taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141895/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141895	FIGURES 8–13. Selected generic features that, in combination, distinguish Incasarus Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel as newly defined, from other Protandrenini. 8–9: Portion of forewing of I. garciai Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel (left) showing two submarginal cells and a pterostigma (blue line) less than twice as wide as the prestigma (red line), with the margin within the marginal cell mostly straight (arrow); and Psaenythia interrupta Friese (right) showing three submarginal cells and a pterostigma (blue line) nearly twice as wide as the prestigma (red line), with the margin within the marginal cell mostly convex (arrow). 10–11: Upper head and mesoscutum of I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. (left) showing dense to crowded punctation; and Liphanthus bicellularis Ruz & Toro (right) showing shallow, sparse punctation. 12–13: Metasoma of I. arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. (left) showing a shallow postgradular area of T2 (arrow); and L. bicellularis Ruz & Toro (right) showing a strongly depressed postgradular area of T2 (arrow).	FIGURES 8–13. Selected generic features that, in combination, distinguish Incasarus Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel as newly defined, from other Protandrenini. 8–9: Portion of forewing of I. garciai Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel (left) showing two submarginal cells and a pterostigma (blue line) less than twice as wide as the prestigma (red line), with the margin within the marginal cell mostly straight (arrow); and Psaenythia interrupta Friese (right) showing three submarginal cells and a pterostigma (blue line) nearly twice as wide as the prestigma (red line), with the margin within the marginal cell mostly convex (arrow). 10–11: Upper head and mesoscutum of I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. (left) showing dense to crowded punctation; and Liphanthus bicellularis Ruz & Toro (right) showing shallow, sparse punctation. 12–13: Metasoma of I. arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. (left) showing a shallow postgradular area of T2 (arrow); and L. bicellularis Ruz & Toro (right) showing a strongly depressed postgradular area of T2 (arrow).	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141908/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141908	FIGURES 20–25. Male Incasarus arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. 20: holotype lateral habitus. 21: paratype head frontal view. 22: paratype S4, showing specialized structures. 23–25: paratype S7, S8 and genital capsule, respectively.	FIGURES 20–25. Male Incasarus arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. 20: holotype lateral habitus. 21: paratype head frontal view. 22: paratype S4, showing specialized structures. 23–25: paratype S7, S8 and genital capsule, respectively.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141912/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141912	FIGURES 30–35. Male Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. 30: holotype lateral habitus. 31: holotype head frontal view. 32: paratype mesoscutum, dorsal view, to show surface sculpture. 33: paratype S7. 34: paratype S8. 35: paratype genital capsule.	FIGURES 30–35. Male Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. 30: holotype lateral habitus. 31: holotype head frontal view. 32: paratype mesoscutum, dorsal view, to show surface sculpture. 33: paratype S7. 34: paratype S8. 35: paratype genital capsule.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141928/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141928	FIGURES 47–48. Characters for couplet 2. S7 of males of 47: Liphanthus cuscoensis Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel to show apical lobe differentiated from apodeme; 48: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show apical lobe fused to apodeme.	FIGURES 47–48. Characters for couplet 2. S7 of males of 47: Liphanthus cuscoensis Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel to show apical lobe differentiated from apodeme; 48: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show apical lobe fused to apodeme.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141918/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141918	FIGURES 41–42. Characters for couplet 2. Mesoscutum in dorsal view of females of 41: Liphanthus centralis Mir Sharifi & Packer to show punctures moderately dense, but irregular in depth, size and spacing; 42: Incasarus cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show punctures dense but deep and regular in size and spacing.	FIGURES 41–42. Characters for couplet 2. Mesoscutum in dorsal view of females of 41: Liphanthus centralis Mir Sharifi & Packer to show punctures moderately dense, but irregular in depth, size and spacing; 42: Incasarus cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show punctures dense but deep and regular in size and spacing.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141916/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141916	FIGURES 39–40. Characters for couplet 1. Forewings of males of 39: Liphanthus with three submarginal cells; 40: Incasarus with two submarginal cells.	FIGURES 39–40. Characters for couplet 1. Forewings of males of 39: Liphanthus with three submarginal cells; 40: Incasarus with two submarginal cells.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141910/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141910	FIGURES 26–29. Diagnostic features of Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. 26: Male head in frontal view to show inner margins of compound eyes moderately convergent below, ratio between UOD (blue dashed line) and LOD (red dash line) ~1.2. 27: Male metabasitarus in postero-ventral view to show patch of dense and long hairs (indicated by arrow). 28: Female head in dorsal view to show ratio between IOC (blue line) and OOC (red line) ~0.5. 29: Female head in frontal view to show clypeus dull and strongly imbricated.	FIGURES 26–29. Diagnostic features of Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. 26: Male head in frontal view to show inner margins of compound eyes moderately convergent below, ratio between UOD (blue dashed line) and LOD (red dash line) ~1.2. 27: Male metabasitarus in postero-ventral view to show patch of dense and long hairs (indicated by arrow). 28: Female head in dorsal view to show ratio between IOC (blue line) and OOC (red line) ~0.5. 29: Female head in frontal view to show clypeus dull and strongly imbricated.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141920/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141920	FIGURES 43–44. Characters for couplet 2. Tegula of males of 43: Liphanthus molavi Mir Sharifi & Packer to show weak microsculpture on anterior portion; 44: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show coarse microsculpture on anterior portion.	FIGURES 43–44. Characters for couplet 2. Tegula of males of 43: Liphanthus molavi Mir Sharifi & Packer to show weak microsculpture on anterior portion; 44: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show coarse microsculpture on anterior portion.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141926/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141926	FIGURES 45–46. Characters for couplet 2. Metasoma in profile of males of 45: Liphanthus bicellularis Ruz & Toro to show T2 with strongly depressed postgradular area (indicated by arrow); 46: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show T2 with shallow postgradular area (indicated by arrow).	FIGURES 45–46. Characters for couplet 2. Metasoma in profile of males of 45: Liphanthus bicellularis Ruz & Toro to show T2 with strongly depressed postgradular area (indicated by arrow); 46: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show T2 with shallow postgradular area (indicated by arrow).	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141930/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141930	FIGURES 49–50. Characters for couplet 4. Mandible, in profile, of males of 49: Incasarus garciai Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel to show outer grove with tuft of hairs and outer ridge with acute projection surpassing lower margin of mandible; 50: I. arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show outer grove without tuft of hairs and outer ridge without acute projection.	FIGURES 49–50. Characters for couplet 4. Mandible, in profile, of males of 49: Incasarus garciai Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel to show outer grove with tuft of hairs and outer ridge with acute projection surpassing lower margin of mandible; 50: I. arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show outer grove without tuft of hairs and outer ridge without acute projection.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141932/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141932	FIGURES 51–52. Characters for couplet 4. S2 and S3 of males of 51: Incasarus garciai Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel to show pubescent bands along apical margins; 52: I. arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show lack of pubescent bands along apical margins.	FIGURES 51–52. Characters for couplet 4. S2 and S3 of males of 51: Incasarus garciai Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel to show pubescent bands along apical margins; 52: I. arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show lack of pubescent bands along apical margins.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141934/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141934	FIGURES 53–54. Characters for couplet 4. Genital capsule of 53: Incasarus garciai Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel, to show gonostylus differentiated from gonocoxa; 52: I. arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show gonostylus fused to gonocoxa.	FIGURES 53–54. Characters for couplet 4. Genital capsule of 53: Incasarus garciai Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel, to show gonostylus differentiated from gonocoxa; 52: I. arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show gonostylus fused to gonocoxa.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141949/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141949	FIGURES 65–66. Characters for couplet 7. Genital capsule of males of 65: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show gonostylus much narrower than gonocoxa; 66: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show gonostylus broad, almost as broad as gonocoxa.	FIGURES 65–66. Characters for couplet 7. Genital capsule of males of 65: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show gonostylus much narrower than gonocoxa; 66: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show gonostylus broad, almost as broad as gonocoxa.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141936/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141936	FIGURES 55–56. Characters for couplet 5. Portion of metatibia and metabasitarsus of males of 55: Incasarus ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show spur apices strongly curved and metabasitarsus lacking patch of long hairs basoventrally; 56: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show spurs apices weakly curved and metabasitarsus with dense patch of long hairs basoventrally.	FIGURES 55–56. Characters for couplet 5. Portion of metatibia and metabasitarsus of males of 55: Incasarus ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show spur apices strongly curved and metabasitarsus lacking patch of long hairs basoventrally; 56: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show spurs apices weakly curved and metabasitarsus with dense patch of long hairs basoventrally.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141938/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141938	FIGURES 57–58. Characters for couplet 5. S7 of males of 57: Incasarus arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show apical lobe with angulation; 58: I. ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show apical lobe truncate, without angulation.	FIGURES 57–58. Characters for couplet 5. S7 of males of 57: Incasarus arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show apical lobe with angulation; 58: I. ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show apical lobe truncate, without angulation.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141956/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141956	FIGURES 69–70. Characters for couplet 8. S7 of 69: Incasarus cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show S7 apical lobe with apicomedially oriented hairs; 70: I. abotorabi (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show apical lobe glabrous.	FIGURES 69–70. Characters for couplet 8. S7 of 69: Incasarus cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show S7 apical lobe with apicomedially oriented hairs; 70: I. abotorabi (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show apical lobe glabrous.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141940/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141940	FIGURES 59–60. Characters for couplet 6. Portion of face and antenna of males of 59: Incasarus arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show paraocular area with yellow mark and F1>3.5× longer than its greatest width; 60: I. ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show paraocular area dark and F1 ~2× longer than its greatest width.	FIGURES 59–60. Characters for couplet 6. Portion of face and antenna of males of 59: Incasarus arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show paraocular area with yellow mark and F1>3.5× longer than its greatest width; 60: I. ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show paraocular area dark and F1 ~2× longer than its greatest width.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141943/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141943	FIGURES 61–62. Characters for couplet 6. S2–S4 of males of 61: Incasarus arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show metasoma dark and S4 with two combs of thick setae (indicated by arrows); 62: I. ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show metasoma reddish and S4 lacking combs of thick setae.	FIGURES 61–62. Characters for couplet 6. S2–S4 of males of 61: Incasarus arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show metasoma dark and S4 with two combs of thick setae (indicated by arrows); 62: I. ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show metasoma reddish and S4 lacking combs of thick setae.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141904/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141904	FIGURES 18–19. Diagnostic features of male Incasarus arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. 18: Head in oblique view to show lower paraocular area with cream markings and mandible with apex broadened (indicated by arrow). 19: Portion of metasoma in ventral view to show S4 bearing two comb-like patches of thick setae (indicated by arrows).	FIGURES 18–19. Diagnostic features of male Incasarus arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. 18: Head in oblique view to show lower paraocular area with cream markings and mandible with apex broadened (indicated by arrow). 19: Portion of metasoma in ventral view to show S4 bearing two comb-like patches of thick setae (indicated by arrows).	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141947/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141947	FIGURES 63–64. Characters for couplet 7. Head in frontal view of males of 63: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show inner margins of compound eyes moderately convergent below, ratio of UOD (blue) and LOD (red) ~1.2, and IAD (green) subequal to the minimum distance between lower margin of antennal socket and epistomal suture (yellow), 64: I. aeneiventris comb. nov. to show inner margins of compound eyes moderately convergent below, ratio of UOD (blue) and LOD (red) ~1.4, and IAD (green) shorter to the minimum distance between lower margin of antennal socket and epistomal suture (yellow).	FIGURES 63–64. Characters for couplet 7. Head in frontal view of males of 63: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show inner margins of compound eyes moderately convergent below, ratio of UOD (blue) and LOD (red) ~1.2, and IAD (green) subequal to the minimum distance between lower margin of antennal socket and epistomal suture (yellow), 64: I. aeneiventris comb. nov. to show inner margins of compound eyes moderately convergent below, ratio of UOD (blue) and LOD (red) ~1.4, and IAD (green) shorter to the minimum distance between lower margin of antennal socket and epistomal suture (yellow).	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141952/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141952	FIGURES 67–68. Characters for couplet 8. Metatibia in anterior view of males of 67: Incasarus cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show robust apicodorsal hairs strongly curved towards tibial apex; 68: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. apicodorsal long hairs suberect, not strongly curved.	FIGURES 67–68. Characters for couplet 8. Metatibia in anterior view of males of 67: Incasarus cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show robust apicodorsal hairs strongly curved towards tibial apex; 68: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. apicodorsal long hairs suberect, not strongly curved.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141958/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141958	FIGURES 71–72. Characters for couplet 9. Head in profile of males of 71: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show clypeus not strongly recurved near apex—apex and base forming angle of> 90° or more; 72: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show clypeus strongly recurved near apex—apex and base forming angle <90°.	FIGURES 71–72. Characters for couplet 9. Head in profile of males of 71: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show clypeus not strongly recurved near apex—apex and base forming angle of> 90° or more; 72: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show clypeus strongly recurved near apex—apex and base forming angle <90°.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141960/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141960	FIGURES 73–74. Characters for couplet 9. Clypeus in ventral view of males of 73: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show clypeus apex rounded, no distinct flat area apicomedially; 74: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show clypeus apex forming flat area apicomedially (indicated by arrow).	FIGURES 73–74. Characters for couplet 9. Clypeus in ventral view of males of 73: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show clypeus apex rounded, no distinct flat area apicomedially; 74: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show clypeus apex forming flat area apicomedially (indicated by arrow).	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141962/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141962	FIGURES 75–76. Characters for couplet 9. Mesoscutum in dorsal view of males of 75: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show microsculpture between dense punctures strongly imbricate and dull; 76: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show microsculpture between dense punctures moderately imbricate, somewhat shiny.	FIGURES 75–76. Characters for couplet 9. Mesoscutum in dorsal view of males of 75: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show microsculpture between dense punctures strongly imbricate and dull; 76: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show microsculpture between dense punctures moderately imbricate, somewhat shiny.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141964/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141964	FIGURES 77–78. Characters for couplet 10. Clypeus in frontal view of 77: Incasarus abotorabi (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show extensive brown marking, 78: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show reduced brown marking.	FIGURES 77–78. Characters for couplet 10. Clypeus in frontal view of 77: Incasarus abotorabi (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show extensive brown marking, 78: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show reduced brown marking.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141968/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141968	FIGURES 79–80. Characters for couplet 10. Facial fovea of males of 79: Incasarus abotorabi (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show facial fovea ~4x as long (blue) as its greatest width (red); 80: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show facial fovea ~3.2x as long (blue) as its greatest width (red).	FIGURES 79–80. Characters for couplet 10. Facial fovea of males of 79: Incasarus abotorabi (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show facial fovea ~4x as long (blue) as its greatest width (red); 80: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show facial fovea ~3.2x as long (blue) as its greatest width (red).	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141970/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141970	FIGURES 81–82. Characters for couplet 11. Metatibial spurs in anterior view of females of 81: Incasarus ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show robust shape and strongly curved apices; 82: I. ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show narrow shape and weakly curved apices.	FIGURES 81–82. Characters for couplet 11. Metatibial spurs in anterior view of females of 81: Incasarus ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show robust shape and strongly curved apices; 82: I. ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show narrow shape and weakly curved apices.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141972/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141972	FIGURES 83–84. Characters for couplet 11. Portion of metabasitarsus in anterior view of females of 83: Incasarus ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show apical process as long as basal width; 84: I. ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show process almost longer than basal width.	FIGURES 83–84. Characters for couplet 11. Portion of metabasitarsus in anterior view of females of 83: Incasarus ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show apical process as long as basal width; 84: I. ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show process almost longer than basal width.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141974/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141974	FIGURES 85–86. Characters for couplet 12. Head in frontal view of females of 85: Incasarus yrigoyeni (Packer) comb. nov. to show clypeus with apical margin orange; 86: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show clypeus with apical margin dark.	FIGURES 85–86. Characters for couplet 12. Head in frontal view of females of 85: Incasarus yrigoyeni (Packer) comb. nov. to show clypeus with apical margin orange; 86: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show clypeus with apical margin dark.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141976/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141976	FIGURES 87–88. Characters for couplet 12. Anterodorsal view of protibiae of females of 87: Incasarus yrigoyeni (Packer) comb. nov. to show presence of small yellow basal spot; 88: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show protibia entirely dark.	FIGURES 87–88. Characters for couplet 12. Anterodorsal view of protibiae of females of 87: Incasarus yrigoyeni (Packer) comb. nov. to show presence of small yellow basal spot; 88: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show protibia entirely dark.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141978/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141978	FIGURES 89–92. Characters for couplet 13. Vertexal area of females of 89–90: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show ratio of IOC (blue) and OOC (red) 0.5–0.6×; 91–92: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show ratio of IOC (blue) and OOC (red)>0.6×. OOC measured so that the ocellocular area is flat.	FIGURES 89–92. Characters for couplet 13. Vertexal area of females of 89–90: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show ratio of IOC (blue) and OOC (red) 0.5–0.6×; 91–92: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show ratio of IOC (blue) and OOC (red)>0.6×. OOC measured so that the ocellocular area is flat.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141980/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141980	FIGURES 93–94. Characters for couplet 14. Head in frontal view of females of 93: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show paraocular area and clypeus dull; 94: I. aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show paraocular area and most of clypeus shiny.	FIGURES 93–94. Characters for couplet 14. Head in frontal view of females of 93: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show paraocular area and clypeus dull; 94: I. aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show paraocular area and most of clypeus shiny.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFC3BF63FF78F8FCFB7A3482.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141982/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141982	FIGURES 95–96. Characters for couplet 15. Mesoscutum and scutellum of females of 95: Incasarus cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show of none to weak microsculpture and interspaces between punctures shiny; 96: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show distinct microsculpture between punctures, somewhat dull.	FIGURES 95–96. Characters for couplet 15. Mesoscutum and scutellum of females of 95: Incasarus cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show of none to weak microsculpture and interspaces between punctures shiny; 96: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show distinct microsculpture between punctures, somewhat dull.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDDBF63FF78FAE6FE8C379E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141887/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141887	FIGURES 1–4. Similar key features observed between Incasarus Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel (left) and Liphanthus Reed with two submarginal cells (right). 1–2: portion of forewing on dorsal view to show narrow pterostigma. 3–4: genital capsule, in dorsal view to show gonostylus differentiated from the gonocoxa.	FIGURES 1–4. Similar key features observed between Incasarus Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel (left) and Liphanthus Reed with two submarginal cells (right). 1–2: portion of forewing on dorsal view to show narrow pterostigma. 3–4: genital capsule, in dorsal view to show gonostylus differentiated from the gonocoxa.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDDBF63FF78FAE6FE8C379E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141893/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141893	FIGURE 7. Distribution map showing localities of the species in the genus Incasarus Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel, as newly define herein. All species are restricted to the Andean Cordillera. Colours are used to separate I. garciai (green) and Clades A (blue) and B (red). Different shapes within each colour denotes different species. No species from this group of bees have been found in Chile, despite extensive sampling conducted there by the junior author.	FIGURE 7. Distribution map showing localities of the species in the genus Incasarus Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel, as newly define herein. All species are restricted to the Andean Cordillera. Colours are used to separate I. garciai (green) and Clades A (blue) and B (red). Different shapes within each colour denotes different species. No species from this group of bees have been found in Chile, despite extensive sampling conducted there by the junior author.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDDBF63FF78FAE6FE8C379E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141895/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141895	FIGURES 8–13. Selected generic features that, in combination, distinguish Incasarus Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel as newly defined, from other Protandrenini. 8–9: Portion of forewing of I. garciai Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel (left) showing two submarginal cells and a pterostigma (blue line) less than twice as wide as the prestigma (red line), with the margin within the marginal cell mostly straight (arrow); and Psaenythia interrupta Friese (right) showing three submarginal cells and a pterostigma (blue line) nearly twice as wide as the prestigma (red line), with the margin within the marginal cell mostly convex (arrow). 10–11: Upper head and mesoscutum of I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. (left) showing dense to crowded punctation; and Liphanthus bicellularis Ruz & Toro (right) showing shallow, sparse punctation. 12–13: Metasoma of I. arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. (left) showing a shallow postgradular area of T2 (arrow); and L. bicellularis Ruz & Toro (right) showing a strongly depressed postgradular area of T2 (arrow).	FIGURES 8–13. Selected generic features that, in combination, distinguish Incasarus Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel as newly defined, from other Protandrenini. 8–9: Portion of forewing of I. garciai Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel (left) showing two submarginal cells and a pterostigma (blue line) less than twice as wide as the prestigma (red line), with the margin within the marginal cell mostly straight (arrow); and Psaenythia interrupta Friese (right) showing three submarginal cells and a pterostigma (blue line) nearly twice as wide as the prestigma (red line), with the margin within the marginal cell mostly convex (arrow). 10–11: Upper head and mesoscutum of I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. (left) showing dense to crowded punctation; and Liphanthus bicellularis Ruz & Toro (right) showing shallow, sparse punctation. 12–13: Metasoma of I. arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. (left) showing a shallow postgradular area of T2 (arrow); and L. bicellularis Ruz & Toro (right) showing a strongly depressed postgradular area of T2 (arrow).	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDDBF63FF78FAE6FE8C379E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141897/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141897	FIGURES 14–15. Diagnostic features of male Incasarus garciai Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel. 14: Face in oblique view to show mandible with distinct tuft of long setae on outer groove, and acute process of outer ridge, surpassing the lower margin of the mandible. 15: Metasoma in ventral view to show apicomedial bands of long and dense setae on S2 and S3 (indicated by arrows).	FIGURES 14–15. Diagnostic features of male Incasarus garciai Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel. 14: Face in oblique view to show mandible with distinct tuft of long setae on outer groove, and acute process of outer ridge, surpassing the lower margin of the mandible. 15: Metasoma in ventral view to show apicomedial bands of long and dense setae on S2 and S3 (indicated by arrows).	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDDBF63FF78FAE6FE8C379E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141930/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141930	FIGURES 49–50. Characters for couplet 4. Mandible, in profile, of males of 49: Incasarus garciai Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel to show outer grove with tuft of hairs and outer ridge with acute projection surpassing lower margin of mandible; 50: I. arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show outer grove without tuft of hairs and outer ridge without acute projection.	FIGURES 49–50. Characters for couplet 4. Mandible, in profile, of males of 49: Incasarus garciai Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel to show outer grove with tuft of hairs and outer ridge with acute projection surpassing lower margin of mandible; 50: I. arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show outer grove without tuft of hairs and outer ridge without acute projection.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDDBF63FF78FAE6FE8C379E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141934/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141934	FIGURES 53–54. Characters for couplet 4. Genital capsule of 53: Incasarus garciai Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel, to show gonostylus differentiated from gonocoxa; 52: I. arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show gonostylus fused to gonocoxa.	FIGURES 53–54. Characters for couplet 4. Genital capsule of 53: Incasarus garciai Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel, to show gonostylus differentiated from gonocoxa; 52: I. arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show gonostylus fused to gonocoxa.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDDBF63FF78FAE6FE8C379E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141932/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141932	FIGURES 51–52. Characters for couplet 4. S2 and S3 of males of 51: Incasarus garciai Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel to show pubescent bands along apical margins; 52: I. arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show lack of pubescent bands along apical margins.	FIGURES 51–52. Characters for couplet 4. S2 and S3 of males of 51: Incasarus garciai Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel to show pubescent bands along apical margins; 52: I. arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show lack of pubescent bands along apical margins.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDCBF62FF78FF45FAAF3565.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141893/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141893	FIGURE 7. Distribution map showing localities of the species in the genus Incasarus Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel, as newly define herein. All species are restricted to the Andean Cordillera. Colours are used to separate I. garciai (green) and Clades A (blue) and B (red). Different shapes within each colour denotes different species. No species from this group of bees have been found in Chile, despite extensive sampling conducted there by the junior author.	FIGURE 7. Distribution map showing localities of the species in the genus Incasarus Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel, as newly define herein. All species are restricted to the Andean Cordillera. Colours are used to separate I. garciai (green) and Clades A (blue) and B (red). Different shapes within each colour denotes different species. No species from this group of bees have been found in Chile, despite extensive sampling conducted there by the junior author.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDCBF62FF78FF45FAAF3565.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141902/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141902	FIGURES 16–17. Labels of lectotype female and paratype male of Panurginus aeniventris Friese, presently Rhophitulus aeneiventris (Friese), treated here as senior synonym of Liphanthus fritzi (Mir Sharifi & Packer), deposited at the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Germany.	FIGURES 16–17. Labels of lectotype female and paratype male of Panurginus aeniventris Friese, presently Rhophitulus aeneiventris (Friese), treated here as senior synonym of Liphanthus fritzi (Mir Sharifi & Packer), deposited at the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Germany.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDCBF62FF78FF45FAAF3565.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141920/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141920	FIGURES 43–44. Characters for couplet 2. Tegula of males of 43: Liphanthus molavi Mir Sharifi & Packer to show weak microsculpture on anterior portion; 44: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show coarse microsculpture on anterior portion.	FIGURES 43–44. Characters for couplet 2. Tegula of males of 43: Liphanthus molavi Mir Sharifi & Packer to show weak microsculpture on anterior portion; 44: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show coarse microsculpture on anterior portion.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDCBF62FF78FF45FAAF3565.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141947/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141947	FIGURES 63–64. Characters for couplet 7. Head in frontal view of males of 63: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show inner margins of compound eyes moderately convergent below, ratio of UOD (blue) and LOD (red) ~1.2, and IAD (green) subequal to the minimum distance between lower margin of antennal socket and epistomal suture (yellow), 64: I. aeneiventris comb. nov. to show inner margins of compound eyes moderately convergent below, ratio of UOD (blue) and LOD (red) ~1.4, and IAD (green) shorter to the minimum distance between lower margin of antennal socket and epistomal suture (yellow).	FIGURES 63–64. Characters for couplet 7. Head in frontal view of males of 63: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show inner margins of compound eyes moderately convergent below, ratio of UOD (blue) and LOD (red) ~1.2, and IAD (green) subequal to the minimum distance between lower margin of antennal socket and epistomal suture (yellow), 64: I. aeneiventris comb. nov. to show inner margins of compound eyes moderately convergent below, ratio of UOD (blue) and LOD (red) ~1.4, and IAD (green) shorter to the minimum distance between lower margin of antennal socket and epistomal suture (yellow).	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDCBF62FF78FF45FAAF3565.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141958/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141958	FIGURES 71–72. Characters for couplet 9. Head in profile of males of 71: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show clypeus not strongly recurved near apex—apex and base forming angle of> 90° or more; 72: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show clypeus strongly recurved near apex—apex and base forming angle <90°.	FIGURES 71–72. Characters for couplet 9. Head in profile of males of 71: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show clypeus not strongly recurved near apex—apex and base forming angle of> 90° or more; 72: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show clypeus strongly recurved near apex—apex and base forming angle <90°.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDCBF62FF78FF45FAAF3565.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141960/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141960	FIGURES 73–74. Characters for couplet 9. Clypeus in ventral view of males of 73: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show clypeus apex rounded, no distinct flat area apicomedially; 74: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show clypeus apex forming flat area apicomedially (indicated by arrow).	FIGURES 73–74. Characters for couplet 9. Clypeus in ventral view of males of 73: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show clypeus apex rounded, no distinct flat area apicomedially; 74: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show clypeus apex forming flat area apicomedially (indicated by arrow).	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDCBF62FF78FF45FAAF3565.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141962/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141962	FIGURES 75–76. Characters for couplet 9. Mesoscutum in dorsal view of males of 75: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show microsculpture between dense punctures strongly imbricate and dull; 76: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show microsculpture between dense punctures moderately imbricate, somewhat shiny.	FIGURES 75–76. Characters for couplet 9. Mesoscutum in dorsal view of males of 75: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show microsculpture between dense punctures strongly imbricate and dull; 76: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show microsculpture between dense punctures moderately imbricate, somewhat shiny.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDCBF62FF78FF45FAAF3565.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141978/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141978	FIGURES 89–92. Characters for couplet 13. Vertexal area of females of 89–90: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show ratio of IOC (blue) and OOC (red) 0.5–0.6×; 91–92: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show ratio of IOC (blue) and OOC (red)>0.6×. OOC measured so that the ocellocular area is flat.	FIGURES 89–92. Characters for couplet 13. Vertexal area of females of 89–90: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show ratio of IOC (blue) and OOC (red) 0.5–0.6×; 91–92: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show ratio of IOC (blue) and OOC (red)>0.6×. OOC measured so that the ocellocular area is flat.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDCBF62FF78FF45FAAF3565.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141980/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141980	FIGURES 93–94. Characters for couplet 14. Head in frontal view of females of 93: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show paraocular area and clypeus dull; 94: I. aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show paraocular area and most of clypeus shiny.	FIGURES 93–94. Characters for couplet 14. Head in frontal view of females of 93: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show paraocular area and clypeus dull; 94: I. aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show paraocular area and most of clypeus shiny.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FF45FB8F313E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141893/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141893	FIGURE 7. Distribution map showing localities of the species in the genus Incasarus Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel, as newly define herein. All species are restricted to the Andean Cordillera. Colours are used to separate I. garciai (green) and Clades A (blue) and B (red). Different shapes within each colour denotes different species. No species from this group of bees have been found in Chile, despite extensive sampling conducted there by the junior author.	FIGURE 7. Distribution map showing localities of the species in the genus Incasarus Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel, as newly define herein. All species are restricted to the Andean Cordillera. Colours are used to separate I. garciai (green) and Clades A (blue) and B (red). Different shapes within each colour denotes different species. No species from this group of bees have been found in Chile, despite extensive sampling conducted there by the junior author.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FF45FB8F313E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141956/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141956	FIGURES 69–70. Characters for couplet 8. S7 of 69: Incasarus cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show S7 apical lobe with apicomedially oriented hairs; 70: I. abotorabi (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show apical lobe glabrous.	FIGURES 69–70. Characters for couplet 8. S7 of 69: Incasarus cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show S7 apical lobe with apicomedially oriented hairs; 70: I. abotorabi (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show apical lobe glabrous.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FF45FB8F313E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141964/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141964	FIGURES 77–78. Characters for couplet 10. Clypeus in frontal view of 77: Incasarus abotorabi (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show extensive brown marking, 78: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show reduced brown marking.	FIGURES 77–78. Characters for couplet 10. Clypeus in frontal view of 77: Incasarus abotorabi (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show extensive brown marking, 78: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show reduced brown marking.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FF45FB8F313E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141968/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141968	FIGURES 79–80. Characters for couplet 10. Facial fovea of males of 79: Incasarus abotorabi (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show facial fovea ~4x as long (blue) as its greatest width (red); 80: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show facial fovea ~3.2x as long (blue) as its greatest width (red).	FIGURES 79–80. Characters for couplet 10. Facial fovea of males of 79: Incasarus abotorabi (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show facial fovea ~4x as long (blue) as its greatest width (red); 80: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show facial fovea ~3.2x as long (blue) as its greatest width (red).	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FE79FC7432F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141893/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141893	FIGURE 7. Distribution map showing localities of the species in the genus Incasarus Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel, as newly define herein. All species are restricted to the Andean Cordillera. Colours are used to separate I. garciai (green) and Clades A (blue) and B (red). Different shapes within each colour denotes different species. No species from this group of bees have been found in Chile, despite extensive sampling conducted there by the junior author.	FIGURE 7. Distribution map showing localities of the species in the genus Incasarus Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel, as newly define herein. All species are restricted to the Andean Cordillera. Colours are used to separate I. garciai (green) and Clades A (blue) and B (red). Different shapes within each colour denotes different species. No species from this group of bees have been found in Chile, despite extensive sampling conducted there by the junior author.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FE79FC7432F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141952/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141952	FIGURES 67–68. Characters for couplet 8. Metatibia in anterior view of males of 67: Incasarus cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show robust apicodorsal hairs strongly curved towards tibial apex; 68: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. apicodorsal long hairs suberect, not strongly curved.	FIGURES 67–68. Characters for couplet 8. Metatibia in anterior view of males of 67: Incasarus cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show robust apicodorsal hairs strongly curved towards tibial apex; 68: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. apicodorsal long hairs suberect, not strongly curved.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FE79FC7432F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141964/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141964	FIGURES 77–78. Characters for couplet 10. Clypeus in frontal view of 77: Incasarus abotorabi (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show extensive brown marking, 78: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show reduced brown marking.	FIGURES 77–78. Characters for couplet 10. Clypeus in frontal view of 77: Incasarus abotorabi (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show extensive brown marking, 78: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show reduced brown marking.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FE79FC7432F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141968/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141968	FIGURES 79–80. Characters for couplet 10. Facial fovea of males of 79: Incasarus abotorabi (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show facial fovea ~4x as long (blue) as its greatest width (red); 80: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show facial fovea ~3.2x as long (blue) as its greatest width (red).	FIGURES 79–80. Characters for couplet 10. Facial fovea of males of 79: Incasarus abotorabi (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show facial fovea ~4x as long (blue) as its greatest width (red); 80: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show facial fovea ~3.2x as long (blue) as its greatest width (red).	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FE79FC7432F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141974/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141974	FIGURES 85–86. Characters for couplet 12. Head in frontal view of females of 85: Incasarus yrigoyeni (Packer) comb. nov. to show clypeus with apical margin orange; 86: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show clypeus with apical margin dark.	FIGURES 85–86. Characters for couplet 12. Head in frontal view of females of 85: Incasarus yrigoyeni (Packer) comb. nov. to show clypeus with apical margin orange; 86: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show clypeus with apical margin dark.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FE79FC7432F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141976/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141976	FIGURES 87–88. Characters for couplet 12. Anterodorsal view of protibiae of females of 87: Incasarus yrigoyeni (Packer) comb. nov. to show presence of small yellow basal spot; 88: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show protibia entirely dark.	FIGURES 87–88. Characters for couplet 12. Anterodorsal view of protibiae of females of 87: Incasarus yrigoyeni (Packer) comb. nov. to show presence of small yellow basal spot; 88: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show protibia entirely dark.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FE79FC7432F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141978/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141978	FIGURES 89–92. Characters for couplet 13. Vertexal area of females of 89–90: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show ratio of IOC (blue) and OOC (red) 0.5–0.6×; 91–92: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show ratio of IOC (blue) and OOC (red)>0.6×. OOC measured so that the ocellocular area is flat.	FIGURES 89–92. Characters for couplet 13. Vertexal area of females of 89–90: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show ratio of IOC (blue) and OOC (red) 0.5–0.6×; 91–92: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show ratio of IOC (blue) and OOC (red)>0.6×. OOC measured so that the ocellocular area is flat.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FE79FC7432F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141982/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141982	FIGURES 95–96. Characters for couplet 15. Mesoscutum and scutellum of females of 95: Incasarus cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show of none to weak microsculpture and interspaces between punctures shiny; 96: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show distinct microsculpture between punctures, somewhat dull.	FIGURES 95–96. Characters for couplet 15. Mesoscutum and scutellum of females of 95: Incasarus cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show of none to weak microsculpture and interspaces between punctures shiny; 96: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show distinct microsculpture between punctures, somewhat dull.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FD31FC4A338A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141893/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141893	FIGURE 7. Distribution map showing localities of the species in the genus Incasarus Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel, as newly define herein. All species are restricted to the Andean Cordillera. Colours are used to separate I. garciai (green) and Clades A (blue) and B (red). Different shapes within each colour denotes different species. No species from this group of bees have been found in Chile, despite extensive sampling conducted there by the junior author.	FIGURE 7. Distribution map showing localities of the species in the genus Incasarus Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel, as newly define herein. All species are restricted to the Andean Cordillera. Colours are used to separate I. garciai (green) and Clades A (blue) and B (red). Different shapes within each colour denotes different species. No species from this group of bees have been found in Chile, despite extensive sampling conducted there by the junior author.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FD31FC4A338A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141936/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141936	FIGURES 55–56. Characters for couplet 5. Portion of metatibia and metabasitarsus of males of 55: Incasarus ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show spur apices strongly curved and metabasitarsus lacking patch of long hairs basoventrally; 56: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show spurs apices weakly curved and metabasitarsus with dense patch of long hairs basoventrally.	FIGURES 55–56. Characters for couplet 5. Portion of metatibia and metabasitarsus of males of 55: Incasarus ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show spur apices strongly curved and metabasitarsus lacking patch of long hairs basoventrally; 56: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show spurs apices weakly curved and metabasitarsus with dense patch of long hairs basoventrally.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FD31FC4A338A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141940/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141940	FIGURES 59–60. Characters for couplet 6. Portion of face and antenna of males of 59: Incasarus arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show paraocular area with yellow mark and F1>3.5× longer than its greatest width; 60: I. ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show paraocular area dark and F1 ~2× longer than its greatest width.	FIGURES 59–60. Characters for couplet 6. Portion of face and antenna of males of 59: Incasarus arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show paraocular area with yellow mark and F1>3.5× longer than its greatest width; 60: I. ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show paraocular area dark and F1 ~2× longer than its greatest width.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FD31FC4A338A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141943/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141943	FIGURES 61–62. Characters for couplet 6. S2–S4 of males of 61: Incasarus arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show metasoma dark and S4 with two combs of thick setae (indicated by arrows); 62: I. ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show metasoma reddish and S4 lacking combs of thick setae.	FIGURES 61–62. Characters for couplet 6. S2–S4 of males of 61: Incasarus arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show metasoma dark and S4 with two combs of thick setae (indicated by arrows); 62: I. ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show metasoma reddish and S4 lacking combs of thick setae.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FD31FC4A338A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141970/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141970	FIGURES 81–82. Characters for couplet 11. Metatibial spurs in anterior view of females of 81: Incasarus ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show robust shape and strongly curved apices; 82: I. ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show narrow shape and weakly curved apices.	FIGURES 81–82. Characters for couplet 11. Metatibial spurs in anterior view of females of 81: Incasarus ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show robust shape and strongly curved apices; 82: I. ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show narrow shape and weakly curved apices.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FD31FC4A338A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141972/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141972	FIGURES 83–84. Characters for couplet 11. Portion of metabasitarsus in anterior view of females of 83: Incasarus ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show apical process as long as basal width; 84: I. ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show process almost longer than basal width.	FIGURES 83–84. Characters for couplet 11. Portion of metabasitarsus in anterior view of females of 83: Incasarus ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show apical process as long as basal width; 84: I. ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show process almost longer than basal width.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FBEDFDCC356F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141893/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141893	FIGURE 7. Distribution map showing localities of the species in the genus Incasarus Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel, as newly define herein. All species are restricted to the Andean Cordillera. Colours are used to separate I. garciai (green) and Clades A (blue) and B (red). Different shapes within each colour denotes different species. No species from this group of bees have been found in Chile, despite extensive sampling conducted there by the junior author.	FIGURE 7. Distribution map showing localities of the species in the genus Incasarus Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel, as newly define herein. All species are restricted to the Andean Cordillera. Colours are used to separate I. garciai (green) and Clades A (blue) and B (red). Different shapes within each colour denotes different species. No species from this group of bees have been found in Chile, despite extensive sampling conducted there by the junior author.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FBEDFDCC356F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141895/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141895	FIGURES 8–13. Selected generic features that, in combination, distinguish Incasarus Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel as newly defined, from other Protandrenini. 8–9: Portion of forewing of I. garciai Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel (left) showing two submarginal cells and a pterostigma (blue line) less than twice as wide as the prestigma (red line), with the margin within the marginal cell mostly straight (arrow); and Psaenythia interrupta Friese (right) showing three submarginal cells and a pterostigma (blue line) nearly twice as wide as the prestigma (red line), with the margin within the marginal cell mostly convex (arrow). 10–11: Upper head and mesoscutum of I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. (left) showing dense to crowded punctation; and Liphanthus bicellularis Ruz & Toro (right) showing shallow, sparse punctation. 12–13: Metasoma of I. arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. (left) showing a shallow postgradular area of T2 (arrow); and L. bicellularis Ruz & Toro (right) showing a strongly depressed postgradular area of T2 (arrow).	FIGURES 8–13. Selected generic features that, in combination, distinguish Incasarus Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel as newly defined, from other Protandrenini. 8–9: Portion of forewing of I. garciai Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel (left) showing two submarginal cells and a pterostigma (blue line) less than twice as wide as the prestigma (red line), with the margin within the marginal cell mostly straight (arrow); and Psaenythia interrupta Friese (right) showing three submarginal cells and a pterostigma (blue line) nearly twice as wide as the prestigma (red line), with the margin within the marginal cell mostly convex (arrow). 10–11: Upper head and mesoscutum of I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. (left) showing dense to crowded punctation; and Liphanthus bicellularis Ruz & Toro (right) showing shallow, sparse punctation. 12–13: Metasoma of I. arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. (left) showing a shallow postgradular area of T2 (arrow); and L. bicellularis Ruz & Toro (right) showing a strongly depressed postgradular area of T2 (arrow).	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FBEDFDCC356F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141918/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141918	FIGURES 41–42. Characters for couplet 2. Mesoscutum in dorsal view of females of 41: Liphanthus centralis Mir Sharifi & Packer to show punctures moderately dense, but irregular in depth, size and spacing; 42: Incasarus cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show punctures dense but deep and regular in size and spacing.	FIGURES 41–42. Characters for couplet 2. Mesoscutum in dorsal view of females of 41: Liphanthus centralis Mir Sharifi & Packer to show punctures moderately dense, but irregular in depth, size and spacing; 42: Incasarus cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show punctures dense but deep and regular in size and spacing.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FBEDFDCC356F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141936/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141936	FIGURES 55–56. Characters for couplet 5. Portion of metatibia and metabasitarsus of males of 55: Incasarus ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show spur apices strongly curved and metabasitarsus lacking patch of long hairs basoventrally; 56: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show spurs apices weakly curved and metabasitarsus with dense patch of long hairs basoventrally.	FIGURES 55–56. Characters for couplet 5. Portion of metatibia and metabasitarsus of males of 55: Incasarus ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show spur apices strongly curved and metabasitarsus lacking patch of long hairs basoventrally; 56: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show spurs apices weakly curved and metabasitarsus with dense patch of long hairs basoventrally.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FBEDFDCC356F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141949/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141949	FIGURES 65–66. Characters for couplet 7. Genital capsule of males of 65: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show gonostylus much narrower than gonocoxa; 66: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show gonostylus broad, almost as broad as gonocoxa.	FIGURES 65–66. Characters for couplet 7. Genital capsule of males of 65: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show gonostylus much narrower than gonocoxa; 66: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show gonostylus broad, almost as broad as gonocoxa.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FBEDFDCC356F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141952/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141952	FIGURES 67–68. Characters for couplet 8. Metatibia in anterior view of males of 67: Incasarus cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show robust apicodorsal hairs strongly curved towards tibial apex; 68: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. apicodorsal long hairs suberect, not strongly curved.	FIGURES 67–68. Characters for couplet 8. Metatibia in anterior view of males of 67: Incasarus cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show robust apicodorsal hairs strongly curved towards tibial apex; 68: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. apicodorsal long hairs suberect, not strongly curved.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FBEDFDCC356F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141956/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141956	FIGURES 69–70. Characters for couplet 8. S7 of 69: Incasarus cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show S7 apical lobe with apicomedially oriented hairs; 70: I. abotorabi (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show apical lobe glabrous.	FIGURES 69–70. Characters for couplet 8. S7 of 69: Incasarus cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show S7 apical lobe with apicomedially oriented hairs; 70: I. abotorabi (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show apical lobe glabrous.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FBEDFDCC356F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141958/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141958	FIGURES 71–72. Characters for couplet 9. Head in profile of males of 71: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show clypeus not strongly recurved near apex—apex and base forming angle of> 90° or more; 72: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show clypeus strongly recurved near apex—apex and base forming angle <90°.	FIGURES 71–72. Characters for couplet 9. Head in profile of males of 71: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show clypeus not strongly recurved near apex—apex and base forming angle of> 90° or more; 72: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show clypeus strongly recurved near apex—apex and base forming angle <90°.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FBEDFDCC356F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141960/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141960	FIGURES 73–74. Characters for couplet 9. Clypeus in ventral view of males of 73: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show clypeus apex rounded, no distinct flat area apicomedially; 74: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show clypeus apex forming flat area apicomedially (indicated by arrow).	FIGURES 73–74. Characters for couplet 9. Clypeus in ventral view of males of 73: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show clypeus apex rounded, no distinct flat area apicomedially; 74: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show clypeus apex forming flat area apicomedially (indicated by arrow).	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FBEDFDCC356F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141962/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141962	FIGURES 75–76. Characters for couplet 9. Mesoscutum in dorsal view of males of 75: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show microsculpture between dense punctures strongly imbricate and dull; 76: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show microsculpture between dense punctures moderately imbricate, somewhat shiny.	FIGURES 75–76. Characters for couplet 9. Mesoscutum in dorsal view of males of 75: Incasarus aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show microsculpture between dense punctures strongly imbricate and dull; 76: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show microsculpture between dense punctures moderately imbricate, somewhat shiny.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FBEDFDCC356F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141982/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141982	FIGURES 95–96. Characters for couplet 15. Mesoscutum and scutellum of females of 95: Incasarus cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show of none to weak microsculpture and interspaces between punctures shiny; 96: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show distinct microsculpture between punctures, somewhat dull.	FIGURES 95–96. Characters for couplet 15. Mesoscutum and scutellum of females of 95: Incasarus cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show of none to weak microsculpture and interspaces between punctures shiny; 96: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show distinct microsculpture between punctures, somewhat dull.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FA88FE7B37ED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141893/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141893	FIGURE 7. Distribution map showing localities of the species in the genus Incasarus Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel, as newly define herein. All species are restricted to the Andean Cordillera. Colours are used to separate I. garciai (green) and Clades A (blue) and B (red). Different shapes within each colour denotes different species. No species from this group of bees have been found in Chile, despite extensive sampling conducted there by the junior author.	FIGURE 7. Distribution map showing localities of the species in the genus Incasarus Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel, as newly define herein. All species are restricted to the Andean Cordillera. Colours are used to separate I. garciai (green) and Clades A (blue) and B (red). Different shapes within each colour denotes different species. No species from this group of bees have been found in Chile, despite extensive sampling conducted there by the junior author.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FA88FE7B37ED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141974/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141974	FIGURES 85–86. Characters for couplet 12. Head in frontal view of females of 85: Incasarus yrigoyeni (Packer) comb. nov. to show clypeus with apical margin orange; 86: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show clypeus with apical margin dark.	FIGURES 85–86. Characters for couplet 12. Head in frontal view of females of 85: Incasarus yrigoyeni (Packer) comb. nov. to show clypeus with apical margin orange; 86: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show clypeus with apical margin dark.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDFBF61FF78FA88FE7B37ED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141976/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141976	FIGURES 87–88. Characters for couplet 12. Anterodorsal view of protibiae of females of 87: Incasarus yrigoyeni (Packer) comb. nov. to show presence of small yellow basal spot; 88: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show protibia entirely dark.	FIGURES 87–88. Characters for couplet 12. Anterodorsal view of protibiae of females of 87: Incasarus yrigoyeni (Packer) comb. nov. to show presence of small yellow basal spot; 88: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show protibia entirely dark.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDEBF67FF78FF45FBD03556.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141893/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141893	FIGURE 7. Distribution map showing localities of the species in the genus Incasarus Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel, as newly define herein. All species are restricted to the Andean Cordillera. Colours are used to separate I. garciai (green) and Clades A (blue) and B (red). Different shapes within each colour denotes different species. No species from this group of bees have been found in Chile, despite extensive sampling conducted there by the junior author.	FIGURE 7. Distribution map showing localities of the species in the genus Incasarus Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel, as newly define herein. All species are restricted to the Andean Cordillera. Colours are used to separate I. garciai (green) and Clades A (blue) and B (red). Different shapes within each colour denotes different species. No species from this group of bees have been found in Chile, despite extensive sampling conducted there by the junior author.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDEBF67FF78FF45FBD03556.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141895/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141895	FIGURES 8–13. Selected generic features that, in combination, distinguish Incasarus Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel as newly defined, from other Protandrenini. 8–9: Portion of forewing of I. garciai Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel (left) showing two submarginal cells and a pterostigma (blue line) less than twice as wide as the prestigma (red line), with the margin within the marginal cell mostly straight (arrow); and Psaenythia interrupta Friese (right) showing three submarginal cells and a pterostigma (blue line) nearly twice as wide as the prestigma (red line), with the margin within the marginal cell mostly convex (arrow). 10–11: Upper head and mesoscutum of I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. (left) showing dense to crowded punctation; and Liphanthus bicellularis Ruz & Toro (right) showing shallow, sparse punctation. 12–13: Metasoma of I. arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. (left) showing a shallow postgradular area of T2 (arrow); and L. bicellularis Ruz & Toro (right) showing a strongly depressed postgradular area of T2 (arrow).	FIGURES 8–13. Selected generic features that, in combination, distinguish Incasarus Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel as newly defined, from other Protandrenini. 8–9: Portion of forewing of I. garciai Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel (left) showing two submarginal cells and a pterostigma (blue line) less than twice as wide as the prestigma (red line), with the margin within the marginal cell mostly straight (arrow); and Psaenythia interrupta Friese (right) showing three submarginal cells and a pterostigma (blue line) nearly twice as wide as the prestigma (red line), with the margin within the marginal cell mostly convex (arrow). 10–11: Upper head and mesoscutum of I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. (left) showing dense to crowded punctation; and Liphanthus bicellularis Ruz & Toro (right) showing shallow, sparse punctation. 12–13: Metasoma of I. arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. (left) showing a shallow postgradular area of T2 (arrow); and L. bicellularis Ruz & Toro (right) showing a strongly depressed postgradular area of T2 (arrow).	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDEBF67FF78FF45FBD03556.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141904/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141904	FIGURES 18–19. Diagnostic features of male Incasarus arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. 18: Head in oblique view to show lower paraocular area with cream markings and mandible with apex broadened (indicated by arrow). 19: Portion of metasoma in ventral view to show S4 bearing two comb-like patches of thick setae (indicated by arrows).	FIGURES 18–19. Diagnostic features of male Incasarus arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. 18: Head in oblique view to show lower paraocular area with cream markings and mandible with apex broadened (indicated by arrow). 19: Portion of metasoma in ventral view to show S4 bearing two comb-like patches of thick setae (indicated by arrows).	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDEBF67FF78FF45FBD03556.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141908/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141908	FIGURES 20–25. Male Incasarus arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. 20: holotype lateral habitus. 21: paratype head frontal view. 22: paratype S4, showing specialized structures. 23–25: paratype S7, S8 and genital capsule, respectively.	FIGURES 20–25. Male Incasarus arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. 20: holotype lateral habitus. 21: paratype head frontal view. 22: paratype S4, showing specialized structures. 23–25: paratype S7, S8 and genital capsule, respectively.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDEBF67FF78FF45FBD03556.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141916/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141916	FIGURES 39–40. Characters for couplet 1. Forewings of males of 39: Liphanthus with three submarginal cells; 40: Incasarus with two submarginal cells.	FIGURES 39–40. Characters for couplet 1. Forewings of males of 39: Liphanthus with three submarginal cells; 40: Incasarus with two submarginal cells.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDEBF67FF78FF45FBD03556.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141928/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141928	FIGURES 47–48. Characters for couplet 2. S7 of males of 47: Liphanthus cuscoensis Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel to show apical lobe differentiated from apodeme; 48: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show apical lobe fused to apodeme.	FIGURES 47–48. Characters for couplet 2. S7 of males of 47: Liphanthus cuscoensis Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel to show apical lobe differentiated from apodeme; 48: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show apical lobe fused to apodeme.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDEBF67FF78FF45FBD03556.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141930/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141930	FIGURES 49–50. Characters for couplet 4. Mandible, in profile, of males of 49: Incasarus garciai Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel to show outer grove with tuft of hairs and outer ridge with acute projection surpassing lower margin of mandible; 50: I. arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show outer grove without tuft of hairs and outer ridge without acute projection.	FIGURES 49–50. Characters for couplet 4. Mandible, in profile, of males of 49: Incasarus garciai Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel to show outer grove with tuft of hairs and outer ridge with acute projection surpassing lower margin of mandible; 50: I. arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show outer grove without tuft of hairs and outer ridge without acute projection.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDEBF67FF78FF45FBD03556.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141932/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141932	FIGURES 51–52. Characters for couplet 4. S2 and S3 of males of 51: Incasarus garciai Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel to show pubescent bands along apical margins; 52: I. arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show lack of pubescent bands along apical margins.	FIGURES 51–52. Characters for couplet 4. S2 and S3 of males of 51: Incasarus garciai Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel to show pubescent bands along apical margins; 52: I. arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show lack of pubescent bands along apical margins.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDEBF67FF78FF45FBD03556.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141934/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141934	FIGURES 53–54. Characters for couplet 4. Genital capsule of 53: Incasarus garciai Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel, to show gonostylus differentiated from gonocoxa; 52: I. arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show gonostylus fused to gonocoxa.	FIGURES 53–54. Characters for couplet 4. Genital capsule of 53: Incasarus garciai Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel, to show gonostylus differentiated from gonocoxa; 52: I. arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show gonostylus fused to gonocoxa.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDEBF67FF78FF45FBD03556.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141938/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141938	FIGURES 57–58. Characters for couplet 5. S7 of males of 57: Incasarus arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show apical lobe with angulation; 58: I. ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show apical lobe truncate, without angulation.	FIGURES 57–58. Characters for couplet 5. S7 of males of 57: Incasarus arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show apical lobe with angulation; 58: I. ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show apical lobe truncate, without angulation.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDEBF67FF78FF45FBD03556.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141940/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141940	FIGURES 59–60. Characters for couplet 6. Portion of face and antenna of males of 59: Incasarus arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show paraocular area with yellow mark and F1>3.5× longer than its greatest width; 60: I. ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show paraocular area dark and F1 ~2× longer than its greatest width.	FIGURES 59–60. Characters for couplet 6. Portion of face and antenna of males of 59: Incasarus arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show paraocular area with yellow mark and F1>3.5× longer than its greatest width; 60: I. ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show paraocular area dark and F1 ~2× longer than its greatest width.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDEBF67FF78FF45FBD03556.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141943/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141943	FIGURES 61–62. Characters for couplet 6. S2–S4 of males of 61: Incasarus arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show metasoma dark and S4 with two combs of thick setae (indicated by arrows); 62: I. ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show metasoma reddish and S4 lacking combs of thick setae.	FIGURES 61–62. Characters for couplet 6. S2–S4 of males of 61: Incasarus arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show metasoma dark and S4 with two combs of thick setae (indicated by arrows); 62: I. ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show metasoma reddish and S4 lacking combs of thick setae.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDEBF67FF78FF45FBD03556.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141897/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141897	FIGURES 14–15. Diagnostic features of male Incasarus garciai Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel. 14: Face in oblique view to show mandible with distinct tuft of long setae on outer groove, and acute process of outer ridge, surpassing the lower margin of the mandible. 15: Metasoma in ventral view to show apicomedial bands of long and dense setae on S2 and S3 (indicated by arrows).	FIGURES 14–15. Diagnostic features of male Incasarus garciai Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel. 14: Face in oblique view to show mandible with distinct tuft of long setae on outer groove, and acute process of outer ridge, surpassing the lower margin of the mandible. 15: Metasoma in ventral view to show apicomedial bands of long and dense setae on S2 and S3 (indicated by arrows).	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDEBF67FF78FF45FBD03556.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141910/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141910	FIGURES 26–29. Diagnostic features of Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. 26: Male head in frontal view to show inner margins of compound eyes moderately convergent below, ratio between UOD (blue dashed line) and LOD (red dash line) ~1.2. 27: Male metabasitarus in postero-ventral view to show patch of dense and long hairs (indicated by arrow). 28: Female head in dorsal view to show ratio between IOC (blue line) and OOC (red line) ~0.5. 29: Female head in frontal view to show clypeus dull and strongly imbricated.	FIGURES 26–29. Diagnostic features of Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. 26: Male head in frontal view to show inner margins of compound eyes moderately convergent below, ratio between UOD (blue dashed line) and LOD (red dash line) ~1.2. 27: Male metabasitarus in postero-ventral view to show patch of dense and long hairs (indicated by arrow). 28: Female head in dorsal view to show ratio between IOC (blue line) and OOC (red line) ~0.5. 29: Female head in frontal view to show clypeus dull and strongly imbricated.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDEBF67FF78FF45FBD03556.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141947/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141947	FIGURES 63–64. Characters for couplet 7. Head in frontal view of males of 63: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show inner margins of compound eyes moderately convergent below, ratio of UOD (blue) and LOD (red) ~1.2, and IAD (green) subequal to the minimum distance between lower margin of antennal socket and epistomal suture (yellow), 64: I. aeneiventris comb. nov. to show inner margins of compound eyes moderately convergent below, ratio of UOD (blue) and LOD (red) ~1.4, and IAD (green) shorter to the minimum distance between lower margin of antennal socket and epistomal suture (yellow).	FIGURES 63–64. Characters for couplet 7. Head in frontal view of males of 63: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show inner margins of compound eyes moderately convergent below, ratio of UOD (blue) and LOD (red) ~1.2, and IAD (green) subequal to the minimum distance between lower margin of antennal socket and epistomal suture (yellow), 64: I. aeneiventris comb. nov. to show inner margins of compound eyes moderately convergent below, ratio of UOD (blue) and LOD (red) ~1.4, and IAD (green) shorter to the minimum distance between lower margin of antennal socket and epistomal suture (yellow).	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDEBF67FF78FF45FBD03556.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141964/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141964	FIGURES 77–78. Characters for couplet 10. Clypeus in frontal view of 77: Incasarus abotorabi (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show extensive brown marking, 78: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show reduced brown marking.	FIGURES 77–78. Characters for couplet 10. Clypeus in frontal view of 77: Incasarus abotorabi (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show extensive brown marking, 78: I. amblayensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show reduced brown marking.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDBBF69FF78FF45FCD1366E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141893/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141893	FIGURE 7. Distribution map showing localities of the species in the genus Incasarus Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel, as newly define herein. All species are restricted to the Andean Cordillera. Colours are used to separate I. garciai (green) and Clades A (blue) and B (red). Different shapes within each colour denotes different species. No species from this group of bees have been found in Chile, despite extensive sampling conducted there by the junior author.	FIGURE 7. Distribution map showing localities of the species in the genus Incasarus Gonzalez Rasmussen & Engel, as newly define herein. All species are restricted to the Andean Cordillera. Colours are used to separate I. garciai (green) and Clades A (blue) and B (red). Different shapes within each colour denotes different species. No species from this group of bees have been found in Chile, despite extensive sampling conducted there by the junior author.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDBBF69FF78FF45FCD1366E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141910/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141910	FIGURES 26–29. Diagnostic features of Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. 26: Male head in frontal view to show inner margins of compound eyes moderately convergent below, ratio between UOD (blue dashed line) and LOD (red dash line) ~1.2. 27: Male metabasitarus in postero-ventral view to show patch of dense and long hairs (indicated by arrow). 28: Female head in dorsal view to show ratio between IOC (blue line) and OOC (red line) ~0.5. 29: Female head in frontal view to show clypeus dull and strongly imbricated.	FIGURES 26–29. Diagnostic features of Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. 26: Male head in frontal view to show inner margins of compound eyes moderately convergent below, ratio between UOD (blue dashed line) and LOD (red dash line) ~1.2. 27: Male metabasitarus in postero-ventral view to show patch of dense and long hairs (indicated by arrow). 28: Female head in dorsal view to show ratio between IOC (blue line) and OOC (red line) ~0.5. 29: Female head in frontal view to show clypeus dull and strongly imbricated.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDBBF69FF78FF45FCD1366E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141912/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141912	FIGURES 30–35. Male Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. 30: holotype lateral habitus. 31: holotype head frontal view. 32: paratype mesoscutum, dorsal view, to show surface sculpture. 33: paratype S7. 34: paratype S8. 35: paratype genital capsule.	FIGURES 30–35. Male Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. 30: holotype lateral habitus. 31: holotype head frontal view. 32: paratype mesoscutum, dorsal view, to show surface sculpture. 33: paratype S7. 34: paratype S8. 35: paratype genital capsule.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDBBF69FF78FF45FCD1366E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141914/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141914	FIGURES 36–38. Female Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. 36: allotype lateral habitus. 37: allotype head frontal view. 38: paratype metasoma, dorsal view.	FIGURES 36–38. Female Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. 36: allotype lateral habitus. 37: allotype head frontal view. 38: paratype metasoma, dorsal view.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDBBF69FF78FF45FCD1366E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141926/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141926	FIGURES 45–46. Characters for couplet 2. Metasoma in profile of males of 45: Liphanthus bicellularis Ruz & Toro to show T2 with strongly depressed postgradular area (indicated by arrow); 46: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show T2 with shallow postgradular area (indicated by arrow).	FIGURES 45–46. Characters for couplet 2. Metasoma in profile of males of 45: Liphanthus bicellularis Ruz & Toro to show T2 with strongly depressed postgradular area (indicated by arrow); 46: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show T2 with shallow postgradular area (indicated by arrow).	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDBBF69FF78FF45FCD1366E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141928/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141928	FIGURES 47–48. Characters for couplet 2. S7 of males of 47: Liphanthus cuscoensis Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel to show apical lobe differentiated from apodeme; 48: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show apical lobe fused to apodeme.	FIGURES 47–48. Characters for couplet 2. S7 of males of 47: Liphanthus cuscoensis Gonzalez, Rasmussen & Engel to show apical lobe differentiated from apodeme; 48: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show apical lobe fused to apodeme.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDBBF69FF78FF45FCD1366E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141938/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141938	FIGURES 57–58. Characters for couplet 5. S7 of males of 57: Incasarus arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show apical lobe with angulation; 58: I. ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show apical lobe truncate, without angulation.	FIGURES 57–58. Characters for couplet 5. S7 of males of 57: Incasarus arequipensis Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show apical lobe with angulation; 58: I. ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show apical lobe truncate, without angulation.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDBBF69FF78FF45FCD1366E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141947/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141947	FIGURES 63–64. Characters for couplet 7. Head in frontal view of males of 63: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show inner margins of compound eyes moderately convergent below, ratio of UOD (blue) and LOD (red) ~1.2, and IAD (green) subequal to the minimum distance between lower margin of antennal socket and epistomal suture (yellow), 64: I. aeneiventris comb. nov. to show inner margins of compound eyes moderately convergent below, ratio of UOD (blue) and LOD (red) ~1.4, and IAD (green) shorter to the minimum distance between lower margin of antennal socket and epistomal suture (yellow).	FIGURES 63–64. Characters for couplet 7. Head in frontal view of males of 63: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show inner margins of compound eyes moderately convergent below, ratio of UOD (blue) and LOD (red) ~1.2, and IAD (green) subequal to the minimum distance between lower margin of antennal socket and epistomal suture (yellow), 64: I. aeneiventris comb. nov. to show inner margins of compound eyes moderately convergent below, ratio of UOD (blue) and LOD (red) ~1.4, and IAD (green) shorter to the minimum distance between lower margin of antennal socket and epistomal suture (yellow).	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDBBF69FF78FF45FCD1366E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141949/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141949	FIGURES 65–66. Characters for couplet 7. Genital capsule of males of 65: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show gonostylus much narrower than gonocoxa; 66: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show gonostylus broad, almost as broad as gonocoxa.	FIGURES 65–66. Characters for couplet 7. Genital capsule of males of 65: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show gonostylus much narrower than gonocoxa; 66: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show gonostylus broad, almost as broad as gonocoxa.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDBBF69FF78FF45FCD1366E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141970/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141970	FIGURES 81–82. Characters for couplet 11. Metatibial spurs in anterior view of females of 81: Incasarus ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show robust shape and strongly curved apices; 82: I. ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show narrow shape and weakly curved apices.	FIGURES 81–82. Characters for couplet 11. Metatibial spurs in anterior view of females of 81: Incasarus ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show robust shape and strongly curved apices; 82: I. ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show narrow shape and weakly curved apices.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDBBF69FF78FF45FCD1366E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141972/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141972	FIGURES 83–84. Characters for couplet 11. Portion of metabasitarsus in anterior view of females of 83: Incasarus ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show apical process as long as basal width; 84: I. ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show process almost longer than basal width.	FIGURES 83–84. Characters for couplet 11. Portion of metabasitarsus in anterior view of females of 83: Incasarus ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show apical process as long as basal width; 84: I. ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show process almost longer than basal width.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDBBF69FF78FF45FCD1366E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141980/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141980	FIGURES 93–94. Characters for couplet 14. Head in frontal view of females of 93: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show paraocular area and clypeus dull; 94: I. aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show paraocular area and most of clypeus shiny.	FIGURES 93–94. Characters for couplet 14. Head in frontal view of females of 93: Incasarus ivari Romero & Packer, sp. nov. to show paraocular area and clypeus dull; 94: I. aeneiventris (Friese) comb. nov. to show paraocular area and most of clypeus shiny.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
03BD879EFFDBBF69FF78FF45FCD1366E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/21141936/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21141936	FIGURES 55–56. Characters for couplet 5. Portion of metatibia and metabasitarsus of males of 55: Incasarus ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show spur apices strongly curved and metabasitarsus lacking patch of long hairs basoventrally; 56: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show spurs apices weakly curved and metabasitarsus with dense patch of long hairs basoventrally.	FIGURES 55–56. Characters for couplet 5. Portion of metatibia and metabasitarsus of males of 55: Incasarus ancashensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show spur apices strongly curved and metabasitarsus lacking patch of long hairs basoventrally; 56: I. cochabambensis (Mir Sharifi & Packer) comb. nov. to show spurs apices weakly curved and metabasitarsus with dense patch of long hairs basoventrally.	2026-06-09	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence		Zenodo	biologists	Romero, Nora;Packer, Laurence			
