identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
12003F3AFF9D6952E7C3CBC9FBB8F859.text	12003F3AFF9D6952E7C3CBC9FBB8F859.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brachodes Guenee 1845	<div><p>Brachodes</p><p>Based on the work of Patočka &amp; Turčani (2005), Huertas-Dionisio (2012) and our own data generated during the course of this study, pupae of the genus Brachodes are characterized as follows. The pupa is semilibera, usually with both showing two rows of spines on the dorsum of the abdominal segments. The dorsal spines of basal rows of the 3rd–6th abdominal segments, distinct, elongated and slender. The spines of caudal rows very small, sometimes reduced as in B. cf. rasata . Spines of basal row on the 2nd abdominal segment present but sometimes absent. Blade of head projection usually small as in B. flavescens, distinct with robust margin in B. cf. rasata . Head rounded frontally, with a salient sharp edge at boundary of frons/clypeus. Setae on metanotum and the second segment in dorsal view long. Metanotum very deeply excised. Maxillary palpi large and not adjacent to the maxillae as in B. gaditana, adjacent in B. funebris . Mandible relatively small. Labium and palpi labiales short. Antennae relatively short, do not reach end of mesothoracic legs and apices of forewings. Forewings do not overlap caudal margin of the 5th abdominal segment. Proboscis relatively short and does not reach mesothoracic legs. Metathoracic legs very long and overlaps distinctly level of ends of forewings. Metathoracic legs extending to half of 5th abdominal segment, in B. cf. rasata extending to half of 7th abdominal segment. The 9th abdominal segments with a pair of hooked dorsal spines e.g. in B. funebris, with two pairs of dorsal spines in B. compar and B. gaditana . The 10th segment with one pair of dorsal spines. The 10th segment with one pair of ventral spines in B. cf. rasata, or without spines e.g. in B. funebris . End of abdomen pointed in B. funebris, obtuse without spine at the end in B. compar or B. flavescens or obtuse with a pair of strong lateral spines in B. gaditana and B. cf. rasata .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/12003F3AFF9D6952E7C3CBC9FBB8F859	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bąkowski, Marek;Kallies, Axel	Bąkowski, Marek, Kallies, Axel (2025): Description of the pupae of Brachodes species (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea, Brachodidae) with emphasis on diagnostic generic characters. Zootaxa 5679 (2): 277-285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7
12003F3AFF9E6951E7C3CFACFC37FAC1.text	12003F3AFF9E6951E7C3CFACFC37FAC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brachodes compar (Staudinger 1879)	<div><p>Brachodes compar (Staudinger, 1879)</p><p>(Figs. 1A–E)</p><p>One female, pupal exuvia, Turkey, Icel, Sertavul gecidi, 1700 m, 7.vii.2003, leg. T. &amp; W. Garrevoet &amp; N. Vandorpe.</p><p>Pupal exuvia: Length 13 mm</p><p>Head projection blade large, rounded. The dark margin not robust. Frontal setae long and thin, situated clearly behind level of lateral angles of frons in dorsal view. Clypeal depression fairly deep in ventral view and bears distinct lateral mounds. Distance between clypeal setae C1 2 approximately 1.3× greater than distance between C1 2 and Cl 1. Seta Cl 1 very long, two times longer than distance between both C1 2. Labrum large, truncate for a greater distance and with straight sides, slightly wrinkled. Labium short and large, slightly elevated in basal part. Palpi labiales very short, two times longer than labium. Mandibles wide, circular in shape.</p><p>Forewing extending to apical margin of 3rd abdominal segment; hindwing hidden under forewing extending to half of 2nd abdominal segment.</p><p>Ends of metathoracic legs extending to apical margin of 5th abdominal segment. Ventral edge of subdorsal furrow on mesonotum weak. Spines of apical row on the 2nd abdominal segment, absent. The 4th abdominal segment bears six slender spines of basal row between setae D1. Crevices between them wider, bow-like. The 9th segment with four dorsal spines, the 10th segment with a pair of strong dorsal spines. The ventral spines on 10th segment absent in the studied specimen. End of abdomen obtuse without lateral spines.</p><p>Diagnosis. Brachodes compar is distinguished from B. funebris and B. flavescens by the presence of four dorsal spines on 9th segment. Four dorsal spines were also present on the 9th segment of some pupae of B. gaditana . In B. funebris and B. flavescens 9th segments with a pair of hooked dorsal spines. In B. compar head projection blade large, rounded. Distance between clypeal setae C1 2 approximately 1.3 × greater than distance between C1 2 and Cl 1. Spines of apical row on the 2nd abdominal segment absent. Labium short and large, slightly elevated in basal part, palpi labiales very short, two times longer than labium. The 10th segment with a pair of strong dorsal spines.</p><p>Biology. Grass ( Poaceae). The identity of the hostplant was not established.The related Brachodes appendiculata has been reported to feed in Festuca roots.</p><p>Distribution. Turkey, possibly stretching from southeastern Europe (Croatia, Greece) to central Asia (Kyrgyzstan) (Kallies unpublished).</p><p>Remarks. This species belongs to the B. appendiculata (Esper, 1783) group, thus is closely related to the type species of the genus. The type material is from Turkey. Similar specimens have been collected in Croatia, Greece, Iran and Kyrgyzstan; however, their identity needs to be firmly established.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/12003F3AFF9E6951E7C3CFACFC37FAC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bąkowski, Marek;Kallies, Axel	Bąkowski, Marek, Kallies, Axel (2025): Description of the pupae of Brachodes species (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea, Brachodidae) with emphasis on diagnostic generic characters. Zootaxa 5679 (2): 277-285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7
12003F3AFF9E6957E7C3CA64FF3AFAA3.text	12003F3AFF9E6957E7C3CA64FF3AFAA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brachodes flavescens Turati 1919	<div><p>Brachodes flavescens Turati, 1919</p><p>(Figs. 2A,B,C)</p><p>One male, pupal exuvium, Italy, Puglia, Castel del Monte, 300 m, 5. iv. 2004, ex larva in Graminae sp., leg. T. &amp; W. Garrevoet.</p><p>Pupal exuvium: Length 11 mm</p><p>Blade of head projection reduced to a small point and sharply projecting in dorsal view. Clypeal depression small and fairly deep in ventral view. Frontal setae long and thin, situated clearly behind level of lateral angles of frons in dorsal view. Frons slightly protuberant and without wrinkles. Labrum truncate for a greater distance and with straight or slightly concave sides. Seta Cl 1 and Cl 2 very long, two times longer than distance between both C1 2.</p><p>Clypeal setae distinctly longer than frontal setae. Distance between clypeal setae C1 2 approximately 5× greater than distance between C1 2 and Cl 1. Mandibles small. Labium narrow, three times shorter than palpi labiales.</p><p>Forewing extending to caudal margin of 4th abdominal segment. Metathoracic legs very long, reach level of caudal margin 6th abdominal segment.</p><p>Setae on metanotum very long. Spines of basal row on the 2nd abdominal segment, present.</p><p>The 4th abdominal segment bears eight slender spines of basal row between setae D1. The 9th and 10th segments with a pair of hooked dorsal spines. One pair of ventral spines on 10th segment.</p><p>Diagnosis. Brachodes flavescens is distinguished from the other species considered in this study by the reduced head projection. Distance between clypeal setae C1 2 approximately 5× greater than distance between C1 2 and Cl 1. Spines of basal row on the 2nd abdominal segment, present. Labium narrow, three times shorter than palpi labiales. Similar to B. cf. rasata, abdominal segments nine and ten each with a pair of hooked dorsal spines. No clear differences were detected between B. flavescens and B. funebris .</p><p>Biology. Grass ( Poaceae). The identity of the hostplant was not established.</p><p>Distribution. Italy (Bertaccini &amp; Fiumi 2002) and Albania (von Scholley-Pfab 2024).</p><p>Remarks. This species belongs to the B. funebris species group, which differs from the B. appendiculata group by the simple antennae (bipectinate in the B. appendiculata group), the simple brown to yellow wing coloration (with distinct whitish or yellowish marks on the forewing and black and white hindwings in the B. appendiculata group).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/12003F3AFF9E6957E7C3CA64FF3AFAA3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bąkowski, Marek;Kallies, Axel	Bąkowski, Marek, Kallies, Axel (2025): Description of the pupae of Brachodes species (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea, Brachodidae) with emphasis on diagnostic generic characters. Zootaxa 5679 (2): 277-285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7
12003F3AFF986955E7C3CAFBFAACFF19.text	12003F3AFF986955E7C3CAFBFAACFF19.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brachodes rasata (Staudinger 1900)	<div><p>Brachodes cf. rasata (Staudinger, 1900)</p><p>(Figs. 3, 4A–D)</p><p>2 males, pupal exuviae, Kyrgyzstan, Fergana valley, 5km W Dzhalalabad, vii. 1998, leg. A. Kallies &amp; K. Špatenka</p><p>Pupal exuvium: Length 9 mm</p><p>Plate of frontal projection blade large, rounded in dorsal view. The dark margin robust.</p><p>Clypeal depression fairly deep in ventral view, bearing distinct lateral mounds. Frontal setae long and thin, situated behind level of lateral angles of frons in dorsal view. Frons slightly protuberant and without wrinkles and depressions.</p><p>Maxillary palpi visible and are not adjacent to the maxillae. Mandibles distinct and elongated or rhomboidal shape. Labrum large, truncate for a greater distance, wrinkled. Labium short and large. Palpi labiales short and 4 times longer than labium. Distance between clypeal setae C1 2 approximately 2× greater than distance between C1 2 and Cl 1. External setae Cl 1 short, three times shorter than C1 2.</p><p>Forewing extending to half of 5th abdominal segment. Proboscis does not reach level of end of antennae, it is at the level of end of prothoracic legs. Mesothoracic legs almost overlaps level of ends of forewings. Metathoracic legs very long and segmented. Ends of metathoracic legs extending to half of 7th abdominal segment.</p><p>Spines of basal row on the 2nd abdominal segment absent. The 4th abdominal segment bears 7 slender spines of basal row between setae D1. The dorsal spines of basal rows of the 3rd–6th abdominal segments, distinct and slender. The spines of caudal rows very small, sometimes reduced. The 9th and 10th segments with a pair of hooked dorsal spines. One pair of distinct ventral spines on 10th segment. End of abdomen obtuse with two distinct lateral spines.</p><p>Diagnosis. Plate of frontal projection blade large, rounded in dorsal view. The dark margin robust. Metathoracic legs very long and ends of metathoracic legs extending to half of 7th abdominal segment. Distance between clypeal setae C1 2 approximately 2 × greater than distance between C1 2 and Cl 1. Spines of basal row on the 2nd abdominal segment absent. Maxillary palpi similar to B. gaditana . Labium short and large, palpi labiales short, 4 times longer than labium. Similar to B. flavescens, abdominal segments 9 and 10 with a pair of hooked dorsal spines. End of abdomen obtuse with two distinct lateral spines.</p><p>Biology. Grass ( Poaceae). The identity of the hostplant was not established. Related species observed to be associated with Stipa species (Kallies unpublished observations).</p><p>Distribution. Currently only known from the Kyrgyzstani part of the Fergana valley where it was collected on hot and bar slopes at low elevation (Špatenka &amp; Kallies 2001).</p><p>Remarks. The specimens studied here likely represent an unnamed species related to Brachodes rasata, which is widely distributed in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan (Špatenka &amp; Kallies 2001). Typical B. rasata occur in alpine meadows at high elevations and the larvae feed in Stipa caucasica ( Poaceae) as described by Špatenka &amp; Kallies (2001) who also figured the pupa albeit without detailed description. In contrast, the exuviae studied here were found on dry and hot slopes at about 800 m altitude in a different Stipa species, and emerging specimens differed in details of their coloration. Brachodes rasata belongs to the B. fallax (Staudinger, 1900) group, which is characterized by its large size, narrow and long forewings, simple antennae, and its mainly central Asian distribution (Kallies 1998).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/12003F3AFF986955E7C3CAFBFAACFF19	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bąkowski, Marek;Kallies, Axel	Bąkowski, Marek, Kallies, Axel (2025): Description of the pupae of Brachodes species (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea, Brachodidae) with emphasis on diagnostic generic characters. Zootaxa 5679 (2): 277-285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7
12003F3AFF9A6955E7C3CA87FA4EF92F.text	12003F3AFF9A6955E7C3CA87FA4EF92F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brachodes Guenee 1845	<div><p>Key to the studied species based on external characters of pupae</p><p>1 End of abdomen, pointed, obtuse but without distinct lateral spines (Figs. 1D, E).................................. 3</p><p>- End of abdomen obtuse with distinct lateral spines (Figs. 4B, D)............................................... 2</p><p>2. Ends of metathoracic legs extending to half of 7th abdominal segment (Fig. 3)........................... B. cf. rasata</p><p>- Ends of metathoracic legs barely extend beyond to half of 5th abdominal segment (Fig. 1B)................. B. gaditana</p><p>3. Two dorsal spines on 9th abdominal segment (Figs. 2B, 4B)................................................... 4</p><p>- Four dorsal spines on 9th abdominal segment (Fig. 1D)............................................... B. compar</p><p>4. Head projection small, reduced................................................................ B. flavescens</p><p>- Head projection distinct........................................................................ B. funebris</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/12003F3AFF9A6955E7C3CA87FA4EF92F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bąkowski, Marek;Kallies, Axel	Bąkowski, Marek, Kallies, Axel (2025): Description of the pupae of Brachodes species (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea, Brachodidae) with emphasis on diagnostic generic characters. Zootaxa 5679 (2): 277-285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7
