taxonID	type	description	language	source
03BB8784A863F46D044EFF6FFD89B842.taxon	description	Table 2. Anatomic regions of carcharhiniforms caudal fin ACD, anterior caudal diplospondylic region; DC, diplospondylic caudal region; PCD, posterior caudal diplospondylic region.	en	Moreira, Renan A, Gomes, Ulisses L, de Carvalho, Marcelo R (2019): Systematic implications of the caudal fin skeletal anatomy in ground sharks, order Carcharhiniformes (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185 (1): 193-211, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly038, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/185/1/193/5045496
03BB8784A864F46D0172FB07FB65B93C.taxon	description	FAMILY CARCHARHINIDAE The carcharhinid caudal fin has distinct dorsal and ventral lobes, with a thin cartilaginous plate preceding the caudal fin skeleton (arrow in Figs 7 A, 8, 9, 10 A). In all examined carcharhinids, the supraneural spines are elongated and tapering terminally (Figs 7 – 11) and the basidorsal and interdorsal cartilages are rectangular. The caudal fin has a wide range of VC (66 – 119), which are divided into anterior and posterior diplospondylic caudal regions (Tables 1, 2). The anterior diplospondylic caudal region of Isogomphodon has seven VC, Prionace seven to eight VC, Galeocerdo eight VC, Negaprion nine VC and Loxodon nine VC. Among species of the genus Carcharhinus, this region is composed of four to nine VC and in Rhizoprionodon six to eight VC (Table 1). The basiventral cartilages have an apophysis as a slight prominence on the anterior margin in Galeocerdo, Negaprion, Rhizoprionodon, Loxodon, Carcharhinus plumbeus and Carcharhinus porosus (arrow in Figs 7 B, 10 B). The basiventrals of Prionace, Isogomphodon, Carcharhinus acronotus, Carcharhinus brevipinna, Carcharhinus melanopterus, Carcharhinus longimanus and Carcharhinus signatus are rectangular, slightly uniform and lack an anterior apophysis (Figs 8, 9, 11). In all carcharhinids, the first haemal spines are anteriorly concave, and only Galeocerdo has distal prehypochordal cartilages (Fig. 7 A). This structure is absent in all other examined sharks. Most of the haemal spines in the posterior diplospondylic caudal region are ‘> ’ shaped (Figs 7 – 11); however, in Prionace, close to the mid-length of the caudal fin, the haemal spines in the distal portion are posteriorly curved (Fig. 11 A). The basiventrals are reduced or absent in the terminal caudal lobe.	en	Moreira, Renan A, Gomes, Ulisses L, de Carvalho, Marcelo R (2019): Systematic implications of the caudal fin skeletal anatomy in ground sharks, order Carcharhiniformes (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185 (1): 193-211, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly038, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/185/1/193/5045496
03BB8784A864F46E03ABFAEDFDB2BA39.taxon	description	The anterior diplospondylic caudal region of S. lewini, S. zygaena and Eusphyra is well developed (~ 30 % of the entire caudal fin vs. ~ 11 % in S. tiburo and S. tudes). This region has five VC in S. tiburo, eight VC in S. tudes, 25 – 29 VC in S. lewini, 27 – 30 VC in S. zygaena and 16 – 22 VC in Eusphyra (Table 1). The basiventrals of S. tudes, S. tiburo and Eusphyra have apophyses similar to the prominence on the anterior margin of the cartilages (Figs 12 B, 14 B); the apophysis is more developed in Eusphyra (Fig. 14 B). However, in S. lewini and S. zygaena, the anterior apophysis is present only in the most posterior basiventral cartilages, whereas the first basiventrals are rectangular and lack an apophysis (Fig. 13 B). The haemal spines of S. tudes and S. tiburo are slightly concave anteriorly, similar to the first haemal spines of S. zygaena and S. lewini (Figs 12 A, 13 A, 14 A), and in Eusphyra the first spines are straight. The most posterior haemal spines of S. zygaena, S. lewini and Eusphyra are ‘> ’ shaped, with the distal portion more slender than the proximal portion (Figs 13 A, 14 A). In the terminal lobe, the haemal elements are reduced and the haemal arches absent in all sphyrnids. SKELETON CAUDAL FIN TYPE The carcharhiniform caudal fin skeleton is herein divided into four main morphological types, termed scyliorhinoid, triakoid, carcharhinoid and eusphyrnoid. However, each main morphological type does not represent a monophyletic group. The scyliorhinoid type (family Scyliorhinidae) is characterized by all haemal spines continuous with the basiventrals (an undivided caudal fin skeleton, without a distinction between anterior and posterior diplospondylic regions). In the triakoid type (Triakidae, Chaenogaleus and Paragaleus), the caudal fin skeleton has anterior haemal spines detached from basiventrals (anterior diplospondylic caudal region), and the entire posterior diplospondylic caudal region has slightly anteriorly convex haemal spines. In the carcharhinoid type (Hemipristis, Hemigaleus, Carcharhinidae, S. tudes and S. tiburo), the anterior haemal spines are detached from the basiventrals (forming the anterior diplospondylic caudal region), and the posterior diplospondylic caudal region has haemal spines that are ‘> ’ shaped in the mid-caudal fin. The eusphyrnoid caudal skeleton type (S. zygaena, S. lewini and Eusphyra) has a well-developed anterior diplospondylic caudal region (extending to close to the mid-length of the caudal fin), and most haemal spines are ‘> ’ shaped.	en	Moreira, Renan A, Gomes, Ulisses L, de Carvalho, Marcelo R (2019): Systematic implications of the caudal fin skeletal anatomy in ground sharks, order Carcharhiniformes (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185 (1): 193-211, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly038, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/185/1/193/5045496
