identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BB8784A863F46A0104FE11FDC3BFCB.text	03BB8784A863F46A0104FE11FDC3BFCB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scyliorhinidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> FAMILY  SCYLIORHINIDAE</p>
            <p> Externally, the scyliorhinid tail has a low ventral lobe, sometimes almost absent, and a triangular terminal lobe. Anterior to the caudal fin skeleton of  Scyliorhinus and  Apristurus there is a large fragmented plate, almost twice the usual basiventral length. The caudal fin skeleton of  Scyliorhinidae has 43–71 vertebral centra (VC) (Table 1). In all examined species, the basidorsal and interdorsal cartilages are truncated, and most supraneural spines are slender and elongated (Figs 1, 2). The caudal fin skeletons of  Atelomycterus ,  Schroederichthys ,  Galeus ,  Apristurus and  Scyliorhinus are not divided into anterior and posterior diplospondylic regions (Table 2). In general, the haemal spines are flattened and stout (Figs 1, 2). The anteriormost spines can be fused together in  Apristurus and  Scyliorhinus (Figs 1, 2) and are slender in  Schroederichthys and  Galeus . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB8784A863F46A0104FE11FDC3BFCB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moreira, Renan A;Gomes, Ulisses L;de Carvalho, Marcelo R	Moreira, Renan A, Gomes, Ulisses L, de Carvalho, Marcelo R (2019): Systematic implications of the caudal fin skeletal anatomy in ground sharks, order Carcharhiniformes (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185 (1): 193-211, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly038, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/185/1/193/5045496
03BB8784A863F46D044EFF6FFD89B842.text	03BB8784A863F46D044EFF6FFD89B842.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Triakidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> FAMILY  TRIAKIDAE</p>
            <p> The caudal fin has a distinct ventral lobe (however, almost absent in  Triakis ) and a large terminal dorsal lobe, especially in  Galeorhinus (almost one-half of the entire caudal fin length) (Figs 3, 4). Preceding the caudal fin skeleton is a thin cartilaginous plate situated distally to the haemal arch (arrow in Figs 3, 4A). The caudal fin skeleton of examined triakids has ~53–62 VC (Table 1), the basidorsal and interdorsal cartilages are truncated, and the supraneural spines are elongated, curved and terminally tapering. The caudal fin skeletons of  Mustelus ,  Triakis and  Galeorhinus are divided into anterior and posterior diplospondylic caudal regions (Table 2). The anterior diplospondylic caudal region has six to seven VC (Table 1). The basiventral cartilages in this region are pentagonal in  Mustelus and  Triakis (Fig. 3) and have clear anterior apophyses (anterior prominences) in  Galeorhinus (arrow in Fig. 4B). The first haemal spines are somewhat anteriorly concave. The haemal spines are slightly more slender in  Galeorhinus than in  Mustelus and  Triakis . In the posterior diplospondylic caudal region, most of the haemal spines are anteriorly convex. At the posterior extremity of the caudal fin, in all examined genera of  Triakidae , haemal spines are reduced and basiventral cartilages absent. </p>
            <p>Table 2. Anatomic regions of carcharhiniforms caudal fin</p>
            <p>ACD, anterior caudal diplospondylic region; DC, diplospondylic caudal region; PCD, posterior caudal diplospondylic region.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB8784A863F46D044EFF6FFD89B842	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moreira, Renan A;Gomes, Ulisses L;de Carvalho, Marcelo R	Moreira, Renan A, Gomes, Ulisses L, de Carvalho, Marcelo R (2019): Systematic implications of the caudal fin skeletal anatomy in ground sharks, order Carcharhiniformes (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185 (1): 193-211, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly038, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/185/1/193/5045496
03BB8784A864F46D0172FB07FB65B93C.text	03BB8784A864F46D0172FB07FB65B93C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemigaleidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> FAMILY  HEMIGALEIDAE</p>
            <p> Externally, the hemigaleid caudal fin has a large dorsal lobe, elongated terminal lobe and falcate ventral lobe. The thin plate preceding the caudal fin skeleton is absent in  Hemigaleidae (arrow in Figs 5A, 6A). The caudal fin skeleton of the examined species of  Hemigaleidae has 56–92 VC (Table 1), rectangular basidorsal and interdorsal cartilages and elongated, slightly curved and tapering supraneural spines. The caudal fin skeletons of  Paragaleus ,  Chaenogaleus ,  Hemigaleus and  Hemipristis are divided into anterior and posterior diplospondylic caudal regions (Table 2). The anterior diplospondylic caudal region comprises six to eight VC (Table 1) and has basiventral cartilages with the anterior apophysis as a slight prominence (arrow in Figs 5B, 6B) and haemal spines slightly concave anteriorly. The posterior diplospondylic caudal region of  Paragaleus and  Chaenogaleus has all haemal spines anteriorly convex (Fig. 5A), whereas in  Hemigaleus and  Hemipristis , most haemal spines are weakly ‘&gt;’ shaped (Fig. 6A). In the terminal lobe, the haemal spines are straight and basiventral cartilages absent. </p>
            <p> FAMILY  CARCHARHINIDAE</p>
            <p>The carcharhinid caudal fin has distinct dorsal and ventral lobes, with a thin cartilaginous plate preceding the caudal fin skeleton (arrow in Figs 7A, 8, 9, 10A). In all examined carcharhinids, the supraneural spines are elongated and tapering terminally (Figs 7–11) and the basidorsal and interdorsal cartilages are rectangular. The caudal fin has a wide range of VC (66–119), which are divided into anterior and posterior diplospondylic caudal regions (Tables 1, 2).</p>
            <p> The anterior diplospondylic caudal region of  Isogomphodon has seven VC,  Prionace seven to eight VC,  Galeocerdo eight VC,  Negaprion nine VC and  Loxodon nine VC. Among species of the genus  Carcharhinus , this region is composed of four to nine VC and in  Rhizoprionodon six to eight VC (Table 1). The basiventral cartilages have an apophysis as a slight prominence on the anterior margin in  Galeocerdo ,  Negaprion ,  Rhizoprionodon ,  Loxodon ,  Carcharhinus plumbeus and  Carcharhinus porosus (arrow in Figs 7B, 10B). The basiventrals of  Prionace ,  Isogomphodon ,  Carcharhinus acronotus ,  Carcharhinus brevipinna ,  Carcharhinus melanopterus ,  Carcharhinus longimanus and  Carcharhinus signatus are rectangular, slightly uniform and lack an anterior apophysis (Figs 8, 9, 11). In all carcharhinids, the first haemal spines are anteriorly concave, and only  Galeocerdo has distal prehypochordal cartilages (Fig. 7A). This structure is absent in all other examined sharks. </p>
            <p> Most of the haemal spines in the posterior diplospondylic caudal region are ‘&gt;’ shaped (Figs 7–11); however, in  Prionace , close to the mid-length of the caudal fin, the haemal spines in the distal portion are posteriorly curved (Fig. 11A). The basiventrals are reduced or absent in the terminal caudal lobe. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB8784A864F46D0172FB07FB65B93C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moreira, Renan A;Gomes, Ulisses L;de Carvalho, Marcelo R	Moreira, Renan A, Gomes, Ulisses L, de Carvalho, Marcelo R (2019): Systematic implications of the caudal fin skeletal anatomy in ground sharks, order Carcharhiniformes (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185 (1): 193-211, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly038, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/185/1/193/5045496
03BB8784A864F46E03ABFAEDFDB2BA39.text	03BB8784A864F46E03ABFAEDFDB2BA39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphyrnidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> FAMILY  SPHYRNIDAE</p>
            <p> Hammerhead sharks have a strong heterocercal caudal fin. A thin plate distal to the haemal arches precedes the caudal fin skeleton (arrow in Figs 12A, 13A, 14A) in all hammerhead shark species, including the winghead shark (  Eusphyra ). The caudal fin skeleton of examined hammerhead sharks has 84–112 VC, but the winghead shark has 68–70 VC (Table 1). Only  Eusphyra has some vertebrae supporting up to two haemal arches and haemal spines. The basidorsal and interdorsal cartilages of  Sphyrna and  Eusphyra are rectangular, and the supraneural spines are elongated, slender and taper terminally. The caudal fin skeleton is divided into anterior and posterior diplospondylic caudal regions (Figs 12–14, Table 2). </p>
            <p> The anterior diplospondylic caudal region of  S. lewini ,  S. zygaena and  Eusphyra is well developed (~30% of the entire caudal fin vs. ~11% in  S. tiburo and  S. tudes ). This region has five VC in  S. tiburo , eight VC in  S. tudes , 25–29 VC in  S. lewini , 27–30 VC in  S. zygaena and 16–22 VC in  Eusphyra (Table 1). The basiventrals of  S. tudes ,  S. tiburo and  Eusphyra have apophyses similar to the prominence on the anterior margin of the cartilages (Figs 12B, 14B); the apophysis is more developed in  Eusphyra (Fig. 14B). However, in  S. lewini and  S. zygaena , the anterior apophysis is present only in the most posterior basiventral cartilages, whereas the first basiventrals are rectangular and lack an apophysis (Fig. 13B). The haemal spines of  S. tudes and  S. tiburo are slightly concave anteriorly, similar to the first haemal spines of  S. zygaena and  S. lewini (Figs 12A, 13A, 14A), and in  Eusphyra the first spines are straight. The most posterior haemal spines of  S. zygaena ,  S. lewini and  Eusphyra are ‘&gt;’ shaped, with the distal portion more slender than the proximal portion (Figs 13A, 14A). In the terminal lobe, the haemal elements are reduced and the haemal arches absent in all sphyrnids. </p>
            <p> SKELETON CAUDAL FIN TYPE</p>
            <p> The carcharhiniform caudal fin skeleton is herein divided into four main morphological types, termed scyliorhinoid, triakoid, carcharhinoid and eusphyrnoid. However, each main morphological type does not represent a monophyletic group. The scyliorhinoid type (family  Scyliorhinidae ) is characterized by all haemal spines continuous with the basiventrals (an undivided caudal fin skeleton, without a distinction between anterior and posterior diplospondylic regions). In the triakoid type (  Triakidae ,  Chaenogaleus and  Paragaleus ), the caudal fin skeleton has anterior haemal spines detached from basiventrals (anterior diplospondylic caudal region), and the entire posterior diplospondylic caudal region has slightly anteriorly convex haemal spines. In the carcharhinoid type (  Hemipristis ,  Hemigaleus ,  Carcharhinidae ,  S. tudes and  S. tiburo ), the anterior haemal spines are detached from the basiventrals (forming the anterior diplospondylic caudal region), and the posterior diplospondylic caudal region has haemal spines that are ‘&gt;’ shaped in the mid-caudal fin. The eusphyrnoid caudal skeleton type (  S. zygaena ,  S. lewini and  Eusphyra ) has a well-developed anterior diplospondylic caudal region (extending to close to the mid-length of the caudal fin), and most haemal spines are ‘&gt;’ shaped. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB8784A864F46E03ABFAEDFDB2BA39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moreira, Renan A;Gomes, Ulisses L;de Carvalho, Marcelo R	Moreira, Renan A, Gomes, Ulisses L, de Carvalho, Marcelo R (2019): Systematic implications of the caudal fin skeletal anatomy in ground sharks, order Carcharhiniformes (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185 (1): 193-211, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly038, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/185/1/193/5045496
