identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
136F28284247FFF022BDFB6AFDC44F59.text	136F28284247FFF022BDFB6AFDC44F59.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Siculodes Guenee 1858	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Siculodes Guenée, 1858</p>
            <p>(Figs 1 – 6, 12 – 14, 18 – 23, 28 – 33)</p>
            <p> Type species:  Siculodes aurorula Guenée, 1858 , by subsequent designation by Whalley (1964). </p>
            <p> Siculodes Guenée, 1858 , in Boisduval &amp; Guenée. Histoire naturelle des Insectes: species général des Lépidoptères,Atlas, Uranides,Phalénites, Siculides, Siculides,Atlas,plate 1; species included:  Siculodes nervicula Guenée, 1858 ,  S. nubecula Guenée, 1858 ,  S. aurorula Guenée, 1858 ,  S. reticula Guenée, 1858 ,  S. perlula Guenée, 1858 ,  S. tigridula Guenée, 1858 . — Guenée, 1877. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, (5) 7: 289; syn.:  Aziba .— Meyrick, 1886. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1886: 215.— Pagenstecher, 1892. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift “Iris”, 5: 59, 82; syn.:  Risama ,  Aziba ,  Morova ,  Belenoptera [sic],  Draconia ,  Vadata ,  Pharambara ,  Iza .— H. Druce, 1895, in Godman &amp; Salvin. Biologia Centrali—Americana.  Insecta .  Lepidoptera —Heterocera, 2: 187; as a junior synonym of  Aziba . — Whalley, 1964. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (13) 7 (74): 125.— Whalley &amp; Heppner, 1995, Thyridoidea, in Becker et al. Checklist: Part 2, Hyblaeoidea—Pyraloidea—Tortricoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical  Lepidoptera 3: 31; syn.:  Risama ,  Aziba . </p>
            <p> Risama Walker, 1865 . List of the specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, 32: 519; only one species included:  Risama picta Walker, 1865 . — Hampson, 1897. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, (1): 629.— Gaede, 1936, in Seitz. Die Gross -Schmetterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes. Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwärmer 6: 1207.— Dalla Torre, 1914. Lepidopterorum Catalogus 20: 41.— Forbes, 1942. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, 90 (2): 349.— Whalley, 1964. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (13) 7 (74): 126. </p>
            <p> Type species:  Risama picta Walker, 1865 , by monotypy. </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history.  Siculodes was originally described based on figures of males and females of  S. nervicula ,  S. nubecula ,  S. aurorula ,  S. reticula ,  S. perlula , and  S. tigridula .  Siculodes nervicula was transferred by Hampson (1897) and  S. reticula by Gaede (1936) to  Belonoptera Herrich-Schäffer, [1858] . Hampson (1897) transferred  S. perlula and  S. tigridula to  Rhodoneura Guenée, 1858 and  S. nubecula was transferred by Druce (1895) to  Iza Walker, 1865 . Whalley (1964) designated  Siculodes aurorula as the type species of  Siculodes . </p>
            <p> Risama was originally described based on one female of  R. picta without illustration, consequently, its type species; the genus was later synonymized with  Siculodes by Pagenstecher (1892). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Siculodes differs from the other genera of  Siculodini by the forewing with apex truncate and hindwing with costal margin biconcave in  Hepialodes Guenée (in  Siculodes apex pointed and hindwing with costal margin straight); wings dark brown ground color, as the tegula, with irregular beige patches and valva with spiniform process in  Isa Walker (in  Siculodes colors are more vivid as the bands and spots and valva is simple); valva with editum small with thin and long setae and fultura superior sclerotized, with two arms converging posteriorly, forming an inverted V-shape with numerous spines in  Loxiorhiza Warren (valva simple as the fultura superior in  Siculodes ); hindwings lanceolate and abdomen in both sexes subequal in length to the forewing in  Meskea Grote (in  Siculodes hindwing triangular and shorter than abdomen); hindwings triangular and fultura inferior with the aspect of two thin stick in  Zeuzerodes Pagenstecher (hindwing also triangular but fultura inferior U or S-shaped in  Siculodes ); forewing and/ or hindwing with outer margin crenulate and hindwing with apex pointed in  Draconia Hübner (in  Siculodes outer margin not crenulate on both wings and the hindwing with apex rounded); hindwing with outer margin rounded and scaphium present in  Belonoptera Herrich-Schäffer (hindwing with outer margin also rounded but scaphium absent in  Siculodes ). It is morphologically most similar to  Aziba gen. rev., but it differs in the more vivid color pattern that ranges from pink, yellow to brown (in  Aziba gen. rev. the coloration is duller, such as ochre and brown, which could be confused in nature with dry leaves). Peculiarly, labial palps smaller than width of thorax (while in  Aziba gen. rev. the palps are larger), males with one and females with two bristles on the frenulum (in  Aziba absent, but in  A. mediula and  A. falcata the number of bristles varies in female, between two and three), forewing with R vein separating into R 1 and Rs upon reaching 2/5 of Sc and half of the disc cell, Rs divided into the following veins: R 2, R 3, R 4 and R 5 (veins R 2 +R 3 start together from Rs and bifurcate at different distances in  Aziba gen. rev.), apex pointed (in addition to pointed in  Aziba gen. rev. the apex is similar to a half moon). The male genitalia have the gnathos pronounced (narrow in  Aziba gen. rev.) and the valva with costa slightly concave (straight in  Aziba gen. rev.) while the female genitalia are similar in the lamella antevaginal membranous (sclerotized in  S. avicula ) and in the anal papilla with short and fine bristles (long bristles in  Aziba gen. rev.). </p>
            <p>Redescription. Thorax: spots or lines defined on ventral surface of both wings; male with one and female with two bristles in frenulum; forewing with vein R parallel and close to Sc, separating into R 1 and Rs upon reaching 2/5 of Sc and half of disc cell, Rs divided into following veins: R 2, R 3, R 4 and R 5; R 2, R 3 reaching costal margin, R 4 reaching apex; R 5 ending at outer margin, apex pointed; metathoracic tibia with four spurs.</p>
            <p>Male genitalia: uncus triangular with pointed apex directed ventrally and just after base covered with short, fine bristles; gnathos sclerotized, projected postero-ventrally; valva longer than wide, narrowing obliquely from distal half, with bristles on entire inner face, costa slightly concave, apex rounded, sacculus rectangular; fultura inferior with short bristles; aedeagus cylindrical with dorsal opening for ductus ejaculatorius.</p>
            <p>Female genitalia: tergite VIII sclerotized, square or rectangular in lateral view; lamella antevaginal and ostium membranous; bursa copulatrix with antrum sclerotized or slightly sclerotized and ductus bursae in different formats, sometimes long and of same thickness until dilating in corpus bursae, or progressively widening, and remaining portion of ductus and corpus bursae entirely membranous; signum with spinules in different shapes; papilla analis covered with short, fine bristles.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/136F28284247FFF022BDFB6AFDC44F59	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany;Casagrande, Mirna Martins;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2024): Taxonomic revision of Siculodes Guenée and revalidation of Aziba Walker (Lepidoptera, Thyrididae, Siculodinae, Siculodini). Zootaxa 5543 (4): 501-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2
136F28284243FFFA22BDF91CFD644EBD.text	136F28284243FFFA22BDF91CFD644EBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Siculodes aurorula Guenee 1858	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Siculodes aurorula Guenée, 1858</p>
            <p>(Figs 1, 12, 18, 28)</p>
            <p> Siculodes aurorula Guenée, 1858 , in Boisduval &amp; Guenée. Histoire naturelle des Insectes: species général des Lépidoptères,Atlas, Uranides, Phalénites, Siculides, Siculides, Atlas, plate 1, fig. 4 (female d); no data.—Herrich-Schäffer, [1858]. Sammlung neuer oder wening bekannter aussereuropäischer Schmetterling, 75, fig. 402 (d).— Guenée, 1877. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, (5) 7: 294.— Pagenstecher, 1892. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift “Iris”, 5: 83; syn.:  picta .— Whalley, 1964. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (13) 7 (74): 125.— Whalley &amp; Heppner, 1995, Thyridoidea, in Becker et al. Checklist: Part 2, Hyblaeoidea— Pyraloidea—Tortricoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical  Lepidoptera 3: 31; syn.:  picta . </p>
            <p> Vadata aurorula ; Walker, 1865. List of the specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, 32: 518. </p>
            <p> Risama picta Walker, 1865 . List of the specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, 32: 519; female, Brazil, collection Mr. Mornay.— Hampson, 1897. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1897 (1): 629, fig. 21 (female d); syn.:  aurorula .— Dalla Torre, 1914. Lepidopterorum Catalogus, 20: 41; syn.:  aurorula .— Gaede, 1936, in Seitz. Die Gross -Schmetterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes. Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwärmer, 6: 1207, fig. 175b (d); syn.:  aurorula .— Whalley, 1964. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (13) 7 (74): 126. </p>
            <p> Siculodes picta ; Guenée, 1877. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, (5) 7: 295. </p>
            <p> Risama aurorula ; Forbes, 1942. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 90 (2): 349. </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history.  Siculodes aurorula was originally described based on a female specimen, figured but not described textually. Guenée (1877) cited the species occurs in Brazil, with specimens deposited in various collections. Walker (1865) described  Vadata (Walker, 1865) and three species:  V. macropterana (Walker, 1865) ,  V. eurymenana (Walker, 1865) ,  V. subchalybaea (Walker, 1865) , and included  V. aurorula .  Vadata macropterana is the type species of the genus by subsequent designation by Hampson (1897) and currently is the only species in the genus. According to Whalley &amp; Heppner (1995)  Vadata is a monotypic and valid genus of Strigilinae,  Thyrididae .  Vadata eurymenana and  V. subchalybaea are addressed below as valid species within  Siculodes . </p>
            <p> Risama picta was originally described based on one female from Brazil without illustration, from Mr. Mornay’s collection and was later synonymized by Pagenstecher (1892) with  S. aurorula . </p>
            <p> Type material.  Siculodes aurorula :   A pair of syntypes was found, the male in MNHN and the female in NHMUK, with the author’s original labels matching the information provided in the original description. To give stability to the proposed name and ensure the correct identification of the species, the male is herein designated as the lectotype. Lectotype male with the following labels: / TYPE /  aurorula / 20 [18]54 / Muséum Paris Brésil Pechetto 1854 /  Siculodes aurorula Gn. Spec. génér. Lepid., 1857,  Atlas, PL. 58, fig. 4 (P. Viette VIII-1952) /, and the following labels will be added: / LECTOTYPE / LECTOTYPE  Siculodes aurorula Guenée, 1858 , Queiroz-Santos, Casagrande &amp; Mielke det. 2024  . </p>
            <p> Risama picta : Walker (1865) described the species based on one female deposited in NHMUK, with the author’s original labels matching the information provided in the original description with the following labels: / Type / Holotype / 1438 / ♀  Pyralidae Brit. Mus. Slide n° 8294 /  RISAMA PICTA / BRAZIL Mr. Mornay’s coll. / HOLOTYPE  Risama picta Walker det. M. Shaffer, 1989 / NHMUK 010921242 /. </p>
            <p> Note. The female syntype bears the following labels: /. Paralectotype female with the following labels: 3.  S. Aurorula Gn. pl. du Spec. pl. 1. f. 4.—HS.—Wlk 518 Brésil. /  Siculodes aurorula Brésil / Ex. Musaeo Ach. Guénée [sic]/ Ex Oberthür Coll. Brit. Mus. 1927—3. / PARALECTOTYPE  Siculodes aurorula Guenée det. M. Shaffer, 1989 / NHMUK 010921243 /, and the following labels will be added: / PARALECTOTYPE / PARALECTOTYPE  Siculodes aurorula Guenée, 1858 , Queiroz-Santos, Casagrande &amp; Mielke det. 2024 /. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Siculodes aurorula can be easily distinguished from  S. satellifera and all its congeners by wings overall light pink, as the tegulae, with ferrugineous marks, single semi-translucent spot on the hindwing (Figs 1A–D) and signum along the dilated portion of the bursa copulatrix (Fig. 18). In addition, by combination of the following characters: i) gnathos V-shaped, narrow (Fig. 12A) and ii) aedeagus curved (Fig. 12F). </p>
            <p>Redescription. Forewing: length—males 18.5–25.5 mm (n = 10), females 23.0–31.0 mm (n = 10); tornus concave, less pronounced in females; on both sides light pink with ferrugineous marks and a light-yellow oblique stripe from base to apex and another between CuA 2 and anal margin; retinaculum above Sc.</p>
            <p>Hindwing: length—males 14.5–20.5 mm (n = 10), females 18.0–28.0 mm (n = 10); tornus sinuous; both sides light pink with ferrugineous marks with a light-yellow oblique stripe from base, reaching costal margin, gently reaching apex, and continuing to tornus; semi-translucent spot in M 1 –M 2; female with outer margin of both wings more rounded than in male.</p>
            <p>Male genitalia (Fig. 12): tegumen posterior margin with slight median indentation, forming rounded lateral lobes in dorsal view; saccus oval in lateral view; uncus dilated laterally at base; gnathos narrow and V-shaped, proximal third slightly dilated; valva with costa bent medially; fultura inferior U-shaped, rounded anterior margin; aedeagus curved, dorsal opening for ductus ejaculatorius elongated, cornutus absent.</p>
            <p>Female genitalia (Fig. 18): tergite VIII rectangular in lateral view; anterior apophysis as long as posterior apophysis; bursa copulatrix slightly striated membrane, antrum sclerotized, ductus bursae progressively widening to corpus bursae eight times larger than antrum; signum (Fig. 28) with spines along corpus bursae, more abundant in central region; papilla analis longer than wide.</p>
            <p> Geographic distribution (Fig. 42). BRAZIL: Bahia: Camacan,  Reserva Serra Bonita ; Maraú, Fazenda Água Boa. Goiás: Cachoeiras,  Lagoa Formosa ; Vianopólis. Minas Gerais: São Roque de Minas,  São José do Barreiro . Espírito Santo: Santa Leopoldina,  Tirol ; Santa Teresa. Rio de Janeiro: Angra dos Reis,  Jussaral ; Cachoeiras de Macacu,  Boca do Mato ; Nova Friburgo; Petrópolis,  Independência ; Rio de Janeiro; São Francisco de Itabapoana. São Paulo: Juquiá,  Fazenda Poço Grande ; Paranapanema; Ubatuba, Picinguaba. Paraná: Guaratuba, Castelhanos; Foz do Iguaçu,  Parque Nacional do Iguaçu ; Telêmaco Borba. Santa  Catarina : Blumenau; Corupá; Ibirama; Dalbérgia,  Rio Laeiss ; Joinville; São Bento do Sul, Rio Vermelho,  Rio Natal ; Timbó. </p>
            <p> Natural history. Immature stages and host plant unknown. Adults land on trunks, leaves, and even the ground at forest edges (Marcos C. Campis, pers. comm.) (Fig. 37–38) in an upright position with the wings spread and the meso- and metathoracic legs resting on the surface while the prothoracic legs are often suspended. In this position, the antennae are tucked downwards along the ventral side of the body (Figs 39–41). Due to this landing habit,  S. aurorula is popularly known as the Buda moth. Based on label data, the species occurs both in forested and open areas, and adults were caught between January to May and August to December. </p>
            <p>Examined material (17 ♂, 47 ♀).</p>
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                  BRAZIL: 1 ♂ (Lectotype of  Siculodes aurorula ) (MNHN)  ,   1 ♀ (Paralectotype of de  Siculodes aurorula ), NHMUK 010921243 (NHMUK)  ,   1 ♀ (Holotype of  Risama picta ) NHMUK 010921242 (NHMUK)  ,  1 ♂, NHMUK 010921608 ,  1 ♂, NHMUK 010921611 (NHMUK), 1 ♀ (MfN) ;   Bahia: Camacan,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.55/lat -15.383333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.383333">Reserva Serra Bonita</a>
                 , 1 ♀, IX.2009, 800m, 15º23’S 39º33’W, V. O. Becker leg., VOB 144921 (VOB)  ,  1 ♀, IX.2009, 200m, 15º23’S 39º33’W, F. L. Santos leg., VOB 145020 (VOB) ,  1 ♀, 11–17.II.2010, 800m, 15º23’S 39º33’W, Becker &amp; Moser leg., CLAM 105 (CLAM) ;  Ilhéus, 1 ♀ (CEIO) ;   Maraú,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.483334/lat -14.216666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.483334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.216666">Fazenda Água Boa</a>
                 , 1 ♀, X.2010, 150m, 14°13’S 39°29’W, H. Thöny leg. (MWM)  .   Goiás: Cachoeiras,  Lagoa Formosa , 1 ♀, 24–27.X.1964, Exp. Dep. Zool. leg. (MZUSP)  ;  Vianopólis, 1 ♂, III.1930, R. Spitz leg. (MSFR) .   Minas Gerais: São Roque de Minas,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.5404/lat -20.310053)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.5404&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.310053">São José do Barreiro</a>
                 , 1 ♀, 16–19.XI.1987,  1 ♀, 10–13.X.1988, 900m, 20°18’36.19’’S 46°32’25.45’’W, C. Mielke leg., CCGM 39.786, CCGM 37.837 (CCGM) .  Espírito Santo: Santa Leopoldina, 1 ♀, I.1921, Michaelis. leg. (MfN), Tirol, 1 ♂, XI.1996, 700m, 24°75’S 40°50’W, H. Thöny leg. (MWM) ;  Santa Teresa, 1 ♀, 27.VIII.1966, 670 m, H. Reichardt leg. (MZUSP) .   Rio de Janeiro: Angra dos Reis,  Jussaral , 1 ♀, II.1934, Travassos leg. (CEIO)  ;   Cachoeira de Macacu, Boca do Mato , 1 ♂, 30.XII.2002, N. Tangerini leg., DZ 37.921 (DZUP)  ;  Nova Friburgo, 1 ♂, 10.III.1993, 600m, V. O. Becker leg., VOB 86249 (VOB) ;   Petrópolis,  Independência , 1 ♀, 10.IV.1939, 900m, Gagarin leg., DZ 39.458 (DZUP)  ;  Rio de Janeiro, 1 ♂, NHMUK 010921607 (NHMUK) ;  1 ♂, NHMUK 010921613 (NHMUK) ;  1 ♂, J. G. Fötterle leg. (NHMV) ;   1 ♀, XI, (MSFR) (  Represa Camorim )  ,  1 ♀, I.1933, Travassos leg. (CEIO) ,   Paineiras , 1 ♀, 26.VIII.1982, Gagarin leg. (CEIO)  ;  São Francisco de Itabapoana, 1 ♂, NHMUK 010921542 (NHMUK) .   São Paulo: Juquiá,  Fazenda Poço Grande , 2 ♀, 1–5.X.1940, CDZ leg. (CEIO)  ;  Paranapanema, 1 ♀ (USNM) ;   Ubatuba,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.833332/lat -23.366667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.833332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.366667">Picinguaba</a>
                 , 1 ♀, 18.III.2001, 2–20m, 23°22’S 44°50’W, V. O. Becker leg., VOB 132575 (VOB)  .   Paraná: Guaratuba,  Castelhanos , 30.XI.1997, 1 ♀, II.1998, 500m, H. Thöny leg., MWM 19.164 (MWM)  ;   Foz do Iguaçu,  Parque Nacional do Iguaçu , 1 ♀, 22.III.1998, 180m, O. Mielke leg., DZ 39.326 (DZUP)  ;  Telêmanco Borba, 1 ♀, 13–19.X.1995, 750m, V. O. Becker leg., VOB 97512 (VOB) .  Santa Catarina: 1 ♀, NHMUK 010921100 (NHMUK) ,  1 ♂ (SMT) ;  Blumenau, 1 ♂, Nesswitz leg. (NHMV) ;  1 ♂, Scheidem leg. (MfN) ;  1 ♂, 3.X.1929, Ad. Friedrich leg. (MSFR) ;  Corupá, 1 ♀, IX.1944, Anton Maller leg. (AMNH) ;   Dalbérgia,  Rio Laeiss , 1 ♀, XI.1932, F. H. Hoffmann leg., NHMUK 010921566 (NHMUK)  ;  Joinville, 1 ♀ (MSFR), 1 ♂, II.1954, Diringshofen leg. (MZUSP) ,  1 ♂, 20.I.1972, Mielke, Moure &amp; Tangerini leg. DZ 39.286, (DZUP) ;   São Bento do Sul,  Rio Vermelho , 1 ♀, 21.III.1974, 1 ♀, 15.I.1975, 850m, Rank leg., DZ 39.418, DZ 39.398 (DZUP)  ,  Rio Natal, 2 ♀, 20.XII.1997, I. Rank leg. (IR) ,  1 ♀, 19–20.VIII.2005 ,  2 ♀, 22.X.2007 ,  1 ♀, 30.X.2007, 500–600m, 26º19’S 49º18’W, Rank leg., CLAM 105 (CLAM) ,  1 ♀, 4–11.XII.2006 ,  1 ♀, 18.III.2009, 700m, 26º19’S 49º18’W, Rank &amp; Moser leg., DZ 34.098 (DZUP) ,  CLAM 105 (CLAM) ,  1 ♀, 1.XI.2007 ,  1 ♀ 27.V.2008, 500–600m, Moser leg., DZ 39.421, DZ 34.058 (DZUP) ,  3 ♀, 8–10.XI.2007, 500–600m, 26º19’S 49º18’W, Moser, Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg., CLAM 105 (CLAM) ;   Timbó , 2 ♀ (SMT); 1 ♀, XII.1934, B. Pohl leg. (MZUSP)  . 
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/136F28284243FFFA22BDF91CFD644EBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany;Casagrande, Mirna Martins;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2024): Taxonomic revision of Siculodes Guenée and revalidation of Aziba Walker (Lepidoptera, Thyrididae, Siculodinae, Siculodini). Zootaxa 5543 (4): 501-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2
136F28284249FFFB22BDFEA7FB164815.text	136F28284249FFFB22BDFEA7FB164815.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Siculodes avicula Guenee 1877	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Siculodes avicula Guenée, 1877</p>
            <p>(Figs 2, 13, 19, 29)</p>
            <p> Siculodes avicula Guenée, 1877 . Annales de la Société entomologique de France, (5) 7: 293; 1 female [recte male] [holotype], Brazil, collection Guenée.— Pagenstecher, 1892. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift “Iris”, 5: 74, 127.— Whalley &amp; Heppner, 1995, Thyridoidea, in Becker et al. Checklist: Part 2, Hyblaeoidea—Pyraloidea— Tortricoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical  Lepidoptera , 3: 31. </p>
            <p> Risama avicula ; Hampson,1897. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1897 (1):630.— Dalla Torre, 1914. Lepidopterorum Catalogus, 20:41.— Gaede,1936, in Seitz. Die Gross -Schmetterlinge desAmerikanischen Faunengebietes. Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwärmer, 6: 1208, fig. 175d (d) [misidentification].— Forbes, 1942. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, 90 (2): 350 [misidentification]. </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history. Guenée (1877) described the species without illustration, based on a female [recte male] [holotype] from Brazil; it was transferred to  Risama by Hampson (1897) and returned to  Siculodes by Whalley &amp; Heppner (1995). The references to  R. avicula in Gaede (1936) and Forbes (1942) are misidentifications of  Aziba vehemensaria (H. Edwards, 1884) stat. rev. et comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Type material. The male [holotype] was found in the NHMUK, with the author’s original labels matching the information provided in the original description. Holotype male with the following labels: / 1. Sicul.  Avicula Gn. Cat Gn. N ° Brésil. Pálpes extrem grêles ácarrás à avoir indistinct le éperons trée zappzolud / Ex. Musaeo Ach. Guénée [sic]/ Ex Oberthür Coll. Brit. Mus. 1927—3. / Holotype / Holotype  Siculodes avicula Guenee [sic] det. M. Shaffer, 1989 / NHMUK 010921101 /. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Siculodes avicula can be easily distinguished from  S. straminula and all its congeners by wings overall fawn and beige, irregular lines dark brown, more marked and intense on ventral surface, tornus regular on forewing (Figs 2A–D) and the fultura inferior distal margin serrated (Fig. 13A). In addition, by combination of following characters: i) saccus elongated in lateral view (Fig. 13B) and ii) bursa copulatrix membrane striated (Fig. 19). </p>
            <p>Redescription. Forewing: length—male 17.0–18.0 mm (n = 3), female de 16.0–20.0 mm (n = 3); apex less pronounced in females, and tornus sinuous; outer margin rounded, more pronounced in females; retinaculum above CuA.</p>
            <p>Hindwing: length—male 9.0–11.0 mm (n = 3), female 8.0–15.0 mm (n = 3); outer margin slightly convex.</p>
            <p>Male genitalia (Fig. 13): tegumen with straight anterior and posterior margins and convex lateral margins in dorsal view; saccus elongated in lateral view; uncus with lateral elevation at base and distal third expanded and flattened in center; gnathos narrow and V-shaped in posterior view; valva with abundant bristles at apex, anterior portion sclerotized and with bristles, ventral margin sinuous; fultura inferior U-shaped, posterior margin with a serrated appearance with short and fine bristles; aedeagus curved downwards distally with a rectangular dorsal opening for ductus ejaculatorius, cornutus absent.</p>
            <p>Female genitalia (Fig. 19): tergite VIII rectangular in lateral view; lamella antevaginalis sclerotized; anterior and posterior apophyses equally long; antrum sclerotized, ductus bursae membranous progressively dilate to corpus bursae, five times longer than antrum, signum (Fig. 29) rod-like; papilla analis wider than long.</p>
            <p> Geographic distribution (Fig. 43). BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Cachoeiras de Macacu,  Valério —Rio Souza; Guapimirim, Barreira. São Paulo: Apiaí. Paraná: Guaratuba,  Castelhanos . Santa  Catarina : São Bento do Sul. </p>
            <p>Natural history. Immature stages and host plant unknown. Based on label data, the species occurs in the Atlantic Forest and adults were caught in January, May, November, and December.</p>
            <p>Examined material (3 ♂, 3 ♀).</p>
            <p>  BRAZIL: 1 ♂ ([Holotype] of  Siculodes avicula )  ,  NHMUK 010921101 (NHMUK);  Rio de Janeiro:  Cachoeiras de Macacu, Valério—Rio Souza , 1 ♂, 18.V.2010, N. Tangerini leg., DZ 39.386 (DZUP)  ;   Guapimirim,  Barreira , 1 ♀, 1.XII.1956, 350m, Pearson H. &amp; G. leg  .,  NHMUK 010921100 (NHMUK). São Paulo: Apiaí, 1 ♀, 12.I.2006, 750m, C. Mielke leg. ,  CCGM 27.933 (CCGM).  Paraná: Guaratuba,  Castelhanos , 1 ♂, 30.XI.1997, 500m, H. Thöny leg., MWM 19.219 (MWM).  Santa Catarina: São Bento do Sul, 1 ♀, Ivo Rank leg. (IR) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/136F28284249FFFB22BDFEA7FB164815	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany;Casagrande, Mirna Martins;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2024): Taxonomic revision of Siculodes Guenée and revalidation of Aziba Walker (Lepidoptera, Thyrididae, Siculodinae, Siculodini). Zootaxa 5543 (4): 501-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2
136F28284248FFE622BDF94FFBCC4EBD.text	136F28284248FFE622BDF94FFBCC4EBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Siculodes eurymenana (Walker 1865)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Siculodes eurymenana (Walker, 1865)</p>
            <p>(Figs 3, 14, 20, 30)</p>
            <p> Vadata eurymenana Walker, 1865 . List of the specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, 32: 517; male, Rio [de] Janeiro, [Brazil], collection Stevens. </p>
            <p> Siculodes eurymenana ; Guenée, 1877. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, (5) 7: 294.— Pagenstecher, 1892. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift “Iris”, 5: 75, 127. </p>
            <p> Risama eurymenana ; Hampson, 1897. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1897 (1): 630.— Gaede, 1936, in Seitz. Die Gross -Schmetterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes. Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwärmer, 6: 1208, fig. 175c (d).— Dalla Torre, 1914. Lepidopterorum Catalogus 20: 41. </p>
            <p> Belonoptera purpureofasciata Gaede, 1936 , in Seitz. Die Gross -Schmetterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes. Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwärmer, 6: 1207, fig. 175a (d); 1 male [holo] type, Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt am Main [MSFR]. </p>
            <p> Siculodes eurymenanus [sic]; Whalley &amp; Heppner, 1995, Thyridoidea, in Becker et al. Checklist: Part 2, Hyblaeoidea—Pyraloidea—Tortricoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical  Lepidoptera , 3: 31; syn.:  purpureofasciata , vehemensaria. </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history.  Vadata eurymenana was originally described based a male from Rio [de] Janeiro, [Brazil] without illustration, from Mr. Stevens’ collection. Transferred to  Siculodes by Guenée (1877), to  Risama by Hampson (1897), and returned to  Siculodes by Whalley &amp; Heppner (1995). </p>
            <p> Belonoptera purpureofasciata was described with an illustration only of the male [holo] type. Synonymized with  S. eurymenanus [sic] by Whalley &amp; Heppner (1995). </p>
            <p> Type material.  Siculodes eurymenana : A female holotype, not a male as as the author described was found in NHMUK, with the author’s original labels matching the information provided in the original description with the following labels:  Vadata eurymenana / Rio / Stevenson Coll. / Type / Holotype / Holotype  Vadata eurymenana Walker det. M. Shaffer, 1989 / NHMUK 010921091 /. </p>
            <p> Belonoptera purpureofasciata :   Gaede (1936) described the species based on one male [holo]type, however, a female [holo]type was found in MSFR, with the author’s original labels matching the information provided in the original description: / Rio de Jan[eiro]. 20.XII.26 W. Marten /  Belonoptera purpureofasciata det. M. Gaede / Typus / Senckenb. Mus. / 20 / Fotografiert 2014 H. Thöny  /. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Siculodes eurymenana can be easily distinguished from  S. subchalybaea stat. rev. and all its congeners by wings overall light brown as defined dark brown lines on ventral surface and forewing two dark brown oblique stripes on both surfaces as well as on dorsal surface with two longitudinal patches, one brown and other light pink (Figs 3A–D). In addition, by combination of the following characters: i) saccular margin protruded mesally (Fig. 14C) and ii) ductus bursae uniformly tubular (Fig. 20). </p>
            <p>Redescription. Forewing: length—male 15.0–18.0 mm (n = 3), female 17.0–25.0 mm (n = 19); apex less pronounced in females; outer margin sinuous, more rounded in females; retinaculum above CuA; two dark brown oblique stripes on both surfaces, extending between costal and inner margin, discal thicker, narrowing towards tinner margin, postdiscal nearly uniformly thin, expanding smoothly towards apex; dorsal surface with two longitudinal patches, one brown along costal margin, expanding from base to near apex, and other light pink along inner margin, from base to tornus.</p>
            <p>Hindwing: length—male 10.0–15.0 mm (n = 3), female 11.0–18.0 mm (n = 19); one discal oblique dark brown stripe on both surfaces extending between middle of costal margin to middle of inner margin, as a continuation of discal stripe on forewing.</p>
            <p>Male genitalia (Fig. 14): tegumen with convex anterior margin in dorsal view; saccus rounded in lateral view; uncus with a small elevation forming lateral lobes; gnathos funnel-shaped in posterior view; valva proximal portion more sclerotized, ventral margin sinuous; fultura inferior S-shaped, with sinuous arms and rounded ends; aedeagus curved downwards distally, dorsal opening for ductus ejaculatorius oval, and vesica with thin cornuti.</p>
            <p>Female genitalia (Fig. 20): tergite VIII rectangular in lateral view; anterior and posterior apophyses equally long; antrum sclerotized, ductus bursae membranous portion uniformly tubular and fifteen times longer than antrum, signum rounded similar to blowfish when inflated (Fig. 30); papilla analis as long as wide.</p>
            <p> Geographic distribution (Fig. 43). BRAZIL: Mato Grosso: Chapada dos Guimarães. Goiás: Campinaçu,  Fazenda Barra Mansa. Minas Gerais:  Passa Quatro, Fazenda dos Campos . Espírito Santo: Santa  Leopoldina, Boquerão , Tirol. Rio de Janeiro: Guapimirim,  Barreira ; Rio de Janeiro, Tijuca. Paraná: Rolândia. Santa  Catarina : Lages;  São Bento do Sul. Rio Grande do Sul: Maquiné, B. de Ouro, A. Forgueta; Morro Reuter, Fazenda Padre Eterno;  Novo Hamburgo. PARAGUAY: Guairá: Villarrica. </p>
            <p>Natural history. Immature stages and host plant unknown. Based on label information the species occurs both in the Atlantic Forest and in the Cerrado, adults were caught in February, September, and December.</p>
            <p>Examined material (8 ♂, 25 ♀).</p>
            <p>  BRAZIL: Mato Grosso:  Chapada dos Guimarães , 1 ♀, 26.X.1993, 800m, V. O. Becker leg., VOB 89071 (VOB)  .   Goiás: Campinaçu,  Fazenda Barra Mansa , 1 ♀, X.1973, Tangerini leg., DZ 39.304 (DZUP)  .   Minas Gerais: Passa Quatro,  Fazenda dos Campos , 1 ♀, 16.XI.1921, J. F. Zikán leg. (CEIO)  .   Espiríto Santo: Santa Leopoldina,  Boquerão , 1 ♀, II.1998, 600m, H. Thöny leg., MWM 19.168 (MWM)  ,   Tirol , 1 ♀, 22–31.X.1996, 1 ♀, X.1999, 700m, 24°75’S 40°50’W, H. Thöny leg., MWM 36.273 (MWM)  .   Rio de Janeiro: 1 ♀ (Holotype of  Vadata eurymenana ), NHMUK 010921091 (NHMUK)  ,  1 ♂, D’Almeida leg., DZ 39.238 (DZUP) ,   1 ♀ ([Holo]type of  Belonoptera purpureofasciata ), 20.XII.1926, W. Marten leg. (MSFR)  ,  1 ♀ (USNM), 2 ♀, 1931, J. G. Fötterle leg. (NHMV) ;  Guapimirim, Barreira, 1 ♀, 13.IX.1955, 1 ♀, 14.IX.1955, Gagarin leg., DZ 39.296, DZ 39.218 (DZUP) ;   Rio de Janeiro,  Tijuca , 1 ♀, XII.1923 (MNRJ)  .  Paraná: Rolândia, 1 ♂, IX.1950, B. Pohl leg. (MZUSP) .   Santa  Catarina : Lages, 1 ♀ (MSFR)  ;  São Bento do Sul, 1 ♀, Ivo Rank leg. (IR) .   Rio Grande do Sul: Maquiné,  Barra de Ouro, A. Forgueta , 1 ♀, 1 ♂, 4–5.XI.2005, 150m, A. Moser leg., CLAM 101 (CLAM), DZ 34.108 (DZUP)  ;  Morro Reuter, Fazenda Padre Eterno, 500 m, 1 ♀, 26.IX.1982, 1 ♀, 24.X.1992, 1 ♀, 15.XI.1998, 1 ♀, 1 ♂, 15.XI.2003, 1 ♀, 1 ♀, 13.XII.2003, 2 ♀, 12–15.XI.2005, 1 ♀, 1 ♂, 29.XI.2005, 1 ♂, 16–18.XI.2006, 1 ♂, 23–25.XI.2017, A. Moser leg., CLAM 101 (CLAM), DZ 39.481, DZ 39.391, DZ 39.431, DZ 39.231, DZ 34.078 (DZUP) ;  Novo Hamburgo, 1 ♀, C. Erti leg. (ZSM) . </p>
            <p> PARAGUAY: Guairá: Villarrica, 1 ♂, XII.1923, Jörgensen leg. (USNM) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/136F28284248FFE622BDF94FFBCC4EBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany;Casagrande, Mirna Martins;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2024): Taxonomic revision of Siculodes Guenée and revalidation of Aziba Walker (Lepidoptera, Thyrididae, Siculodinae, Siculodini). Zootaxa 5543 (4): 501-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2
136F28284255FFE622BDFEA7FB744869.text	136F28284255FFE622BDFEA7FB744869.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Siculodes satellifera (Gaede 1936)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Siculodes satellifera (Gaede, 1936)</p>
            <p>(Figs 4, 21, 31)</p>
            <p> 
Risama satellifera 
Gaede, 1936 , in  Seitz. Die Gross -Schmetterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes. Die amerikanischen  Spinner und Schwärmer, 6: 1207, fig. 175b (d); [holo] type, Minas Geraes [Gerais], [Brazil], III-1930, Seitz leg., Senckenberg Museum, [Frankfurt am Main] [MSFR]. </p>
            <p> Siculodes satellifera ; Whalley &amp; Heppner, 1995, Thyridoidea, in Becker et al. Checklist: Part 2, Hyblaeoidea— Pyraloidea—Tortricoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical  Lepidoptera , 3: 31. </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history. Gaede (1936) described and illustrated the species based on one single specimen from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Originally described in  Risama , the species was later transferred to  Siculodes by Whalley &amp; Heppner (1995). </p>
            <p> Type material. A female, regarded as type and here considered the holotype for the species, was found in MSFR, with the author’s original labels matching the information provided in the original description: / Typus / Araguary (Minas) März 1930 A. Seitz leg. /  Risama satellifera Gd det. M. Gaede / Senckenb. Mus. / 3 / Fotografiert 2014 H. Thöny /. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Siculodes satellifera can be easily distinguished from  S. aurorula and all its congeners by wings overall light brown, brown streaks, defined dark brown, and pink spots on ventral surface and semi-translucid spots on hindwing (Figs 4A–D) as in  S. aurorula , but in the latter there is only one. In addition, by combination of the following characters: i) corpus bursae elongated with no clear delimitation of end of the ductus bursae (Fig. 21) and ii) signum two parallel bands (Fig. 31). </p>
            <p>Redescription. Forewing: length—female 19.0–25.0 mm (n = 3); costal margin curved distally; apex slightly projecting; tornus convex; retinaculum above CuA.</p>
            <p>Hindwing: length—female 15.0–18.0 mm (n = 3); four semi-translucent spots, with largest in discal cell and others around it; tornus sinuous.</p>
            <p>Male genitalia unknown.</p>
            <p>Female genitalia (Fig. 21): tergite VIII rectangular in lateral view; anterior apophysis twice longer than posterior apophysis; posterior portion of ductus bursae slightly sclerotized, proximal half membranous and of equal width, distal half progressively widening to indistinctly form corpus bursae, signum forming two parallel bands (Fig. 31); papilla analis one and a half times wider than long.</p>
            <p>Geographic distribution (Fig. 43). BRAZIL: Distrito Federal: Brasília. Minas Gerais: Araguari.</p>
            <p>Natural history. Immature stages and host plant unknown. Based on specimen label data, the species occurs in the Cerrado, adults were caught in February and March.</p>
            <p>Examined material (3 ♀).</p>
            <p> BRAZIL: Distrito Federal: Brasília, 1 ♀, 25.II.1966, OM 8722 (OM) .  Minas Gerais: 1 ♀, II.1929, R. Seitz leg. (MSFR),  Araguari , 1 ♀ ([Holo]type of  Siculodes satellifera ), III.1930, A. Seitz leg. (MSFR)  . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/136F28284255FFE622BDFEA7FB744869	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany;Casagrande, Mirna Martins;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2024): Taxonomic revision of Siculodes Guenée and revalidation of Aziba Walker (Lepidoptera, Thyrididae, Siculodinae, Siculodini). Zootaxa 5543 (4): 501-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2
136F28284255FFE722BDF993FE054A39.text	136F28284255FFE722BDF993FE054A39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Siculodes straminula Pagenstecher 1892	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Siculodes straminula Pagenstecher, 1892</p>
            <p>(Figs 5, 22, 32)</p>
            <p> Siculodes straminula Pagenstecher, 1892 . Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift“Iris”,5: 92, 129, specimen without abdomen; Brazil, Hofmuseum [Naturhistorisches Museum], Wien [NHMV].— Hampson, 1897. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1897 (1): 630.— Whalley &amp; Heppner, 1995, Thyridoidea, in Becker et al. Checklist: Part 2, Hyblaeoidea—Pyraloidea—Tortricoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical  Lepidoptera , 3: 31. </p>
            <p> Risama straminula ; Dalla Torre, 1914. Lepidopterorum Catalogus, 20: 42.— Gaede, 1936, in Seitz. Die Gross -Schmetterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes. Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwärmer, 6: 1207. </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history. Pagenstecher (1892) described the species from Brazil without illustration and without specifying the number of specimens. Transferred to  Risama by Dalla Torre (1914) and returned to  Siculodes by Whalley &amp; Heppner (1995). </p>
            <p> Type material. A syntype female, without the abdomen, was found in NHMV, with the author’s original labels matching the information provided in the original description. To give stability to the proposed name and ensure correct identification of the species, this female is herein designated as the lectotype, with the following labels: /  Siculodes straminula Pagst. 92 / S. Paulo, Ypanema [Iperó] 1819-22 J. Natterer / N. c. Y. 10 / Type /, and the following labels will be added: / LECTOTYPE / LECTOTYPE  Siculodes straminula Pagenstecher, 1892 , Queiroz-Santos, Casagrande &amp; Mielke det. 2024 /. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Siculodes straminula can be easily distinguished from  S. avicula and all its congeners by wings overall yellow, as the tegulae, several irregular vertical brown lines, and outer margin of both wings marked in brown, better defined on ventral surface (Figs 5A–B). In addition, by combination of following characters: i) corpus bursae globose and well distinct from ductus bursae (Fig. 22) and ii) signum rhomboid (Fig. 32). </p>
            <p>Redescription. Forewing: length—female 20.0–23.0 mm (n = 3); outer margin sinuous; retinaculum above R.</p>
            <p>Hindwing: length—female 13.0–15.0 mm (n = 3); outer margin straight.</p>
            <p>Male genitalia unknown.</p>
            <p>Female genitalia (Fig. 22): tergite VIII square in lateral view; posterior apophysis once longer than anterior apophysis; antrum slightly sclerotized, ductus bursae thirteen times longer than antrum, signum rhomboid (Fig. 32); papilla analis wider than long.</p>
            <p> Geographic distribution (Fig. 44). BRAZIL: Mato Grosso do Sul: Rio Brilhante. São Paulo: Iperó,  Floresta Nacional de Ipanema ; Luís Antônio, Fazenda Jataí. </p>
            <p>Natural history. Immature stages and host plant unknown. Based on specimen label data, the species occurs in both Atlantic Forest and Cerrado, adults were caught in October.</p>
            <p>Examined material (3 ♀).</p>
            <p>
                 BRAZIL: Mato Grosso do Sul: Rio Brilhante, 1 ♀, 23–27.X.1970, 600m, V. O. Becker leg., VOB 30206 (VOB) .   São Paulo: Iperó,  Floresta Nacional de Ipanema , 1 ♀ (Holotype of  Siculodes straminula ), 1819–1822, J. Natterer leg. (NHMV)  ;   Luís Antônio,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.733334/lat -21.583334)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.733334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.583334">Fazenda Jataí</a>
                 , 1 ♀, 13–18.X.2001, 500m, 21°35’S 47°44’W, V. O. Becker leg., VOB 133255 (VOB)  . 
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/136F28284255FFE722BDF993FE054A39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany;Casagrande, Mirna Martins;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2024): Taxonomic revision of Siculodes Guenée and revalidation of Aziba Walker (Lepidoptera, Thyrididae, Siculodinae, Siculodini). Zootaxa 5543 (4): 501-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2
136F28284254FFE422BDFB23FCFD4A1D.text	136F28284254FFE422BDFB23FCFD4A1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Siculodes subchalybaea (Walker 1865) Queiroz-Santos & Casagrande & Mielke 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Siculodes subchalybaea (Walker, 1865) stat. rev.</p>
            <p>(Figs 6, 23, 33, 44)</p>
            <p> Vadata subchalybaea Walker, 1865 . List of the specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, 32: 517; holotype male [recte female], Rio [de] Janeiro, [Brazil], Rev. H. Clark leg. </p>
            <p> Siculodes subchalybaea ; Guenée, 1877. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, (5) 7: 294.— Pagenstecher, 1892. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift “Iris”, 5: 75. </p>
            <p> Risama eurymenana ; Hampson, 1897. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1897 (1): 630; syn.:  subchalybaea .— Gaede, 1936, in Seitz. Die Gross -Schmetterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes. Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwärmer, 6: 1208, fig. 175c (d); syn.:  subchalybaea .— Dalla Torre, 1914. Lepidopterorum Catalogus, 20: 41; syn.:  subchalybaea . </p>
            <p> Siculodes eurymenanus [sic]; Whalley &amp; Heppner, 1995, Thyridoidea, in Becker et al. Checklist: Part 2, Hyblaeoidea—Pyraloidea—Tortricoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical  Lepidoptera , 3: 31; syn.:  subchalybaea . </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history. Walker (1865) described the species from Rio de Janeiro [Brazil] based on one male without illustration. Transferred to  Siculodes by Guenée (1877) and to  Risama , as a synonym for  R. eurymenana , by Hampson (1897), returned to  Siculodes still as a synonym of  eurymenanus [sic] by Whalley &amp; Heppner (1995). </p>
            <p> Taxonomic comments. Hampson (1897), Dalla Torre (1914), Gaede (1936), and Whalley &amp; Heppner (1995) consider  Siculodes subchalybaea as a synonym of  Siculodes eurymenana . After examining the wing morphology and female genitalia of the holotypes of both species and another specimen of  S. subchalybaea , we concluded that  S. subchalybaea is a distinct species from  S. eurymenana and, therefore,  S. subchalybaea stat. rev. has its status revalidated herein. </p>
            <p> Type material. A   holotype female was found in NHMUK, not male as in the description, with the author’s original labels matching the information provided in the original description with the following labels: /  Vadata subchalybaea / Brazil Rio Janeiro Ver. H. Clark  /   Holotype / Holotype  Vadata s ubchalybaea Walker det. M. Shaffer, 1989 / NHMUK 010921095  /. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Siculodes subchalybaea stat. rev. can be easily distinguished from  S. eurymenana and all its congeners by wings overall brown, as the tegulae, forewing four dark brown stripes on both surfaces as in  S. eurymenana , but in the latter there is only two, and on dorsal surface with two light brown longitudinal bands (Figs 6A–B). In addition, by combination of the following characters: i) hindwing sinuous dark brown stripe on both surfaces and ii) bursa copulatrix striated membrane (Fig. 23). </p>
            <p>Redescription. Forewing: length—female 18.0 mm (n = 2); outer margin sinuous; four dark brown stripes on both surfaces, two proximal short, one basal and one postbasal, thicker from costa to lower discal cell, then sharply narrowed until 2A, one discal, thicker, expanding gently from costa to inner margin, and one postdiscal tapering smoothly from apex to CuA 1; dorsal surface with two light brown longitudinal bands, one along costal margin reaching near apex, and one along inner margin from base to tornus; retinaculum above CuA.</p>
            <p>Hindwing: length—female 11.0–13.0 mm (n = 2); ventral surface with a light brown subasal stripe between costal margin to near inner margin; both surfaces with a discal dark brown sinuous stripe from middle of costal margin to middle of inner margin, as a continuation of forewing discal stripe.</p>
            <p>Male genitalia unknown.</p>
            <p>Female genitalia (Fig. 23): tergite VIII square in lateral view; anterior and posterior apophyses equally long; bursa copulatrix membranous except antrum, corpus bursae rounded and well distinct from ductus bursae, signum rounded with border serrate (Fig. 33); papilla analis as wide as long.</p>
            <p>Geographic distribution (Fig. 44). BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Guapimirim, Barreira.</p>
            <p>Natural history. Immature stages and host plant unknown. Based on label data, the species occurs in the Atlantic Forest and adults were caught in February.</p>
            <p>Examined material (2 ♀).</p>
            <p> BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 1 ♀ (Lectotype), Rev. H. Clark leg., NHMUK 010921095 (NHMUK),  Guapimirim,  Barreira , 1 ♀, 20.II.1955, Gagarin leg., DZ 39.294 (DZUP)  . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/136F28284254FFE422BDFB23FCFD4A1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany;Casagrande, Mirna Martins;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2024): Taxonomic revision of Siculodes Guenée and revalidation of Aziba Walker (Lepidoptera, Thyrididae, Siculodinae, Siculodini). Zootaxa 5543 (4): 501-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2
136F28284257FFE322BDFB47FBCA4EBD.text	136F28284257FFE322BDFB47FBCA4EBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aziba Walker 1865	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aziba Walker, 1865 gen. rev. </p>
            <p>(Figs 7–11, 15–17, 24–27, 34–36, 38, 45–46)</p>
            <p> Type species:  Aziba transversa Walker, 1865 , by subsequent designation by Whalley (1964). </p>
            <p> Aziba Walker, 1865 . Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British, 32: 520; species included:  A. transversa ,  A. reticula .— Guenée, 1877. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, (5) 7: 296.—H. Druce, 1895, in Godman &amp; Salvin. Biologia Centrali-Americana.  Insecta .  Lepidoptera —Heterocera, 2: 187; syn.:  Vadata ,  Siculodes .— Whalley, 1964. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (13) 7 (74): 126. </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history. The genus was described based on two species:  Aziba transversa Walker, 1865 and  Aziba reticula (Guenée, 1858) . Guenée (1877) synonymized  Aziba with  Siculodes . </p>
            <p> Taxonomic comments. We concluded that  Aziba transversa is distinct concerning the characters of  Siculodes after examining the wing morphology and genitalia of both sexes of the type species of  Siculodes (  S. aurorula ) and  Aziba gen. rev. (  A. transversa ) and therefore is herein revalidated. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. See diagnosis for  Siculodes . </p>
            <p> Redescription. Thorax: labial palps larger than width of thorax; spots or defined lines on ventral surface on both wings; forewing with branch R parallel and close to Sc, separating into R 1 and Rs when reaching 2/5 of Sc and disc cell. Rs divided into following branches: R 2, R 3 +R 4 and R 5; branch R 3 +R 4 bifurcates at different distances, R 2 and R 3 reaching costal margin, R 4 reaching apex and R 5 ending at external margin, apex pointed similar to a half moon, and outer margin sinuous, less pronounced in females; frenulum and retinaculum only in  A. falcata and  A. mediula , absent in other species; metathoracic tibia with four long spurs. </p>
            <p> Male genitalia: tegumen wider than long; uncus triangular and with pointed apex directed ventrally, base as wide as tegumen, lateral margins covered by short, fine bristles; gnathos narrow and sclerotized, projected postero-ventrally; valva longer than wide and with bristles on inner surface, narrowing obliquely from distal half, costa straight (except in  A. vehemensaria ), apex rounded, sacculus rectangular; fultura inferior with short, fine bristles; aedeagus cylindrical with dorsal opening for ductus ejaculatorius. </p>
            <p>Female genitalia: tergite VIII square or rectangular in lateral view; lamella antevaginalis and ostium membranous; antrum sclerotized and remaining of ductus bursae membranous; corpus bursae globose and well distinct from ductus bursae; and papilla analis wider than long, covered in long, fine bristles.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/136F28284257FFE322BDFB47FBCA4EBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany;Casagrande, Mirna Martins;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2024): Taxonomic revision of Siculodes Guenée and revalidation of Aziba Walker (Lepidoptera, Thyrididae, Siculodinae, Siculodini). Zootaxa 5543 (4): 501-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2
136F28284250FFEF22BDF9C2FCAD4C5D.text	136F28284250FFEF22BDF9C2FCAD4C5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aziba falcata (C. Felder & Rogenhofer 1875)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aziba falcata (C. Felder &amp; Rogenhofer, 1875) comb. rev. </p>
            <p>(Figs 7, 15, 24, 34)</p>
            <p> Siculodes falcata C. Felder &amp; Rogenhofer, 1875 . Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. Von Wüllerstorf-Urbair.  Lepidoptera . Rhopalocera, 2 (2): 18, plate 134, fig. 2 (d); female, Amer. [South America].— Guenée, 1877. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, (5) 7: 296.— Pagenstecher, 1892. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift “Iris”, 5: 89.— Duarte et al., 2012,  Lepidoptera , in Rafael et al. Insetos do Brasil: 665. </p>
            <p> Siculodes serpula Guenée, 1877 . Annales de la Société entomologique de France, (5) 7: 296; 1 female [holotype],  Brazil , collection Guenée.— Möschler, 1882. Verhandlungen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 31: 414. [SYN. REINST.] </p>
            <p> Risama falcata ; Hampson, 1897. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1897 (1): 630; syn.:  serpula .— Dalla Torre, 1914. Lepidopterorum Catalogus, 20: 41; syn.:  serpula .— Gaede, 1936, in Seitz. Die Gross -Schmetterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes. Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwärmer, 6: 1208, fig. 175e (d); syn.:  serpula .— Costa Lima, 1949. Insetos do Brasil. Lepidópteros, 6 (2): 15.— Bondar, 1913. Insectos daninhos na Agricultura, 2: 39.— Silva et al., 1968. Quarto catálogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil seus parasitos e predadores, 2 (1), 259. </p>
            <p> Aziba falcata ; Warren, 1900. Novitates Zoologicae, 7 (2):118; syn.:  serpula . </p>
            <p> Risama falcata matusi Köhler, 1940 . Revista de la Sociedad entomológica Argentina, 10: 368; Cotypes, Posadas, [Misiones, Argentina], III-1940, collection Köhler. [SYN. NOV.] </p>
            <p> Siculodes falcata falcata ; Whalley &amp; Heppner, 1995, Thyridoidea, in Becker et al. Checklist: Part 2, Hyblaeoidea—Pyraloidea—Tortricoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical  Lepidoptera , 3: 31. </p>
            <p> Siculodes falcata matusi ; Whalley &amp; Heppner, 1995, Thyridoidea, in Becker et al. Checklist: Part 2, Hyblaeoidea—Pyraloidea—Tortricoidea, in Heppner (ed.).  Atlas of Neotropical  Lepidoptera , 3: 31; syn.:  serpula . </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history.  Siculodes falcata : C. Felder &amp; Rogenhofer (1875) described the species from Amer. [sic] [South America] and illustrated it without specifying the number of specimens used in the description. In the same book, the authors described other species of the same family and tribe and the localities given refer to the Amazon Region and other South American countries; hence, it is believed to be South America where this species occurs. </p>
            <p> Siculodes serpula : Guenée (1877) described and illustrated the species based on one female [holotype] from Brazil, citing that  S. serpula can be distinguished from  S. falcata by the forewing with a short, obtuse apex and two rounded spots. It was synonymized with  Risama falcata by Hampson (1897) and followed by Dalla Torre (1914) and Gaede (1936) and also synonymized with  Aziba falcata by Warren (1900). Without stating a reason, it was erroneously considered a synonym of  S. falcata matusi by Whalley &amp; Heppner (1995). </p>
            <p> Risama falcata matusi : Köhler (1940) described it as a subspecies without illustration and based on “Cótipos” or “cotypes” from Posadas [Misiones, Argentina], without specifying the number of specimens and sex. The description reported only general coloration of the wings and spots, without alluding to closely related taxa as the nominotypical subspecies of  S. falcata and  S. serpula . </p>
            <p> Taxonomic comments.  Siculodes serpula and  R. falcata matusi : Whalley &amp; Heppner (1995) erroneously consider  S. serpula as a junior synonymy of  R. falcata matusi , however, the former is the oldest name. Nevertheless, after analyzing the wing morphology, male and female genitalia of the lectotype (designated below) of  S. falcata , the holotype of  S. serpula , and the lectotype and paralectotype (designated below) of  R. falcata matusi , we found that they are similar in all localities studied and that the difference in the spots on the hindwing, described by Guenée (1877), are variations of the same species. Consequently  S. serpula Guenée, 1877 syn. reinst. and  R. falcata matusi Köhler, 1940 syn. nov. are junior synonyms of  S. falcata . </p>
            <p> Siculodes falcata : C. Felder &amp; Rogenhofer (1875) described the species in  Siculodes based primarily on wing characters. Warren (1900), when describing  Aziba substrigata , mentioned  S. falcata in  Aziba and commented that both are similar in wing morphology. After examining the wing morphology and genitalia of both sexes of the lectotypes of  S. falcata and of  A. transversa , the type-species, we conclude that, as Warren (1900) described, both species share the same characters that defines the genus, so we consider  S. falcata as belonging to the genus  Aziba gen. rev. and consequently  Aziba falcata comb. rev. is herein revalidated. </p>
            <p> Type material.  Aziba falcata comb. rev.: C. Felder &amp; Rogenhofer (1875) described the species without specifying the number of specimens. A syntype female was found in the NHMUK, with the author’s original labels matching the information provided in the original description. To give stability to the proposed name and ensure correct identification of the species, this syntype, not holotype as labelled by Michael Shaffer in 1989, is herein designated as the lectotype; with the following labels: / Novara CXXXIV 72  Siculodes falcata m. Am[érica do Sul]. / FELDER COLLn. / Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1. / Type / Holotype / Abdomen missing / HOLOTYPE  Siculodes falcata Felder &amp; Rogenhofer det. M. Shaffer, 1989 / NHMUK 010921206 /, and the following labels will be added: / LECTOTYPE / LECTOTYPE  Siculodes falcata C. Felder &amp; Rogenhofer, 1875 , Queiroz-Santos, Casagrande &amp; Mielke det. 2024 /. </p>
            <p> Siculodes serpula : The female [holo]type was found in the NHMUK, with the author’s original labels matching the information provided in the original description: / 4.  S. Serpula Gn. Cat. N ° Brésil / Serpula Brésil / Ex. Oberthür Coll. Brit. Mus. 1927—3. / Holotype / HOLOTYPE  Siculodes serpula Guénee det. M. Shaffer, 1989 / NHMUK 010921223 /. </p>
            <p> Risama falcata matusi : Köhler (1940) described the species without specifying the number of specimens of “Cótipos”, deposited in his collection. Two females “Cótipos” were found in MLPA with the author’s original labels, which match the information provided in the original description. To give stability to the proposed name and ensure correct identification of the species, the female with wings intact is herein designated as the lectotype and the other female, with the left apex of the forewing broken off, is herein designated as a paralectotype. Lectotype with the following labels: / COTYPUS / 2282 /  Risama falcata mathusii [sic] K DET KOEHLER / MISIONES / LEG. KÖHLER /, and the following labels will be added: / LECTOTYPE / LECTOTYPE /  Risama falcata matusi Köhler, 1940 , Queiroz-Santos, Casagrande &amp; Mielke det. 2024 /. Paralectotype with the following labels: / COTYPUS / 2282 /  Risama falcata mathusii [sic] K DET KOEHLER / MISIONES / LEG. KÖHLER /, and the following labels will be added: / PARALECTOTYPE / PARALECTOTYPE  Risama falcata matusi Köhler, 1940 , Queiroz-Santos, Casagrande &amp; Mielke det. 2024 /. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Aziba falcata comb. rev. can be easily distinguished from all its congeners by wings overall dark gold, as the tegulae, irregular brown spots more defined on ventral surface, both surfaces with oblique brown stripe dividing near inner margin and single semi-translucent spot on the hindwing (Figs 7A–D). In addition, by combination of the following characters: i) valva with parallel dorsal and ventral margins (Figs 15A–C) and ii) signum trapezoidal (Fig. 34). </p>
            <p>Redescription. Forewing: length—male 15.0–20.7 mm (n = 16), female 17.0–35.0 mm (n = 45); retinaculum above CuA; both surfaces with an oblique postdiscal brown stripe from apex to two-thirds of inner margin, dividing near inner margin; veins R 3 +R 4 bifurcates half of costal margin.</p>
            <p>Hindwing: length—male 9.0–17.0 mm (n = 16), female 10.0–21.0 mm (n = 45); outer margin convex; male with one and female with two or three bristles in frenulum; a discal diagonal brown stripe, continued with forewing postdiscal stripe, but thicker, from center of costal margin extending as two narrow stripes below discal cell until mid area of inner margin; semi-translucent spot in discal cell.</p>
            <p>Male genitalia (Fig. 15): tegumen rectangular in dorsal view with a subtle indentation on distal margin; saccus rectangular with dorsal margin convex in lateral view, ventral margin slightly undulated; uncus slightly narrower than tegumen and ending in a ventrally curved tip, with slight elevation at base; gnathos V-shaped in posterior view, anterior margin straight; valva with straight dorsal margin, ventral margin paralell to dorsal margin narrowing obliquely from center; fultura inferior U-shaped with convex apex; aedeagus curved ventrally in lateral view, dorsal opening for ductus ejaculatorius oval, vesica without cornutus.</p>
            <p>Female genitalia (Fig. 24): tergite VIII rectangular in lateral view; posterior apophysis twice as long as anterior apophysis; bursa copulatrix membranous except by short sclerotized antrum, ductus bursae eight times longer than antrum, signum trapezoidal and with spinules more concentrated on extremities (Fig. 34).</p>
            <p> Geographic distribution (Fig. 45). BRAZIL: Pernambuco: Bonito; Recife. Bahia.  Distrito Federal : Brasília. Minas Gerais: Belo Horizonte; Caldas;  Passa Quatro, Fazenda dos Campos ; São Roque de Minas,  São José do Barreiro . Espírito Santo: Alegre,  Fazenda Jerusalém ; Santa Leopoldina,  Tirol . Rio de Janeiro: Petrópolis, Independência; Rio de Janeiro,  Tijuca . São Paulo: Amparo; Campos do Jordão,  Umuarama ; Iperó,  Floresta Nacional de Ipanema ; São Paulo. Paraná: Ponta Grossa. Santa  Catarina : Blumenau; São Bento do Sul,  Rio Natal ; Timbó; Urubici, Santa Bárbara. Rio Grande do Sul: São Leopoldo; Pelotas. PARAGUAY: Boquerón: Blumental. Cordillera.  Distrito Capital : Assunção. Guairá: Paso Yobai; Villarrica. Paraguarí: Sapucay. ARGENTINA: Entre Rios: Concordia,  Estación Experimental de Concordia. Misiones : Posadas. </p>
            <p> Natural history. Immatures induce galls on  Psidium guajava Linnaeus, 1753 (  Myrtaceae ). Larvae pass through all instars in the gall, making an opening at the base for adult emergence; the pupal stage lasts four to five weeks (Bondar 1913). Based on label data, the species occurs in open and forested areas of the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes, adults were caught in almost every month of the year, except May and July. </p>
            <p>Examined material (19 ♂, 56 ♀).</p>
            <p>  SOUTH AMERICA : 1 ♀ (Lectotype of  Siculodes falcata ), NHMUK 010921206 (NHMUK)  . </p>
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                  BRAZIL: 1 ♀ ([Holotype] of  Siculodes serpula ), NHMUK 010921223, 2 ♀  ,  NHMUK 010921109, NHMUK 010921102 (NHMUK), 1 ♀ (MfN) ,  1 ♂, Y. Preto &amp; S. Waehner leg. (SMT); 1 ♀, 1854, Pechetto leg. (MNHN), 1 ♂, 1978, NHMUK 010921088 (NHMUK);  Pernambuco:  Bonito , 1 ♀, A. Koebele leg. (USNM);  Recife, 1 ♀, 25.IV.1959, H. Ebert leg. (MSFR). Bahia: 3 ♀, 1 ♂, 1926, G. Bondar leg., NHMUK 010921218, NHMUK 010921220, NHMUK 010921239, NHMUK 010921104 (NHMUK). Distrito Federal: Brasília, 1 ♀, NHMUK 010921106 (NHMUK). Minas Gerais: Belo Horizonte, 1 ♂, 10.VI.1930, Renault leg. (CEIO); Caldas, 1 ♀, 2.II.1907, 1 ♀, 2.XI.1908, J. Arp leg. (MSFR);  Passa Quatro,  Fazenda dos Campos , 1 ♀, 25.XI.1917 (CEIO)  ,  1 ♀, 19.XI.1915 (MSFR), 1600m, Zikán leg. (CEIO);  São Roque de Minas,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.5404/lat -20.310053)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.5404&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.310053">São José do Barreiro</a>
                 , 1 ♀, 10– 13.X.1988, 900m, 20°18’36.19’’S 46°32’25.45’’W, C. Mielke leg., CCGM 37.377 (CCGM).  Espírito Santo: 1 ♀ (MZUSP) ,  1 ♀ (MfN) ,   Alegre,  Fazenda Jerusalém , 1 ♀, 12.VI.1915, Zikán leg. (CEIO);   Santa Leopoldina,  Tirol , 1 ♀, VI.1998, 700m, 24°75’S 40°50’W, H. Thöny leg., MWM 19.213 (MWM).  Rio de Janeiro: 1 ♂ (USNM), 1 ♂, NHMUK 010921229 (NHMUK), 1 ♂, Derg leg., NHMUK 010921225 (NHMUK), 1 ♂, VIII.1924, Mario Monet leg., DZ 39.368 (DZUP) ,  1 ♀, 1956, NHMUK 010921235 (NHMUK); Petrópolis, 1 ♂ (USNM) ,  1 ♀, II.1915 (MZUSP) ,  1 ♀, II.1916 (MZUSP) ,   Independência , 1 ♀, 17.IX.1934  ,  1 ♀, 19.VII.1936, Gagarin leg., DZ 39.306, DZ 39.408 (DZUP);  Rio de Janeiro,  Tijuca , 1 ♀, 1902, S. R. Wagner leg., NHMUK 010921238 (NHMUK).  São Paulo: 1 ♂, 700m, E. D. Jones leg., NHMUK 010921230 (NHMUK), 1 ♂, 1910, Ihering leg., NHMUK 010921236 (NHMUK); Amparo, 2 ♀, 1925 (MNRJ); Campos do Jordão, 1 ♀, II.1958, K. Lenko leg. (MZUSP), Umuarama, 1 ♂, 8–15.III.1937, 1800m, Gagarin leg., DZ 39.236 (DZUP) ;   Iperó,  Floresta Nacional de Ipanema , 1 ♀, 1819– 1822, J. Natterer leg. (NHMV);  São Paulo, 1 ♀, 700m, E. D. Jones leg., NHMUK 010921240 (NHMUK), 1 ♀, IV.1950, Diringshofen leg. (MZUSP). Paraná: Ponta Grossa, 1 ♀, IV.1948, F. Justus leg., DZ 39.468 (DZUP) .  Santa Catarina: 1 ♀, 1 ♂, NHMUK 010921227, NHMUK 010921234 (NHMUK), 1 ♀, Wernicke leg. (ZSM); Blumenau, 1 ♀, 25.X.1929, 1 ♀, 2.IV.1930, E. Wenzel S. G. leg. (MfN); São Bento do Sul, 1 ♂, Ivo Rank leg. (IR),  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.3/lat -26.316668)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.316668">Rio Natal</a>
                 , 1 ♀, 4–11.XII.2006, 700m, 26º19’S 49º18’W, Rank &amp; Moser leg., CLAM 147 (CLAM);  Timbó, 1 ♀ (SMT) ;   Urubici,  Santa Bárbara , 1 ♀, 1–3.II.1989  ,  1 ♀, 1–3.II.1990, 1360m, 28°8’30.70’’S 49°38’6.84’’W, C. Mielke &amp; E. Joerke leg., CCGM 38.729, CCGM 38.782 (CCGM). Rio Grande do Sul: 1 ♀ (MZUSP) ,  São Leopoldo, 1 ♀, 25–26.XI.2012, 50m, 29º46’S 51º08’W, Moser leg., CLAM 147 (CLAM); Pelotas, 1 ♂, 7.II.1959, J. Lucia Mantovani &amp; Biezanko leg., DZ 39.448 (DZUP), 1 ♀, 17.XI.1959, C. M. Biezanko leg. (MSFR) . 
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            <p> PARAGUAY: 1 ♀ (USNM); Boquerón: Blumental, 1 ♀, 3.III.1929, F. Schade leg., NHMUK 010921103 (NHMUK). Cordillera: 1 ♂, B. Podtiaguin leg. (AMNH). Distrito Capital: Assunção, 2 ♀, B. Podtiaguin leg. (AMNH) ,  1 ♀, 20.VIII.1952 (AMNH) .  Guairá: Paso Yobai, 1 ♀, XII.1951, Schade leg. (AMNH) ;  Villarrica, 1 ♂, 1.XI.1925, F. Schade leg., NHMUK 010921097 (NHMUK) .  Paraguarí: Sapucay, 1 ♀, 12.IX.1903, 1 ♀, 29.IX.1903, 1 ♂, 18.III.1905, W. Foster leg., NHMUK 010921110, NHMUK 010921117, NHMUK 010921089 (NHMUK) . </p>
            <p>  ARGENTINA: Entre Rios: Concordia,  Estación Experimental de Concordia , 1 ♂, 10.XI.1935, 1 ♀, 19.I.1936, Hayward leg., NHMUK 010921076, NHMUK 010921092 (NHMUK).   Misiones: Posadas, 2 ♀ (Lectotype and Paralectotype of  Siculodes falcata matusi ), Köhler leg. (MLPA)  . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/136F28284250FFEF22BDF9C2FCAD4C5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany;Casagrande, Mirna Martins;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2024): Taxonomic revision of Siculodes Guenée and revalidation of Aziba Walker (Lepidoptera, Thyrididae, Siculodinae, Siculodini). Zootaxa 5543 (4): 501-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2
136F2828425CFFEF22BDFD87FB0A48F9.text	136F2828425CFFEF22BDFD87FB0A48F9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aziba mediula (Guenee 1877) Queiroz-Santos & Casagrande & Mielke 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aziba mediula (Guenée, 1877) comb. nov.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 8)</p>
            <p> Siculodes mediula Guenée, 1877 . Annales de la Société entomologique de France, (5) 7: 295; 1 female [recte male] [holotype], Brazil, collection Guenée.— Pagenstecher, 1892. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift “Iris”, 5: 89, 128.— Hampson, 1897. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1897 (1): 630.— Whalley &amp; Heppner, 1995, Thyridoidea, in Becker et al. Checklist: Part 2, Hyblaeoidea—Pyraloidea—Tortricoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical  Lepidoptera , 3: 31. </p>
            <p> Risama mediula ; Dalla Torre, 1914. Lepidopterorum Catalogus, 20: 41. </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history. Guenée (1877) described the species based on one female [recte male] [holotype] from Brazil without illustration. Transferred to  Risama by Dalla Torre (1914) and returned to  Siculodes by Whalley &amp; Heppner (1995). </p>
            <p> Taxonomic comments. Although known only from the holotype, the wing morphology and wing shape does not belong to  Siculodes but rather to  Aziba gen. rev., and therefore,  A. mediula comb. nov. is a new combination. </p>
            <p> Type material. The male [holotype] was found in the NHMUK, with the author’s original labels matching the information provided in the original description. Holotype male with the following labels: / Brés / 1.  S Mediula Gn. Cat. n° Brésil /  Siculodes mediula Brésil / Ex. Musaeo Ach. Guénée / Ex. Oberthür Coll. Brit. Mus. 1927-3 / Holotype / HOLOTYPE  Siculodes mediula Guénee det. M. Shaffer, 1989 / NHMUK 010921219 /. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Aziba mediula comb. nov. can be easily distinguished from all its congeners by wings overall dark gold, as the tegulae, wings overall dark gold, with small, clustered hyaline spots (Fig. 8A–B). </p>
            <p>Redescription. Forewing: length—male 20.0 mm (n = 1); outer margin sinuous; retinaculum above costal margin; veins R 3 +R 4 bifurcates 3/5 of costal margin; clustering hyaline spots that condense, becoming more pronounced at outer margin.</p>
            <p>Hindwing: length—male 13.0 mm (n = 1); outer margin rounded; clustering hyaline spots that condense, becoming more pronounced at costal margin up to near outer margin.</p>
            <p>Male genitalia unknown.</p>
            <p>Female unknown.</p>
            <p>Geographic distribution. BRAZIL.</p>
            <p>Natural history. Immature stages and host plant unknown.</p>
            <p>Examined material (1 ♂).</p>
            <p>  BRAZIL: 1 ♂ ([Holotype] of  Aziba mediula comb. nov. ), NHMUK 010921219 (NHMUK)  . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/136F2828425CFFEF22BDFD87FB0A48F9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany;Casagrande, Mirna Martins;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2024): Taxonomic revision of Siculodes Guenée and revalidation of Aziba Walker (Lepidoptera, Thyrididae, Siculodinae, Siculodini). Zootaxa 5543 (4): 501-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2
136F2828425CFFEC22BDF8E3FAB54FB0.text	136F2828425CFFEC22BDF8E3FAB54FB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aziba roseobrunneata (Heppner & Thiele 2017) Queiroz-Santos & Casagrande & Mielke 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aziba roseobrunneata (Heppner &amp; Thiele, 2017) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Siculodes roseobrunneata Heppner &amp; Thiele, 2017 .  Lepidoptera Novae, 10 (1–2): 28–32;  1 male holotype, Martinique . </p>
            <p> Type material.   The holotype male is deposited at the MGCL with the following label: Martinique:  Gros-Morne , ex larva em. 15–18 Dec 2014, E. Dumbardon (gen. slide JBH 3239; JBH photo 12456) (MGCL)  . </p>
            <p>Taxonomic history. This species was described based on one holotype male and 17 paratypes (five males and 12 females) from Martinique.</p>
            <p> Taxonomic comments. As mentioned by the authors (Heppner &amp; Thiele 2017a),  S. roseobrunneata has wing characters close to  A. substrigata comb. rev. and  A. falcata comb. rev. but differs in characters of the male genitalia from  Siculodes . After carefully analyzing the images of the holotype and paratype and the genitalia of both species, we concluded that  S. roseobrunneata , based on morphological characters such straight costal margin of valva, does not belong to  Siculodes but rather to  Aziba gen. rev., and therefore,  A. roseobrunneata comb. nov. is a new combination. </p>
            <p>Etymology. Heppner &amp; Thiele (2017a) named the species due to the rosy-brown coloration of the wings.</p>
            <p>Diagnosis, redescription, geographic distribution, and natural history. See Heppner &amp; Thiele (2017a).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/136F2828425CFFEC22BDF8E3FAB54FB0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany;Casagrande, Mirna Martins;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2024): Taxonomic revision of Siculodes Guenée and revalidation of Aziba Walker (Lepidoptera, Thyrididae, Siculodinae, Siculodini). Zootaxa 5543 (4): 501-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2
136F2828425FFFED22BDFDABFA5C48CA.text	136F2828425FFFED22BDFDABFA5C48CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aziba substrigata Warren 1900	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aziba substrigata Warren, 1900 comb. rev. </p>
            <p>(Figs 9, 16, 25, 35)</p>
            <p> Aziba substrigata Warren, 1900 . Novitates Zoologicae, 7 (2): 117; 1 female [holotype], Costa Rica. </p>
            <p> Risama substrigata ; Dalla Torre, 1914. Lepidopterorum Catalogus, 20: 42.— Gaede, 1936, in Seitz. Die Gross -Schmetterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes. Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwärmer, 6: 1208, fig. 175c (d). </p>
            <p> Siculodes substrigatus [sic]; Whalley &amp; Heppner, 1995, Thyridoidea, in Becker et al. Checklist: Part 2, Hyblaeoidea—Pyraloidea—Tortricoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical  Lepidoptera , 3: 31. </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history. Warren (1900) described the species based on a female [holotype] without illustration from Costa Rica. Transferred to  Risama by Dalla Torre (1914) and to  Siculodes by Whalley &amp; Heppner (1995). </p>
            <p> Taxonomic comments. After analyzing the morphology of the holotype and wing morphology (shape and venation),  S. substrigata comb. rev. does not belong to  Siculodes but to  Aziba gen. rev., and for this reason, its original combination is herein revalidated. </p>
            <p> Type material.   A female [holotype] was found in NHMUK, with the author’s original labels matching the information provided in the original description: /  Aziba substrigata Type ♀ Warr / Costa Rica / Rothschild Bequest B.M.1939-1. / Type / Holotype / BMNH (E) 1377137 / NHMUK 010921241 /. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Aziba substrigata comb. rev. can be easily distinguished from all its congeners by wings overall light brown, as the tegulae, with irregular brown spots and lines intensifying on inner margin (Figs 9A–D) and valve with straight costal margin as in  A. falcata comb. rev., but in the latter both margins are straight. In addition, by combination of the following characters: i) saccus elongated (Fig. 16B); (v) gnathos U-shape (Fig. 16A) and iii) signum rectangular (Fig. 35). </p>
            <p>Redescription. Forewing: length—male 21.0–26.0 mm (n = 3), female 22.0–33.0 mm (n = 3); both surfaces with oblique postdiscal brown stripe from M 1 to half of inner margin, intensifying color near to inner margin; veins R 3 +R 4 bifurcates half of costal margin.</p>
            <p>Hindwing: length—male 12.0–15.0 mm (n = 3), female 15.0–20.0 mm (n = 3); both surfaces with a brown transverse stripe from middle of coast margin to inner margin, intensifying color on ventral surface; outer margin straight.</p>
            <p>Male genitalia (Fig. 16): tegumen rectangular in dorsal view and with convex margins; saccus elongated; gnathos U-shaped in posterior view; valva with costa straight, ventral margin sinuous, narrowing obliquely from middle; fultura inferior with inverted horseshoe-like; aedeagus as long as valva, slightly curved ventrally, elongated dorsal opening for ductus ejaculatorius, vesica without cornutus.</p>
            <p>Female genitalia (Fig. 25): tergite VIII square in lateral view; anterior apophysis twice as long as posterior apophysis; bursa copulatrix membranous except by short sclerotized antrum, ductus bursae ten times longer than antrum, signum rectangular with a median constriction, covered with spinules (Fig. 35).</p>
            <p> Geographic distribution (Fig. 45). COSTA RICA. PANAMA:  Taboga . VENEZUELA: Distrito Capital: Caracas. COLOMBIA: Norte de Santander: Cúcuta. PERU: Puno: Carabaya, Santo Domingo; Ollachea,  Rio Inambari ; Junín: Chanchamayo. </p>
            <p>Natural history. Based on specimen label data, the species occurs in forests and adults were caught in March, May, June, and November.</p>
            <p>Examined material (3 ♂, 3 ♀).</p>
            <p>  COSTA RICA: 1 ♀ ([Holotype] of  Aziba substrigata ), NHMUK 010921241 (NHMUK)  . </p>
            <p>  PANAMA:  Taboga : 1 ♂, NHMUK 010921552 (NHMUK)  . </p>
            <p> VENEZUELA: Distrito Capital: Caracas: 1 ♂, V–VI.1877, O. Thieme leg., NHMUK 010921554 (NHMUK) . </p>
            <p> COLOMBIA: Norte de Santander: Cúcuta, 1 ♂, NHMUK 010921556 (NHMUK) . </p>
            <p>  PERU: Puno: Carabaya,  Santo Domingo , 1 ♀, XI.1902, 1980m, G. Ockenden leg., NHMUK 010921592 (NHMUK)  ;   Ollachea,  Rio Inambari , 1 ♀, III.1905, 945m, G. Ockenden leg., NHMUK 010921595 (NHMUK)  ;  Junín: Chanchamayo: 1 ♀, 1 ♂, 1898, O. Schuncke leg., NHMUK 010921546, NHMUK 010921548 (NHMUK) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/136F2828425FFFED22BDFDABFA5C48CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany;Casagrande, Mirna Martins;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2024): Taxonomic revision of Siculodes Guenée and revalidation of Aziba Walker (Lepidoptera, Thyrididae, Siculodinae, Siculodini). Zootaxa 5543 (4): 501-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2
136F2828425EFFEA22BDF932FCDA4BA1.text	136F2828425EFFEA22BDF932FCDA4BA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aziba transversa Walker 1865	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aziba transversa Walker, 1865 comb. rev. </p>
            <p>(Figs 10, 26, 36, 46)</p>
            <p> Aziba transversa Walker, 1865 . List of the specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, 32: 520; female, Brazil, collection Stevens.— Whalley, 1964. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (13) 7 (74): 126. </p>
            <p> Siculodes transversa ; Guenée, 1877. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, (5) 7: 296.— Pagenstecher, 1892. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift “Iris”, 5: 90, 129. </p>
            <p> Risama transversa ; Hampson, 1897. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, (1): 629.— Dalla Torre, 1914. Lepidopterorum Catalogus, 20: 42.— Gaede, 1936, in Seitz. Die Gross -Schmetterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes. Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwärmer, 6: 1203, fig. 175c (d). </p>
            <p> Siculodes transversus [sic]; Whalley &amp; Heppner, 1995, Thyridoidea, in Becker et al. Checklist: Part 2, Hyblaeoidea—Pyraloidea—Tortricoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical  Lepidoptera , 3: 31. </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history. Walker (1865) described the species based on one female [holotype] from Brazil without illustration. Transferred to  Siculodes by Guenée (1877) and to  Risama by Hampson (1897), it returned to  Siculodes by Whalley &amp; Heppner (1995). </p>
            <p> Taxonomic comments. After the morphological analysis of the type material of the type species of  Siculodes and  Aziba gen. rev. and other specimens in these genera, we concluded that  S. transversa belongs to  Aziba gen. rev., and its combination is revalidated herein,  Aziba transversa comb. rev. </p>
            <p> Type material.   Holotype female with the following labels: /  AZIBA TRANSVERSA / Brazil / Stevens coll. / Type  / Holotype /   HOLOTYPE  Aziba transversa Walker det. M. Shaffer, 1989 / NHMUK 010921221  /. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Aziba transversa comb. rev. can be easily distinguished from all its congeners by wings overall light brown, as the tegulae, both wings with a brown stripe not attaining the costal margin, more evident on ventral side and single semi-translucent spot on the hindwing (Figs 10A–B) as in  A. falcata comb. rev., but in the latter smaller. In addition, by combination of the following characters: i) frenulum absence and ii) signum with appearance of petals distributed in a circle (Fig. 36). </p>
            <p>Redescription. Forewing: length—female 21.0–29.0 mm (n = 5); both surfaces with straight medial brown stripe from CuA 1 to inner margin, intensifying coloration on ventral surface; veins R 3 +R 4 bifurcates 3/5 of costal margin.</p>
            <p>Hindwing: length—female 13.0–16.0 mm (n = 5); outer margin slightly convex; both surfaces with oblique discal brown stripe from Rs to inner margin, intensifying coloration on ventral surface semi-translucent spot in discal cell outlined in dark brown.</p>
            <p>Male genitalia unknown.</p>
            <p>Female genitalia (Fig. 26): tergite VIII square in lateral view; anterior apophysis twice as long as posterior apophysis; bursa copulatrix membranous except by short sclerotized antrum, ductus bursae ten times longer than antrum; signum with appearance of petals, branched and with spinules (Fig. 36).</p>
            <p> Geographic distribution (Fig. 46). BRAZIL: Espírito Santo: Santa Leopoldina,  Tirol . Rio de Janeiro: Cachoeiras de Macacu,  Valério —Rio Souza; Petrópolis, Independência. São Paulo: Salesópolis, Boracéia. </p>
            <p>Natural history. Immature stages and host plant unknown. Based on label information the species occurs in the Atlantic Forest and adults were caught in October and November.</p>
            <p>Examined material (5 ♀).</p>
            <p>  BRAZIL: 1 ♀ (Lectotype of  Aziba transversa ), NHMUK 010921221 (NHMUK);   Espírito Santo: Santa Leopoldina,  Tirol , 1 ♀, XI.1998, 700 m, 24°75’S 40°50’W, H. Thöny leg., MWM 19.208 (MWM).   Rio de Janeiro:  Cachoeiras de Macacu, Valério—Rio Souza , 1 ♀, 16.X.2010, N. Tangerini leg., DZ 39.276 (DZUP)  ;   Petrópolis,  Independência , 1 ♀, 18.XI.1931, Gagarin leg., DZ 39.388 (DZUP)  .   São Paulo: Salesópolis,  Boraceia , 1 ♀, 30.XI.1948, Travassos, Travassos &amp; Pearson leg. (CEIO)  . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/136F2828425EFFEA22BDF932FCDA4BA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany;Casagrande, Mirna Martins;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2024): Taxonomic revision of Siculodes Guenée and revalidation of Aziba Walker (Lepidoptera, Thyrididae, Siculodinae, Siculodini). Zootaxa 5543 (4): 501-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2
136F28284259FFD522BDF9DBFBB34FCD.text	136F28284259FFD522BDF9DBFBB34FCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aziba vehemensaria (H. Edwards 1884) Queiroz-Santos & Casagrande & Mielke 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aziba vehemensaria (H. Edwards, 1884) stat. rev. et comb. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figs 11, 17, 27, 46)</p>
            <p> Drepanodes vehemensaria H. Edwards, 1884 .  Papilio , 4 (1): 19; 1 female [recte male] [holotype].—H. Druce, 1895, in Godman &amp; Salvin. Biologia Centrali-Americana.  Insecta .  Lepidoptera —Heterocera, 2: 31. </p>
            <p> Aziba macropterana [misidentification]; H. Druce, 1895, in Godman &amp; Salvin. Biologia Centrali-Americana.  Insecta .  Lepidoptera —Heterocera, 2: 187, plate 59, fig. 8 (d). </p>
            <p> Risama avicula [misidentification]; Gaede, 1936, in Seitz. Die Gross -Schmetterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes. Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwärmer, 6: 1208, fig. 175d (d).— Forbes, 1942. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, 90 (2): 350. </p>
            <p> Siculodes eurymenanus [sic] [in part]; Whalley &amp; Heppner, 1995, Thyridoidea, in Becker et al. Checklist: Part 2, Hyblaeoidea—Pyraloidea—Tortricoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical  Lepidoptera , 3: 31; syn.:  vehemensaria . </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history. H. Edwards (1884) described the species based on one female [recte male] [holotype] without illustration and locality, in  Geometridae . Synonymized by Whalley &amp; Heppner (1995) with  S. eurymenanus [sic]. H. Druce (1895), Gaede (1936), and Forbes (1942) misidentified the species. </p>
            <p> Taxonomic comments: Whalley &amp; Heppner (1995) mention the species in the synonymy of  Siculodes eurymenanus [sic], however, after analyzing the holotype of  S. eurymenana , the holotype of  Drepanodes vehemensaria , and the wing morphology, we concluded that they are distinct species, hence the revalidation of  Drepanodes vehemensaria stat. rev. H. Edwards (1884), when describing the species, mentions that the wing characters are similar to  Aziba gen. rev. After examining the [holotype] of  D. vehemensaria and lectotype of  A. transversa we concluded that the morphological characters are similar, indicating that  D. vehemensaria belongs to  Aziba gen. rev. </p>
            <p> Type material.   H. Edwards (1884) described the species based on one female [holotype]; however, the specimen is a male [holotype] found in USNM, with the author’s original labels matching the information provided in the original description: /  Drepanodes vehemensaria Type H. Edw / Jalapa, Mexico / Collection BrklynMus / Type N° 34333 U.S.N.M /  . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Aziba vehemensaria stat. rev. et comb. nov. can be easily distinguished from  S. eurymenana and all its congeners by wings light grayish brown, as the tegulae, gray spots and lines, more accentuated on ventral surface and oblique stripes, gray on dorsal surface and brownon ventral surface (Figs 11A–D). In addition, by combination of the following characters: i) saccus oval (Fig. 17B), ii) vesica with cornutus (Figs 17E–F), and iii) signum absent. </p>
            <p>Redescription. Forewing: length—male 22.0–31.0 mm (n = 8), female 21.0–43.0 mm (n = 29); both surfaces with oblique postdiscal stripe from apex to two-thirds of inner margin, lighter between R 5 to CuA 1; veins R 3 +R 4 bifurcates 2/3 of costal margin.</p>
            <p>Hindwing: length—male 13.0–21.0 mm (n = 8), female 13.0–21.0 mm (n = 29); outer margin convex; both surfaces with oblique discal stripe from Rs to inner margin.</p>
            <p>Male genitalia (Fig. 17): tegumen with anterior and posterior margins with median indentation forming small lobes in dorsal view; saccus oval in lateral view; uncus with small elevation at base, forming lateral lobes; gnathos V-shaped in posterior view; valva with slightly concave costa, sinuous ventral margin, narrowing obliquely from middle; fultura inferior U-shaped and apex looks like dilated; aedeagus with an elongated dorsal opening for ductus ejaculatorius, vesica with small, fine cornuti.</p>
            <p>Female genitalia (Fig. 27): tergite VIII rectangular in lateral view; anterior and posterior apophyses of same size; bursa copulatrix membranous except by short sclerotized antrum, ductus bursae eight times longer than antrum, signum absent.</p>
            <p> Geographic distribution (Fig. 46). MEXICO: Morelos: Cuernavaca; Nayarit — Jalisco; Veracruz: Huatusco; Jalapa; Motzorongo; Orizaba;  Presidio. BELIZE: Orange Walk: Savana de Pinheiro —aprox. 3km SW Rancho Dolores,  Hill Bank Field Station. HONDURAS: Atlántida: Parque Nacional Pico Bonito. EL SALVADOR: San Salvador. COSTA RICA: San José: San José. </p>
            <p>Natural history. Immature stages and host plant unknown. Based on label information the species occurs in forests and adults were caught from March to August and October.</p>
            <p> Comments.  Aziba substrigata Warren, 1900 comb. rev. and  A. vehemensaria stat. rev. et comb. nov. are sympatric and easily distinguished by external morphological features, such as wings with a light brown background, irregular brown spots and lines in  A. substrigata comb. rev., while  A. vehemensaria stat. rev. et comb. nov. has light grayish brown background color with gray spots and lines. </p>
            <p>Examined material (8 ♂, 30 ♀).</p>
            <p> MEXICO: 1 ♀ (SMT) ,  1 ♀, NHMUK 010921214 (NHMUK) ,  1 ♂ (USNM), Morelos: Cuernavaca, 1 ♀, 1929 (NHMV); Nayarit—Jalisco: 1 ♀, VIII.1954, Sharon Keef leg. (AMNH) ;  Veracruz: Huatusco, 1 ♂, NHMUK 010921217 (NHMUK);  Jalapa, 1 ♂ ([Holotype] of  Drepanodes
vehemensaria
 stat. rev. ) (USNM)  ,  2 ♀, Hartmann leg. (ZSM) ,  2 ♀, 1 ♂, M. Trujillo leg., NHMUK 010921207, NHMUK 010921237, NHMUK 010921213 (NHMUK) ,  1 ♀, NHMUK 010921203 (NHMUK) ,  6 ♀ (USNM); Motzorongo, 1 ♀, 1932, C. C. Hoffmann leg. (AMNH) ;  Orizaba, 2 ♀, 3 ♂, III.1896, W. Schaus leg., NHMUK 010921205, NHMUK 010921228, NHMUK 010921212, NHMUK 010921215, NHMUK 010921232 (NHMUK) ,  1 ♀, IV.1910, C. C. Hoffmann leg. (AMNH) ;  Presidio, 1 ♀, X.1939, C. C. Hoffmann leg. (AMNH) . </p>
            <p>  BELIZE: Orange Walk:  Savana de Pinheiro —aprox. 3km SW Rancho Dolores, 1 ♀, 2.III.1998  ,  Hill Bank Field Station, 1 ♀, 20.III.1998, Valerie Giles leg. (AMNH) . </p>
            <p> HONDURAS: Atlántida: Parque Nacional Pico Bonito, 1 ♀, 24.VI–2.VII.2010, 80–250m, 15º41.5’N 86º54.1’W, Moser leg., CLAM 144 (CLAM), 1 ♀, 9.VII. 2015, 125 m, 15.692865° -86.902373°, D. Matthews &amp; J. Y. Miller leg. (MGCL) . </p>
            <p> EL SALVADOR: San Salvador, 1 ♀ (USNM) ,  1 ♀, 30.IV.1955, A. Zilch S. leg. (MSFR) ,  1 ♀, 6.VI.1956, 700m, E. Möhn leg. (MSFR) . </p>
            <p> COSTA RICA: 1 ♀, 7.X.1919, NHMUK 010921202 (NHMUK), San José: San José, 1 ♂, 30.VI.1908 (MfN) ,  1 ♀, V.1909, Curt Brade leg. (MfN) ,  1 ♀, 21.VI.1929, NHMUK 010921210 (NHMUK) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/136F28284259FFD522BDF9DBFBB34FCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany;Casagrande, Mirna Martins;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik	Queiroz-Santos, Luziany, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2024): Taxonomic revision of Siculodes Guenée and revalidation of Aziba Walker (Lepidoptera, Thyrididae, Siculodinae, Siculodini). Zootaxa 5543 (4): 501-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.2
