identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BB87F35D55FF8ABF3AF925FA09CAE8.text	03BB87F35D55FF8ABF3AF925FA09CAE8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Petropsychopsini Khramov & Wappler & Anderson & Béthoux 2026	<div><p>Petropsychopsini n. tr.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 597A029A-CF4E-46DE-8ADC-7CA9194C11FF</p><p>TYPE GENUS. — Petropsychops Riek, 1956, by present designation.</p><p>COMPOSITION. — Type genus and Moltenopsychops n. gen.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. — Rs1, rs 1 -m (if present) and M forming an anteriorly pectinate unit; M richly branched; most of proximal branches of Rs deeply forked.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Both genera assigned to the proposed new tribe share a unique configuration of Rs1 and M, not observed among other Neuroptera, including the Osmylopsychopidae . While M (MP under alternative homologies) has two main stems, is not particularly branched, and is completely independent from the Rs in typical members of this family (Khramov &amp; Makarkin 2015; Peng et al. 2016), this vein, in the Petropsychopsini n. tr., is multi-branched and forms, together with the rs 1 -m cross-vein and the posterior-most branch of Rs (Rs1), a single anteriorly pectinate unit. The posterior-most main branch of Rs1 is connected via a short cross-vein (rs 1 - m) with M (or, possibly, is briefly fused with it; see below) before the first medial bifurcation, and Rs1 and M are both anteriorly pectinate. As a consequence, Rs1, rs 1 -m (if present) and M form a single, consistently anteriorly pectinate ‘unit’ (thereafter referred to as the ‘Rs1/rs 1 -m/M unit’). In the case of Moltenopsychops n. gen., the rs 1 -m cross-vein is very short, giving an impression of a near complete fusion of Rs1 and M.</p><p>The unusual configuration of M and the posterior-most branch of Rs was noted by Lambkin (2014) in Petropsychops, who regarded it as an autapomorphy of this genus. The discovery of another genus sharing this trait justifies the erection of a taxon of higher rank. Given that the systematics of Osmylopsychopidae has not yet been developed, the appropriate rank of the new taxon comprising both genera is not entirely clear. We tentatively treat it as a tribe. Although the tribal rank is seldom applied in palaeoentomology, it appears to constitute a practical compromise, in view of both the limited number of included taxa and our incomplete knowledge of the relationships among Osmylopsychopidae genera. Future research may demonstrate the need to elevate it to subfamily rank.</p><p>It must finally be noticed that the two genera also share a richly branched M, a trait acquired independently in several groups of broad-winged Neuroptera, such as Kalligrammatidae Handlirsch, 1906 (Yang et al. 2011: fig.5; Yang et al. 2014) and some Psychopsidae, e.g. Gigantopsychops Peng, Makarkin &amp; Ren, 2015, from the Middle Jurassic of China, and the extant Australian Megapsychops Tillyard, 1919 (Peng et al. 2016; New 1988). Fore- and hindwings of some Mesozoic Kempyninae Carpenter, 1943 (1913) ( Osmylidae Leach, 1815), more elongate than kalligrammatid and psychopsoid wings, but also with dense venation, likewise demonstrate the multiplication of branches of M (Khramov et al. 2019). However, M does not form an association with Rs 1 in these lacewings. The Rs1/rs-m/M anteriorly pectinate unit present in Moltenopsychops n. gen. and Petropsychops resulted in a pattern looking like a “mirrored” Rs (excluding Rs1) and probably served to enhance the wing mechanical properties.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87F35D55FF8ABF3AF925FA09CAE8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Khramov, Alexander V.;Wappler, Torsten;Anderson, John M.;Béthoux, Olivier	Khramov, Alexander V., Wappler, Torsten, Anderson, John M., Béthoux, Olivier (2026): A new Osmylopsychopidae (Neuroptera, Insecta) from the Molteno Formation further bridges Southern Gondwana Triassic localities. Geodiversitas 48 (17): 361-368, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2026v48a17
03BB87F35D55FF8BBDBDF8A2FBA1CDB7.text	03BB87F35D55FF8BBDBDF8A2FBA1CDB7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Moltenopsychops Khramov & Wappler & Anderson & Béthoux 2026	<div><p>Genus Moltenopsychops n. gen.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 21AB05F8-9349-4523-8D60-8A6326FE783E</p><p>TYPE SPECIES. — Moltenopsychops magnus n. gen., n. sp .; monotypic genus.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY. — From the name of the geological formation it was yielded from, and -psychops, a traditional ending of psychopsoid generic names; gender masculine.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. — Area between anterior wing margin and Sc very broad, tapering gradually; multiple cross-veins present between Sc veinlets; area between Sc and RA not particularly broad; Rs1 with 2 main forks before its posterior-most branch connects with M (via the rs 1 -m cross-vein); rs1-m cross-vein very short; occurrence of multiple, well-organized gradate series of cross-veins, especially in the wing distal half.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Moltenopsychops n. gen. can be assigned to the psychopsoid family Osmylopsychopidae based on dense venation, forked Sc veinlets and multi-branched Rs1. Within this group, the new genus shares with the monotypic genus Petropsychops Riek, 1956, from the Upper Triassic of Denmark Hill and Mount Crosby (Australia; Fig. 2; and see original description, Jell [2004], and Lambkin [2014]), the very distinctive ‘Rs1/rs 1 -m/M anteriorly pectinate unit’ (see diagnosis of the proposed new tribe).</p><p>Moltenopsychops n. gen. can be distinguished from Petropsychops by a much broader area between the anterior wing margin and Sc (in particular in the basal quarter of the wing). Because hindwings commonly have a costal area narrower than that of the forewing in Neuroptera, it may have been conceived that the holotype of Petropsychops (Fig. 2), preserving this area, may be a hindwing. However, CuA is clearly convex in the corresponding wing (Lambkin 2014), while it is expected to be concave in a neuropteran hindwing (Makarkin et al. 2009; and see Shi et al. 2012). Therefore, the holotype of Petropsychops is likely a forewing, and this trait appears adequate to distinguish the two genera. In addition, the Sc-R1 area is comparatively wider in Petropsychops . Also, in Moltenopsychops n. gen., Rs1 has 2 main forks before its posterior-most branch connects with M, while Petropsychops displays 3 such main forks (Fig. 2C; and possibly one more, if one considers that its posterior-most branch is briefly fused with M, see Fig. 2D and below), despite a smaller size. Moltenopsychops n. gen. displays long gradate series of cross-veins in the radial and medial areas. In contrast, cross-veins in Petropsychops are distributed more irregularly, and may form, at best, loose gradate series in the distal half (Lambkin 2014; Fig. 2). Altogether, the erection of a new genus is well supported.</p><p>The length of the rs 1 -m cross-vein, as identified herein (green arrows onFigs 1C, 2C), significantly differs in the two genera. It must be acknowledged, however, that it cannot be definitely ruled out that, in Petropsychops, the presumed rs 1 -m cross-vein is actually a part of the posterior-most branch of Rs1, which would then be briefly fused with M (Fig. 2D). If so, the two genera would nonetheless differ in how M and Rs1 connected, via a short rs 1 -m cross-vein in Moltenopsychops n. gen. (Fig. 1C) or through a brief fusion of the posterior-most branch of Rs1 with M in Petropsychops (Fig. 2D). For the paucity of available material, the variability of this trait remains difficult to appreciate. Also, in the preserved parts of the antero-distal, apical and posterior areas in the vicinity of wing margin, Petropsychops displays, between branches of the main veins, longitudinal bulges of the membrane (not represented on Fig. 2B), not uncommon among extant and fossil large-sized Neuroptera (AK and OB, pers. obs. 2025). Such structures are not present in what is preserved of the forewing of the type-species of Moltenopsychops n. gen., but it is because the corresponding areas are entirely missing in the available material.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87F35D55FF8BBDBDF8A2FBA1CDB7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Khramov, Alexander V.;Wappler, Torsten;Anderson, John M.;Béthoux, Olivier	Khramov, Alexander V., Wappler, Torsten, Anderson, John M., Béthoux, Olivier (2026): A new Osmylopsychopidae (Neuroptera, Insecta) from the Molteno Formation further bridges Southern Gondwana Triassic localities. Geodiversitas 48 (17): 361-368, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2026v48a17
03BB87F35D54FF8BBDECFE6FFA82CBEC.text	03BB87F35D54FF8BBDECFE6FFA82CBEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Moltenopsychops magnus Khramov & Wappler & Anderson & Béthoux 2026	<div><p>Moltenopsychops magnus n. gen., n. sp.</p><p>(Fig. 1)</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: AB951994-ED86-42C0-9702-6681CE47B7BC</p><p>TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype. South AFRica • 1 right forewing; Eastern Cape Province; Stormberg Group, Molteno Formation, Aasvoëlberg 411 site; Late Triassic, Carnian; PRE/F/21985 (University of the Witwatersrand, Evolutionary Studies Institute; positive (‘a’) and negative (‘b’) imprints; Fig. 1).</p><p>ETYMOLOGY. — From ‘ magnus ’, ‘large’ or ‘great’ in Latin, referring to the size of the species.</p><p>TYPE LOCALITY AND STRATIGRAPHY. — Aasvoëlberg 411 site, Molteno Formation; Carnian, Late Triassic (Anderson et al. 1998; Anderson &amp; Anderson 2023).</p><p>ETYMOLOGY. — By monotypy, as for the genus.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Forewing</p><p>Length as preserved 34 mm, estimated complete length about 50-55 mm, width as preserved 28 mm; area between anterior wing margin and Sc very broad (as preserved, 6.5 mm at its broadest); with few exceptions, Sc veinlets terminally forked, some deeply divided; in the area between anterior wing margin and Sc, cross-veins more numerous in proximal part, with some veinlets connected by 2-5 cross-veins, some arranged in short, gradate series of 5-7 elements; no obvious cross-vein preserved in the Sc-R1 area; in the R1-Rs area, first cross-veins very oblique; Rs (excluding Rs1) posteriorly pectinate, with at least 13 main branches; Rs1 anteriorly pectinate, with three main branches, with the 2nd branch bifurcated close to its base and extensively branched, and the 1st and 3rd ones bifurcated more distally, almost at the same level; stem of M long and stout before its connection with the rs 1 -m cross-vein (indicated by a green arrow on Fig. 1B,C), which is very short; M anteriorly pectinate, with at least 12 main anterior branches (in addition to its main stem), some of them secondarily branched, but not close to their base (except for the 6th branch and, slightly more distally, for the 5th branch); branches of Rs1 and M similarly bent downward and forming a consistently anteriorly pectinate unit occupying a narrow, triangle-shaped area; at least 8 long gradate series of cross-veins present, in the radial and median areas, mostly parallel to each other, except for the 4th and 5th series, converged at the level of the 2nd branch of Rs; distinction between CuA and CuP branches hampered by incomplete preservation of the corresponding area; anal veins not preserved.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87F35D54FF8BBDECFE6FFA82CBEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Khramov, Alexander V.;Wappler, Torsten;Anderson, John M.;Béthoux, Olivier	Khramov, Alexander V., Wappler, Torsten, Anderson, John M., Béthoux, Olivier (2026): A new Osmylopsychopidae (Neuroptera, Insecta) from the Molteno Formation further bridges Southern Gondwana Triassic localities. Geodiversitas 48 (17): 361-368, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2026v48a17
