identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BFCE475868FFFDABF6FEE2FD30F937.text	03BFCE475868FFFDABF6FEE2FD30F937.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glyphocrangon spinicauda A. Milne-Edwards 1881	<div><p>Status of Glyphocrangon spinicauda species group</p><p>Members of the G. spinicauda species group (39 species) are distributed in the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, at depths from 200–3431m (Komai 2004b; Komai &amp; Chan 2013; Komai &amp; Komatsu 2016; Chang et al. 2023). This group is defined by the presence of a well-developed eye and arthrobranchs on the first and second pereopod (Komai, 2004a). Despite these two potential synapomorphies (characters 2 and 64), the phylogenetic analysis did not recover monophyly of the G. spinicauda group indicating that these features are probably homoplastic.</p><p>In this way, herein G. spinicauda species group appears not to be a monophyletic group (Fig. 23). Its members are dispersed throughout the tree, but it is interesting to observe that in all trees they are always nested in four large groups composed of the same set of species. The first group is composed of basal or near-basal species; the second is composed of species related with G. caeca group; the third is composed of species related with Clade 4; and fourth is composed of three derived species (Fig. 23).</p><p>Treating of the first group (before Clade 3, Figs. 23, 24), G. hastacauda, G. unguiculata, G. stenolepsis, G. sibogae, G. spinicauda, G. aurantiaca, G. proxima and G. dentata appeared in basal positions. These species have a body with little ornamentation and the acute lamina is absent in most species. These species are distributed in the western Pacific, western Indian and eastern South Atlantic Ocean ( G. proxima), with a bathymetry of 200–1112m (Komai 2004a, 2004b, 2011; Komai &amp; Chan 2008, 2013; Komai et al. 2020).</p><p>The second group (Clade 3 before Clade 5, Figs. 23, 24) ( Glyphocrangon parva, G. gilesii, G. robusta, G. faxoni and G. chacei) is closely related to species from the G. caeca group. These five species have a body with little ornamentation and the carinae of the carapace are weakly developed, the acute lamina is absent in most of the species. Komai (2004a) commented that the G. spinicauda species group could be sister group of G. caeca species group, which also presents a body with little ornamentation and the carinae of the carapace are weakly developed. The G. caeca group was recovered as monophyletic, nested in Clade 3 with these five species from the G. spinicauda group, showing that there really exists an phylogenetic proximity between the groups. These species are distributed in the western North Pacific and eastern Indian Ocean, with a bathymetry of 285–2021 m (Komai 2004a).</p><p>The species of the third group ( G. megalophthalma and G. pugnax) were closest to the G. holthuisi and G. regalis species complexes (Figs. 23, 25). These two species have well developed carinae on the carapace and the body ornamentation is much more prominent, as in the G. holthuisi and G. regalis species complexes. Instead, the acute lamina is absent in these two species, while it occurs in the afore mentioned complexes. These species are distributed in the North Pacific Ocean, at 329–2160 m depth (Komai 2004a).</p><p>The fourth group ( Glyphocrangon major, G. priononota and G. albatrossae) appeared as the most derived within the G. spinicauda group (Figs. 23, 26). These three species present an ornamented body with more spines than tubercles, and carapace carinae well developed, the acute lamina is absent in G. priononota and present in the other two species. These species are distributed in the eastern and western North Pacific and western Indo-Pacific region. Unlike the other species of the G. spinicauda group, these species are found exclusively in the deep sea environment (depths of 1009–3431m) (Komai 2004a, 2004b; Komai &amp; Komatsu 2016; Chang et al. 2023). In this way, it is possible to observe that, G. spinicauda group probably is not a natural group and the most basal species had a smoother body with simpler carinae, while in the more derived species the body is much more ornamented and the carapace carinae are more developed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BFCE475868FFFDABF6FEE2FD30F937	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Rodrigues, Thaiana G. A.;Cardoso, Irene A.	Rodrigues, Thaiana G. A., Cardoso, Irene A. (2026): Morphological phylogenetic analysis of the Family Glyphocrangonidae Smith, 1884 (Decapoda: Caridea). Zootaxa 5849 (1): 1-41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.1
03BFCE475868FFFCABF6F8A6FDA7FAF2.text	03BFCE475868FFFCABF6F8A6FDA7FAF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glyphocrangon caeca Wood-Mason in Wood-Mason & Alcock 1891	<div><p>Clade 3 and the status of G. caeca (Clade 5) species group</p><p>Clade 3 includes the Glyphocrangon caeca (Clade 5) species group, which was corroborated as monophyletic (Figs. 23, 24), but also nested among five species of the G. spinicauda group and one species without group. It was supported by three unambiguous character-state changes, that can be interpreted as local synapomorphies (changes supporting a node irrespective of the type of optimization applied, and with variation of the character states within species at the clade) (Fig. 24): rostrum dorsal carina very weakly marked (14:0); third somite dorsolateral abdominal carina anterior and posterior absent (87:0; 89:0). This set of local synapomorphies is characterized by the absence or reduction in size of some morphological structures that are already known to occur in the G. caeca group (Komai 2004a; 2006) and here appeared shared with these other species. Due to the absence or reduction of structures, it was thought that the G. caeca group could be a basal group in Glyphocrangonidae (Komai 2004b) . According to the analysis, this statement was corroborated once species of Clade 3 that share a simpler morphology are nested near the base of the topology. The close relationship between some species of G. spinicauda and G. caeca species group was discussed above in “Status of G. spinicauda species group”.</p><p>Clade 5 (Fig. 24) includes all seven species of the G. caeca species group forming a natural group sharing “simpler” morphology, with tubercles and spines reduced or absent, and the same occurring with other structures. This “simpler” morphology can be observed in the 11 local synapomorphies that support Clade 5 in present analysis: rostrum dorsolateral ridges slender (8:0); rostrum ventral surface weakly sulcate (10:0); rostrum dorsal carina, basal ornamentation present (13:1); branchiostegal spine, lateral margin carinate (21:1); lateral carina anterior, acute laminae present (35:1); height of carapace sublateral carina anterior low (39:0); middorsal gastric region, with tubercles or wide teeth (43:1); submarginal posterolateral ridge absent (54:0); abdominal median elevation tuberculated (73:2); first abdominal somite, mid dorsal carinae divided in two (75:1); first abdominal somite, mid dorsal carinae low (76:0). Besides that, two synapomorphies: eye small (2:0) and first and second pereopods arthrobranch absent (64:0) also define this clade that is strongly supported by Bremer support of 100.</p><p>Komai (2006) proposed eight diagnostic character states supporting the G. caeca species group: “reduced eye; absence of the arthrobranch on first and second pereopod; dorsolateral rostral ridge between the two lateral teeth low, with a distinct longitudinal sulcus; median part of the gastric region on the carapace armed with submedian rows of tiny tubercles; antennal and branchiostegal spines relatively short; anterior projection on the telson forming a somewhat elongate ridge, and dactylus of the fourth pereopod provided with a thin, sharp median ridge on the ventral surface”. Four of these characters were used in the present matrix, two (characters 17 and 20) were not relevant to define the group and other two were demonstrated to be real synapomorphies for the G. caeca group: small eye (character 2:0) and absence of the arthrobranch on the first and second pereopod (character 64:0).</p><p>Without performing any phylogenetic analysis, Komai (2004a, 2006) commented that the high morphological consistency of the G. caeca species group presents good evidence for its monophyly. He proposed that the reduction of the eye and the absence of arthrobranchs on the first and second pereopods could be apomorphic for the G. caeca species group, as corroborated by the present analysis, which shows that these features are relevant to define Clade 5 as a monophyletic group.</p><p>The species included in the G. caeca group are the only ones Glyphocrangonidae that occur exclusively in the Indo-Pacific Ocean at depths from 660 to 1294 m (Komai 2006). Glyphocrangon caeca and G. cerea are rare species, with the only records from Indonesia (De Man 1920) for G. caeca and Japan (Toriyama et al. 1990; Miya 1995; Sakaji 2001) for G. cerea .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BFCE475868FFFCABF6F8A6FDA7FAF2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Rodrigues, Thaiana G. A.;Cardoso, Irene A.	Rodrigues, Thaiana G. A., Cardoso, Irene A. (2026): Morphological phylogenetic analysis of the Family Glyphocrangonidae Smith, 1884 (Decapoda: Caridea). Zootaxa 5849 (1): 1-41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.1
03BFCE475869FFC3ABF6F89AFC45F8FB.text	03BFCE475869FFC3ABF6F89AFC45F8FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glyphocrangon holthuisi Kensley, Tranter & Griffin 1987	<div><p>Status of G. holthuisi and G. regalis species complexes (Clades 7, 8, 9 and 10)</p><p>Clade 7 (Figs. 23, 25) includes all species from G. holthuisi and G. regalis complexes + six species without group + three species from G. spinicauda group. The clade was supported by six homoplastic synapomorphies: antennal spine, curvature turned inside (19:1); lateral carina anterior reaching branchiostegal spine base (34:1); lateral carina anterior, acute laminae present (35:1); first abdominal somite, mid dorsal carinae high (76:2); telson dorsolateral and ventrolateral ridges ornamentation present (124:1; 128:1).</p><p>Komai (2004a) observed that the first abdominal somite middorsal carinae is high in the G. holthuisi and G. regalis complexes, as also observed in this analysis (character 76:2—only one species of G. holthuisi complex with medium carina). Komai (2004a) also observed that the telson is tuberculate in the G. holthuisi and G. regalis complexes, reflected here in characters 124 and 128. These features shared between the G. holthuisi and G. regalis complexes provide evidence that they are closely related (Clades 8 and 9, Figs. 23, 25, 26).</p><p>Komai (2004a, 2006) considered the species from the G. holthuisi and G. regalis complexes to be very closely related, differing only by: a flat, slightly sulcate rostrum ventral surface and the palm of the first pereopod without setae ( G. regalis complex) vs. tricarinate rostrum ventral surface and the palm of the first pereopod with many setae ( G. holthuisi complex). The characters of the ventral surface of the rostrum were analysed herein, but they were not recovered as respective synapomorphies distinguishing these complexes. The tricarinate rostrum, despite being a useful taxonomic character in species of the G. holthuisi complex, is also found in other ungrouped species (Komai 2004a). Lastly, the presence and absence of setae on the first pereopod was not tested herein because they are easily lost in fixed material and are liable to generate significant analytical noise in coding the character matrix.As a result, no feature was identified that could effectively separate the members of the G. regalis and G. holthuisi complexes, and moreover, species from both complexes were nested together in Clade 9 (Figs. 23, 26).</p><p>Instead, Clade 8 (Fig. 25) included four ( G. formosana, G. novaecastellum, G. rubricinctuta and G. similior) of the six species of the G. holthuisi complex, and was supported by: third somite, middorsal carinae high (85:2) and fifth somite, middorsal carinae anterior high (97:2). These structures are included in the diagnosis of the complex proposed by Komai (2004a). The Glyphocrangon holthuisi species complex occurs in the Western Pacific Ocean at depths of 153–1300m (Komai 2004a, 2006; Komai &amp; Chan 2013).</p><p>All species from the Glyphocrangon regalis complex were always grouped in the Clade 9 (albeit together with other species) (Fig.26), showing that there is a strong interrelationship between these species. Komai (2004a) defined as diagnostic characteristics of G. regalis complex, the body without pubescence or setae; the rostrum armed with two pairs of lateral teeth; the ventral surface of the rostrum nearly flat or faintly sulcate medially; the anterior lateral carina with a large acute lamina that usually slightly overreaches the orbital margin, and the palm of the first pereopod devoid of short setae on the lateral face. From these, only one character was recovered herein as a local synapomorphy, the body pubescence absence (character 1:0), the remaining features were included with some modifications but did not contribute to Clade 9 formation (Fig. 26). The members of the Glyphocrangon regalis species complex appears nested with some species without group (Fig. 26).</p><p>According to Bauer (2004), Glyphocrangonidae have a habit of burying themselves in the muddy substrate of the deep sea and species with this lifestyle tend to have pubescent bodies, the absence of pubescence may indicate that these species present a different type of behavior. The Glyphocrangon regalis species complex occurs in the Indian, Pacific and western Atlantic Oceans at depths of 145–1760 m (Komai 2004a, 2004b; Kuberan et al. 2019).</p><p>With many features greatly varying between species within the nominal G. regalis and G. holthuisi complexes, besides the proximity shown between its species in Clades 8 and 9, the monophyly of these complexes was not demonstrated in the phylogenetic analysis. The diagnosis proposed by Komai (2004a) to separate the two complexes is useful for practical species identification, but the complexes are not supported here as natural groups. It is clear that in these nominal complexes the body is quite ornamented, and the tubercles and spines vary greatly in size and shape.</p><p>The Clade 10 (Fig. 26) included three species of G. spinicauda group (see fourth group discussion at “Status of Glyphocrangon spinicauda species group”, below) + two species without a group. It was supported by: rostrum longer than half of the carapace length (3:2); rostrum lateral face almost straight (6:0); antennal spine turned outside (19:2); carapace intermediate carina anterior with large teeth (28:2); carapace lateral carina anterior with two teeth (33:2); acute lamina slightly expanded (36:0) and marginal posterolateral corner elevation angular (53:1). These features recovered as local synapomorphies for Clade 10 are also shared between some other species of G. spinicauda group and species without group scattered in the tree, but due the high degree of homoplasy, little phylogenetic resolution could be found between the members of the group.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BFCE475869FFC3ABF6F89AFC45F8FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Rodrigues, Thaiana G. A.;Cardoso, Irene A.	Rodrigues, Thaiana G. A., Cardoso, Irene A. (2026): Morphological phylogenetic analysis of the Family Glyphocrangonidae Smith, 1884 (Decapoda: Caridea). Zootaxa 5849 (1): 1-41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.1
