identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
3340BA11D8C450CABB1E8482EED346B9.text	3340BA11D8C450CABB1E8482EED346B9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudomphala zhoushanensis Liu 2026	<div><p>Pseudomphala zhoushanensis Liu sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Holotype: 20240421-DS-1C/1, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=122.103&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.30925" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 122.103/lat 30.30925)">Daishan</a>, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, 30°18.555'N, 122°6.180'E, intertidal zone, soft mud, coll. Xiaosong Li, 21 April 2024 . Paratypes: type locality, 13 specimens, 20240421-DS-1C/2 –14 • 6 specimens, 20240711-XGD-1C/1 –6, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=122.1983&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.97475" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 122.1983/lat 29.97475)">Xiaogan Island</a>, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, 29°58.485'N, 122°11.898'E, intertidal zone, soft mud, coll. Xiaosong Li, 11 July 2024 .</p><p>Other material.</p><p>7 specimens, 20240531-DS-1C, type locality, intertidal zone, soft mud, coll. Xiaosong Li, 31 May 2024 • 15 specimens, 20241012-XGD-1C, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=122.1983&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.97475" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 122.1983/lat 29.97475)">Xiaogan Island</a>, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, 29°58.485'N, 122°11.898'E, intertidal zone, soft mud, coll. Xiaosong Li, 12 October 2024 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Shell of mature individuals ovate-conical to conical, subsutural thread extremely thin. Umbilicus covered. Operculum pyriform, transparent, with eccentric nucleus. Head-foot brown. Penis without papilla. Central radular teeth with 5 strong cusps, median cusps longest; 4–5 pairs of strong basal cusps laterally. Lateral teeth with 7 strong cusps. Inner marginal teeth with 5–6 sharp cusps. Outer marginal teeth with 6–7 large cusps and with thin, flaring flap.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell (Fig. 1 A – F) small, ovate-conical to conical, thin but solid, shiny and opaque; color uniformly yellow-green to greyish-green. Protoconch (Fig. 2 B) with 2.0–2.5 very weakly convex whorls, outer surface without sculpture. Teleoconch with 2.0–5.0 weakly convex whorls, rough growth lines and microscopic spiral threads found irregularly on surface (Fig. 2 A); suture very shallow (Fig. 2 C), subsutural thread extremely thin (Fig. 2 D). Body whorl large, occupies about 1 / 2 to 3 / 5 of whole length. Aperture wide, pyriform; peristome complete, sharp; outer lip slightly expanded outwardly; inner lip rather long, broad, thick callus on body whorl; columellar lip continued from inner lip, thick, gently curved. Umbilical area (Fig. 2 E) narrow, distinctly excavated, with many distinct, dense growth lines; umbilicus absent. Measurements: see Table 2. Shell length up to 6.40 mm, shell width up to 3.58 mm.</p><p>Holotype: 20240421-DS-1C/1; paratypes: specimens from 20240421-DS-1C/2 –14 and 20240711-XGD-1C/1 –6.</p><p>Operculum (Fig. 2 F, G) pyriform, paucispiral, thin, horny, yellowish, transparent, and nucleus offset from centre; muscle scar elongate, extending along most of inner surface.</p><p>Anatomy. Mantle, head-foot and eye stalks brown (Figs 1 D, 1 E, 3 A, 3 B). Eye stalks short and blunt; eyes situated in middle of eye stalk. Snout moderately long, bilobed. Foot large, anterior edge horizontal or slightly rounded, distal end tapering. Dioecious, male penis (Fig. 3 C – F) rather slender, counter-clockwise, attached to near middle of head well behind eye stalks, simple, without fringe; tip pointed, without penial papilla.</p><p>Radula taenioglossate (Figs 4, 5). Central teeth with 5 strong cusps, median cusps longest, up to twice as long as adjacent cusps, tip sharp; 4–5 pairs of strong basal cusps laterally (Figs 4 B, 4 C, 5 B – D). Lateral teeth with 7 strong cusps (Figs 4 D, 5 D), median cusp wide and long, tip sharp, armed with 1–2 minute accessional cusps on the outer margin occasionally (Fig. 4 D), lateral cusps short, triangular and curved. Inner marginal teeth distinctly curved distally (Figs 4 E, 4 F, 5 E, 5 F), with 5–6 sharp cusps. Outer marginal teeth wide, curved distally (Figs 4 G, 5 F), with 6–7 sharp cusps and with a thin flaring flap.</p><p>COI sequence results.</p><p>We sequenced a portion of the COI gene of the new taxon and submitted the sequences to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) GenBank database. The accession numbers of two sequences are PQ 608369 and PQ 608371. After alignment and trimming, 564 bp sequences were obtained from 20 individuals. The resulting tree topology was consistent with the Bayesian inference shown in Fig. 6. According to this phylogeny, both BI and ML analyses showed that the two specimens of Pseudomphala zhoushanensis Liu, sp. nov. shared the same COI sequence, and Pseudomphala latericea and Pseudomphala miyazakii were moderately supported (PP = 0.886, ML = 87 %) as sister to the new taxon, forming a polytomy with other genera (PP = 0.789) (Fig. 6).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The species name is derived from the type locality, Zhoushan City.</p><p>Distribution and habitat.</p><p>Presently only known from the type locality. Both our survey data and historical records suggest that it does not occur in the neighboring regions, such as Shanghai and Fujian Province. It inhabits the soft mud in the intertidal zone and creeps on the base of smooth cordgrass ( Sporobolus alterniflorus) marsh.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Among the currently known taxa of Assimineidae, Pseudomphala zhoushanensis Liu, sp. nov. can be assigned to ‘ Group 1 ’ sensu Fukuda and Ponder (2003) (= subfamily Assimineinae) because (1) its central radular teeth have multiple basal cusps and (2) it possesses very indistinct cephalic tentacles. The genus Pseudomphala has only two species, P. latericea and P. miyazakii . Pseudomphala zhoushanensis Liu, sp. nov. is assigned to Pseudomphala on account of the ovate-conical to conical shell; subsutural thread distinct; operculum with elongated posterior end; pentagonal central radular tooth with strong basal cusps and a large, long projection on the ventral margin; and outer marginal teeth with fewer than 10 cusps. Yet, the assignment of the new species to Pseudomphala is not straightforward, as the radular teeth morphology of P. zhoushanensis Liu, sp. nov. is distinct from that of the other two Pseudomphala species, P. latericea and P. miyazakii, since its central teeth have 4–5 pairs of strong basal cusps (vs 3 pairs of short basal cusps in the two other species) and its outer marginal teeth have a thin flaring flap (vs no flap in the two other species). Moreover, P. zhoushanensis Liu, sp. nov. lacks a penial papilla, whereas the other two species have a distinct one. The new species also shows considerable similarities to species of Angustassiminea T. Habe, 1943, especially regarding the shell shape, the presence of a subsutural thread on the shoulder, and the lack of a penial papilla (Fukuda and Mitoki 1996). Nevertheless, the new species can be distinguished from Angustassiminea sp. by the shape of the radular teeth: the outer marginal teeth of the new species have only 6–7 large cusps, whereas those of Angustassiminea have usually more than 10 small cusps.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3340BA11D8C450CABB1E8482EED346B9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Liu, Wenliang;Zhang, Feijun;Tao, Liu;Li, Jiyao;Li, Xiaosong	Liu, Wenliang, Zhang, Feijun, Tao, Liu, Li, Jiyao, Li, Xiaosong (2026): A new species of Pseudomphala Heude, 1882 (Gastropoda, Truncatelloidea, Assimineidae) from Zhoushan of Zhejiang Province, East China Sea. ZooKeys 1283: 79-91, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1283.181408
