identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
B052EAFF2B065D81A9D2435D81131974.text	B052EAFF2B065D81A9D2435D81131974.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hydromorphus concolor (Peters 1859)	<div><p>Hydromorphus concolor (Peters, 1859)</p><p>Morphology.</p><p>We support the two morphological variations proposed by Savage and Donnelly (1988; Fig. 1 A, B) and highlight the presence of an enlarged loreal scale in contact with both the eye and the upper preocular scale as an important character (Fig. 1 C). We examined 13 specimens (11 live and two in collections). In Panama, only the variant illustrated in Figs 1 B, 2 A, 2 B was observed.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Type locality: Agua Clara, Chagres River, Colón Province.</p><p>The species is distributed at low to moderate elevations, from Guatemala to central Panama (Villa 1990; Savage and Donnelly 1988). In Panama, it has been recorded in Colón Province (Fuentes et al. 2023), Panamá Oeste Province (Ibáñez et al. 1996; Ray and Ruback 2015), Panamá Province (Barrio- Amorós et al. 2023), and Santa Fe National Park, Veraguas Province (Lotzkat 2014). We report the species for the first time from the Ngäbe-Buglé Comarca (Ciénaga Mono, 8.4867°N, 81.6850°W) and Coclé Province (Petaquilla, 8.7889°N, 80.6509°W; Fig. 3, Suppl. material 1).</p><p>Ecology and ethology.</p><p>Hydromorphus concolor is a predominantly nocturnal and semiaquatic species; it inhabits small streams in lowland and premontane forests (Villa 1990; Savage and Donnelly 1988). Its overall appearance and habits are notably similar to those of Tretanorhinus nigroluteus (Peters 1859; Solórzano 2022). The diet is specialized, consisting of fish, frogs (Obst et al. 1988), and small freshwater crabs (Savage and Donnelly 1988), which may reflect an evolutionary adaptation (Savage and Donnelly 1988). The author MU has observed this species in Valle de Antón (Coclé Province, Panama) feeding on small shrimps of the genus Atya .</p><p>Its reproductive biology remains largely unknown. The species has been documented as oviparous, with clutches of up to eight eggs and an estimated incubation period of approximately 94 days. Egg size ranges from 33 to 44 mm in length and from 14 to 16 mm in width, with a mass of 6.1–6.6 g. Hatchling length ranges from 161 to 173 mm, with a mass of 3.9–4.5 g (Solórzano 2022).</p><p>Only one case of predation has been published, involving the false coral snake Erythrolamprus bizona Jan, 1863 in Costa Rica (Savage 2002). A similar observation was reported by MU (2015), who documented Hydromorphus concolor being regurgitated by E. bizona in El Valle de Antón, Coclé Province, Panama (8.5932, –80.1229).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B052EAFF2B065D81A9D2435D81131974	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fuentes, Rogemif;Batista, Abel;Ponce, Marcos;Urriola, Mario;Muñóz, Katherine;Castillo, Melquiades;Aschcroft, Jesse;Baules-Aguilar, Alexis;Zambrano, Eduardo;Elduayen, Jesús;Bonilla, Eleodoro;Garcés, Orlando;Añino, Yostin;González, Kedric;Rodríguez, Luis C.;Venkrbec, Tadeáš;Quintero-Arrieta, Helio;Flores, Eric E.	Fuentes, Rogemif, Batista, Abel, Ponce, Marcos, Urriola, Mario, Muñóz, Katherine, Castillo, Melquiades, Aschcroft, Jesse, Baules-Aguilar, Alexis, Zambrano, Eduardo, Elduayen, Jesús, Bonilla, Eleodoro, Garcés, Orlando, Añino, Yostin, González, Kedric, Rodríguez, Luis C., Venkrbec, Tadeáš, Quintero-Arrieta, Helio, Flores, Eric E. (2026): Morphology, ethology, new records, and ecological niche modeling for Hydromorphus and Tretanorhinus (Squamata, Colubridae) in Panama. Herpetozoa 39: 91-108, DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e173419
9715534D0B8F5591B8061DF7D9B29591.text	9715534D0B8F5591B8061DF7D9B29591.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hydromorphus dunni Slevin 1942	<div><p>Hydromorphus dunni Slevin, 1942</p><p>Morphology.</p><p>We provide a revision of the head morphology of Hydromorphus dunni as described by Savage and Donnelly (1988), who illustrated a fused internasal scale. In contrast, the original photograph by Slevin (1942) shows two internasals and three prefrontals. We examined seven specimens from seven different localities in Panama (see Suppl. material 1) to evaluate morphological variation, which led us to propose three pileus arrangements for this species: (1) two internasals + three prefrontals (Slevin 1942; Fig. 4 A, holotype from Boquete, Chiriquí); (2) two internasals + one prefrontal (this study; Figs 4 B, 5 A, 5 C, 5 D, from Donoso, Colón; Santa Fe, Veraguas; Cerro Turega, Coclé); and (3) two internasals + two prefrontals (this study; Figs 4 C, 5 B, from Río Macho de Monte, Chiriquí Highlands). All arrangements are characterized by a loreal scale separated from the eye and an elongated preocular scale in contact with the supraocular and the third supralabial scales (Fig. 4 D).</p><p>Distribution. Type locality: Boquete, Chiriquí Province, Panama.</p><p>Hydromorphus dunni was known exclusively from its type locality in the “ southwestern Panamanian highlands in the premontane zone (approximately 1250 m), ” as reported by Savage and Donnelly (1988), and only a single specimen (a holotype) had been recorded prior to this study. We report seven additional individuals: one from the Chiriquí Highlands (Río Macho de Monte); two from Santa Fe National Park, Veraguas (Quebrada Ñoli and Alto de Piedra); two from Coclé (Cerro Turega); and two representing the most distant range extensions. The sixth individual extends the known distribution by 228 km northeast to Donoso (Colón Province), while the seventh extends it by 273 km southeast to Altos de Campana National Park, which now represents the easternmost known locality for the species (Fig. 6, Suppl. material 2).</p><p>Ecology and ethology.</p><p>Individuals of this species, like those of its congener Hydromorphus concolor, are medium-sized (up to 482 mm in total length) and exhibit aquatic habits, being primarily active at night in or near small freshwater streams in lowland and premontane forests (Savage and Donnelly 1988). Detailed information on the diet of H. dunni is not available. However, a possible dietary shift toward smaller, soft-bodied prey has been suggested for the genus Hydromorphus, based on morphological variation in the development of the mental groove, which may be related to this dietary adaptation (Savage and Donnelly 1988).</p><p>The species is oviparous, but clutch size and egg dimensions remain unknown (Köhler 2008). No cases of predation have been recorded. Nonetheless, birds associated with aquatic environments, freshwater turtles, and ophiophagous snakes such as Micrurus are likely potential predators.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9715534D0B8F5591B8061DF7D9B29591	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fuentes, Rogemif;Batista, Abel;Ponce, Marcos;Urriola, Mario;Muñóz, Katherine;Castillo, Melquiades;Aschcroft, Jesse;Baules-Aguilar, Alexis;Zambrano, Eduardo;Elduayen, Jesús;Bonilla, Eleodoro;Garcés, Orlando;Añino, Yostin;González, Kedric;Rodríguez, Luis C.;Venkrbec, Tadeáš;Quintero-Arrieta, Helio;Flores, Eric E.	Fuentes, Rogemif, Batista, Abel, Ponce, Marcos, Urriola, Mario, Muñóz, Katherine, Castillo, Melquiades, Aschcroft, Jesse, Baules-Aguilar, Alexis, Zambrano, Eduardo, Elduayen, Jesús, Bonilla, Eleodoro, Garcés, Orlando, Añino, Yostin, González, Kedric, Rodríguez, Luis C., Venkrbec, Tadeáš, Quintero-Arrieta, Helio, Flores, Eric E. (2026): Morphology, ethology, new records, and ecological niche modeling for Hydromorphus and Tretanorhinus (Squamata, Colubridae) in Panama. Herpetozoa 39: 91-108, DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e173419
0CF1F2A669A057DF9165CA4DBC55ED65.text	0CF1F2A669A057DF9165CA4DBC55ED65.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tretanorhinus mocquardi Bocourt 1891	<div><p>Tretanorhinus mocquardi Bocourt, 1891</p><p>Morphology.</p><p>Individuals of Tretanorhinus mocquardi are characterized by a color pattern composed primarily of longitudinal stripes along the dorsum and flanks. They possess 19 dorsal scale rows anteriorly, which reduce toward the posterior part of the body. The number of ventral scales ranges approximately from 166 to 177 and subcaudals from 69 to 85, with sexual dimorphism present. The head bears a single prefrontal scale (although rare cases with two have been documented), one loreal scale, and two preoculars. The cephalic color pattern and scalation are typical of the genus Tretanorhinus, reflecting adaptations to an aquatic lifestyle. Coloration usually includes a dark vertebral stripe and a well-defined lateral stripe along the fourth dorsal scale row, with the lower rows noticeably lighter (Dunn 1939; Fig. 7 A – D).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Type locality: Panama City, corrected by Dunn (1939).</p><p>Individuals of Tretanorhinus mocquardi occur primarily along the foothills of the Pacific slope, with a distribution extending from the Panama Canal Zone southeastward to the Pacific coast of Colombia and Ecuador (Dunn 1939; Barquero and Arguedas 2019; Vásquez-Restrepo 2020). In Panama, the species has been recorded in Panamá Oeste (Ray and Ruback 2015), the Panama Canal Zone, and Panamá and Colón provinces (Dunn 1939). Here, we report T. mocquardi for the first time from Chepigana and Tucutí (Darién Province), Pedro González Island (Panamá Province), and Leones Island (Veraguas Province). The latter represents the southwesternmost known record, extending the species’ known range 146 km southwest of the previous record (Fig. 8, Suppl. material 1).</p><p>Ecology and ethology.</p><p>Tretanorhinus mocquardi is an aquatic snake associated with a variety of freshwater and brackish environments, including rivers, streams, lagoons, estuaries, and mangroves (Cisneros-Heredia 2005). The species prefers habitats with muddy or rocky substrates and abundant aquatic vegetation (Barquero and Arguedas 2019). It is mainly distributed along the Pacific slope, from the Panama Canal Zone to the Pacific coast of Colombia and Ecuador (Dunn 1939; Barquero and Arguedas 2019; Vásquez-Restrepo 2020). Tretanorhinus mocquardi occurs in sympatry with T. taeniatus in Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador, and T. nigroluteus in the Chocó Department, Colombia (Barquero and Arguedas 2019; García-Cobos and Vásquez-Restrepo 2022). Due to its nocturnal and elusive habits, the species is difficult to study, which is reflected in the limited information available on its biology (Savage 2002; Barquero and Arguedas 2019).</p><p>The species is oviparous, laying six to nine eggs (Campbell 1999; Köhler 2008). Its predators remain unknown; however, Villa (1969) suggested that water-associated birds, turtles, snakes, and invertebrates (such as crabs) may act as potential predators. Published information on the diet of Tretanorhinus mocquardi is virtually nonexistent (Barquero and Arguedas 2019), highlighting the need for further research to improve understanding of the species’ trophic ecology. Nonetheless, its diet may resemble that of its congeners.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0CF1F2A669A057DF9165CA4DBC55ED65	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fuentes, Rogemif;Batista, Abel;Ponce, Marcos;Urriola, Mario;Muñóz, Katherine;Castillo, Melquiades;Aschcroft, Jesse;Baules-Aguilar, Alexis;Zambrano, Eduardo;Elduayen, Jesús;Bonilla, Eleodoro;Garcés, Orlando;Añino, Yostin;González, Kedric;Rodríguez, Luis C.;Venkrbec, Tadeáš;Quintero-Arrieta, Helio;Flores, Eric E.	Fuentes, Rogemif, Batista, Abel, Ponce, Marcos, Urriola, Mario, Muñóz, Katherine, Castillo, Melquiades, Aschcroft, Jesse, Baules-Aguilar, Alexis, Zambrano, Eduardo, Elduayen, Jesús, Bonilla, Eleodoro, Garcés, Orlando, Añino, Yostin, González, Kedric, Rodríguez, Luis C., Venkrbec, Tadeáš, Quintero-Arrieta, Helio, Flores, Eric E. (2026): Morphology, ethology, new records, and ecological niche modeling for Hydromorphus and Tretanorhinus (Squamata, Colubridae) in Panama. Herpetozoa 39: 91-108, DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e173419
433B9F898F1653F084AA9034C8D136C3.text	433B9F898F1653F084AA9034C8D136C3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tretanorhinus nigroluteus Cope 1861	<div><p>Tretanorhinus nigroluteus Cope, 1861</p><p>Morphology.</p><p>Tretanorhinus nigroluteus is characterized by having 17–21 dorsal scale rows along the body, with two prefrontals in the cephalic scalation. The number of ventral scales ranges approximately from 133 to 148, while subcaudals vary from 63 to 80 in males and from 56 to 68 in females, indicating moderate sexual dimorphism. Dorsal coloration displays a distinctive pattern: in most adult individuals, a mid-dorsal line composed of alternating dark spots is present, with each spot occupying nearly the entire surface of a single scale (Dunn 1939; Fig. 9).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Type locality: Aspinwall, Panama, corrected by Peters and Orejas-Miranda (1970).</p><p>This species has a wide distribution along the Atlantic coast, extending from southern Mexico to Colombia, and occurs on offshore islands such as the Bay Islands (Honduras) and Great Corn Island (Nicaragua; Dunn 1939; Villa 1969; Barquero and Arguedas 2019). In Panama, its distribution extends from the western region to Costa Arriba de Colón and the former Panama Canal Zone (Dunn 1939; Villa 1969, 1970; Ray and Ruback 2015; González and González 2016). We report Tretanorhinus nigroluteus for the first time from the Teribe and Changuinola rivers (Bocas del Toro Province). Based on Dunn’s (1939) morphological description, we identified the subspecies T. nigroluteus lateralis from Donoso (Colón Province) and T. nigroluteus nigroluteus from Portobelo National Park (Colón Province), thereby extending the known distribution of the species by 29 km northeast of its previously documented range.</p><p>We corrected the locality of specimen MCZ Herp: R-2717, originally listed in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ), Harvard University database as “ Chiriquí Province ” (georeference: 8.3772°N, 82.1988°W; error radius: 96949 m), assigned by José Rosado on 8 April 2021 using GEOLocate. The correct coordinates are 9.0718°N, 79.6594°W, corresponding to “ Obispo Station, on railway, ” Panama (Fig. 10, Suppl. material 1).</p><p>Ecology and ethology.</p><p>Tretanorhinus nigroluteus is a strictly aquatic species, generally found submerged in slow-moving rivers and streams with muddy substrates, particularly along shallow margins of lakes, lagoons, and brackish estuaries with aquatic vegetation or green algae, which appear to characterize its optimal microhabitat. The species is rarely observed on land or basking (Villa 1970). However, González and González (2016) reported an individual moving along a road through a mangrove area; we rescued a specimen in vegetation adjacent to a stream in the town of Portobelo, Colón Province. Water salinity and pH do not appear to be major limiting factors, and water temperatures at sites where individuals have been found range from 24.5 to 27.5 ° C (mean 26.0 ° C; Villa 1970), although further research is needed.</p><p>Tretanorhinus nigroluteus is crepuscular and nocturnal. During the day, individuals shelter in mud, roots, or vegetation, exposing only the snout for respiration (Villa 1970; Barquero and Arguedas 2019). When disturbed, they dive and seek refuge in rock crevices (Dunn 1939; Villa 1970). The species occurs at low to moderate elevations, typically below 500 m above sea level, although it has been reported at 1200 m in Matagalpa, Nicaragua, where it inhabits isolated ponds or calm sections of rivers (Villa 1970).</p><p>The diet of T. nigroluteus consists primarily of aquatic animals such as fish, frogs, and tadpoles (Villa 1970; Heimes 2016; Solórzano 2022). Prey items documented in situ include Poecilia sphenops Valenciennes, 1846, Gambusia nicaraguensis Günther, 1866, gobiid fishes, and tadpoles of Rhinella and Incilius (Villa 1970) . In captivity, Villa (1970) documented that the species accepts a wide variety of fish, including Alfaro cultratus (Regan, 1908), Awaous transandeanus (Günther, 1861), Bathygobius soporator (Valenciennes, 1837), Amatitlania nigrofasciata (Günther, 1867) which has also been recorded in the wild, Eleotris pisonis (Gmelin, 1789), Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859, Priapichthys annectens (Regan, 1907), Rhamdia sp., and Cynodonichthys isthmensis (Garman, 1895), as well as adult amphibians such as Craugastor fleischmanni (Boettger, 1892), Dendropsophus microcephalus (Cope, 1886), D. phlebodes (Stejneger, 1906), Scinax staufferi (Cope, 1865), Leptodactylus fragilis (Brocchi, 1877), L. melanonotus (Hallowell, 1861), Lithobates palmipes (Spix, 1824), L. vibicarius (Cope, 1894), and L. warschewitschii (Schmidt, 1857) . A recent record of Melgar-Martínez et al. (2022) further expanded the known diet of the species to include freshwater snails Pachychilus largillierti (Philippi, 1843) .</p><p>While being held in captivity for experimental purposes (Fig. 11 A), the individual T. nigroluteus remained submerged throughout the entire observation period, partially or fully exposing only the head (Fig. 11 B). When fish ( Astyanax sp. and juvenile Brycon sp.) were offered overnight (20: 00–08: 00 h on 19–20 June 2025), no feeding was observed. In contrast, tadpoles ( Rhinella sp. and Engystomops pustulosus) offered on 25 June (five individuals) were consumed within approximately 15 hours, and an additional six tadpoles were consumed on 26 June. To determine whether feeding also occurred during daylight hours, tadpoles were offered in the morning (08: 00 h on 27 June and 10: 00 h on 28 June, respectively). In both cases, all tadpoles offered (eleven and fifteen individuals) were consumed before 18: 00 h. The snake began shedding on 28 June and successfully completed the process on 3 July. When three tadpoles and one metamorph were offered on 3 July (19: 20 h), no feeding was observed until 14 July, when all tadpoles were consumed. The metamorph remained uneaten until 15 July, when it was found dead. On 16 July, during enclosure cleaning, we observed the carcasses had been consumed, suggesting that T. nigroluteus may exhibit necrophagy under certain conditions.</p><p>Tretanorhinus nigroluteus is oviparous with documented clutches of six to nine eggs (Köhler 2008; Solórzano 2022). Villa (1970) suggested that potential predators of this species include animals associated with aquatic ecosystems, such as herons and Cochlearius or Tigrisoma species, as well as turtles of the genera Chelydra, Kinosternon, and Pseudemys . However, there is currently no direct evidence supporting this hypothesis.</p><p>First report of a parasite in Tretanorhinus nigroluteus</p><p>Due to the clearing technique for the parasite specimen, the cephalic end of the worm revealed the esophagus and visible cephalic papillae (Fig. 12 C), structures characteristic of parasites belonging to the genus Eustrongylides (Nematoda). Additionally, structures corresponding to a female (Fig. 12 D) genital primordia were observed. Thus, the observed parasite corresponds to a third-stage larva. This constitutes the first Panamanian record of the nematode Eustrongylides (Ascaridida: Dioctophymidae) parasitizing a snake host and the first worldwide report of this parasite for Tretanorhinus nigroluteus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/433B9F898F1653F084AA9034C8D136C3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fuentes, Rogemif;Batista, Abel;Ponce, Marcos;Urriola, Mario;Muñóz, Katherine;Castillo, Melquiades;Aschcroft, Jesse;Baules-Aguilar, Alexis;Zambrano, Eduardo;Elduayen, Jesús;Bonilla, Eleodoro;Garcés, Orlando;Añino, Yostin;González, Kedric;Rodríguez, Luis C.;Venkrbec, Tadeáš;Quintero-Arrieta, Helio;Flores, Eric E.	Fuentes, Rogemif, Batista, Abel, Ponce, Marcos, Urriola, Mario, Muñóz, Katherine, Castillo, Melquiades, Aschcroft, Jesse, Baules-Aguilar, Alexis, Zambrano, Eduardo, Elduayen, Jesús, Bonilla, Eleodoro, Garcés, Orlando, Añino, Yostin, González, Kedric, Rodríguez, Luis C., Venkrbec, Tadeáš, Quintero-Arrieta, Helio, Flores, Eric E. (2026): Morphology, ethology, new records, and ecological niche modeling for Hydromorphus and Tretanorhinus (Squamata, Colubridae) in Panama. Herpetozoa 39: 91-108, DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e173419
