identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
4FF9C486B64250FB9F977403AE8377EC.text	4FF9C486B64250FB9F977403AE8377EC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Boletina kowarzi Stackelberg 1943	<div><p>Boletina kowarzi Stackelberg, 1943</p><p>Figs 1, 2</p><p>Material.</p><p>Germany • 2 ♂♂; Bavaria, Mangfall mountains, Wildbad Kreuth, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.69079&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.59395" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.69079/lat 47.59395)">Totengraben</a>; 47.59395°N, 11.69079°E; 1210 m a. s. l.; 26 May – 27 June 2023; D. Doczkal &amp; J. Voith leg.; Malaise trap; natural forest reserve, at fallen old Fagus tree (SNSB: EBM 0000673, EBM 0000683) • 1 ♂ 1 ♀; Bavaria, Mangfall mountains, Wildbad Kreuth, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.69417&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.5942" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.69417/lat 47.5942)">Totengraben</a>; 47.59420°N, 11.69417°E; 1270 m a. s. l.; 26 May – 27 June 2023; D. Doczkal &amp; J. Voith leg.; Malaise trap; natural forest reserve (SNSB: EBM 0000207, EBM 0000236) .</p><p>The following description and diagnosis focus on the structure of the male terminalia, which, although adequately illustrated, have so far been described only superficially (Stackelberg 1943). Boletina kowarzi has not been included in any published identification key to the Palaearctic Boletina species (e. g., Hutson et al. 1980; Zaitzev 1994; Chandler in press); therefore, external body characters of male specimens used in such keys are also included. However, the studied material includes three males and one female. The females of B. kowarzi have not been described previously, and the sexes are here associated solely based on molecular data. In related Boletina species, species-specific morphological characters are not well developed in females, and they currently remain indistinguishable without associated male specimens. Pending a detailed comparison of female terminalia across the wider species group and genus we consider it redundant to provide a description of a single non-diagnostic female specimen of Boletina .</p><p>Diagnostic body characters and male terminalia.</p><p>Medium-sized species (Fig. 1); body length 4.6 mm, wing length 4.6 mm, wing width 2.1 mm. Laterotergite with 3–4 strong setae along the posterior margin. Sc bare. Crossvein sc – r absent. Body coloration brown to dark brown, abdomen somewhat lighter than thorax and head. C reaching about one-third of the distance from R 4 + 5 to M 1. Medial fork well developed, bearing dense macrotrichia except at the base. R 4 + 5 somewhat sinuous. Male tarsal claws unmodified. Tergite IX elongated. Cerci 1.8 times wider than long, bearing two combs: anterior row shifted laterad, leaving the anteromedial corner bare, with 19–20 stout setae; posterior row short, situated posteromedially, with 9–12 stout setae. Sternal submedian appendages anteriorly fused, bare; lateral margins somewhat folded; medially widened; posterior half constricted and separated into two halves by a medial cleft. Inner branch of the gonostylus long and narrow, tapering; posterior fifth folded; bearing one short spine at the posterior third and a few very short setae posterior to it; otherwise bare. Lateral branch of the gonostylus elongated, tapering, somewhat curved inward; anterior three-quarters setose; posterior quarter bare except for a few weak subapical setae; apex beak-shaped. Aedeagal complex elongated. Aedeagus digitate. Ejaculatory apodeme anteriorly bilobed. Parameres with rounded apices, slightly protruding beyond the sternal submedian appendages. Prongs of the parameral apodeme anteriorly fused, forming a spatulate lobe.</p><p>Differential morphological diagnosis.</p><p>Based on the structure of the male terminalia, B. kowarzi belongs to a species group centred around B. dubia (Meigen, 1804), which is characterised by a two-branched gonostylus with both branches elongated. Within this group, B. kowarzi is morphologically most similar to B. dubia and B. plana (Walker, 1856) . These species can be readily distinguished by the structure of the inner branch of the gonostylus: in B. kowarzi, it bears a spine at the posterior third, whereas the inner branch lacks a spine in B. dubia and bears an apical spine in B. plana . In addition, the cerci of B. kowarzi possess two incomplete combs of small spines, while in the other species both combs extend almost across the entire width of the cerci. The tarsal claws of B. dubia are modified, whereas those of B. kowarzi and B. plana are unmodified.</p><p>Diagnostic molecular combination.</p><p>Boletina _ kowarzi _ EBM 0000207 _ dv _ totgr 1 _ 1 _ 27 Jun 2023</p><p>[23: A, 24: G, 25: A, 68: A, 100: T, 173: A, 211: A, 493: T]</p><p>aatattatattttatttttggaAGAtgagctggaataattggtacctctttaagaattttaattcgaAcagaattaggtcacccaggtgctttaattggTgatgatcaaatttataatgtaattgtaacagctcatgcttttgtaataattttttttatagtaataccaattAtaattggaggatttggaaattgactagtccctttaatAttaggagcccccgacatagcattccctcgaataaataacataagtttttgattacttcccccttcattaattttacttttatctagaagaatagttgaaacaggagctggtacaggttgaacagtttaccctcccctatcatcaacaatcgctcatgcaggagcatcagtagatttagctattttttctctacatttagccggaatttcatctattttaggagctgtaaatttcattacaacaattattaatatacgagccccaggaattactttagatcgTataccattatttgtatgatcagtattaattacagcaattttattacttttatctttacctgtattagctggagctatcacaatactattaacagatcgtaatttaaatacttcattttttgatcctgctggaggaggagaccctattttataccaacatttattt</p><p>Molecular comments.</p><p>All four examined specimens shared an identical COI haplotype. Analysis of DNA barcode data for Boletina species with a two-branched gonostylus available in the BOLD database (Ratnasingham et al. 2024) indicates pronounced interspecific differentiation of Boletina kowarzi from all other examined Boletina species, viz., B. curta Sasakawa &amp; Kimura, 1975, B. dubia, B. kullervoi Salmela, 2016, B. landrocki Edwards, 1924, B. plana and B. villosa Landrock, 1912 . Uncorrected p-distances between B. kowarzi and congeners range from 10.09 % to 13.94 %. Corresponding distances calculated using the Kimura 2 - parameter (K 2 P) model are somewhat higher, ranging from 11.14 % to 15.45 %. Based on uncorrected p-distance, B. dubia represents the nearest genetic neighbour of B. kowarzi, whereas under the K 2 P model the smallest divergence is observed with B. villosa (11.14 %). The greatest divergence is observed between B. kowarzi and B. kullervoi, reaching 13.94 % (p-distance) and 15.45 % (K 2 P). Both uncorrected p-distance and K 2 P analyses show comparable patterns of interspecific divergence, although the nearest neighbour differs between models (Table 1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4FF9C486B64250FB9F977403AE8377EC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kurina, Olavi;Doczkal, Dieter;Bückle, Ellen;Kjærandsen, Jostein;Feng, Vivian;Meier, Rudolf;Balke, Michael	Kurina, Olavi, Doczkal, Dieter, Bückle, Ellen, Kjærandsen, Jostein, Feng, Vivian, Meier, Rudolf, Balke, Michael (2026): Boletina kowarzi Stackelberg, 1943 (Diptera: Mycetophilidae): first Central European record after nearly 150 years from the Bavarian Alps. Alpine Entomology 10: 113-119, DOI: 10.3897/alpento.10.193623
