identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
074AEA18FFBE8225C3E2F7D6D80497CE.text	074AEA18FFBE8225C3E2F7D6D80497CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthocharis damone subsp. damone Boisduval 1836	<div><p>Anthocharis damone damone Boisduval, 1836</p><p>Anthocharis Damone Boisduval, 1836, Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 564. Type locality: “ Sicile ” [Italy, Sicily]</p><p>= Anthocharis damone privimacula m. f. n. Stauder 1922, Mitt. munch. ent. Ges. 12: 24. Type locality: “ Aspermonte ” [S Italy, Calabria]</p><p>= Anthocaris [sic!] damone limbata Verity 1947, Farfalle diurne d’Italia 3:142. Type locality: not stated.</p><p>Material examined: Italy: Sicily: 101♂ 72♀ Catania, Monte Etna (coll. Back); 1♂ ibid, 11.V.2012 (CSIC-UPF); 1♂ Catania, Ragalna, 11.IV.2011 (CSIC-UPF) ; 2♂ Catania, Zafferana, 12.IV.2011 (CSIC-UPF) . Calabria: 2♂ 2♀ Aspromonte (coll. Back); 2♂ 1♀ Aspromonte, Bagaladi, 4.IV.2012, leg. L. Dapporto (CSIC-UPF) .</p><p>Distribution. S. Italy (Sicily and S Calabria)</p><p>Differential diagnosis. gc bright yellow, ♂ orange apical spot usually extends only to the black band, costa fw usually orange; discoidal spot of ♂ and especially of ♀ strong; ♀ fw apex with small but distinct yellow veins; ♀ uphw often with an orange suffusion.</p><p>Notes. Jutzeler et al. (1998) report a hybrid between A. damone and E. ausonia from near Pedara (Etna), Sicily. Nardelli (1987) reports a hybrid between A. damone and Euchloe simplonia from Sicily.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/074AEA18FFBE8225C3E2F7D6D80497CE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naderi, Alireza;Back, Werner;Scalercio, Stefano;Nazari, Vazrick	Naderi, Alireza, Back, Werner, Scalercio, Stefano, Nazari, Vazrick (2025): Higher phylogeny of Orange Tips (Anthocharis) with a focus on population structure in A. damone (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Ecologica Montenegrina 83: 74-91, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.83.8, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.83.8
074AEA18FFBE8224C3E2F203D82B95DA.text	074AEA18FFBE8224C3E2F203D82B95DA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthocharis damone subsp. calabra Scalercio, Nazari and Back 2025	<div><p>Anthocharis damone calabra Scalercio, Nazari and Back, ssp. nov. (Fig. 4a–d)</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 924995D5-B1B2-45CB-8C84-6524EDFADF8F</p><p>Holotype: ♂ Italy: Calabria, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.3548&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.164" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.3548/lat 39.164)">Balzate</a>, 39.164, 16.3548, 12.V.2015, leg. S. Scalercio, BOLD SampleID: LEP-SS-00201 (coll. CREA-FL).</p><p>Paratypes: 1♂ 2♀ same data as holotype; 1♂ Calabria, Fondo Lippi, 3.V.2015, leg. S. Scalercio (coll. CREA-FL) . 42♂ 29♀ Calabria, Cosenza, Corigliano (coll. Back) .</p><p>Distribution. S. Italy (Calabria).</p><p>Etymology: named after the Italian region of Calabria.</p><p>Description: Male. wingspan 33–36mm (n=5) (Holotype 33 mm). Ups yellow; fw with a large distal orange area imperfectly delimited proximally by a concave band of diffused black scales which goes from the tornus to mid costa, narrow until one third of its length becoming larger towards the costa; discal spot black, reniform, usually on the black band or, rarely, slightly displaced on the orange area; apex covered by black scales forming triangles in correspondence of distal parts of veins, also present along the inner margin except in correspondence of the anal vein; basal area covered by black scales; uns as the ups, but orange area without black band between orange and yellow areas; wing apex yellow, with few black scales mainly along the proximal margin; black basal area smaller than the ups. Hws basally black, rarely with small black scale spots along the inner margin in correspondence of vein ends; uns yellow with dark-green scales forming a net-shaped design also visible on the ups.</p><p>Female. wingspan 35–37mm (n=2). Fw white or pale creamy-white; discal spot black, reniform; dark apex larger than in ♂ s with very small yellow veins sometimes absent; basal area covered by black scales; uns as ups, but with yellow apex and yellow basal area. Hws light orange, basally black; uns as in ♂.</p><p>Differential diagnosis. On average a little smaller than ssp. damone . Orange apical spot mostly runs over the black band; discoidal spot mostly smaller, especially in ♀; yellow veins in the apex of ♀ s very small or disappeared (good characteristic of differentiation).</p><p>Notes. New subspecies discovered through DNA barcoding. On the Calabrian A. damone, Parenzan (1980) states: “It prefers sunny places and flies along valleys or slopes, always few in number. At the end of March, I captured it between 600 and 800 m above sea level, at the beginning of May in higher areas, up to 900-1000 m. Calabria: M. Giummella (Sila) 15/V (BELCASTRO); Cerenzia (Sila) 7/V (BELCASTRO); Rossano (heights at 600 m above sea level) 27 /III; Corigliano (Piana Caruso at 750-900 m above sea level) 27/III-9/V”. Jutzeler et al. (1998) studied the life- history of the population of A. damone calabra from Rossano. In the type locality we observed a ♀ laying an egg on a leaf of Isatis tinctoria . On the same plant, growing on a South-exposed and steep slope, we found seven more eggs. Caterpillars were reared in the lab until the pupal stage, but no adults emerged the Spring after.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/074AEA18FFBE8224C3E2F203D82B95DA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naderi, Alireza;Back, Werner;Scalercio, Stefano;Nazari, Vazrick	Naderi, Alireza, Back, Werner, Scalercio, Stefano, Nazari, Vazrick (2025): Higher phylogeny of Orange Tips (Anthocharis) with a focus on population structure in A. damone (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Ecologica Montenegrina 83: 74-91, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.83.8, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.83.8
074AEA18FFBF822BC3E2F05FDE099553.text	074AEA18FFBF822BC3E2F05FDE099553.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthocharis damone subsp. hollaenderi Seyer 1980	<div><p>Anthocharis damone hollaenderi Seyer, 1980</p><p>Anthocharis damone hollaenderi Seyer, 1980, Mitt. ent. Ges. Basel 30: 1. Type locality: "Jugosl. Mazedonien, Drim-Klisura (Schulscht)" [N Macedonia, Drim Gorge]</p><p>Material examined: North Macedonia: 64♂, 40♀ Skopje, Matka, Treska Canyon ; 3♂, 1♀ Ohrid; 1♀ Struga, Drim Canyon, Macedonia (coll. Back) ; 2♂ Matka, 16.IV.2009 (CSIC-UPF) ; 1♀ ibid, 22.IV.2009 (CSIC-UPF) . Serbia: 2♂ Sjenica, Trijebine, 3.VI.2015 (CSIC-UPF) .</p><p>Distribution: Macedonia, Albania, Serbia, Northern Greece, European Turkey.</p><p>Differential diagnosis. Macedonia specimens: ♂ ups orange apical patch less red than in nominotypical damone, often extending basally over the black border and towards the anal angle, unfw black basal border of the orange apical patch usually little developed, black discoidal spot mostly inside of the black basal border of the orange apical patch, uphw sometimes orange suffusion from outermargin to postdiscal between vein 2 and 4 (approx. 10 %); ♀ upfw apical patch light and crossed by a series of creamy spots, often with a yellowish-ochre suffusion, sometimes extended until the discoidal spot; uphw costa and sometimes nearly complete uphw with yellowish-ochre suffusion.</p><p>Notes. Larval host plant is Isatis tinctoria . The single sample barcoded from Serbia (MW499531) shows a notable COI barcode distance from those in North Macedonia and further sampling of this population is required to confirm its status.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/074AEA18FFBF822BC3E2F05FDE099553	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naderi, Alireza;Back, Werner;Scalercio, Stefano;Nazari, Vazrick	Naderi, Alireza, Back, Werner, Scalercio, Stefano, Nazari, Vazrick (2025): Higher phylogeny of Orange Tips (Anthocharis) with a focus on population structure in A. damone (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Ecologica Montenegrina 83: 74-91, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.83.8, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.83.8
074AEA18FFB0822BC3E2F7D6DE73907E.text	074AEA18FFB0822BC3E2F7D6DE73907E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthocharis damone subsp. arachovae Back and Nazari 2025	<div><p>Anthocharis damone arachovae Back and Nazari, ssp. nov. (Fig. 4 e–h)</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 70F922EB-360B-46D1-929B-F50482E3C2B7</p><p>Holotype: ♂, Greece: Arachova, 7.IV.1991, leg. W. Back (coll. Back).</p><p>Paratypes: Greece: 58♂ 27♀ same data as holotype (coll. Back); 2♂ Distomo-Arachova- Antikyra, Arachova to Mt. Parnassos ski centre, 22.IV.2007, BOLD SampleID: RVcoll.14-N539 (coll. CSIC-UPF) ; 1♂ Delphi, leg. Back &amp; Wieser, DNAwback015 (coll. Back) ; 2♂ Fokida, 2-3 km. south of Vounihora, 23.IV.2007 (coll. CSIC-UPF) .</p><p>Distribution. Central Greece, possibly also including the population in Corfu Island.</p><p>Etymology: The species is named after its type locality, the Town of Arachova, Boeotia, Greece.</p><p>Description: Male. Wingspan 32–38 mm, mean: 36 mm (n=15), upfw with a slightly paler orange patch, often overlapping the black border and along the entire costa (approx. 85%). The discoidal patch well developed, visible within the orange apical patch and adjacent to the black border. Hws exhibit a clear translucence of the unhw elements. The vein endings are marked by strong black patches.</p><p>Female. Wingspan 36–42 mm (n=8), mean: 38 mm (n=8). Upfw apical marking light and crossed by a series of creamy spots, often with a distinct yellowish-orange suffusion; uphw more or less coated yellowish-ochre; veins endings with strong black patches.</p><p>Differential diagnosis. ♂ discoidal spot usually outside of the black border of the orange apical patch; ♀ upfw apex and unhw costa yellowish-ochre suffusion is not as intensive as in ssp. hollaenderi .</p><p>Note. Larval host plant is Isatis tinctonia .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/074AEA18FFB0822BC3E2F7D6DE73907E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naderi, Alireza;Back, Werner;Scalercio, Stefano;Nazari, Vazrick	Naderi, Alireza, Back, Werner, Scalercio, Stefano, Nazari, Vazrick (2025): Higher phylogeny of Orange Tips (Anthocharis) with a focus on population structure in A. damone (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Ecologica Montenegrina 83: 74-91, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.83.8, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.83.8
074AEA18FFB0822BC3E2F2F5DFC892F3.text	074AEA18FFB0822BC3E2F2F5DFC892F3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthocharis damone subsp. morea Back and Nazari 2025	<div><p>Anthocharis damone morea Back and Nazari, ssp. nov. (Fig. 4 i–l)</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 271C7C6A-0025-4465-B9AC-1247DF034018</p><p>Holotype: ♂ Greece: Taygetos, 23.IV.2001, BOLD SampleID: DNAwback016 (coll. Back).</p><p>Paratypes: 1♀ same data as holotype, (coll. Back); 1♂ Greece: Stemnitsa, 23.IV.2001 (coll.</p><p>Back).</p><p>Distribution: Southern Greece (Peloponnese, Chelmos, Taygetos).</p><p>Etymology: Morea was the name given to the Peloponnese peninsula in the 12th century by the crusaders and the Venetians due to the shape of the peninsula that resembled a mulberry leaf.</p><p>Description: Male. Wingspan 32–36 mm (n=2), similar to ssp. arachovae in the yellow gc and orange apical patch. The latter extends along the costa and partially over the black basal border of the upfw; the black border is clearly reduced and mostly going only from the costa to the middle cell. Female. Wingspan 34 mm (n=1); similar to ssp. arachovae, but in fw apex yellowish-ochre veins are reduced, uphw yellowish-ochre coating strongly reduced.</p><p>Differential diagnosis. The most reliable diagnostic character for this subspecies is the strong reduction of the black border of the orange patch on the ♂ fw.</p><p>Notes. Hostplant is Isatis tinctoria .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/074AEA18FFB0822BC3E2F2F5DFC892F3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naderi, Alireza;Back, Werner;Scalercio, Stefano;Nazari, Vazrick	Naderi, Alireza, Back, Werner, Scalercio, Stefano, Nazari, Vazrick (2025): Higher phylogeny of Orange Tips (Anthocharis) with a focus on population structure in A. damone (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Ecologica Montenegrina 83: 74-91, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.83.8, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.83.8
074AEA18FFB0822AC3E2F176D809972A.text	074AEA18FFB0822AC3E2F176D809972A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthocharis damone subsp. steinelti Seyer 1984	<div><p>Anthocharis damone steinelti Seyer, 1984</p><p>= Anthocharis damone steinelti n. ssp. Seyer 1984, Ent. Zeit. 94: 235. Type locality: "Türkei, westlicher Taurus, Prov. Antalya … 1250 bis 1500 m " [Turkey]</p><p>Material examined: Turkey: 1♂ 1♀ Içel, E Taurus, 10 km SE Çamliyayla, vic. Belçinar, 750 m, 25.- 29.IV.1983, leg. de Freina (coll. Back) . 1♂ Adana, Pozanti, 24.IV.1992, leg. Sacchi &amp; Fantoni (coll.</p><p>RCFF); 1♂ ibid (coll. GCB); 1♂ ibid, 15.IV.1995, GC &amp; A. Floriani (coll. RCAF); 1♂ 8 km SW Pozanti, leg. R. Leestmans (coll. RCAF). 1♂ Antalya, 20.IV.1998, leg. J.-F. Charmeux (coll. RCJC); 1♂ 1♀ Termessos, 18.IV.1994, leg. W. ten Hagen (coll. ten Hagen), 1♂ ibid (coll. Back); 1♂ ibid, 6.V.2011 (coll. ten Hagen); Str. Elmali-Finike, Catallar Mt., 8.IV.1996, leg. E. Punta (coll. Back); Akseki Dag, 19.V.1974, leg. Steinelt (coll. Back). 1♀ Kahraman Maras, Salyan, 24.V.1985, leg. H. Thony (coll. Back). 4♂ 2♀ Malatya, Resadiye Geçidi sud, 29.V.1997, leg. E. Punta (coll. Back). 1♂ Mersin, N de Erdemli, Kosereli, 15.IV.1989, leg. B. Turlin (coll. Back); 1♂ Koramsali (Erdemli), 23.IV.1992, leg. Sacchi &amp; Fantoni (coll. RCFF); 1♂ Akcali Daglari, str. Mut-Gulnar, 2.V.1990, leg. V. Sbordoni (coll. RCVS). 2♂ 1♀ Mugla, Umgehang Mugla, Orts, 19.IV.1994, leg. W. ten Hagen (coll. ten Hagen). 1♂ Nigde, 13 km SE Ulukisla, 19.V.1995, leg. J.P. Borie (coll. GCB). 1♂ Sivas, 10 km S Sivas, 3.V.2010, leg. W. ten Hagen (coll. ten Hagen) .</p><p>Distribution. Southwestern, southern, and central Turkey.</p><p>Differential diagnosis. wingspan ♂ 35–37 mm (fwl 18–19 mm, ♀ wingspan 40–41 mm, fwl 21–22 mm); ♂ orange discoidal area extends only until the black band; black band somewhat strongly developed; ♂ fw costa slight yellow, ♂ ♀ discoidal spot small, ♂ uphw clear yellow without orangeochre costa, ♂ ♀ uphw black end of veins; ♀ fw apical marking interrupted by whitish spaces, ♀ uphw gc light yellowish-ochre.</p><p>Notes. Hesselbarth et al. (1995) report Isatis tinctoria and I. glauca as the larval hosts in Turkey.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/074AEA18FFB0822AC3E2F176D809972A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naderi, Alireza;Back, Werner;Scalercio, Stefano;Nazari, Vazrick	Naderi, Alireza, Back, Werner, Scalercio, Stefano, Nazari, Vazrick (2025): Higher phylogeny of Orange Tips (Anthocharis) with a focus on population structure in A. damone (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Ecologica Montenegrina 83: 74-91, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.83.8, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.83.8
074AEA18FFB1822AC3E2F500DC0391E2.text	074AEA18FFB1822AC3E2F500DC0391E2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthocharis damone subsp. syra (Verity 1911)	<div><p>Anthocharis damone syra (Verity, 1911)</p><p>Euchloë damone race syra Verity 1911, Rhop. palae.: 342, pl. 59, f. 27-28. Type locality: “ Aïn Zahalta, Syrie” [Syria]</p><p>= Anthocharis damone ab. damolasthenia Bang-Haas 1937, Ent. Zeit. 51: 36. Type locality: “ Syria mer., Djezin, Libanon occ., 900 m ” .</p><p>Material examined: Lebanon: 3♂ 2♀ 30 km E Beirut, Sofar, Medeirej [Mudeirej] bridge, 1300 m, 7.- 16.IV.1968 ; 2♂ 2♀ ibid, 13.IV.1972, leg. K. Rose (coll. Back) . Israel: 30♂, 3♀ Mt. Meron Beit Jann, 700 m, 2.IV.1971, leg. Westphal (coll. Back) ; 8♂, 8♀ Mt. Hermon, Majdal Shams, 1000-1400 m, 1.- 2.IV.1979, leg. Westphal (coll. Back) ; 3♂ Avivim, 22.III.2014, leg. V. Lukhtanov , A. Novikova, N. Shapoval &amp; A. Vershinin (coll. ZIN-RAS) ; 1♂ Hermon, 2.IV.1971, leg. R. Westphal (coll. McGuire) , 1♂ Mt. Hermon, Majdal Shams, 2.IV.1979, leg. R. Westphal (coll. Back) .</p><p>Distribution. Israel, Lebanon, Syria.</p><p>Differential diagnosis. Smaller and lighter habitus, ♂ ♀ up gc paler, ♀ very clear, ♂ upfw black band at the end of orange apical spot small, reduced or absent; unhw greenish-grey mottling poorly developed; white veins of ♀ in apex of upfw mostly larger as in eunomia.</p><p>Notes. Isatis lusitanica and Brassicaceae have been reported as hostplants (Tshikolovets &amp; Ben Yehuda, 2020).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/074AEA18FFB1822AC3E2F500DC0391E2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naderi, Alireza;Back, Werner;Scalercio, Stefano;Nazari, Vazrick	Naderi, Alireza, Back, Werner, Scalercio, Stefano, Nazari, Vazrick (2025): Higher phylogeny of Orange Tips (Anthocharis) with a focus on population structure in A. damone (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Ecologica Montenegrina 83: 74-91, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.83.8, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.83.8
074AEA18FFB18229C3E2F078DFCF9086.text	074AEA18FFB18229C3E2F078DFCF9086.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthocharis damone subsp. eunomia (Freyer 1851)	<div><p>Anthocharis damone eunomia (Freyer, 1851)</p><p>Pontia Eunomia Freyer, 1851, Neuere Beitr. Schmett. 6: 149. Type locality: not stated. According to Hesselbarth et al. (1995), the type locality is “almost certainly” in Eastern Anatolia.</p><p>= Anthocharis damone pallida form. nov. Röber 1907, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 1: 55. Type locality: “Mesopotamian”.</p><p>= Anthocharis damone fickleri n. subsp. Seyer 1985, Ent. Zeit. 95: 21. Type locality: “ Kars, Arastal, 1700 m ” [E Turkey]</p><p>Material examined: Armenia: 28♂, 3♀ Yerevan district, surroundings of Hybhye, 7.V.1995, leg. A. Bergmann (coll. Back) ; 22♂, 14♀ Urnus region, Kotayk, 800-2200 m, 8.-15.V.2007 (coll. Back) ; 1♂ Kotayk, Alibek Mt., 6.VII.2006, leg. Louda (coll. Back) ; 1♂ Khosrov Reserve, 7.VI.2007, leg. K. SImek (coll. Back) ; 1♂ 1♀ Yeghegnadzor suburbs, 150 km SE Yerevan, Aiotdzorsky Mts., mountain steppes, 1.VI.2007, leg. Y. Shevnin (coll. SZB) . Dagestan: 2♂ 1♀ Akhty, 1100m, 4.V.1994 (coll. Back) . Georgia: 1♂ Akhalkalaki, 30.VI.2013, leg. V.Lukhtanov (coll. ZIN-RAS) . Iran: 16♂ ♀ Kermanshah, Paveh, Shaoo Mt., 3200 m., 9–13 June 2021, leg. A. R. Naderi ; 1♂ ibid (coll. P. Zehazd); 1♂ ibid (coll. A. H. Harandi); 1♂ ibid (coll. G. Betti); 1♂ 1♀ ibid (coll. W. Back); 1♂ W. Paveh, Teteh pass, 2700 m, 4 June 2015 (coll. Naderi) ; 1♂ 2♀ West Azerbaijan, Marmisho valley, border with Turkey, 14– 18.V.2004, leg. Karbalaye (coll. Back) ; Oshnavieh, Daranper Mt., 15.VI.2004, leg. A. Harandi (coll. RCAH) ; 1♂ 1♀ ibid, 14.V.2005, leg. A. Karbalaye (coll. Back); 1♂ Kordestan, Ooramant, Jalaneh pass, 4.VI.2015, leg. A. Naderi (coll. Naderi) . Turkey: 3♂ Agri, Tahir Geçidi, 18 km W Elaskirt, 14.VI.2001, leg. W. ten Hagen (coll. Back) ; 1♀ ibid, 29.V.2008 (coll. ten Hagen); 1♂ Artvin, Kackar dagi, Yaylalar, 11.VII.1999 (coll. Back) ; 1♂ ibid, 23.VII.2000 (coll. Back); 1♀ Bitlis, 20 km E. Tatvan, 14.VI.1993, leg. R. Leestmans (coll. RCAF); 1♂ Erzincan, Kolcekmezdagi Geçidi, 16.VI.2009 (coll. Back) ; 2♂ Erzurum, E Erzurum, vic. Nenehatun, 30.V.2006, leg. W. ten Hagen (coll. Back) ; 2♂ 1♀ Hakkari, 20- 40 km W Yukesekova, 7.VI.2003, leg. ten Hagen (coll. ten Hagen) ; 1♂ ibid (coll. Back); 1♂ Dez Valley, 16.VI.1993, leg. R. Leestmans (coll. GCB) ; 6♂ 1♀ Bercelam yaylasi, 3.VIII.1978, leg. W. Eckweiler (coll. Back) ; 1♂ 1♀ Sirnak, Tanin-Tanin Pass, 2.VI.1981, leg. J. de Freina (coll. Back) ; 1♂ Van, Çatak, 20.VI.1992, leg. J.P. Borie (coll. GCB).</p><p>Distribution. Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Dagestan, Caucasus, NE Iraq, NE and W Iran.</p><p>Differential diagnosis. wingspan ♂ 31–35mm, fwl 17–20mm (n=6); ♀ 35–39mm, fwl 18- 22mm (n=6). Specimens with less intensive black elements; ♂ ups gc paler than in ssp. damone; orange discoidal spot nearly always finished at black band; black band underdeveloped or absent; fw costa slight yellow, uph no blackish marginal lunules; ♀ upf black apical marking interrupted by whitish spaces, uph gc white, only near costa sometimes with an orange suffusion.</p><p>Notes. This subspecies includes numerous populations, some of which are geographically isolated and could potentially represent independent lineages, even though this may not be evident through their DNA barcodes. Marked morphological differentiation can be seen, for example, in populations from Kermanshah in Western Iran, where the gc is somewhat duller, forewings are more angled, the black line separating the orange apex from inner background is always well developed, and uns green patches are denser that populations from Azerbaijan or Turkey. The hostplant in W Iran is probably Isatis cappadocica, however two other species of Isatis ( I. lusitanica and I. tinctoria) have also been reported form the region (Mozaffarian, pers. comm.). A gynandromorph specimen from Armenia has been illustrated by Tshikolovets (2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/074AEA18FFB18229C3E2F078DFCF9086	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naderi, Alireza;Back, Werner;Scalercio, Stefano;Nazari, Vazrick	Naderi, Alireza, Back, Werner, Scalercio, Stefano, Nazari, Vazrick (2025): Higher phylogeny of Orange Tips (Anthocharis) with a focus on population structure in A. damone (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Ecologica Montenegrina 83: 74-91, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.83.8, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.83.8
074AEA18FFB28229C3E2F29DD91E933F.text	074AEA18FFB28229C3E2F29DD91E933F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthocharis damone subsp. karbalayei Hofmann, Back & Leestamns 2003	<div><p>Anthocharis damone karbalayei Hofmann, Back &amp; Leestamns, 2003</p><p>Anthocharis damone . karbalayei ssp. nova Hofmann, Back &amp; Leestamns 2003, Linn. Belg. 19: 4. Type locality: “ Iran, province d’Esfahān, env. de Fereidūn Shar, 2900 m ” .</p><p>Material examined: 102♂, 43♀ Iran: Esfahan: Fereidun Shahr, Sibak (coll. Back); 1♂ Alimakan, 15.V.2003 ; 1♂ ibid, 20.V.2011, leg. Naderi (coll. Naderi) .</p><p>Distribution: Zagros mountains in S Iran (Esfahan, Fars).</p><p>Differential diagnosis. Specimens larger; ♂ orange discoidal spot only until the black band; black band and other dark elements well developed, general gestalt darker; all specimens (♂ ♀) much black at border and at submarginal area of hw; ♀ discoidal spot strong, usually with a line on top of the discoidal spot towards the base, sometimes also on the bottom in direction of apex or connected with apex by dark suffusion of veins; veins in border of apex in ♀ distinctly white, in ♂ orange; fw costa mostly yellow, sometimes orange.</p><p>Notes. In Fereidun Shahr the host plant is likely Isatis cappadocica, however I. kotschyana is also recorded within the range of ssp. karbalayei (V. Mozaffarian, pers. comm.).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/074AEA18FFB28229C3E2F29DD91E933F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naderi, Alireza;Back, Werner;Scalercio, Stefano;Nazari, Vazrick	Naderi, Alireza, Back, Werner, Scalercio, Stefano, Nazari, Vazrick (2025): Higher phylogeny of Orange Tips (Anthocharis) with a focus on population structure in A. damone (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Ecologica Montenegrina 83: 74-91, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.83.8, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.83.8
074AEA18FFB28232C3E2F132DE31912E.text	074AEA18FFB28232C3E2F132DE31912E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthocharis damone subsp. shahrdarii Naderi and Back 2025	<div><p>Anthocharis damone shahrdarii Naderi and Back, ssp. nov. (Fig. 4 m –p)</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: EB69365D-FC90-4D19-BD22-317E4778C919</p><p>Holotype: ♂ Iran: Alborz: Karaj, Azgi Dareh, 1600 m, 25.IV.2008, leg. A. Naderi (coll. MMTT).</p><p>Paratypes: Iran: Mazandaran: 1♂ 1♀ Ramsar, Samamus Mt., 17.VI.2005, leg. A. Naderi (coll. MMTT) ; 2♂ ibid (coll. Naderi); 2♀ Veresk, Oshtorinankuh Mt., 3.VI.2004, leg. A. Karbalaye (coll. Back) ; 1♂ 1♀ Kelardasht, Sirtchal, 8.V.1983, leg. Khial. (coll. HMIM) ; 1♀ Polur, Sarcheshmeh, 25.v.1990, Anonymous leg. (coll. HMIM) . Qazvin: 13♂, 2♀ N of Qazvin, 2500 m, 30.IV.2004, leg. Naderi (coll. Naderi) ; 1♂ ibid (coll. Back); 1♂ N. Qazvin, Kafar Meydan, 26.V.2011, leg. A. Naderi (coll. Back) ; 3♂ 1♂ Highlands N. of Qazvin, Aloulak, 17.V.2010, leg. J.D. Bahrami (coll. Zehzad) .</p><p>Semnan: 1♂ N. Aradan, Rameh village, 2.V.2018, leg. A. Naderi (coll. Naderi) . Alborz: 1♂ Karaj, Azgi dareh, 1600 m, 25.IV.2008, leg. A. Naderi (coll. Naderi); 7♂, 4♀ ibid (coll. Back); 1♂ ibid, 25.V.2007, leg. A. Naderi (coll. Naderi); 1♂ 15 km N. Karaj, E. Aderan, 4.IV.2018, W. &amp; C. Back (coll. Back); 3♂ Karaj, Sijan (coll. Back); 5♂ Karaj, Pamchal, 2, 11, 18.V.1994, leg. Nazari (coll. HMIM); 1♀, Karaj, Vardeh, 1600-1800m, 19.V.1995, leg. Nazari (coll. HMIM); 2♂ 1♀ Dizin, 2500-2700 m, 18.VI.2009, leg. A. R. Naderi (coll. Zehzad); 1♂ 1♀ Dizin, 2800-3000 m, 12.VI.2007, leg. A. R. Naderi (coll. Zehzad); 21♂, 22♀ Dizin, 2000 m, 3.VI.2001 (coll. Back); 1♀ ibid, 2200-2600m, 22.V.2001, leg. Naderi (coll. Naderi); 1♂ Dizin, 18.VI.2009, leg. A. Naderi (coll. Back); 2♂ Chalus road, Dizin, 18.VI.2004, leg. A. Naderi (coll. Naderi); 1♂ 5 m NE Gatchsar, Dizin rd., 26.V.2013, leg. W. Back (coll. Back); 31♂, 18♀ ibid, 2000 m, 18.V.2013 (coll. Back) . Tehran: 1♂ N . Tehran, Darband, 2500m, 11.VI.1994, leg. Nazari (coll. HMIM); 1♂ ibid, 1900 m, 23.IV.2017, leg. A. R. Naderi (coll. Zehzad); 1♂ ibid, 1800 m, 15.IV.2021, leg P. Zehzad (coll. Zehzad); 3♂ 1♀ N Tehran, Tochal, 2500 m, leg P. Zehzad (coll. Zehzad); 1♂ Firuzkuh, Chehelcheshmeh, 2000 m, 24.vi.1998, Mofidi-Neyestanak leg. (coll. HMIM); 5♂, 3♀ Damavand, 3000 m, 7.VII.1995 (coll. Back); 1♀ Damavand, Polur-Rineh, 2800- 3200 m, 17.vi.1995, Nazari leg. (coll. HMIM); 1♂ 1♀ Fasham, Rudak [mislabeled as Gheshm Island, Rudak], 20.v.1967 (coll. HMIM) .</p><p>Distribution. Alborz Mountains in Northern Iran.</p><p>Etymology: The new taxon is named after Mr. Alireza Shahrdari (Tehran, Iran), a wildlife conservationist and a close friend of the first author.</p><p>Description: Male. Fw length 17-20 mm (Holotype 20 mm). Ups gc dull yellow with dull orange apex. The triangular black patch on the tip of orange area usually totally black without any disconnection. The black line of fw in discal area is irregular and is completely stuck to both outer margin and costal area. The discal spot is round. The black line of fw between orange triangular and yellow background is usually absent and sometimes present. Hw mostly yellow without any black spots or dots. Uns ♂ fw with clear yellow apex and, without any regular pattern. Hw with irregular green patches with in yellow background. Female. Fw length: 20-21mm. Ups gc snowy white with totally black apex or sometimes with some white short lines on S3–S5. The discal spot regular without extra lines and borders. Uns as in ♂.</p><p>Variation: Size is relatively constant. Males from Samamus are dull pale-yellow while in southern slopes of Alborz the ground colour is deeper yellow. In some individuals the black line separating the orange apex from inner of forewing is absent, while in others it is black and prominent. The black lunulus in the marginal area in both sexes are sometimes well developed and similar to those in ssp. karabalyei .</p><p>Differential diagnosis. ♂ size is moderate and similar to ssp. karbalayei and ssp. eunomia but closer to ssp. eunomia . Ups the yellow gc and the orange apex are fair and clear. Most specimens lack the black line separating the orange apex and yellow background. The ups are simply yellow and orange in ♂ while in ssp. karbalayei on the hws a black spot is visible in the in outer margin of S8. In ssp. syra, the black discoidal spots, the apical markings, and the black basal border of the apical orange patch are weakly developed, giving it a lighter look (Back &amp; Bozano, 2020). Uns simple yellowish with an orange band in fw and sparse green patches in hws, while it is densely patched in ssp. karbalayei (Back &amp; Bozano, 2020) . ♀ fw gc is snowy white while in ssp. karbalayei it is duller. The black apex has deep white triangular patches, while in the other subspecies these patches are shorter in ssp. karbalayei and ssp. syra . Uns the green shadow-like and irregular patches of hws are less dense than the other subspecies.</p><p>Notes. A. damone shahrdarii is an early flier in the steep rocky mountain slopes along the riversides and gardens and roads. The first males emerge while their host plants are still in their early flowering period. Its accompanying species include Tomares callimachus, Anthocharis gruneri, Euchloe ausonia and Euchloe lessei . The host plants of the populations of ssp. eunomia in Alborz are Isatis species (e.g. I. kotschyana Boiss. &amp; Hohen., I. tinctoria L., and I. cappadocica Desv.). An albino form of A. damone from Alborz has been reported by ten Hagen (2008).</p><p>Discussion</p><p>Considering the extent of historical attention paid to Anthocharidini since even before Linnaeus’ time (e.g. see Schenk &amp; Sell 2024), it is surprising that the higher systematics of this group should still be debated. The recent suggestion by Zhang et al. (2021) that the well-established pierid genus Zegris should be sunk a subgenus of Anthocharis goes directly against the status quo of the past 300 years in this group. The phylogeny by Zhang et al. was based on a small sample size of six species ( Paramidea scolymus, Tetracharis cethura, T. midea, Zegris eupheme and Z. pyrothoe), with three species of Euchloe ( E. charlonia, E. crameri, E. tagis) used as outgroups. Previously, molecular studies had suggested Euchloe + Zegris as sister to Anthocharis (Braby et al. 2006; Wahlberg et al. 2014; Braga et al. 2021; Wiemers et al. 2020; but see Marabuto et al. 2020), however none of these studies included members of subgenera Tetracharis or Paramidea . Our well-supported phylogenetic hypothesis based on a larger sampling and several nuclear genes does not support the notion put forth by Zhang et al. Instead, based on the paraphyly of the proposed subgenera within Anthocharidini (sensu Zhang et al. 2020), we propose that Tetracharis and Paramidea should be recognized as separate genera in their own right (stat. nov.), and not as subgenera of Anthocharis .</p><p>Our investigation into the fine-scale population structure in A. damone deals with yet another controversial subject in biological studies, namely the concept of the subspecies. Mayr’s definition of subspecies, i.e. a geographical aggregate of local populations that differs genetically and taxonomically from other subdivisions of the species (Mayr, 1942; O'Brien and Mayr, 1991), is still widely employed as a useful construct in documenting biodiversity. Other proposed definitions also emphasize isolation, allopatry and diagnosability (e.g. Ramsen, 2010; Braby et al. 2012) and highlight the differences between subspecies and clines: While the emergence of subspecies is believed to be associated with historical dynamics that determine species ranges (isolations during glaciations and subsequent spreading from refugia), clines are determined by the current ecological circumstances and the adaptive population response to the impact of environmental factors changing along spatial gradients (Thorpe, 1987; Thorpe et al. 1991). Accordingly, subspecies should be groups of geographically separated populations that are phenotypically diagnosable (Vinarski, 2015).</p><p>In their descriptions of subspecies for A. damone, most authors (e.g. Verity, 1911, 1947; Seyer, 1980, 1984, 1985 and others) have relied on very subtle phenotypic differences between individuals from different populations. Even though some of these names have been subsequently synonymized (e.g. see Hesselbarth et al. 1995), most contemporary authors find merit in maintaining subspecies-group names for A. damone (e.g. Tshikolovets et al. 2014; Tshikolovets &amp; Nekrutenko, 2013; Tshikolovets &amp; Ben Yehuda, 2020; Back &amp; Bozano, 2020). Existence of a genetic gap between these populations further supports their historical isolation.</p><p>The genetic distance between South Calabrian/Sicilian populations of A. damone ( ssp. damone) with those in northern Calabria was already noted by Scalercio et al. (2020) who posited that this difference does not seem to be due to a recent geographic barrier. Our calibrated BEAST phylogeny suggests that the split in the last common ancestor of these two populations occurred around 4.83 million years ago in Pliocene, after the Zanclean flood refilled the Mediterranean basin and ended the Messinian salinity crisis (5.96 to 5.33 mya) (Supplementary Figure S4). As a result of the sea level oscillations during Pliocene, Calabria underwent repeated transformation into an archipelago, splitting the range of the ancestral population of A. damone into a chain of islands. This was likely followed by more recent dispersal of the Sicilian population to the southern tip of Calabria during the Pleistocene cold stage (Schmitt et al. 2021). These processes have also been instrumental in shaping the evolution of another pierid butterfly, Euchloe tagis, in the Western Mediterranean (Marabuto et al. 2020).</p><p>Even though the distribution of the populations in the Balkans (Serbia, Macedonia, Albania) ( ssp. hollanderi) appears to be continuous towards Greece (Drndić et al. 2017), there is a clear genetic gap between samples from Macedonia / Serbia and those in central ( ssp. arachovae ssp. nov.) and southern Greece ( ssp. morea ssp. nov.), suggesting historical periods of genetic isolation in this region. The populations in E Turkey, Armenia, Georgia and NW Iran ( ssp. eunomia) show a large degree of variation in phenotype but also in their mtDNA barcodes, consistent with clinal variation within a single evolutionary unit. The split between this group and their closest sister population ( ssp. shahrdarii ssp. nov.), isolated in the Alborz mountains in N Iran, seems to have occurred at around 3.69 mya (Supplementary Figure S4).</p><p>Additional sampling and genomic work are required to determine the exact distributional boundaries of these taxa and the presence or degree of gene flow between them. Orange Tips are early fliers and are typically among the very first butterflies that appear in the spring after the snow melts. Vast areas of suitable habitats within the Palaearctic range of Anthocharis that have not yet been explored in the appropriate season may potentially hold additional new taxa yet to be discovered and described in future.</p><p>Acknowledgements</p><p>We thank Alireza Shahrdari, Ehsan Jannati and Gholamreza Naderi (Tehran, Iran) who accompanied the first author in his field trips, Dr. Farshad Fattahi (Kermanshah, Iran), Payam Zehzad (Tehran, Iran) and Amirhossein Harandi (Esfahan, Iran) for their support and valuable information and materials, Dr. Valiollah Mozaffarian (Tehran, Iran) for botanical help in identification of host plants, and Amirhossein Bakhtiyari (Iranshenasi Publishing, Tehran, Iran) for assistance with an earlier version of the distribution map. Helen Alipanah (Tehran, Iran) kindly supplied data on material stored at the HMIM (Tehran). 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A) A. d. damone, Italy, Sicily, Etna, 1972, W. Back. B) A. d. calabra, Italy, Calabria, 2023, S. Scalercio. C-D) A. d. hollanderi, North Macedonia, Skopje, Treska Schlucht, V.1975, W. Back. E) A. d. arachovae, Greece, Delphi, 3.5.1991, W. Back. F-G) A. d. shahrdarii, Iran, Alborz, Sijan, IV.2017, W. Back. H) A. d. karbalayei, Iran, Esfahan, Fereidunshahr, 2013, W. Back .</p><p>Data type: JPG file</p><p>Link: https://www.biotaxa.org/em/article/view/86983/81815</p><p>Supplementary Figure S3</p><p>Pupal images. A) A. d. calabra ssp. nov., Italy, Calabria, 2023, S. Scalercio. B) A. d. hollanderi, North Macedonia, Skopje, Treska Schlucht, V.1975, W. Back. C-D) A. d. shahrdarii ssp. nov., Iran, Alborz, Dizin V. 2013, W. Back. E) A. d. karbalayei, Iran, Esfahan, Fereidunshahr, 2013, W. Back .</p><p>Data type: JPG file</p><p>Link: https://www.biotaxa.org/em/article/view/86983/81816</p><p>Supplementary Figure S4</p><p>BEAST tree with median ages.</p><p>Data type: PDF document</p><p>Link: https://www.biotaxa.org/em/article/view/86983/81817</p><p>Supplementary Figure S5</p><p>BEAST tree with posterior probabilities.</p><p>Data type: PDF document</p><p>Link: https://www.biotaxa.org/em/article/view/86983/81818</p><p>Supplementary Figure S6.</p><p>IQTree with bootstrap values.</p><p>Data type: PDF document</p><p>Link: https://www.biotaxa.org/em/article/view/86983/81819</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/074AEA18FFB28232C3E2F132DE31912E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Naderi, Alireza;Back, Werner;Scalercio, Stefano;Nazari, Vazrick	Naderi, Alireza, Back, Werner, Scalercio, Stefano, Nazari, Vazrick (2025): Higher phylogeny of Orange Tips (Anthocharis) with a focus on population structure in A. damone (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Ecologica Montenegrina 83: 74-91, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.83.8, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.83.8
