identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
639DD3F11DC35D9D8DBC9F1938E5D3F8.text	639DD3F11DC35D9D8DBC9F1938E5D3F8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dolioletta mirabilis Korotneff 1891	<div><p>Dolioletta mirabilis Korotneff, 1891</p><p>Fig. 3</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China • 6 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.625&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.806" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.625/lat 17.806)">South China Sea</a>; 17.806°N, 112.625°E; 28 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202001, 202003, 202009, 202012, 202019, 202020 • 2 phorozooids; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202007, 202013 .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Length 1.1–3.3 mm. Short endostyle extending from MII 4 / 5 to MIV 1 / 2. Branchial septum starting from MIII, ventrally close to MVI, and ending close to MIV. Brain located between MIII and MIV. Tubular testis coiled on the left side of the stomach; ovary located anterior to MVII. MVI thin or ventrally open (Godeaux 2003). Intestine dextrally coiled (Fig. 3 A, B).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>This species is primarily distinguished from the commonly occurring D. gegenbauri by the position and morphology of the tubular testis, which extends straight in D. gegenbauri but is coiled near the stomach in D. mirabilis .</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>In this study, this species was only found in S 10 (17.806°N, 112.625°E) during the summer of 2020, with abundance of 0.31 ind m - 3 (Fig. 3 C). According to the historical literature and biodiversity databases, this species is found in the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, New Zealand (Godeaux 2003), Naples, tropical Atlantic Ocean, and the south of the Arabian Sea (Purushothaman et al. 2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/639DD3F11DC35D9D8DBC9F1938E5D3F8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Lai, Yanjiao;Zheng, Zeqi;Chen, Mianrun;Tan, Yehui	Lai, Yanjiao, Zheng, Zeqi, Chen, Mianrun, Tan, Yehui (2026): New species and suborder records reveal unusually high thaliacean (Chordata, Tunicata) diversity in the South China Sea. ZooKeys 1290: 147-170, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1290.188516
8E1A19116222531D828AC347F81E69AD.text	8E1A19116222531D828AC347F81E69AD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dolioletta tritonis Herdman 1888	<div><p>Dolioletta tritonis Herdman, 1888</p><p>Fig. 4</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China • 10 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.625&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.806" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.625/lat 17.806)">South China Sea</a>; 17.806°N, 112.625°E; 28 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202001, 202003, 202005, 202006, 202008, 202009, 202010, 202012, 202019, 202020 • 5 phorozooids; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202004, 202007, 202013, 202014, 202015 .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Length 1.1–3.9 mm. Endostyle extending from MII 1 / 2 to MIV 1 / 2. Branchial septum starting from MII to MVI and ending at MIV 1 / 2. Brain located between MIII and MIV. Testis tubular, running obliquely and starting from MII. Intestine dextrally coiled.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The position of branchial septum differs from that reported in previous studies. In the present study, the branchial septum extends from MII to MVI (Fig. 4 A), in contrast to earlier descriptions in which it extended from MIII dorsally to MIV 1 / 2 ventrally (Fig. 4 B; Godeaux 1998 a, 2003; Purushothaman et al. 2018). This species closely resembles D. gegenbauri, except that the branchial septum is ventrally attached between MIV and MV.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>In this study, this species was only found in S 10 (17.806°N, 112.625°E) during the summer of 2020, with an abundance of 0.27 ind m - 3 (Fig. 4 C). According to the historical literature and biodiversity databases, this species was found in the Bass Strait, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, North Atlantic (Purushothaman et al. 2018), the Gulf of Aqaba (Godeaux 2003), the English Channel, North Sea (Harant and Vernières 1938), Red Sea (Godeaux 1987), and the North Pacific (Tokioka 1960).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8E1A19116222531D828AC347F81E69AD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Lai, Yanjiao;Zheng, Zeqi;Chen, Mianrun;Tan, Yehui	Lai, Yanjiao, Zheng, Zeqi, Chen, Mianrun, Tan, Yehui (2026): New species and suborder records reveal unusually high thaliacean (Chordata, Tunicata) diversity in the South China Sea. ZooKeys 1290: 147-170, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1290.188516
9B8879CC4D945988B5766A4B824294D3.text	9B8879CC4D945988B5766A4B824294D3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Doliopsidina Godeaux 1996	<div><p>Suborder: Doliopsidina Godeaux, 1996</p><p>Fig. 8</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China • 1 specimen (sex undefined); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.625&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.806" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.625/lat 17.806)">South China Sea</a>; 17.806°N, 112.625°E; 28 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202002 • 3 specimens (sex undefined); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.703" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.139/lat 17.703)">South China Sea</a>; 17.703°N, 114.139°E; 28 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202025, 202027, 202035 • 1 specimen (sex undefined); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.078&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.675" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.078/lat 16.675)">South China Sea</a>; 16.675°N, 115.078°E; 29 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202050 • 1 phorozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.675" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.056/lat 16.675)">South China Sea</a>; 16.675°N, 112.056°E; 30 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202060 • 7 specimens (sex undefined); same data as for preceding; SDRI 202063, 202064, 202065, 202069, 202070, 202071, 202072 • 5 specimens (sex undefined); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.814&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.175" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.814/lat 17.175)">South China Sea</a>; 17.175°N, 111.814°E; 5 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202082, 202083, 202084, 202085, 202087 • 2 specimens (sex undefined); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.994" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.139/lat 17.994)">South China Sea</a>; 17.994°N, 111.139°E; 4 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202091, 202092 • 3 specimens (sex undefined); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.867&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.325" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.867/lat 18.325)">South China Sea</a>; 18.325°N, 110.867°E; 4 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202093, 202098, 202099 • 1 specimen (sex undefined); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.378&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.981" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.378/lat 17.981)">South China Sea</a>; 17.981°N, 110.378°E; 9 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202100 • 6 phorozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.414&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.603" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.414/lat 16.603)">South China Sea</a>; 16.603°N, 111.414°E; 8 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202109, 202110, 202111, 202112, 202113, 202114 • 1 phorozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.725" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.0/lat 15.725)">South China Sea</a>; 15.725°N, 112.000°E; 8 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202127 • 2 specimens (sex undefined); same data as for preceding; SDRI 202130, 202132 • 1 phorozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.044&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.697" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.044/lat 18.697)">South China Sea</a>; 18.697°N, 114.044°E; 26 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202133 • 7 specimens (sex undefined); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.058&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.681" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.058/lat 15.681)">South China Sea</a>; 15.681°N, 115.058°E; 6 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202143, 202144, 202145, 202146, 202147, 202148, 202151 • 3 specimens (sex undefined); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.239&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.767" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.239/lat 15.767)">South China Sea</a>; 15.767°N, 116.239°E; 6 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202152, 202154, 202156 • 7 specimens (sex undefined); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.503" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.444/lat 19.503)">South China Sea</a>; 19.503°N, 112.444°E; 27 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202162, 202164, 202165, 202168, 202170, 202171, 202172 • 4 specimens (sex undefined); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.558" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.028/lat 18.558)">South China Sea</a>; 18.558°N, 112.028°E; 27 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202178, 202179, 202180, 202181 • 1 specimen (sex undefined); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.194" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.3/lat 18.194)">South China Sea</a>; 18.194°N, 112.300°E; 28 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202183 • 1 phorozooid; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202184 • 6 specimens (sex undefined); same data as for preceding; SDRI 202185, 202186, 190, 192, 193, 194, 195 • 1 phorozooid; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202188 • 4 specimens (sex undefined); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.016&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.686" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.016/lat 18.686)">South China Sea</a>; 18.686°N, 115.016°E; 22 Aug. 2022; Y. Liu leg.; SDRI 202201, 202202, 202204, 202205 • 6 specimens (sex undefined); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.798&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.659" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.798/lat 18.659)">South China Sea</a>; 18.659°N, 113.798°E; 22 Aug. 2022; Y. Liu leg.; SDRI 202208, 202209, 202210, 202211, 202212, 202213 • 3 specimens (sex undefined); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.594&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.674" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.594/lat 18.674)">South China Sea</a>; 18.674°N, 112.594°E; 23 Aug. 2022; Y. Liu leg.; SDRI 202214, 202215, 202216 • 6 specimens (sex undefined); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.985&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.692" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.985/lat 15.692)">South China Sea</a>; 15.692°N, 114.985°E; 29 Aug. 2022; Y. Liu leg.; SDRI 202231, 202232, 202233, 202234, 202235, 202236 • 2 specimens (sex undefined); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.802&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.802/lat 15.666)">South China Sea</a>; 15.666°N, 113.802°E; 30 Aug. 2022; Y. Liu leg.; SDRI 202243, 202265 • 7 specimens (sex undefined); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.629&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.656" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.629/lat 15.656)">South China Sea</a>; 15.656°N, 112.629°E; 30 Aug. 2022; Y. Liu leg.; SDRI 202271, 202272, 202273, 202274, 202275, 202276, 202277 .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Length 0.7–6.4 mm. The suborder Doliopsidina is distinguished from the more commonly reported suborder Doliolidina by the presence of only five muscle bands, in contrast to the eight muscle bands characteristic of the latter (Godeaux 2003; Robison et al. 2005). The five muscle bands are not arranged in parallel. In the specimens examined in this study, the muscle bands were slender and transparent, and the digestive tract was U-shaped (Fig. 8 C – F).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Owing to the extreme slenderness and transparency of the muscle bands, most individuals of this suborder could not be identified to species or even family level. After staining, some specimens could be assigned to Doliopsis sp. (Fig. 8 C) and Paradoliopsis sp. (Fig. 8 D), whereas the morphological characters observed in other specimens indicate the presence of additional, unresolved taxa within Doliopsidina .</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>The suborder Doliopsidina comprises three families, four genera, and five described species, none of which have previously been reported from the SCS. All known members of Doliopsidina are warm-temperate species. Based on the global records (Fig. 8 G), Doliopsidina species have been recorded from the coastal waters off Japan, the Pacific coast of the United States, the California Current system, the North Atlantic, the Caribbean Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9B8879CC4D945988B5766A4B824294D3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Lai, Yanjiao;Zheng, Zeqi;Chen, Mianrun;Tan, Yehui	Lai, Yanjiao, Zheng, Zeqi, Chen, Mianrun, Tan, Yehui (2026): New species and suborder records reveal unusually high thaliacean (Chordata, Tunicata) diversity in the South China Sea. ZooKeys 1290: 147-170, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1290.188516
5AA97142A52757DF8E5C5377AE29DA07.text	5AA97142A52757DF8E5C5377AE29DA07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Doliolina (Doliolina) krohni Herdman 1888	<div><p>Doliolina (Doliolina) krohni Herdman, 1888</p><p>Fig. 5</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China • 3 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.044&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.697" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.044/lat 18.697)">South China Sea</a>; 18.697°N, 114.044°E; 26 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202136, 202137, 202138 • 1 phorozooid; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202134 • 2 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.714&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.078" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.714/lat 19.078)">South China Sea</a>; 19.078°N, 111.714°E; 27 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202174, 202175 • 2 phorozooids; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202173, 202176 • 2 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.558" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.028/lat 18.558)">South China Sea</a>; 18.558°N, 112.028°E; 27 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202177, 202182 • 2 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.503" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.444/lat 19.503)">South China Sea</a>; 19.503°N, 112.444°E; 27 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202163, 202167 • 1 phorozooid; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202169 • 1 gonozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.194" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.3/lat 18.194)">South China Sea</a>; 18.194°N, 112.300°E; 28 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202191 • 13 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.625&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.806" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.625/lat 17.806)">South China Sea</a>; 17.806°N, 112.625°E; 28 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202001, 202003, 202005, 202006, 202008, 202009, 202010, 202012, 202017, 202018, 202019, 202020, 202024 • 9 phorozooids; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202004, 202007, 202011, 202013, 202014, 202015, 202021, 202022, 202023 • 5 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.703" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.139/lat 17.703)">South China Sea</a>; 17.703°N, 114.139°E; 28 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202030, 202031, 202032, 202033, 202034 • 1 phorozooid; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202026 • 2 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.078&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.675" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.078/lat 16.675)">South China Sea</a>; 16.675°N, 115.078°E; 29 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202052, 202053 • 1 gonozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.014&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.672" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.014/lat 17.672)">South China Sea</a>; 17.672°N, 116.014°E; 29 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202036 • 1 phorozooid; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202039 • 3 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.236&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.714" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.236/lat 16.714)">South China Sea</a>; 16.714°N, 116.236°E; 29 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202042, 202043, 202044 • 1 phorozooid; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202048 • 6 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.675" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.056/lat 16.675)">South China Sea</a>; 16.675°N, 112.056°E; 30 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202058, 202061, 202062, 202066, 202067, 202073 • 1 phorozooid; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202068 • 1 gonozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.161&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.717" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.161/lat 16.717)">South China Sea</a>; 16.717°N, 113.161°E; 30 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202057 • 1 phorozooid; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202056 • 4 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.867&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.325" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.867/lat 18.325)">South China Sea</a>; 18.325°N, 110.867°E; 4 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202094, 202095, 202096, 202097 • 1 phorozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.994" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.139/lat 17.994)">South China Sea</a>; 17.994°N, 111.139°E; 4 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202090 • 2 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.486&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.633" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.486/lat 17.633)">South China Sea</a>; 17.633°N, 111.486°E; 5 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202088, 202089 • 2 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.814&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.175" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.814/lat 17.175)">South China Sea</a>; 17.175°N, 111.814°E; 5 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202076, 202077 • 2 phorozooids; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202074, 202086 • 1 gonozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.058&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.681" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.058/lat 15.681)">South China Sea</a>; 15.681°N, 115.058°E; 6 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202142 • 2 phorozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.239&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.767" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.239/lat 15.767)">South China Sea</a>; 15.767°N, 116.239°E; 6 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202153, 202159 • 1 gonozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.625&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.625/lat 15.7)">South China Sea</a>; 15.700°N, 113.625°E; 7 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202139 • 1 gonozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.414&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.603" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.414/lat 16.603)">South China Sea</a>; 16.603°N, 111.414°E; 8 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202108 • 5 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.767&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.092" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.767/lat 16.092)">South China Sea</a>; 16.092°N, 111.767°E; 8 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202117, 202119, 202121, 202122, 202124 • 1 phorozooid; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202115 • 4 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.725" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.0/lat 15.725)">South China Sea</a>; 15.725°N, 112.000°E; 8 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202125, 202126, 202129, 202131 • 1 gonozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.661&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.498" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.661/lat 17.498)">South China Sea</a>; 17.498°N, 110.661°E; 9 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202101 • 2 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.036&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.114" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.036/lat 17.114)">South China Sea</a>; 17.114°N, 111.036°E; 9 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202104, 202105 • 2 phorozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.798&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.659" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.798/lat 18.659)">South China Sea</a>; 18.659°N, 113.798°E; 22 Aug. 2022; Y. Liu leg.; SDRI 202206, 202207 • 1 gonozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.798&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.168" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.798/lat 17.168)">South China Sea</a>; 17.168°N, 110.798°E; 27 Aug. 2022; Y. Liu leg.; SDRI 202217 • 3 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.177" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.4/lat 17.177)">South China Sea</a>; 17.177°N, 114.400°E; 28 Aug. 2022; Y. Liu leg.; SDRI 202220, 202222, 202223 • 1 phorozooid; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202221 • 2 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.985&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.692" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.985/lat 15.692)">South China Sea</a>; 15.692°N, 114.985°E; 29 Aug. 2022; Y. Liu leg.; SDRI 202229, 202230 • 4 phorozooids; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202224, 202225, 202227, 202228 • 2 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.629&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.656" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.629/lat 15.656)">South China Sea</a>; 15.656°N, 112.629°E; 30 Aug. 2022; Y. Liu leg.; SDRI 202269, 202270 • 16 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.802&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.802/lat 15.666)">South China Sea</a>; 15.666°N, 113.802°E; 30 Aug. 2022; Y. Liu leg.; SDRI 202237, 202240, 202244, 202247, 202248, 202251, 202254, 202255, 202256, 202258, 202259, 202260, 202261, 202262, 202263, 202264 • 7 phorozooids; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202238, 202241, 202242, 202245, 202249, 202250, 202252 • 1 gonozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.396&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.684" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.396/lat 15.684)">South China Sea</a>; 15.684°N, 111.396°E; 31 Aug. 2022; Y. Liu leg.; SDRI 202279 • 1 phorozooid; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202282 .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Length 0.5–2.4 mm. Long endostyle extending from MII to MV (Fig. 5 A – D). Branchial septum arched, between MV and MVI. Brain between MIII and MIV. Testis pear-shaped, swollen, protruding ventrally below intestine. Ovary anterior to MVI. In some specimens, bright red streaks or patches were observed near the stomach, a feature not previously described (Fig. 5 B).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Most specimens appeared flattened and contracted, likely due to fixation in formaldehyde solution. This species closely resembles Doliolina (Doliolina) müelleri, but can be clearly distinguished by its markedly longer endostyle. Although D. müelleri has been reported multiple times in the SCS, D. krohni has not been recorded previously. In the present study, however, the pattern was reversed: D. krohni occurred frequently, while D. müelleri was rarely observed.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>In this study, this species was widely distributed, exhibiting high occurrence rates in both 2020 (72.73 %) and 2022 (63.64 %; Table 2). In the southwestern area, phorozooids were the dominant stage and abundances were low. In contrast, higher abundances were observed in the northwestern and southeastern areas, coinciding with the dominance of gonozooid (Fig. 5 E). According to the historical literature and biodiversity databases, this species was found in European waters, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea (Purushothaman et al. 2018), South Atlantic, Brazilian waters (Da Silva Rodrigues et al. 2024), Red Sea (Godeaux 1987), and the North Pacific (Tokioka 1960).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5AA97142A52757DF8E5C5377AE29DA07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Lai, Yanjiao;Zheng, Zeqi;Chen, Mianrun;Tan, Yehui	Lai, Yanjiao, Zheng, Zeqi, Chen, Mianrun, Tan, Yehui (2026): New species and suborder records reveal unusually high thaliacean (Chordata, Tunicata) diversity in the South China Sea. ZooKeys 1290: 147-170, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1290.188516
A77988D7765556F097A861B1CF8B1AC8.text	A77988D7765556F097A861B1CF8B1AC8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Doliolina (Doliolina) sigmoides Garstang 1933	<div><p>Doliolina (Doliolina) sigmoides Garstang, 1933</p><p>Fig. 6</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China • 2 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.236&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.714" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.236/lat 16.714)">South China Sea</a>; 16.714°N, 116.236°E; 29 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202045, 202047 • 2 phorozooids; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202049 • 1 phorozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.014&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.672" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.014/lat 17.672)">South China Sea</a>; 17.672°N, 116.014°E; 29 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202040 • 1 gonozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.016&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.686" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.016/lat 18.686)">South China Sea</a>; 18.686°N, 115.016°E; 22 Aug. 2022; Y. Liu leg.; SDRI 202203 • 1 phorozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.196&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.191" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.196/lat 17.191)">South China Sea</a>; 17.191°N, 113.196°E; 28 Aug. 2022; Y. Liu leg.; SDRI 202219 • 1 gonozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.629&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.656" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.629/lat 15.656)">South China Sea</a>; 15.656°N, 112.629°E; 30 Aug. 2022; Y. Liu leg.; SDRI 202267 • 2 phorozooids; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202266, 202268 .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Length 1.0– 1.9 mm. Endostyle slender, extending from MII to MV. Branchial septum S-shaped, extending from MV to MVI, folding back to MIV and then returning to MV. Brain located between MIII and MIV. Testis short, horizontal, swollen anterior to MV. Ovary positioned immediately posterior to testis (Fig. 6 A – C).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>This species was recorded in the western part of the study area, with occurrence rates of 6.06 % in 2020 and 27.27 % in 2022 (Table 2, Fig. 6 D). Global records are scarce (Fig. 6 D), with reported occurrences primarily limited to the Guinea Basin and the Indian Ocean (Purushothaman et al. 2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A77988D7765556F097A861B1CF8B1AC8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Lai, Yanjiao;Zheng, Zeqi;Chen, Mianrun;Tan, Yehui	Lai, Yanjiao, Zheng, Zeqi, Chen, Mianrun, Tan, Yehui (2026): New species and suborder records reveal unusually high thaliacean (Chordata, Tunicata) diversity in the South China Sea. ZooKeys 1290: 147-170, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1290.188516
C21B9A61FE9355589AF78739670458B1.text	C21B9A61FE9355589AF78739670458B1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Doliolina (Doliolinetta) indica Neumann 1906	<div><p>Doliolina (Doliolinetta) indica Neumann, 1906</p><p>Fig. 7</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China • 1 gonozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.625&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.806" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.625/lat 17.806)">South China Sea</a>; 17.806°N, 112.625°E; 28 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202016 • 2 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.703" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.139/lat 17.703)">South China Sea</a>; 17.703°N, 114.139°E; 28 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202028, 202029 • 2 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.014&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.672" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.014/lat 17.672)">South China Sea</a>; 17.672°N, 116.014°E; 29 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202037, 202038 • 2 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.236&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.714" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.236/lat 16.714)">South China Sea</a>; 16.714°N, 116.236°E; 29 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202041, 202046 • 1 phorozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.078&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.675" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.078/lat 16.675)">South China Sea</a>; 16.675°N, 115.078°E; 29 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202051 • 1 gonozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.092&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.739" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.092/lat 16.739)">South China Sea</a>; 16.739°N, 114.092°E; 30 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202054 • 1 phorozooid; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202055 • 1 phorozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.675" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.056/lat 16.675)">South China Sea</a>; 16.675°N, 112.056°E; 30 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202059 • 2 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.814&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.175" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.814/lat 17.175)">South China Sea</a>; 17.175°N, 111.814°E; 5 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202075, 202081 • 2 phorozooids; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202079, 202080 • 1 gonozooid; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202078 • 2 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.036&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.114" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.036/lat 17.114)">South China Sea</a>; 17.114°N, 111.036°E; 9 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202102, 202103 • 2 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.414&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.603" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.414/lat 16.603)">South China Sea</a>; 16.603°N, 111.414°E; 8 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202106, 202107 • 1 gonozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.767&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.092" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.767/lat 16.092)">South China Sea</a>; 16.092°N, 111.767°E; 8 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202116 • 3 phorozooids; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202118, 202120, 202123 • 1 gonozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.725" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.0/lat 15.725)">South China Sea</a>; 15.725°N, 112.000°E; 8 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202128 • 1 gonozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.044&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.697" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.044/lat 18.697)">South China Sea</a>; 18.697°N, 114.044°E; 26 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202135 • 1 phorozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.625&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.625/lat 15.7)">South China Sea</a>; 15.700°N, 113.625°E; 7 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202140 • 1 gonozooid; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202141 • 2 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.058&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.681" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.058/lat 15.681)">South China Sea</a>; 15.681°N, 115.058°E; 6 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202149, 202150 • 3 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.239&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.767" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.239/lat 15.767)">South China Sea</a>; 15.767°N, 116.239°E; 6 Aug. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202155, 202157, 202158 • 2 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.822&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.156" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.822/lat 19.156)">South China Sea</a>; 19.156°N, 112.822°E; 27 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202160, 202161 • 1 gonozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.503" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.444/lat 19.503)">South China Sea</a>; 19.503°N, 112.444°E; 27 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202166 • 2 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.194" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.3/lat 18.194)">South China Sea</a>; 18.194°N, 112.300°E; 28 Jul. 2020; Y. J. Lai leg.; SDRI 202187, 202189 • 1 gonozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.798&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.168" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.798/lat 17.168)">South China Sea</a>; 17.168°N, 110.798°E; 27 Aug. 2022; Y. Liu leg.; SDRI 202218 • 1 gonozooid; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.985&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.692" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.985/lat 15.692)">South China Sea</a>; 15.692°N, 114.985°E; 29 Aug. 2022; Y. Liu leg.; SDRI 202226 • 5 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.802&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.802/lat 15.666)">South China Sea</a>; 15.666°N, 113.802°E; 30 Aug. 2022; Y. Liu leg.; SDRI 202246, 202253, 202257 • 1 phorozooid; same data as for preceding; SDRI 202239 • 3 gonozooids; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.396&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.684" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.396/lat 15.684)">South China Sea</a>; 15.684°N, 111.396°E; 31 Aug. 2022; Y. Liu leg.; SDRI 202278, 202280, 202281 .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Length 0.4–2.1 mm. Endostyle slender, extending from MII to MV. Branchial septum oblique between MV and MVI. Brain located between MIII and MIV. Testis tubular, horizontal, swollen at MII. Stomach masked by a cloud of yellow pigment. Ovary anterior to MVII (Fig. 7 A – C).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>This species is readily distinguishable by the yellow pigment cloud around the stomach both in the phorozooid and gonozooid stages, and by the swollen testis at M II in the gonozooid stage (Fig. 7 C).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>This species was widely distributed within the study area, exhibiting a high occurrence rate of 57.58 % in 2020 (Table 2, Fig. 7 D). Globally, records are scarce (Fig. 7 D) with documented occurrences primarily limited to the Indian Ocean, Gulf of Aden, Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba, and Arabian Sea (Purushothaman et al. 2018). Its occurrence in the SCS is consistent with its tropical – subtropical distribution and may be facilitated by the SCS acting as a biogeographic transition zone within the Indo – Pacific.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C21B9A61FE9355589AF78739670458B1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Lai, Yanjiao;Zheng, Zeqi;Chen, Mianrun;Tan, Yehui	Lai, Yanjiao, Zheng, Zeqi, Chen, Mianrun, Tan, Yehui (2026): New species and suborder records reveal unusually high thaliacean (Chordata, Tunicata) diversity in the South China Sea. ZooKeys 1290: 147-170, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1290.188516
