taxonID	type	description	language	source
03BEF260FF84FF9BFF6BFA01FC0BF918.taxon	diagnosis	Biarum persicum is similar to B. carduchorum. However, it is easily distinguished by the fact that its tuber is without offset, the number of leaves is over 8, the leaves extend parallel to the ground, the lamina is lanceolate, the leaves are shorter, the spathe is long and narrowly lanceolate, the spadix is longer, the appendix is longer and has a stalk, the spathe tube part is adjacent for ½ – 3 / 4, the anthers are dark purple, the staminodes are thin and cover 1 / 2 – 1 / 3 of the gap, the ovary is rectangular, the style is absent and the fruits are purple.	en	Alipour, Sajad, Majidi, Ramiar, Balos, Mehmet Maruf (2025): Biarum persicum, a new species from Iran, and the resurrection of Biarum platyspathum (Araceae). Phytotaxa 725 (1): 56-70, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5
03BEF260FF84FF9BFF6BFA01FC0BF918.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — IRAN. Fars province: Kaftar village, 30 ° 32 ’ 03 ” N 52 ° 44 ’ 04 ” E, 2300 – 2500 m a. s. l., 6 November 2024, Alipour & Majidi 11133 (holotype RANK!).	en	Alipour, Sajad, Majidi, Ramiar, Balos, Mehmet Maruf (2025): Biarum persicum, a new species from Iran, and the resurrection of Biarum platyspathum (Araceae). Phytotaxa 725 (1): 56-70, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5
03BEF260FF84FF9BFF6BFA01FC0BF918.taxon	description	Tuberous perennial plants. Tuber dorsoventrally compressed-discoid to ± globose, without offsets, 4.5 – 6.5 cm diameter, 3 – 4 cm long, mid-brown. Leaves 8 – 12, hysteranthous, long-petiolate, lanceolate; lamina, 3.5 – 7.0 cm × 0.5 – 2.0 cm, apex obtuse to acute, decurrent, 4 – 6 primary lateral veins per side; margins slightly undulate, dark-green; petiole slender, 5 – 10 cm long, yellowish. Cataphylls 3 – 5, sub-fleshy, later papery, pale whitish, pale straw-yellow on drying, no fibrous cataphylls. Inflorescence appearing in mid-autumn, slightly bad smelling; peduncle (scape) 7 – 10 cm long, 1.0 – 1.5 cm wide, whitish, clothed with several fibrous brown outer and papery, pale straw-yellow inner cataphylls. Spathe 11.5 – 26.0 cm long; spathe limb narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate 11.5 – 20.0 × 4 – 9 cm, narrows towards the apex, mostly decumbent, margins straight, slightly wavy near the tube; apex acute; outer surface pale whitish-yellow with evenly spaced parallel veins, dark purple spots, purplish edges; inner surface dark purplish with small white spots; spathe tube narrowly cylindric, 4.5 – 5.0 × 1.5 – 2 cm, spathe margins connate for ½ – ¾ of their length; exterior dirty white with purple spots, interior light purple, glossy. Spadix 18 – 29 cm long, longer than spathe; spadix appendix stalked, thick-cylindrical, narrows towards the apex, 15 – 23 cm long, 5 – 8 mm wide, dark brownish purple or greenish-yellow. Staminate flowers in zone, cylindrical, 18 – 20 mm long, 4.5 – 5.0 mm wide; anthers dark purple, compact. Interstice 18 – 20 mm long, 3.5 – 4.0 mm wide, off-white or light purple. Staminodes thin, dense at the base, arranged in 1 / 2 – 1 / 3 of the interval, directed upwards, apex sometimes hook-shaped, lower ones long, 8 – 22 mm white, sometimes purple or light purple. Pistillate flowers hemispherical, 8 – 10 mm broad, 4 – 7 mm long; ovaries oblong, 0.8 – 2.2 mm long, 0.8 – 1.0 mm broad, creamy below, purple above; style absent, stigma capitate, ca. 0.4 mm, yellow. Infructescence ovoid to globose, 4.8 – 5.6 cm wide, 2.8 – 4.8 cm long, when semi-mature, consisting of ca. 25 – 45 berries; berries 1.0 – 1.6 cm long, 0.8 – 1.0 cm wide, apex and lower part purple, middle off-white; seed ovoid, 1.0 – 1.5 cm long, 0.8 – 1.0 cm wide, light brown.	en	Alipour, Sajad, Majidi, Ramiar, Balos, Mehmet Maruf (2025): Biarum persicum, a new species from Iran, and the resurrection of Biarum platyspathum (Araceae). Phytotaxa 725 (1): 56-70, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5
03BEF260FF84FF9BFF6BFA01FC0BF918.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — The specific epithet is derived from Persis (now Fars); in the form Persia widely used for current Iran up to 1935.	en	Alipour, Sajad, Majidi, Ramiar, Balos, Mehmet Maruf (2025): Biarum persicum, a new species from Iran, and the resurrection of Biarum platyspathum (Araceae). Phytotaxa 725 (1): 56-70, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5
03BEF260FF84FF9BFF6BFA01FC0BF918.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Biarum persicum is a local endemic, restricted to the Iran, an element of the Irano-Turanian phytogeographical region. Usually this species lives at altitudes of 2300 – 2500 m in stony steppe lands. Around 100 mature individuals growing in one population were found in stony steppe areas (Fig. 1). Associated species were Taraxacum syriacum Boissier (1856: 2 – 3), Ceratocarpus arenarius Linnaeus (1753: 2), Astragalus brachycalyx Fischer (1843: 363), Eryngium heldreichii Boissier (1849: 1, 10) and Gundelia tournefortii Linnaeus (1753: 2).	en	Alipour, Sajad, Majidi, Ramiar, Balos, Mehmet Maruf (2025): Biarum persicum, a new species from Iran, and the resurrection of Biarum platyspathum (Araceae). Phytotaxa 725 (1): 56-70, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5
03BEF260FF84FF9BFF6BFA01FC0BF918.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — The flowering period of Biarum persicum starts in October and until November, while leaf and fruiting start in March extends until late April.	en	Alipour, Sajad, Majidi, Ramiar, Balos, Mehmet Maruf (2025): Biarum persicum, a new species from Iran, and the resurrection of Biarum platyspathum (Araceae). Phytotaxa 725 (1): 56-70, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5
03BEF260FF84FF9BFF6BFA01FC0BF918.taxon	conservation	Conservation status: — Less than 100 mature individuals were observed at the type locality of Biarum persicum, which covers (area of occupancy-AOO) an area of less than 10 km 2 (criteria B 2). No threats to the population have been identified, but due to the estimated decline in the limited population, the species can be classified as Critically Endangered (CR) (criterion B 2 ab [i, ii, v]) (IUCN 2024).	en	Alipour, Sajad, Majidi, Ramiar, Balos, Mehmet Maruf (2025): Biarum persicum, a new species from Iran, and the resurrection of Biarum platyspathum (Araceae). Phytotaxa 725 (1): 56-70, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5
03BEF260FF84FF9BFF6BFA01FC0BF918.taxon	materials_examined	Additional specimens examined (paratypes): — IRAN. Fars province: Kaftar village, 30 ° 32 ’ 03 ” N 52 ° 44 ’ 04 ” E, 2300 – 2500 m a. s. l., 13 March 2023, Alipour 11134 (Paratypes, RANK!); IRAN. Southern Zagros Mountains, N. W of Shiraz, Ardekan, dry hillslopes, alt: 3.000 ft. Flowered in cult. 1.08.1969, Grey-Wilson, VIII 1966. (K 002824529! in KEW Herbaria, as Biarum carduchorum, now Biarum persicum) (Fig. 7); IRAN. 2 miles N. of Ardekan, N. W. of Shiraz. Exposed open rocky ground & rocky mtn. slopes. Alt: 8 – 9.000 ft, 12.08.1966 (K 002824530!, in KEW Herbaria, as Biarum carduchorum, now Biarum persicum) (Fig. 3 – 4).	en	Alipour, Sajad, Majidi, Ramiar, Balos, Mehmet Maruf (2025): Biarum persicum, a new species from Iran, and the resurrection of Biarum platyspathum (Araceae). Phytotaxa 725 (1): 56-70, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5
03BEF260FF83FF95FF6BF94BFD9AFA2A.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — IRAN. Southwestern, between Basht (Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province) and Fahlian (Fars Province), 12 November 1905, Herzfeld s. n (holotype B destroyed, lectotype B (drawing of the holotype made by Bornmüller), designated by Boyce (2008). Fig. 3 – 4, Table 1.	en	Alipour, Sajad, Majidi, Ramiar, Balos, Mehmet Maruf (2025): Biarum persicum, a new species from Iran, and the resurrection of Biarum platyspathum (Araceae). Phytotaxa 725 (1): 56-70, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5
03BEF260FF83FF95FF6BF94BFD9AFA2A.taxon	description	Tuberous perennial plants. Tuber dorsoventrally compressed-discoid, with offsets, 4.5 – 7.0 cm diameter, 3 – 5 cm long, mid-brown. Leaves 7 – 18, hysteranthous, long-petiolate, bases encased by 3 – 7 piece, lanceolate-elliptic cataphylls, inner cataphylls sub-fleshy, later papery, pale straw-yellow on drying; outer cataphylls fibrous, brown; petiole, 7 – 14 cm long, white; leaf lamina linear, lanceolate, 12 – 14 cm long, 2.0 – 3.5 cm wide, decurrent, ± cuneate, apex obtuse to acute, 4 – 6 primary lateral veins per side; margins undulate, dark-green. Inflorescence appearing in mid-autumn, slightly bad smelling; peduncle (scape) 10 – 18 cm long, 0.5 – 1.5 cm wide, whitish, clothed with several fibrous brown outer and papery, pale straw-yellow inner cataphylls. Spathe 13 – 24 cm long; spathe limb like a spoon, lanceolate to lanceolate-elliptic 9 – 21 × 5.5 – 13.0 cm, margins smooth, wavy at the base; apex rounded and obtuse; outer surface with evenly spaced parallel veins, pale green to whitish yellow, heavily spotted with dark purple; inner surface purple to deep purple, with minor white spots, sometimes fading to greenish-yellow apically; spathe tube cylindric, 3.0 – 3.5 × 1.0 – 1.4 cm, spathe tube enclosing the base of the spadix only, margins connate for ca. 3 / 4 of their length; exterior dirty white with purple spots, interior upper part light purple, lower part off-white, glossy. Spadix 10.0 – 16.5 cm long, shorter to spathe; spadix appendix stalked, thick-cylindrical, cylindrical-fusiform, apex rounded, 6.0 – 12.5 cm long, 6 – 8 mm wide, deep purple, brownish to brownish-yellow. Staminate flowers zone, 1.4 – 1.6 cm long, 0.5 cm wide; anthers dark purple, compact. Interstice 2.0 – 2.2 cm long, 0.3 cm wide. Staminodes directed upwards, short and thick, arranged in 1 / 3 of the interstice, lower 4 – 6 mm, upper 0.1 mm, dark purple. Pistillate flowers in a hemispherical cluster 7 – 8 cm wide, 3.0 – 3.5 mm long; ovaries oblong, 2.0 – 2.2 mm long, 0.8 – 1.0 mm broad, cremy below, purple above; style absent, stigma capitate, ca. 0.4 mm, yellow. Infructescence ovoid to globose, 4.5 – 5.0 cm wide, 2.5 – 3.0 cm long, when semi-mature, consisting of ca. 20 – 45 berries; berries 1.3 – 1.7 cm long, 0.9 – 1.1 cm wide, purple spotted off-white; seed ovoid, 0.9 – 1.0 cm long, 0.8 – 0.9 cm wide, brown.	en	Alipour, Sajad, Majidi, Ramiar, Balos, Mehmet Maruf (2025): Biarum persicum, a new species from Iran, and the resurrection of Biarum platyspathum (Araceae). Phytotaxa 725 (1): 56-70, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5
03BEF260FF83FF95FF6BF94BFD9AFA2A.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Biarum platyspathum is an endemic, restricted to the Iran, an element of the Zagros phytogeographical region. Usually this species lives at altitudes of 1500 – 2500 m in steppe lands. Around 100 mature individuals growing in one population were found in stony steppe areas (Fig. 3). Associated species were Colchicum persicum Baker (1879: 3), Quercus brantii Lindley (1840: 26), and Taraxacum syriacum.	en	Alipour, Sajad, Majidi, Ramiar, Balos, Mehmet Maruf (2025): Biarum persicum, a new species from Iran, and the resurrection of Biarum platyspathum (Araceae). Phytotaxa 725 (1): 56-70, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5
03BEF260FF83FF95FF6BF94BFD9AFA2A.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — The flowering period of Biarum platyspathum starts in October and until November, while leaf and fruiting start in March extends until late April.	en	Alipour, Sajad, Majidi, Ramiar, Balos, Mehmet Maruf (2025): Biarum persicum, a new species from Iran, and the resurrection of Biarum platyspathum (Araceae). Phytotaxa 725 (1): 56-70, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5
03BEF260FF83FF95FF6BF94BFD9AFA2A.taxon	materials_examined	Additional specimens examined: — IRAN: Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province: Chenar-e Mahmudi village, 2000 – 2200 m a. s. l. (31 ° 22 ’ 16.46 ” N, 51 ° 07 ’ 58.32 ” E) 12.10.2024, Alipour & Majidi 11135 (RANK!); Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province: Chenar-e Mahmudi village, 2000 – 2200 m a. s. l. (31 ° 22 ’ 13.50 ” N, 51 ° 08 ’ 5.29 ” E), 03.03.2024, Alipour & Majidi 11136 (RANK!)	en	Alipour, Sajad, Majidi, Ramiar, Balos, Mehmet Maruf (2025): Biarum persicum, a new species from Iran, and the resurrection of Biarum platyspathum (Araceae). Phytotaxa 725 (1): 56-70, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5
