, 1865)</p><p>Figs 12–14.</p><p>Ampharete finmarchica (type: Zoologisk Museum, Oslo, two syntypes (Holthe, 1986a); type locality: Ramfjorden, Troms, Norway); Hartmann-Schröder, 1971: 458– 459, Abb. 158; 1996: 493–494, Abb. 240; Holthe, 1986a: 38–39, fig. 11, map 10; Jirkov, 1989: 109, fig. 22. 4, 5; 2001: 465–466; Hilbig, 2000: 182–184, fig. 8.4; Parapar et al., 2011, Fig.2, 3.</p><p>Ampharete arctica Malmgren, 1866: 364–365, fig. 77 (type locality: Spitsbergen, Finmarken, Bahusia (Bohuslen), Sweden); Augener, 1928: 777–778; Annenkova, 1929: 490–491, fig. 36; Zatsepin, 1948: 150, table XXXVII, 11; Uschakov, 1955: 369, fig. 136 З; Chlebovitch, 1964: 175; Tzetlin et al., 1983: 180 (partim) — non Imajima, Hartman, 1964: 331.</p><p>non Ampharete arctica var. gagarae Uschakov, 1950: 248, fig. 32, table. II, 7; 1955: 369, fig. 136 И–Л = Anobothrus gracilis fide Jirkov, 2001.</p><p>non Ampharete brevibranchiata Treadwell, 1926: 6– 7, fig. 11–14.</p><p>MATERIAL.361 samples (ca. 2000 specimens). Supplement.</p><p>DESCRIPTION. Up to 60 mm long (up to 70 by Augener (1928). The middle lobe of the prostomium anteriorly rounded, about twice as long as the width. Buccal tentacles pinnate. Paleal chaetae (Fig. 12A– E) much longer and thicker than the most developed notochaeta, directed forward they usually reach the level of the front edge of the prostomial middle lobe, if the front part of the body is protruding, then they reach at least the front edge of the prostomial lateral lobes. Each palea with 7–21 paleal chaetae, usually dark cupper colors. Its tops short pointed (the tip often breaks off). The attachment places of the branchostyles (Fig. 13A) located almost in a straight line, the groups of gills close, the gap between them no wider than the diameter of the branchophore or absent. The third branchophore from the edge clearly associated with the notopodia TC2 (= CT6). At the base of the internal branchophores a pair of small nephridial papillae, in few worms, after staining TC3 papillae become visible. Branchostyles cirriform smooth. 14 TC, 12 TU. The notopodia almost hemispherical, the notochaeta slightly protrude from them. 13 AU (as an exception — 14 AU). Rudimentary notopodia small, no neuropodial cirri (Fig. 13H, M). Neuropodia of thorax, TU1 and TU2 tori (Fig. 13G), the rest — pinnuli (Fig. 13H). Pygidium with a pair of lateral cirri and several short papillae (Fig. 13L). Notochaetae (Fig. 13I, K). narrow equally bilimbate. Uncini TU1 (Fig. 13A) in profile are 6–7-toothed, the teeth located in the uncini in two rows (Fig. 13C) from the rostrum itself, the size of the teeth increases apically, the total number of teeth about 12–14; in addition, usually small ones present at the very top. Several uncini in the process of being formed, only their teeth have fully formed, but not the base (Fig. 13B, E). Abdominal uncini (Fig. 13F–K) with fewer teeth in profile, but at the top some teeth arranged in three rows, the number of apical teeth also increases. The tube cylindrical, thick, dense, finely sandy-silty, with a large admixture of detritus, can be encrusted with grains of sand, pebbles, etc., the thickness of the walls several times smaller than the inner diameter, 3–4 times longer than the worm.</p><p>VARIABILITY. The number of paleal chaetae of different population slightly varies, but the difference in not valuable (Fig. 9).</p><p>The number of paleal chaetae does not depend on the worm size in diapason 5–50 mm (Fig. 11). The shape of the bristles also does not change. In the ZIN collection (67/30177) there is one specimen from the Kara Sea with a normally developed right side of the body, whereas there were no fangs on the left, additionally it had 14 AU.</p><p>REMARK. Parapar et al. (2011) wrote that presence of “ciliated formation in the dorsal part of abdominal segments after disappearance of notopodial ramus could lead to the erroneous observation of the presence of rudimental notopodia”. However present observation shows that rudimental notopodia really present (Fig. 13M), while ciliated formations are absent. The explanation is probably following: Parapar et al. (2011) have dealt with fresh material, whereas the age of the studied material is about a century, during this time the cilia were lost, exposing rudimental notopodia, which masked the ciliated formation in the Parapar et al. (2011) material.</p><p>Hartman (1956, 1959) and, following her, Holthe (1986b) and Read, Fauchald (2022b) accepted Ampharete brevibranchiata Treadwell, 1926 as junior synonym of A. arctica . However, in a very incomplete description of A. brevibranchiata, it is indicated that it has 12 AU not 13 AU as Hartman (1956) wrote with reference to Berkeley, Berkeley (1952). It does not allow to agree with Hartman synonymy. Among species occurring in the type locality A. brevibranchiata (Bering Strait), A. crassiseta is the most similar species, but for a final conclusion, a study of the holotype is necessary.</p><p>RANGE (Fig. 14). The species is widely distributed in the Northern Pacific: south to the Sea of Japan along Asia, (but absent in the Japan waters) and California along North America. On all the shelves of the Arctic Ocean, but it penetrates into the Atlantic along the American coast only as far as Newfoundland. Along Europe, the species goes as far as the North Sea, including Skagerrak, Kattegat and Öresund (Holthe, 1986a), but probably not further to the south. Despite Holthe (1986a, only data from literature) and Zettler et al. (2018) reported it as widely distributed in the North Sea. The specimens I studied from UK territorial waters, identified previously as A. finmarchica in reality were either Ampharete aff. lindstroemi, or Anobothrus gracilis . Dr. Worsfold (APEM, letter 23/12/2021) wrote me that A. finmarchica is absent in huge collections from this region. Within the North Polar Basin species inhabits exclusively shelf. South to Iceland it can be found as deep as 2708 m. Within Pacific is probably inhabits lower sublittoral.</p><p>UNLIKELY REPORTS. Ampharete arctica sensu Imajima and Hartman, 1964 has 7 AU so without any doubt belong to different species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/145F87ADFF86FFB0FF29FA358933CE79	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jirkov, I. A.	Jirkov, I. A. (2023): Revision of Ampharete (superspecies finmarchica) (Annelida: Ampharetidae). Invertebrate Zoology 20 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.15298/invertzool.20.1.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.20.1.01
145F87ADFF80FFB3FF3BF9838888CDEA.text	145F87ADFF80FFB3FF3BF9838888CDEA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ampharete goesi Malmgren 1866	<div><p>Ampharete goesi Malmgren, 1866</p><p>Figs 15, 16.</p><p>Ampharete goesi Malmgren, 1866: 364 (type: not in any Swedish museum, probably lost (Holthe, 1986a); type locality: Spitsbergen; Augener, 1928: 778; Annenkova, 1929: 492, fig. 37; Zatsepin, 1948:150, table. XXXVII, 10; Pettibone, 1954: 317; Uschakov, 1955: 369, fig. 137Е; Hartmann-Schröder, 1971: 457; 1996: 494; Holthe, 1986 a: 40–41, fig. 12, map 11; Jirkov, 1989: 109, fig. 22. 6, 2001: 466–467.</p><p>MATERIAL: 53 samples (95 specimens). Supplement Table.</p><p>DESCRIPTION. Up to 50 mm long. Middle lobe of prostomium about three times longer than the width. The buccal tentacles almost smooth, covered with very small (no more than 1/5 of the tentacle diameter) poorly visible cilia. Paleal chaetae 13–21 on each side (10–23 according to Holthe, 1986a), much longer and thicker than the most developed notochaeta, directed forward they reach the level of the anterior margin of the middle lobe. Their tips (Fig. 15E–G) short-pointed (the tip often breaks off). The place of branchostyles attachment of the three branchostyles are located almost in a straight line, without a gap between in the middle, the fourth (3rd outside) behind the middle of the three; this branchophore clearly related to the notopodia TC2 (= CT6). A pair of small nephridial papillae caudal to the bases of the medial branchophores (Fig. 15B). Branchostyles cirriform smooth. 14 TC, 12 TU. 16– 18 AU. Neuropodia of the thorax, AU1 and AU2 tori, the rest — pinnuli (Fig. 15C, D). Abdomen with very small rudimentary notopodia, neuropodia with a short cirrus. Pygidium with two moderate-length lateral cirri and numerous low papillae. Notochaeta (Fig. 15H) widely equally bilimbate border, Thoracic uncini (Fig. 16A, B) with 2 vertical rows of teeth with 5 teeth in each, abdominal (Fig. 16C) similar, but the caudally number of rows in the upper part of the uncini increases to 3. The tube very similar to the A. finmarchica tube: thick, silty, often encrusted with foraminifera, fragments of shells or sea urchin needles, the wall thickness is several times smaller than the diameter of the inner hole.</p><p>RANGE (Fig. 17). From the Barents to Japan Sea, probably circumpolar.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/145F87ADFF80FFB3FF3BF9838888CDEA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jirkov, I. A.	Jirkov, I. A. (2023): Revision of Ampharete (superspecies finmarchica) (Annelida: Ampharetidae). Invertebrate Zoology 20 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.15298/invertzool.20.1.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.20.1.01
145F87ADFF83FFB2FD4EFA708850CD39.text	145F87ADFF83FFB2FD4EFA708850CD39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ampharete goesi subsp. brazhnikovi Annenkova 1929	<div><p>Ampharete goesi brazhnikovi Annenkova, 1929</p><p>Fig. 15F, G.</p><p>Ampharete goesi brazhnikovi Annenkova, 1929 (type: ZIN 1/30254 and 2/30255); type locality: Sea of Okhotsk southern Sakhalin, 10–12 fms); Uschakov, 1955: 369, fig. 137Ж.</p><p>MATERIAL: two syntypes.</p><p>DESCRIPTION. The subspecies has been described by two syntypes. Description of the syntype 1/ 30254. 29 mm long. The thorax dissected on the entire length of the dorsum. Oral tentacles losted. Paleal chaetae: on the left, all are cut off at the root, on the right side 15 chaetae, most of them broken off, they much longer and thicker than the most developed notochaeta, they go forward beyond the anterior margin of the prostomium; several preserved chaetae have tips (Fig. 15F, G) as in other species of the superspecies, including A. goesi s.str. The branchial groups without medial gap. The places of branchostyles attachment of the three branchophores form almost in a straight line, the 4th (3rd outside) between the 2nd and 4th distinctly behind them; this branchophore is clearly associated with the notopodia TC2 (= CT6). Caudal to the bases of the medial branchophores a pair of small nephridial papillae. Branchostyles missing. 14 TC, 12 TU. 16 AU.Abdomen with very small rudimentary notopodia, neuropodia without cirri. Pygidium with two moderate-length lateral cirri and numerous low papillae. The tube missing. All the parapodia intact, so the drawings of the chaetae illustrating the original description are not made from this syntype, but from a lost fragment of the 2/30255 syntype, which, judging by the shape and number of the paleal chaetae slowly tapering in filiform tips, does not fit original description, it belongs to other species, probably A. crassiseta, but it is not in a good condition, so cannot be identified with certainty.</p><p>REMARK. There is no reason to accept this subspecies as valid.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/145F87ADFF83FFB2FD4EFA708850CD39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jirkov, I. A.	Jirkov, I. A. (2023): Revision of Ampharete (superspecies finmarchica) (Annelida: Ampharetidae). Invertebrate Zoology 20 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.15298/invertzool.20.1.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.20.1.01
145F87ADFF82FFADFD48FA348F14CD8F.text	145F87ADFF82FFADFD48FA348F14CD8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ampharete kerguelensis McIntosh 1885	<div><p>Ampharete kerguelensis McIntosh, 1885 s.str.</p><p>Figs 18, 19.</p><p>Ampharete kerguelensis McIntosh, 1885: 426, Pl. XLVII, 10; XXVIA, 22–24; Monro, 1939:138.</p><p>non Ampharete kerguelensis Monro, 1936: 173; Day, 1967: 700; Hartman, 1966: 77; 1967:154 (= Ampharete sp.)</p><p>non Ampharete kerguelensis Augener, 1926: 223 (=? Anobothrus glandularis).</p><p>TYPE MATERIAL. 2 syntypes: NHM 85.12.1. 314; type locality: 48°45′S 69°14′E 127 fms.</p><p>NON TYPE MATERIAL. ZMHU-19821, 49°50′ S, 69°33′ E., 150 m, previously identified by Monro (1939) as A. kerguelensis (25) ; ZIN 2/16252, 49° 38.7′S 70°43.7′ E 141 m, Ob 121 (1), previously identified by V.G. Averintsev as A. kerguelensis — non NHM 1936.2.8.2661–2663, South Georgia (4).</p><p>DESCRIPTION. Up to 33 mm long. The middle lobe of the prostomium obtusely rounded. Eye spots on the prostomium absent. Buccal tentacles pinnate. Paleal chaetae (Fig. 18D) about 5–12 on each side light yellow about the same length, but much thicker than the most developed notochaeta, directed forward reach the level of the anterior edge of the middle lobe of the prostomium or, at least, extend beyond its posterior edge. The places of attachment of the three branchophores in each group form an almost straight row, the fourth is located at the back between the inner and middle, this branchophore is clearly associated with the TC2 notopodia. The gap between groups of branchophores varies from almost absent to approximately equal to the diameter of the branchophore. Branchostyles of the usual structure for the family: smooth, irregularly transversely wrinkled; bent back, they reach 7–8 TC. At the inner corners of the bases of the inner pair of branchophores there are small nephridial papillae (Fig. 18A), the same papillae present behind the notopodia TC3. 14 TC, 12 TU. 13 AU. Rudimentary notopodia small, neuropodial cirri absent. Neuropodia of the thorax, AU1 and AU2 tori, the rest — pinnuli. Pygidium with two long lateral cirri and more or less pronounced numerous low papillae. Uncini (Fig. 19) generally similar: TU1 uncini with 5 teeth in two rows, AU13 uncini with two rows near the prow and three at the top, 5–6 teeth in profile. The tube unknown.</p><p>REMARK. The AU number is not specified in the original description. Monro (1936) and Hartmann (1966) consider it to be characterized by the presence of 12 AU . The studied synthypes are two fragments. McIntosh cut off the front part of the larger specimen for the drawing, which was subsequently lost and only the last 5 TC and the abdomen consisting of 13 AU were preserved. The smaller specimen lacks the end of the abdomen. Specimens Monro (1939) and ZIN 2/16252 were also collected near Kerguelen Island and can be considered topotypes. Their paleal chaetae are identical to the syntype. The abdomen was preserved only in 4 specimen of Monro and 1 specimen of ZIN. All of them had 13 AU.</p><p>UNLIKELY REPORTS. Ampharete kerguelensis sensu Monro (1936), Hartman (1966) and Day (1967) have 12 AU and thus refer to a different species. Hartman (1967) did not give description, but as Hartman (1966) is present in synonymy and due great depth (2119–2727 m) highly likely refer to a different species. Specimens NHM 1936.2.8.2661– 2663 are Ampharete sp. as they have 12AU.</p><p>RANGE. Because the species has been identified incorrectly too often, for sure it is known from lower sublittoral of Kerguelen Isl. only.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/145F87ADFF82FFADFD48FA348F14CD8F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jirkov, I. A.	Jirkov, I. A. (2023): Revision of Ampharete (superspecies finmarchica) (Annelida: Ampharetidae). Invertebrate Zoology 20 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.15298/invertzool.20.1.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.20.1.01
145F87ADFF9DFFA9FD09FA4B887ACA8A.text	145F87ADFF9DFFA9FD09FA4B887ACA8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ampharete kudenovi Jirkov 1994	<div><p>Ampharete kudenovi Jirkov, 1994</p><p>Figs 20–23.</p><p>Ampharete kudenovi Jirkov, 1994: 28–30, fig. 1.</p><p>MATERIAL:13samples (107 specimens): types: 98 specimens <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=154.73334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.266666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 154.73334/lat 48.266666)">Odissey</a> 33.21, 48°16′N 154°44′E, 140–150 m, 3/8/1984 (holotype and 66 paratypes), Odissey 33.22, 50°40′N 154°33′E, 1000 m, 6/8/ 1984 (1); Odissey 34.12, 46°58′N 152°17 E, 450– 480 m, 30/12/1984 (29); Vitjaz 3569, 39°44′ N 142°18′ E, 423 m (1); Odissey 34.1, 1320 m, 10/12/ 1984 (2); Odissey 1, 1320 m (1); Odissey 16, 880 m 26/7/1987 (1); Korolev 37.20, 58°35.56′ N 170°28.1′ W, 630 m, 20/7/1984 (1). Deposed at DGEH. Vitjaz 2 135 48°56′ N 145°25′E, 140 m, 24/9/1948 (1); Vitjaz 10.1576, 60°30′N 168°46′E, 227 m, 25/6/ 1952 (1); Vitjaz 12.1739, 52°12′N 154°28′E, 359 m, 28/9/1952 (1); Vitjaz 12.1857, 56°30′N 143°10′E, 234 m, 19/10/1952 (1); Vitjaz 12.1916, 48°36′N 144°52′E, 111 m, 31/10/1952 (1) Deposed at IO RAN.</p><p>DESCRIPTION. Up to 26 mm long. The middle lobe of the prostomium obtusely rounded, along its posterior edge a more or less pronounced glandular field. No eye spots on the prostomium. Buccal tentacles pinnate. Paleal chaetae (Fig. 21A–C) much longer and thicker than the most developed notochaeta, directed forward reach the level of the anterior margin of the middle lobe of the prostomium or at least erased beyond its posterior margin. 6–15 light yellow paleal chaetae on each side (70% have 9–11). 4 pairs of branchiae. Groups of branchophores close, the gap between them varies from almost absent to approximately equal to the diameter of the branchophore. The attachment points of the three branchophores in each group form an almost straight row (Fig. 20C). The fourth located at the back between the inner and middle, it is clearly associated with the TC2 notopodia. Branchostyles of the usual structure for the family:smooth, irregularly transversely wrinkled; bent back, they reach TC7–8. At the inner corners of the bases of the inner pair of branchophores there are small nephridial papillae (Fig. 20A, C), the same papillae present behind the TC3–TC5 notopodia (Fig. 20E), in half of the examined specimens they very clearly visible after staining, in the rest, for the most part, not so good condition are noticeable only on TC3. 14 TC, 12 TU. 13 AU (about 5% — 14AU). Rudimentary notopodia small, no neuropodial cirri. Neuropodia of the thorax, AU1 and AU2 tori, the rest — pinnuli (Fig. 20F). The ventral surface up to and including TU9 is transformed into ñontinuous glandular ventral shields extending from notopodia to notopodia. No ventral shield on TU10, in its place a thickening may be present that occupies the entire ventral abdominal surface of the anterior half of the segment. Notochaetae (Fig. 20H), long and short; probably short ones forming ones. Long notochaetae in a light microscope bilimbate (keels in SEM), very unequal (Fig. 21D, E). Uncini (Fig. 22) generally similar: thoracic uncini in profile 5–6 teeth, teeth arranged in two rows in a checkerboard pattern, the size of the teeth gradually increases apically. Abdominal uncini AU1 similar to thoracic ones; caudally, the number of rows of teeth increases and AU13 uncini in 3–4 rows of teeth. Pygidium with two long lateral cirri and more or less numerous low papillae (Fig. 20G). Tube: transparent organic base covered with fragments of bryozoans, shells, sea urchin spines, mica, etc., without the slightest admixture of the usual for family silt or detritus.</p><p>REMARK. The species is very similar to A. finmarchica, and the only reason why I described this species is sharp difference in tube structure. The use of tubes structure for identification may seem doubtful, however, reviewed tubes of A. finmarchica from the extensive materials collected from Newfoundland to the Sea of Japan, including samples in which A. finmarchica has been found together with A. kudenovi, showed that the structure were found to be very monomorphic and tubes of A. finmarchica composed of silt-detrital particles, completely absent in tubes of A. kudenovi, usually more or less densely encrusted in the anterior part of the tube, are found as grains of sand. However, tubes are not always preserved. The number of paleal chaetae of A. kudenovi does not differ from that of A. finmarchica (Fig. 9). The paleal chaetae of A. kudenovi are lighter than those of A. finmarchica and relatively shorter, the tips break off extremely rarely. Tips of paleal chaetae of A. kudenovi are pointed a little gradually than of A. finmarchica . Also, nephridial papillae behind notopodia are extremely seldom visible in A. finmarchica, while often can be seen in A. kudenovi . But these differences cannot be used for identification. I found the only other difference between these species in structure of notochaetae: limbation of A. kudenovi is much wider and shorter than of A. finmarchica (compare Fig. 7k, i and Fig. 16d, e). Unfortunately, this character is not convenient for identification of these common species and even is not visible on each slide. The situation is similar to Oweniidae, some species are very easily differed by their tubes, but if tubes are absent, preparation of slides is necessary.</p><p>RANGE (Fig. 23). North-west Pacific, including Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea, lower sublittoral and slope.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/145F87ADFF9DFFA9FD09FA4B887ACA8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jirkov, I. A.	Jirkov, I. A. (2023): Revision of Ampharete (superspecies finmarchica) (Annelida: Ampharetidae). Invertebrate Zoology 20 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.15298/invertzool.20.1.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.20.1.01
145F87ADFF99FFAAFD5BFD488BD2CAB0.text	145F87ADFF99FFAAFD5BFD488BD2CAB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ampharete longipaleolata Uschakov 1950	<div><p>Ampharete longipaleolata Uschakov, 1950</p><p>Figs 24–26.</p><p>Ampharete longipaleolata Uschakov, 1950: 218–219, fig. 33 (type locality, restricted: pacific coast of the southern Kuril Islands, 414 m 14/9/1949); 1955: 367–368.</p><p>MATERIAL. 16 samples (45 specimens): 3 syntypes ZIN 1/15243; DGEH: Hydrobiolog 25, 500 m, 5/6/1984 (2); Hydrobiolog 129, 48°15′ N 141°11′ E 650 m, 7/8/1984 (1); Hydrobiolog 193, 46°00′ N 138°20′ E, 700 m, 4/9/1984 (1); Odissey 1.84. 16, 880 m (2); Odissey 33.13, 44°52′ N 149°27,7′ E, 920 m, 25/7/1987 (1); Odissey 34.1A, 42°12.76′ N 130° 59.22′ E 640 m, 7/12/1984 (6); IO RAN: Zhemchug 105, 2083 m (1); Zhemchug 111, 375 m (1); Vitjaz 2.31, 57°45.3′ N 153°45′ E, 440 m, 18/8/1948 (19); Vitjaz 2.34, 58°43′ N 155°56′ E, 296 m, 19/8/1948; Vitjaz 2.59, 57°00′ N 150°53,5′ E, 355 m, 29/8/1948 (2); Vitjaz 12.1739, 52°12′ N 154°28′ E, 359 m, 28/ 9/1952 (1); Vitjaz 12.1745, 53°3′ N 154°30′ E, 299 m, 29/9/1952; Vitjaz 12.1770, 56°30′ N 152°38′ E, 524 m, 4/10/1952 (4); Vitjaz 12.1781, 56°53′ N 152°36′ E, 551 m, 4/10/1952 (6); Vitjaz 39.5640, 44º41′N, 148º57′E, 10/09/ 1966, 780 m (1); Vitjaz 59.7458 42°15′N 131°40′ E, 630–750 m, 27/5/ 1976 (1).</p><p>DESCRIPTION. Up to 40 mm in length. The middle lobe of the prostomium blunt-rounded in front, at the base with a whitish glandular field, black eye spots outside the corners of the furrow. Palae unusually well developed. Their bases sharply enlarged, forming cylindrical outgrowths, from which the paleal chaetae come out, forming a complete spiral and even more. Chaetae light yellow, several times thicker and 4 times longer than the most developed notochaeta, extending far beyond the level of the anterior edge of the prostomium, by 2– 5 of its length (Fig. 24A). In each group 10–26 of them (in the syntypes 15–20), the number of paleal chaetae increases with the increase in the size of the worm (Fig. 25). The tips of paleal chaetae sharply narrow into a short thread-like tip in worms large 20 mm, in smaller worms tips slowly tapering to filament. Many of the paleal chaetae disheveled at the end, which does not happen in other species of the superspecies. Branchophores form an almost straight line, the second pair of branchiae from the middle is slightly behind the others. Branchostyles smooth, bent back, they reach about C6. At the base of the internal branchophores a pair of small nephridial papillae. 14 TC, 12 TU. 13 AU. Rudimentary notopodia small, no neuropodial cirri. Neuropodia of the thorax, AU1 and AU2 tori, the rest — pinnuli. Pygidium with two long lateral cirri and more or less numerous low papillae. Notochaeta also very large, approximately equal in length to the width of the body narrow bilimbate. Uncini with two rows of teeth, usually 6 in each. Thoracic and abdominal similar. The tube loose, detritus-like, sometimes densely plastered with large grains of sand, the thickness of its walls much smaller than the diameter of the inner hole.</p><p>REMARK. In the ZIN collection of 14 specimens, mentioned in the original description, only 3 have been preserved (one without the end of the thorax) from st. 101 R/ V Toporok from a depth of 414 m. The original description also includes a find near Northern Sakhalin at a depth of 65 m, this material in ZIN collection is absent. Judging by the fact that all other known findings I have reviewed, located exclusively on slope, worms from 65 m should belong to a different species. Such species really exist and inhabits shallow depth near Sakhalin. It also have numerous very long paleae, but paleal chaetae slowly tapering to slim tips and it has 12 AU. Therefore, I consider it necessary to limit the type locality only to the area where the preserved syntypes were collected</p><p>RANGE (Fig. 23). North-west Pacific, including Sea of Okhotsk and the Japan Sea, slope 375– 2083 m.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/145F87ADFF99FFAAFD5BFD488BD2CAB0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jirkov, I. A.	Jirkov, I. A. (2023): Revision of Ampharete (superspecies finmarchica) (Annelida: Ampharetidae). Invertebrate Zoology 20 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.15298/invertzool.20.1.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.20.1.01
